Medical Radiology

Diagnostic Imaging

Series Editors

Albert L. BaertMaximilian F. ReiserHedvig HricakMichael Knauth

For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/4354

Editorial Board

Andy Adam, LondonFred Avni, BrusselsRichard L. Baron, ChicagoCarlo Bartolozzi, PisaGeorge S. Bisset, DurhamA. Mark Davies, BirminghamWilliam P. Dillon, San FranciscoD. David Dershaw, New YorkSam Sanjiv Gambhir, StanfordNicolas Grenier, BordeauxGertraud Heinz-Peer, ViennaRobert Hermans, LeuvenHans-Ulrich Kauczor, HeidelbergTheresa McLoud, BostonKonstantin Nikolaou, MunichCaroline Reinhold, MontrealDonald Resnick, San DiegoRüdiger Schulz-Wendtland, ErlangenStephen Solomon, New YorkRichard D. White, Columbus

Lotfi Hendaoui • Anthony W. StansonM. Habib Bouhaouala • Francis JoffreEditors

Systemic Vasculitis

Imaging Features

123

Foreword byAlbert L. Baert

EditorsLotfi Hendaoui, MDProfessor of RadiologyMedical School of Tunis El Manar

UniversityDepartment of Medical Imaging and

Imaging Guided InterventionsMongi Slim University Hospital-La Marsa2046 Sidi DaoudTunisiae-mail: lotfi.hendaoui@rns.tn

Anthony W. Stanson, MDProfessor Emeritus of RadiologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineMayo ClinicRochester 55905 MNUSAe-mail: stanson.anthony@mayo.edu

M. Habib Bouhaouala, MDProfessor of RadiologyMedical School of Tunis El Manar

UniversityDepartment of Medical ImagingInterior Security Forces Teaching Hospital2070 La MarsaTunisiae-mail: habib.bouhaouala@fmt.rnu.tn

Francis Joffre, MDProfessor of RadiologyMedical School of Toulouse UniversityDepartment of Medical ImagingRangueil HospitalToulouse CX 9Francee-mail: joffre.f@chu-toulouse.fr

ISSN 0942-5373ISBN 978-3-642-02483-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-02484-9DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02484-9Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011938149

� Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To my many colleagues, students, and mentors at Mayo Clinic withwhom I have shared my career and from whom I have learned much.I am especially grateful for the support of our allied health staff whosededication provided a highly professional and pleasant workenvironment making our years together a joy to experience.Above all, I dedicate this work to my wife, Carolyn, without whom myachievements and joy would be incomplete.

….AWS

To our mentors with whom we started our career (especially J Chalut,JC Gaux, JP Monnier, J Chermet and JM Tubiana) and to our manycolleagues and fellows from whom we have learned much. We arealso indebted to our allied health staff for their unfailing support.

….LH, FJ and MHB

To Ismaïl, my son and Inès, my daughter, who through the years, havemade me so proud to be their father.Above all, I dedicate this work to my beloved wife, Reine with mygratitude for her extraordinary patience and understanding.

….LH

To Balkiss, my wife and Mehdi, Fatma and Sana my children, for theirpatience and constant support.

…MHB

September 2011

Foreword

Radiological imaging can contribute substantially to an exact and early diag-

nosis of systemic vasculitis, an uncommon condition which requires rapid

appropriate treatment.

This volume of Medical Radiology deals comprehensively with the modern

imaging modalities needed to detect vasculitis and provides a wealth of infor-

mation to anyone dealing with these patients. The editors have shown a specific,

extensive and longstanding interest in the field of inflammation of walls of the

blood vessels as demonstrated by their previous scientific publications and share

their exceptional clinical expertise with the readers in this superbly illustrated

volume. It is completed by a section on autoevaluation. This very useful section

is based on a series of questions and answers as well as on selected clinical cases.

I am especially indebted to L. Hendaoui for his relentless efforts to conduct

his project to final publication and his very productive cooperation with the

other co-editors: A. W. Stanson, M. H. Bouhaouala and F. Joffre.

This transatlantic and transmediterranean scientific venture has resulted in

an outstanding volume that will certainly meet a high interest from radiologists,

and vascular surgeons, pediatricians and medical specialists in various areas of

internal medicine. But also other physicians may find it very useful for learning

more about the actual potential of medical imaging and thus for a better

management of vasculitis patients.

I am confident that this will meet the same success with the readers as the

previous volumes published in this series.

Albert L. Baert

vii

Preface

Vascular diseases represent one of the most frequent causes of death and

morbidity in the world. Inflammatory vascular diseases are not the most

common but have the peculiarity of a worldwide diffusion, as opposed to

vascular diseases provoked by atherosclerosis, which are prevalent in western

countries. For some of the diseases a geographical predominance was evident,

but for most, changing lifestyles and human relocation has created a wide-

spread dissemination.

In recent years, inflammatory angiopathies have benefited from progress in

diagnostic and interventional imaging. Beyond the progress in ultrasound and

tomographic imaging, recent years have seen the emerging of functional

imaging methods, like positron emission tomography, that can detect early

inflammation of the vascular walls, determine the level of inflammatory activity

and track their progress under pharmacological treatment. Furthermore, the

significant and permanent progress of biology and pathophysiology of the

vascular wall allows a better understanding of these diseases and especially their

impact on vascular hemodynamics and the various components of the circu-

lating blood.

This work, initiated by Lotfi Hendaoui, is a book primarily centred on the

imaging of these various diseases, both in its diagnostic and interventional

aspects. Beyond this initial objective, the book also aims to integrate imaging

within the overall care of these patients, not forgetting the pathophysiology for

understanding how these diverse diseases affect arteries or veins, large vessels or

small vessels or capillaries. In addition, these diseases have variable effects on

vessel walls, ranging from stenosis to aneurysmal dilatation. The diagnostic

criteria for these complex diseases are often difficult to identify and affirm,

which requires common rules of identification.

The multiple therapeutic possibilities are also described in detail. All the

chapters adopt a similar plan, addressing different aspects of the clinical pre-

sentation, imaging and therapeutic management. This presentation allows easy

comparison of these different diseases whose main characteristics are summa-

rized in a comparative table at the end of the book. This book was written by a

large panel of authors, representing different geographical regions: Africa, Asia,

Europe and North America.

ix

For writing this preface, Lotfi Hendaoui chose to associate a representative

of Vascular Medicine and a radiologist heavily involved in vascular imaging

diagnosis and therapy. This choice is consistent with the dual goal of providing,

from imaging, an extensive review of all inflammatory diseases of the vessels

and the problems they face in the twenty-first century.

Prof. Alessandra Bura

Prof. Francis Joffre

x Preface

Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of:

Mrs Stephanie Alouache for the translation of some chapters manuscript;

Prof. Hammouda Boussen and

Mr Fethi El Effrit

xi

Contents

Part I Introducing Chapters

Historical Background of Vascular Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Anthony W. Stanson

Current Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Thara Larbi, Saloua Hamzaoui, Maya Abdallah, Mourad Ennafaa,Ali Harmel, Kamel Bouslama, Lotfi Hendaoui, and Skander M’rad

Systemic Vasculitis: Anatomy and Histopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Ahlem Lahmar, Sabeh Mzabi-Regaya, Samir Boubaker,Nidhameddine Kchir, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Immunological Aspects of Systemic Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Melika Ben Ahmed and Hechmi Louzir

Medical Imaging Investigation of Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43M. Habib Bouhaouala, Lotfi Hendaoui, Antony W. Stanson,and Francis Joffre

Evaluation of Carotid Atherosclerosis and Inflammation by ContrastEnhanced Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Joseph Shalhoub, David R. J. Owen, and Edward L. S. Leen

Part II Vasculitis Involving Predominantly Large Vessels

Giant Cell Arteritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Chad J. Fleming, Kenneth J. Warrington, James Glockner,Dylan V. Miller, Jeremy L. Friese, and Anthony W. Stanson

Imaging Features of Takayasu Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Lotfi Hendaoui, Anis Askri, Maya Abdallah, Leila Charrada-Ben Farhat,A. Mourad Souissi, Skander Mrad, M. Habib Bouhaouala, andAnthony W. Stanson

Cogan’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Eric L. Matteson and Anthony W. Stanson

xiii

Imaging Features of Behçet’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Lotfi Hendaoui, Leila Charrada-Ben Farhat, M. Habib Bouhaouala,Saloua Hamzaoui, Nadida Dali, Anis Askri, Anissa Miaoui,Mondher Golli, Randa Salem, Rachid Mechmèche,Kaouthar Saadallaoui-Ben Hamida, and Skander Mrad

Chronic Periaortitis (CP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Nicolò Pipitone, Augusto Vaglio, Carlo Salvarani, and Anthony W. Stanson

Part III Vasculitis Involving Predominantly Medium Vessels

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Jeremy L. Friese, Kenneth J. Warrington, Dylan V. Miller,Steven R. Ytterberg, Chad J. Fleming, and Anthony W. Stanson

Thromboangiitis Obliterans or Buerger’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Alessandra Bura, Julien Auriol, Hervé Rousseau, and Francis Joffre

Imaging of Kawasaki Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Anis Askri, Lotfi Hendaoui, Rachid Mechmeche, Nadia Siala,Sami Mourali, and Ahmed Maherzi

Primary Central Nervous System Angiitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229M. Habib Bouhaouala, Olivier Naggara, Dorra Ghorbel, Akil Mestiri,J. François Meder, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Mesenteric Inflammatory Veno-Occlusive Disease (MIVOD) . . . . . . . . . 253Julien Auriol, Lotfi Hendaoui, Anis Askri, and Francis Joffre

Part IV Vasculitis Involving Predominantly Small Vessels

Imaging Features of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s). . . . 259Stéphane Silvera, Estelle Palangié, Loîc Guillevin, Lotfi Hendaoui,and Paul Legmann

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Leila Charrada-Ben Farhat, Lotfi Hendaoui, Anis Askri, Nadida Dali,Ali Harmel, and M. Habib Bouhaouala

Churg–Strauss Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285M. Habib Bouhaouala, Kamel Bouslama, Mehdi Charfi, Nadia Mhiri,M. Habib Ben Romdhane, Majed El Beji, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Goodpasture’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Tarek A. El-Diasty and Mohamed E. Abou El-Ghar

xiv Contents

Microscopic Polyangiitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Yeon Joo Jeong, Man Pyo Chung, and Kyung Soo Lee

Part V Secondary Vasculitis

Vasculitis Associated with Connective Tissue Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Nadia Mama-Larbi, Kalthoum Tlili-Graiess, Anis Askri, Ahmed Laatar,Amira Manamani, Leith Zakraoui, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Vasculitis Associated with Infection, Malignant Tumors, Drugs,and Other Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Yeon Joo Jeong, Man Pyo Chung, and Kyung Soo Lee

Part VI Vasculitis in Children

Classification of Childhood Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Kalthoum Tlili-Graiess, Nadia Mama-Larbi, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Common Childhood Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Kalthoum Tlili-Graiess, Nadia Mama-Larbi, Sawsen Abroug,and Lotfi Hendaoui

Central Nervous System Vasculitis in Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Kalthoum Tlili-Graiess, Nadia Mama-Larbi, Nadine Girard,and Charles Raybaud

Part VII Vasculitis by Organ Systems

Nervous System Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415M. Habib Bouhaouala, Mehdi Charfi, Wassim Saîd, Slim El Fourti,and Lotfi Hendaoui

Cardiovascular System Vasculitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425M. Habib Bouhaouala, Dorra Ghorbel, Akil Mestiri, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Respiratory Tract Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435M. Habib Bouhaouala, Ridha Charfi, Meher Abouda, Nadia Mehiri,Béchir Louzir, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Digestive System Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443M. Habib Bouhaouala, Dorra Ghorbel, M. Hédi Doggui, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Imaging of Renal Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453Olivier Hélénon, Dan Bensimhon, and Jean Michel Correas

Oto-Rhino-Laryngologic System Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459M. Habib Bouhaouala, M. Slim El Fourti, Nadida Dali, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Contents xv

Ophthalmic Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465M. Habib Bouhaouala, Lamia El Fekih, Mehdi Charfi, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Musculoskeletal System Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473M. Habib Bouhaouala, Kaouthar Ben Hamida, Ahmed Laater,Hanène Kédadi, and Lotfi Hendaoui

Part VIII Auto Evaluation

Self-Assessment Questions (Test) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Anthony W. Stanson, M. Habib Bouhaouala, Paul Legmann,and Lotfi Hendaoui

Clinical Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Lotfi Hendaoui, M. Habib Bouhaouala, Anis Askri, Jean-François Paul,Paul Legmann, Amira Manamani, Leila Charrada-Ben Farhat,Francis Joffre, and Anthony W. Stanson

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

xvi Contents

Contributors

Maya Abdallah Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Tunis EI

ManarUniversity,Mongi SlimUniversity Hospital, LaMarsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud,

Tunisia, e-mail: meyaabdelkefi@yahoo.fr

Maher Abouda Department of Pneumology, Medical School of Tunis El Manar

University, Interior Security Forces University Hospital, 2070 La Marsa, Tuni-

sia, e-mail: maherabouda@yahoo.fr

Mohamed E. Abou El Ghar Department of Radiology, Urology and

Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516,Egypt, e-mail:

madoelghar@ yahoo.com

Sawsen Abroug Department of Pediatrics, Medical school of Sousse, Center

University, Sahloul University Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia, e-mail: sawsen.

abroug@rns.tn

Anis Askri Department of Medical Imaging and Imaging Guided Interventions,

Medical School of Tunis El Manar University, Mongi Slim University Hospi-

tal, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud, Tunisia, e-mail: anisaskri2@yahoo.fr

Julien Auriol Department of Medical Imaging, Rangueil Hospital, Medical

School of Toulouse University, 31059 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France, e-mail:

auriol.j@chu-toulouse.fr

Malika Ben Ahmed Department of Immunology, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, Institut Pasteur, 1001 Tunis, Tunisia, e-mail: melika.

benahmed@pasteur.rns.tn

M. Habib Ben Romdhane Department of Medical Imaging, Centre Hospitalier

Intercommunal, Des portes de l’Oise, France, e-mail: brhabib2000@yahoo.fr

Mohamed Habib Bouhaouala Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School

of Tunis El Manar University, Interior Security Forces University Hospital,

2070 La Marsa, Tunisia, e-mail: habib.bouhaouala@fmt.rnu.tn

Majed El Beji Department of Pneumology, Medical School of Tunis, La Rabta

University Hospital, 1007 Tunis Jabbari, Tunisia, e-mail: majed.beji@rns.tn

Samir Boubaker Department of Pathology, Medical School of Tunis El Manar

University, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia, e-mail: samir.

boubaker@pasteur.rns.tn

xvii

Kamel Bouslama Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Tunis

EI Manar University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi

Daoud, Tunisia, e-mail: kamel.bouslama@rns.tn

Alessandra Bura-Riviere Department of Medical Imaging, Rangueil Hospi-

tal, Medical School of Toulouse University, 31059 Toulouse, Cedex 9,

France, e-mail: bura-riviere.a@chu-toulouse.fr

Mehdi Charfi Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, Interior Security Forces University Hospital, 2070 La

Marsa, Tunisia, e-mail: mehdicharfi@yahoo.fr

Mohamed Ridha Charfi Department of Pneumology, Medical School of Tunis

El Manar University, Interior Security Forces Teaching Hospital, 2070 La

Marsa, Tunisia, e-mail: ridha.charfi@yahoo.fr

Leila Charrada-Ben Farhat Department of Medical Imaging and Imaging

Guided Interventions, Medical School of Tunis El Manar University, Mongi

Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud, Tunisia, e-mail: leila.

benfarhat@rns.tn

Man Pyo Chung Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science,

Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan, University School of Medicine, 50

Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Korea

Jean Michel Correas Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Necker

Hospital, Rene Descartes University, Paris Vl, 75730 Paris, Cedex 15, France,

e-mail: jean-michel.correas@nck.aphp.fr

Nadida Dali Department of Medical Imaging and Imaging Guided Interven-

tions, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud, Tunisia,

e-mail: nadida@gnet.tn

Mohamed Hédi Doggui Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of

Tunis El Manar University, Interior Security Forces University Hospital, 2070

La Marsa, Tunisia, e-mail: Douggui.hedi@planet.tn

Tarek El Diasty Department of Radiology, Urology and Nephrology Center,

Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt, e-mail: teldiasty@hotmail.com

Lamia Elfekih Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, Interior Security Forces University Hospital, 2070 La

Marsa, Tunisia, e-mail: elfekihlamia@yahoo.fr

Slim El Fourti Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, Interior Security Forces University Hospital, 2070 La

Marsa, Tunisia, e-mail: slimfourti@yahoo.fr

Mourad Ennafaa Department of Internal Medicine, Mongi Slim University

Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud, Tunisia, e-mail: mourad.ennafaa@

rns.tn

Chad J. Fleming Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo

Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, e-mail: fleming.

chad@mayo. edu

xviii Contributors

Jeremy L. Friese Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo

Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, e-mail: friese.jeremy@

mayo.edu

Dorra Ghorbel Department of Medical Imaging, Interior Security Forces

University Hospital, 2070 La Marsa, Tunisia, e-mail: ghorbeldorra@yahoo.fr

Nadine Girard Medical School of Marseille, La Timone Hospital, Marseille,

France, e-mail: Nadine.girard@ap-hm.fr

James Glockner Division of Cardiac Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of

Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, e-mail: glockner.james@mayo.edu

Mondher Golli Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Manastir,

Center University, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tuni-

sia, e-mail: mondher.golli@rns.tn

Loîc Guillevin Department of Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, Rene Des-

cartes University, Paris V, 75679, Paris, Cedex 14, France, e-mail: loic.guille-

vin@cch. aphp.fr

Saloua Hamzaoui Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Tunis

EI Manar University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi

Daoud, Tunisia, e-mail: salwabchir@yahoo.fr

Ali Harmel Department of Internal Medicine, Mongi Slim University Hospital,

La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud, Tunisia, e-mail: ali.harmel@rns.tn

Lotfi Hendaoui Department of Medical Imaging and Imaging Guided Inter-

ventions, Medical School of Tunis El Manar University, Mongi Slim University

Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud, Tunisia, e-mail: lotfi.hendaoui@rns.tn

Olivier Helenon Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Necker

Hospital, Rene Descartes University, Paris V, 75730 Paris, Cedex 14, France,

e-mail: olivier.helenon@aphp.fr

Yeon Joo Jeong Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science,

Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan, University School of Medicine, 50

Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Korea

Francis Joffre Department of Medical Imaging, Rangueil Hospital, Medical

School of Toulouse University, 31059 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France, e-mail:

joffre.f@chu-toulouse.fr

Nidhameddine Kchir Department of Pathology, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, La Rabta University Hospital, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia, e-mail:

Nidham.kchir@rns.tn

Hanène Kedadi Department of Internal Medicine, Interior Security Forces

University Hospital, La Marsa, 2070 Tunis, Tunisia, e-mail: hanenekedadi@

yahoo.fr

Ahmed Laatar Department of Rheumatology, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Da-

oud, Tunisia, e-mail: laatar.ahmed@rns.tn

Contributors xix

Ahlem Lahmar Department of Pathology, Medical School of Tunis El Manar

University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud,

Tunisia, e-mail: aboufaroua@yahoo.fr

Thara Larbi Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Da-

oud, Tunisia, e-mail: l_thara@hotmail.fr

Kyung Soo Lee Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science,

Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan, University School of Medicine, 50

Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Korea, e-mail: kyungs.lee@samsung.com

Edward Leen Imaging Sciences Department Imperial College, Room 117

Neptune Building Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12

ONN, UK, e-mail: edward.leen@imperial.ac.uk

Paul Legmann Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cochin

Hospital, Rene Descartes University, Paris V, 75679 Paris, Cedex 14, France,

e-mail: paul.legmann@cch.aphp.fr

Bechir Louzir Department of Pneumology, Medical School of Tunis El Manar

University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud,

Tunisia, e-mail: bechir.louzir@rns.tn

Hechmi Louzir Department of Immunology, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, Institut Pasteur, 1001 Tunis, Tunisia, e-mail: hechmi.lou-

zir@pasteur. rns.tn

Eric L. Matteson Division of Rheumatology, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo

Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, e-mail: Matteson.eric@mayo.edu

Ahmed Maherzi Department of Paediatrics, Medical School of Tunis El Manar

University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud,

Tunisia, e-mail: ahmed.mehrzi@rns.tn

Nadia Mama-Larbi Department of Medical Imaging, Medical school of Sousse,

Center University, Sahloul University Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia, e-mail:

dr.nmama@gmail.com

Amira Manamani Department of Medical Imaging and Imaging Guided

Interventions, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud,

Tunisia, e-mail: amiramanamani@yahoo.fr

Rachid Mechmeche Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, La Rabta University Hospital, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia, e-mail:

rachid.mechmech@rns.tn

J. François Meder Department of Morphological and Functional Imaging,

Paris-Descartes University, Sainte-Anne University Hospital, 1 rue Cabanis,

Inserm Umr 894, 75674 Paris, Cedex 14, France, e-mail: jf.meder@ch-sainte-

anne.fr

Akil Mestiri Department of Internal Medicine, Medicial School of Tunis El

Manar University, Interior Security Forces University Hospital, 2070 La

Marsa, Tunisia, e-mail: mestiriakil@yahoo.fr

xx Contributors

Nadia Mhiri Department of Pneumology, Medical School of Tunis El Manar

University, La Rabta University Hospital, 1007 Tunis Jabbari, Tunisia, e-mail:

nadia.mhiri@rns.tn

Anissa Miaoui Department of Medical Imaging and Imaging Guided Inter-

ventions, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud,

Tunisia, e-mail: anissa_miaoui@yahoo.fr

Dylan V. Miller EM Laboratory, Intermountain Central Laboratory, Murray,

UT 84157, USA, e-mail: Dylan.Miller@imail.org

Sami Mourali Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Tunis El Manar

University, La Rabta University Hospital, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia, e-mail: Sami.

mourali@rns.tn

Skander Mrad Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Tunis EI

Manar University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Da-

oud, Tunisia, e-mail: skander.mrad@rns.tn

Sabeh Mzabi-Regaya Department of Pathology, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Da-

oud, Tunisia, e-mail: sabeh.regaya@rns.tn

Olivier Naggara Department of Morphological and Functional Imaging, Paris-

Descartes University Sainte-Anne University Hospital 1 rue Cabanis, Inserm

Umr 894, 75674 Paris, Cedex 14, France, e-mail: o.naggara@ch-sainte-anne.fr

David Owen Imaging Sciences Department, Imperial College, Room 117

Neptune Building Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12

ONN, UK, e-mail: david.owen@imperial.ac.uk

Estelle Palangie Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cochin

Hospital, Rene Descartes University, Paris V, 75679 Paris, Cedex 14, France,

e-mail: estelle.palangie@cch.aphp.fr

Jean François Paul Marie Lannelongue Hospital, 133, Av. de la Resistance,

92350, Le Plessis, Robinson, e-mail: dr.jfpaul@gmail.com

Charles Raybaud Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Toronto,

555 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1X8, ON, Canada, e-mail: charles.

raybaud@sickkids.ca

Hervé Rousseau Department of Medical Imaging, Rangueil Hospital, Medical

School of Toulouse University, 31059 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France, e-mail: rous-

seau.h@chu-toulouse.fr

Kaouthar Saadallaoui-Ben Hamida Department of Internal Medicine, Medi-

cine School of Tunis El Manar University, Interior Security Forces University

Hospital, 2070 La Marsa, Tunisia, e-mail: Sdkaouthar2000@yahoo.fr

Randa Salem Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Monastir,

Center University, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir,

Tunisia, e-mail: randa.salem@rns.tn

Contributors xxi

Wassim Saied Department of Medical Imaging and Imaging Guided Inter-

ventions, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Daoud,

Tunisia, e-mail: wassim.said@live.fr

Joseph Shalhoub Department of Vascular Surgery, Charing Cross Hospital, 4th

Floor, Fulham Palce Road, London, W6 8RF, UK, e-mail: j.shalhoub@

imperial. ac.uk

Stéphane Silvera Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cochin

Hospital, Rene Descartes University, Paris V, 75679 Paris, Cedex 14, France,

e-mail: silverasam@yahoo.fr

A. Mourad Souissi Bourran Hospital, 12027 Rodez, Cedex 09, France, e-mail:

am.souissi@ch-rodez.fr

Anthony W. Stanson Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic,

Rochester, MN 55905, USA, e-mail: Stanson.anthony@mayo.edu

Kalthoum Tlili-Graies Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of

Sousse, Center University, Sahloul University Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia,

e-mail: kalthoum.tlili@rns.tn

Kenneth J. Warrington Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic,

Rochester, MN 55905, USA, e-mail: warrington.kenneth@mayo.edu

Leith Zakraoui Department of Rheumatology, Medical School of Tunis El

Manar University, Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa, 2046 Sidi Da-

oud, Tunisia, e-mail: leith.zakraoui@rns.tn

xxii Contributors