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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY. Using medical terminology. Medical terminology is used in: conversation with other professionals medical charting and documentation professional texts, journal articles. Using medical terminology. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
1
Using medical terminologyUsing medical terminologyMedical terminology is used in:
◦conversation with other professionals
◦medical charting and documentation
◦professional texts, journal articles
2
Using medical terminologyUsing medical terminologyUnderstanding and using medical
terminology correctly is essential
to a successful midwifery career
Why is this essential?
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Medical terminologyMedical terminology• Each health care specialty has its own
terminology and abbreviations
• Health care professionals become so used
to the language of their specialty they
forget others don’t understand these terms
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When not to use medical When not to use medical terminologyterminology
Medical conditions, diagnoses, treatments and terms should always be explained in lay person’s language when talking to patients, family and community members
Be aware of the client’s literacy level and language of origin
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Building blocks of medical Building blocks of medical languagelanguage
Medical terms are made up of several
parts – elements - that can be combined
to make many different words
Learning the meaning of these elements
helps understand many medical terms
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Building blocks of medical Building blocks of medical languagelanguage
3 principle elements make up medical terms:
1. roots and combining forms2. prefixes3. suffixes
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Each element is essential to Each element is essential to understanding the meaning of understanding the meaning of the medical termthe medical term
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Prefix RootCombining
Vowel Suffix
The RootThe Root• The root is the part of the medical
term that gives the main meaning• It usually refers to a structure and/or
function of the body• Roots are usually Latin or Greek in
origin• All medical terms have at least one
root
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Combining formsCombining formsCombining forms consist of roots plus a
vowel, usually the letter “o”In the dictionary, the vowel is separated
from the root with a slash mark, example: Gastr/o - stomach Enter/o – small intestine Cardi/o - heart
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Combining vowelCombining vowelThe letter “o” is called the
combining vowelIt links the root to the “suffix,” the
next element in the medical termUsed if the suffix begins with a
consonant.Not needed if the suffix begins with
a vowel
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Roots and combining formsRoots and combining formsThere are thousands of roots and
combining forms that make up medical language
You need to learn the roots and combining forms used in general medical terminology and what is specific to maternity care
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Basic root wordsBasic root wordsAdip/o fatArteri/o arteryArthr/o jointAxill armpitBlephar eyelidBucca cheekCardi/a heartCephal headCerebr/o brain
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Basic root wordsBasic root wordsCervic neckCholecyst gallbladderCol/o large intestineCost/o ribCrani/o skullCyst/o urinary bladderCyt/o cellDerm skinEnter small intestine
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Basic root wordsBasic root wordsEsophag esophagusGastr/o stomachHem/o bloodHepat/o liverRen/o, nephr/o kidneysLapar abdominal wallLaryng/o larynxLumbus loin, lower part of
the back
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Basic root wordsBasic root wordsMyel/o spinal cordMy/o, muculo muscleNas/o, rhino noseNeur/o nerveOphthalm/o, ocul/o eyeOr/o, stomat/o mouthOste/o boneOt/o earPancreat/o pancreasPharyng/o throat
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Basic root wordsBasic root wordsPneum/o, pneumon/o lungSplen/o spleen Thorac/o chestThyroid thyroid glandTrache/o windpipe,
tracheaVen/o, phleb/o veinVertebr/o vertebraViv/o life
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Combining formsCombining forms
The letter “o” is called the combining vowel
It links the root to the “suffix,” the next element in the medical term, if the suffix begins with a consonant.
The combining form is always used when linking two roots, even if the second one starts with a vowel.
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SuffixesSuffixes
Suffixes are word elements that are
attached to the end of roots and
combining forms to add to or change
their meaning
All medical terms have a suffix
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SuffixesSuffixes
Each suffix can be added to many
roots
itis = inflammation
appendicitis = inflamed
appendix
arthritis = inflamed joint
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SuffixesSuffixes
The combining vowel is used between the root and the suffix when the suffix begins with a consonant:
Example: cardi + o + megaly = cardiomegaly
cardiomegaly = enlarged heart
cardi = heart, megaly = enlarged
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SuffixesSuffixes
When the suffix begins with a vowel, there is no need for a combining vowel between the root and the suffix
The suffix is attached to the root wordExample: gastr + itis = gastritisgastritis = inflammation of the
stomachgastr = stomach, itis = inflammation
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SuffixesSuffixesSome common meanings of suffixes:• Pathological (disease) conditions• Diagnostic procedures• Surgical procedures• Pertaining to• Produced by• Resembling
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SuffixesSuffixes
• When suffixes are listed in medical dictionaries or word lists, they are listed alphabetically
• The word is preceded by a dash and identified as a word element
• The dash indicates something precedes it
• Dictionary entries will give the language of origin, usually Latin or Greek
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Common suffixesCommon suffixes
Pertaining to:-ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -eal, -iac, -ic, -ical, -ose, -ous, -tic
Examples: Cardiac (pertaining to the heart)Cellular (pertaining to the cell)Psychotic (pertaining to psychosis)Corporeal (pertaining to the body)
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Common suffixesCommon suffixes
-algia pain-centesis surgical puncture to
remove fluid-cide to kill, destroy-cyte cell-ectomy removal of-emia blood-gram record
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Common suffixesCommon suffixes
-graph instrument used to record-graphy process of recording-ia, - a condition, esp. an
abnormal state-ism condition-itis inflammation of-lithiasis presence of or formation
of stones
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Common suffixesCommon suffixes-logy study of-logist person who studies it-megaly enlargement-oid resembling-oma tumor-otomy surgical incision-pathy disease -plasty surgical repair
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Common suffixesCommon suffixes-plegia paralysis-pnea breathing, respiration-rrhea drainage, flow-scope examination, instrument-scopy examination using a scope-stasis stoppage-stomy surgically create an
artificial mouth or stoma
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PrefixesPrefixesPrefixes are word elements that are
attached to the beginning of roots and combining forms to add to or change their meaning
Many (but not all) medical terms have a prefix
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PrefixesPrefixes
Common meanings of prefixes:Location
PositionDirectionTimeNumberNegation, absence ofColor
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PrefixesPrefixes
The same prefixes can be attached to many root words, resulting in thousands of variations
The prefix “hyper” means “abnormally increased or excessive”
Hyperacid = excessively acidicHyperactive = abnormally activeHypertension = persistently high blood pressure
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PrefixesPrefixesPrefixes can dramatically change the
meaning of a wordExample: “systole” means “contraction
of the heart”The one letter prefix “a” means
“without”“Asystole” means “no contractions of
the heart” -- Just one letter makes the difference between life and death!
Correct spelling is critical in health care
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PrefixesPrefixesWhen prefixes are listed in medical
dictionaries and word lists, they are located alphabetically followed by a dash and identified as a word element
Their origin (Latin, Greek) is usually givenExample:
epi- word element (Gr) meaning overpoly- word element (Gr) meaning many, much
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Common prefixesCommon prefixes
A-/an- without, notAnti- againstAuto- selfBi- two, doubleBrady- slowDys- bad, difficult, painfulEpi- over
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Common prefixesCommon prefixes
Eu- good, normal Hemi- halfHyper- above, excessiveHypo- less than, underInter- betweenIntra- withinMulti- manyNon- notPeri- around
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Common prefixesCommon prefixes
Poly- many, muchPost- after, behindPre- before, in frontPseudo- falseQuadri- fourSemi- halfSub- under, belowSupra- above, overTachy- fast, rapidTri- three
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Putting it all togetherPutting it all together
Learn the meanings of commonly used word elements and understanding how they combine to make a medical term
Then you can figure out the meaning of thousands of medical terms
Think of each word as a combination of building blocks or railroad cars, fitted together to create a precise meaning
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Putting it all togetherPutting it all together
The medical term is put together like a series of building blocks or train cars
Prefix +Root +Combining vowel (if needed) +Suffix
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Putting it all together – linking the Putting it all together – linking the components to define the termcomponents to define the term
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Prefix RootCombining
Vowel Suffix
Putting it all togetherPutting it all togetherWhen you see a new term, break
it down into the elements Start at the end of the word and
work to the leftIdentify and define each elementAs you define each element you
will define the medical term
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Start at the Start at the endend of the word and of the word and work to the leftwork to the left
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Prefix RootCombining
Vowel Suffix
Example: “Echocardiogram”Example: “Echocardiogram”
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echo cardi o gram
Define Echocardiogram reading Define Echocardiogram reading from left to rightfrom left to right
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Echo = reflections of sounds
Cardi =heart
O = connecting
vowel
Gram =Written, record
Define Echocardiogram reading Define Echocardiogram reading from left to rightfrom left to right
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Echo = reflections of sounds
Cardi =heart
O = connecting
vowel
Gram =Written, record
Echocardiogram is defined as a written recording of the heart using reflections of sounds
Putting it all together Putting it all together
Prefix + root + (connecting vowel) + suffix Echocardiogramecho = reflections of soundscardi = hearto = connecting vowelgram = written, recordEchocardiogram is a written recording of
the heart using reflections of sounds
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Example: “Cytology”Example: “Cytology”
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No Prefix Cyt o logy
Putting it all togetherPutting it all together
Prefix + root + (connecting vowel) + suffix
CytologyCyt (root) = cell o = the connecting vowellogy = (suffix) study ofCytology means study of the cellA cytologist is someone who studies cells
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Example: “Bradycardia”Example: “Bradycardia”
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Brady cardiNo
Connec-ting
vowel
ia
Putting it all together Putting it all together
Prefix + root + (connecting vowel) + suffix Bradycardia• Brady = abnormally slow • no connecting vowel is needed because
the prefix ends with a vowel• cardi = heart• ia, a = condition, esp. an abnormal stateBradycardia means a condition of
abnormally slow heart
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Example: “Splenectomy”Example: “Splenectomy”
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No prefix splen
No Connec-
ting vowel
ectomy
Putting it all togetherPutting it all togetherPrefix + root + (connecting vowel) +
suffix Splenectomysplen = (root) spleen no connecting vowel is needed
because the suffix begins with a vowelectomy = (suffix) removal ofSplenectomy means removal of a
spleen
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Putting it all together Putting it all together
Prefix + root + (connecting vowel) + suffix
DyspneaDys = bad, difficult, painful pnea = breathing, respirationia, a = condition, esp. an abnormal stateDyspnea means an abnormal condition of
difficult breathing
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Putting it all together Putting it all together
Prefix + root + (connecting vowel) + suffix
Hemocytehem = bloodo = connecting vowel cyte = cellHemocyte is a blood cell
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Changing the meaning of Changing the meaning of the termthe term
Changing one element
modifies the meaning of
the term
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tachy
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brady
cardiNo
Connec-ting
vowel
a
Bradycardia: a condition of abnormally slow heartTachycardia: a condition of abnormally fast heart
cardi
tachy
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pne
No Connec-
ting vowel
a
Tachycardia: a condition of abnormally fast heartTachypnea: a condition of abnormally fast breathing
SpellingSpelling
Correct spelling is critical in health care. Misspelled words can lead to diagnostic,
medication and treatment errorsSome words look or sound similar and
can be confused
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SpellingSpelling
Pay attention to the context to help you
figure out the correct meaning of a term
Example: “The client has a fractured ilium”
ilium = part of the hip bone
ileum = part of the intestine
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Singular and pluralSingular and plural
Because many medical terms come from Greek and Latin words, the plural forms of the words are not made by adding an “s” as in English
Memorize the guidelines When in doubt, memorize the specific
words
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If the word ends in
Change it to
Examples: singular, plural
-a -ae vertebra, vertebrae
-ex or -ix -ices index, indices
-is -es diagnosis, diagnoses
-itis -ides arthritis, arthritides
-nx -ges phalanx, phalanges
-on -a ganglion, ganglia
-um -a ovum, ova
-us -i alveolus, alveoli
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Changing singular to plural
Pronunciation guidelinesPronunciation guidelines• The “soft” pronunciation of the consonant
is used when followed by e, i or y• “c” sounds like “s”
cell, circulation, cyst• “g” sounds like “j” when followed by e, i or
ygenetic, gingivitis, gestation
• “ch” sounds like “k”chronic, chromium, cholecystitis, psychologist
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Pronunciation guidelinesPronunciation guidelines
When a word ends in “i” it is pronounced like “eye” as in
bacilli“x” is pronounced “z” as in
xylocainexenophobic
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Pronunciation guidelinesPronunciation guidelinesWhen “P” is at the beginning of words followed
by a consonant: “ph” is pronounced “f” as in
pharmacy“pn” is pronounced “n” (silent “p”) as in
pneumonia, pneumococcus“ps” is pronounced “s” (silent “p”) as in
psychotic, psychosocialpsychologist
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Abbreviations & symbolsAbbreviations & symbolsMedical abbreviations and symbols
are a “short hand” for medical professionals
Most have been standardized and are universally accepted
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Abbreviations & symbolsAbbreviations & symbols
• Individual facilities and specialties may use their own specific abbreviations and symbols or use a symbol differently
Example: Means “change” • In maternity care it is also used to
mean “trimester”
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The context indicates the The context indicates the meaningmeaningClient S.J., 24 yo, 8 weeks gestation,
c/o 1st bleedingClient S.J., 24 yo, 8 weeks gestation,
c/o constipation. Recommend her PNV Rx @ her next PNV.
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Abbreviations & symbolsAbbreviations & symbols
Don’t assume you know what an abbreviation or symbol means.
Learn the abbreviations and symbols used on your clinical site during orientation to the practice, through chart review, and by asking.
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Abbreviations & symbolsAbbreviations & symbolsDon’t use your own personal
abbreviations in health care documents. Use only standard medically accepted
abbreviations and those used by the facility on your clinical site
Use capital and small letters appropriately
Non-standard abbreviations can result in medical errors and fines for the agency when discovered during chart audits
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Common abbreviations & symbolsCommon abbreviations & symbols
ā beforead lib freely; at willa.c. before a mealb.i.d. twice a dayBM bowel movementBP blood pressurec withCDC Centers for Disease Control
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Medical abbreviations & symbolsMedical abbreviations & symbols
c/o complains ofd/c discontinueh. hourH2O waterh.s. At night, at bedtimeI&O intake and outputlab. Laboratoryn.p.o. Nothing by mouthn&v nausea and vomiting
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Medical abbreviations & symbolsMedical abbreviations & symbols
O2 oxygenO.D. Right eyeO.S. Left eyeO.U. Each eyep afterP pulsep.c. After mealsP.O. By mouth
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Medical abbreviations & symbolsMedical abbreviations & symbols
p.r.n. As neededq.d. Daily, once a dayq.h. Every hourq.i.d. Four times a dayR respirationRR respiration rates withoutstat. immediately
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Medical abbreviations & symbolsMedical abbreviations & symbols
T temperaturet.i.d. Three times a dayTPR temperature, pulse and
respirationTx Treatment; tractionVS vital signsWt. Weightx multiplied by
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Medical symbolsMedical symbols
> greater than< less than↓ decreased, down, lower
↑ increased, higher, up, elevate↘ decreasing↗ increasing# pound or number
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Medical symbolsMedical symbols′ foot or minute″ inch or secondo degree♂ male♀ female∆ change, trimester@ at
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Medical DictionaryMedical DictionaryTaber’s or Mosby’s available in
bookstores, come with textbooks and CDs
Medical dictionaries are available online
Add medical terms to your computer’s spell check program
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Choosing a medical dictionaryChoosing a medical dictionary
Explanations of medical procedures, conditions, disorders and diseases
Clear, easy to understand definitionsPronunciation guidelinesAbbreviations and symbolsUseful diagrams, charts, reference tables
containing information like lab values, conversion tables (metric to standard), etc
Vocabulary useful to your chosen field
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Learn medical terminologyLearn medical terminology• Study and learn a few words every day• Make flash cards• Practice using terms verbally • Use symbols and abbreviations when you
write notes • Use a medical dictionary for reference• Ask for a definition when you hear a term
or see an abbreviation that you don’t know
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1120 LEGAL AND ETHICAL 1120 LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF MIDWIFERYASPECTS OF MIDWIFERY
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYTHE END
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