MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

HUMAN BODY ORIENTATION

ANATOMY

• MORPHOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

• FUNCTION

MOLECULAR HIERARCHY

• SUBATOMIC– Electrons– Neutrons– Protons

– ATOM– MOLECULE

HEIRARCHY CONT.

• MACROMOLECULES– Proteins– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Nucleic acids

HIERARCHY CONT.

• CELL (CYTOLOGY; CELL BIOLOGY)– NUCLEUS– CELL MEMBRANE (plasma membrane,

phospholipid bilayer)– CYTOPLASM (cytosol)– MITOCHONDRIA (cellular respiration;

conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water and ATP)

HIERARCHY CONT.

• CELL– LYSOSOME (digestive enzymes)– PEROXISOMES (detoxification, especially

alcohol)– ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• SMOOTH ER (synthesis of lipids, detox, drug tolerance)

• ROUGH ER (protein assembly)• GOLGI APPARATUS (post-translational

modification)

Hierarchy cont

• CELL– NUCLEUS (in eukaryotes, protects genetic

info)– FLAGELLA AND CILIA (cell movement; 9=2

array)

HIERARCHY CONT

• TISSUE (HISTOLOGY)– EPITHELIAL (epithelium and endothelium,

glands)– CONNECTIVE (dense connective like bone,

adipose, loose connective like blood vessels, and blood and lymph)

– MUSCLE (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)– NERVOUS (nerves, spinal cord, brain)

HIERARCHY CONT

• ORGANS (see Table 2.2)

• ORGAN SYSTEMS– RESPIRATORY– NERVOUS– DIFESTIVE– CIRCULATORY

• ALL LEADS TO HUMA ORGANISM

ANATOMY

• BODY PLANES– VERTICAL (rt angle to horizon)

• MIDSAGITTAL – vertical, rt and left halves• SAGITTAL – unequal left and right portions• CORONAL- divides into anterior and posterior

ANATOMY

• BODY DIRECTIONS– ANTERIOR/VENTRAL– POSTERIOR/DORSAL– SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR– CEPHALIC AND CAUDAL– PROXIMAL AND DISTAL– MEDIAL AND LATERAL

BODY CAVITIES

• DORSAL (cranial and spinal)

• VENTRAL– Thoracic- ends at diaphragm– Abdominal– Pelvic- mainly reproduction and excretion– abdominopelvic

Abdominal divisions

• Right upper

• Left upper

• Right lower

• Left lower

ABDOMEN AND THORAX REGIONS

• RT AND LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC

• EPIGASTRIC

• RT AND LEFT LUMBAR

• UMBILICAL

• RT AND LEFT ILIAC

• HYPOGASTRIC

PERITONEUM

PERITONEUM

• Membrane– Parietal – outer– Visceral – inner– Mesentery– Retroperitoneal– Ascites – fluid in peritoneum

CYTOLOGY

• DNA

• GENES

• MUTATION (somatic vs gametic)

• Genetic disorders– Huntington’s disease– Cystic fibrosis– Hemophilia– Down syndrome

GENETIC DISORDER CONT

– Sickle cell anemia– Tay sachs– Phenylketouria– Genetic vs congenital

• Fetal alcohol syndrome• Cerebral palsy

WORD PARTS

• OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

PUTTING THEM TOGETHER

• “o” IS COMMON COMBINING VOWEL– IF ENDS IN CONSONANT– IF COMBING TWO OR MORE ROOT

WORDS

• “o” NOT NEEDED IF SUFFIX BEGINS IN A VOWEL

SIMPLE COMBING FORMS

• PREFIXES– OFTEN DENOTE TIME, LOCATION OR

STATUS• Pre-, peri-, post-• A-: without• Ab-:away from• Eu: good• Dys-:bad

Prefixes cont.

– Hyper-:above– Hypo-:below– Inter-:between– Intra-:within– Sub: below– Super- or supra-: beyond– Oligo-:few

PREFIXES CONT.

• BODY SYSTEMS– OSTEO- BONES– ARTHRO- JOINTS– CHONDRO- CARTILAGE– MYO – MUSCLES– CARDIO-HEART– PHLEB- VEINS– ARTERIO- ARTERIES

BODY SYSTEMS PREFIXES

– HEMA- OR HEMAT- BLOOD– SPLENO- SPLEEN– NAS-NOSE– PNUEMO-LUNGS– ORO-MOUTH– GASTRO-STOMACH– ENTERO-SMALL INTESTINE– COLO-LARGE INTESTINE

BODY SYSTEM PREFIXES

– HEPATO-LIVER– NEPHR- OR REN- KIDNEYS– CYST-, VESSICO- URINARY BLADDER– NEUR- NERVOUS SYSTEM– ENCEPHAL-BRAIN– MYELO-SPINAL CORD– OPTHAL, OR OCUL- EYES– OT-, ACOUST- EARS

BODY SYSTEM PREFIXES

– CUTAN-, DERMAT– SKIN– SEB- SEBACEOUS GLANDS– HIDR-SWEAT GLANDS– ORCH-TESTES– OOPHOR-, OVARI- OVARIES– HYSTER-, MET-, UTER- UTERUS

SUFFIXES

• Often indicate procedure, disorder, or disease– Ectomy : to remove– Tonsillectomy

– ac: pertaining to– -itis: inflammation of– - osis: abnormal condition

SUFFIXES CONT

– - dynia, - algia: pain or suffering (cephalgia, gastrodynia

– - malcia: abnormal softening (arteiomalacia)– - megaly: enlargement (hepatomegaly)– - necrosis: death (caessation necrosis – Tb)– - sclerosis: abnormal hardening

(arteriosclerosis)– - stenosis: abnormal narrowing (pyloric

stenosis)

SUFFIXES CONT

• PROCEDURES– - centesis: fluid removal (amniocentesis)– - ectomy: removal– - graphy, - gram: picture (arteriography,

pyelogram)– - plasty: to repair (rhinoplasty)– - scopy: visual exam (colonoscopy,

endoscopy)

SUFFIXES

• THE IMMPORTANT RR’S:– - rrhaphy: to suture (splenorrhaphy)– - rrhage: bursting forth (hemorrhage)– - rrhea: abnormal flow (diarrhea, amenorrhea)– - rrhexis: rupure (splenorrhexis)

BASIC MEDICAL TERMS

• EPIDEMIOLOGY

• SYMPTOM = SUBJECTIVE

• SIGN, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION = OBJECTIVE

• DIAGNOSIS– Differential– Prognosis

BASIC MEDICAL TERMS

• DISEASE– CHRONIC VS ACUTE– SYNDROME = COMPILATION OF CLINICAL

MANIFESTATIONS– REMISSION – ABSENCE OF SYMPTOMS

WITHOUT A CURE– EPIDEMIC VIS ENDEMIC, PANDEMIC– TRANSMISSION– INCUBATION PERIOD

BASIC MEDICAL TERMS

• INFECTIOUS DISEASE

• COMMUNICABLE

• IDIOPATHIC

• NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

• IATROGENCI DISORDER

CONFUSING WORD PARTS

• ARTERIO- AND ATHERO-• ILEUM AND ILIUM• INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION• MUCOUS AND MUCUS• MYC-, MYEL-, AND MY-• -OSTOMY AND –OTOMY• PALPATION AND PALPITATION• PROSTATE AND PROSTRATE

CONFUSING WORD PARTS CONT

• SUPPINATION AND SUPPURATION

• PYELO-, PYO-, AND PYRO-

• TRIAGE AND TRAUMA

• VIRAL AND VIRILE

COLOR WORD PARTS• ERTYTH- RED (erythrocyte, erthroblastoma fetalis)

• MELAN- WHITE (malignant melanoma, melanosis)

• CYAN- BLUE (cyanosis, cyanotic)

• LEUK-WHITE (leukocyte, leukemia)

• POLI- GRAY (poliomyelitis)

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