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Fecal Chemical TestsMedical Parasitology Lab. Fecal Fat Testing & Reducing SugarsDiarrhea Diarrhea is defined as an increase in daily stool weight above 200 with increased liquidity and frequency of more than three times per day.Diarrhea classification can be based on four factors: duration of the illness, mechanism, severity, and stool characteristics.Diarrhea lasting less than 4 weeks is defined as acute, and diarrhea persisting for more than 4 weeks is termed chronic diarrhea.The major mechanisms of diarrhea are secretory, osmotic, and altered motility.The laboratory tests used to differentiate these mechanisms are fecal electrolytes (fecal sodium, fecal potassium), fecal osmolality, and stool pH.Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012The total fecal osmolality is close to the serum osmolality (290 mOsm/kg)Stool PH: . Human feces is normally 7-82Continue.Secretory Diarrhea: Bacterial, viral, and protozoan infections produce increased secretion of water and electrolytes, which override the reabsorptive ability of the large intestineOsmotic Diarrhea: Incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food presents increased fecal material to the large intestine, resulting in the retention of water and electrolytes in the large intestine which in turn results in excessive watery stool.Altered Motility: Altered motility describes conditions of enhanced motility (hypermotility) or slow motility (constipation).Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Malabsorption & Maldigestion Malabsorption is defined as the impaired absorption of nutrients by the intestine.Maldigestion is defined as the impaired digestion of food.Maldigestion and malabsorption contribute to osmatic diarrhea.Specific nutrient absorptive disorders:Carbohydrate MalabsorptionFat malabsorption/MaldigestionProtein MalabsorptionMineral and Vitamin Malabsorption Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Investigations of MalabsorptionInvestigations of Carbohydrate Malabsorption:D- xylose TestLactose IntoleranceStool Reducing Sugar Investigations of Fat Malabsorption:Fecal Fat TestInvestigations of Protein Malabsorption:Albumin Level1- antitrypsinInvestigations of Mineral and Vitamins Malabsorption:Stool Electrolyte (Na+, K+)Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Investigation of Carbohydrate MalabsorptionStool Reducing SugarThis test measures unabsorbed sugars in stool. It is used to evaluate the body's ability to digest carbohydrates, or to absorb nutrients from food and drinks.Testing for fecal reducing substances detects congenital disaccharidase deficiencies as well as enzyme deficiencies due to nonspecific mucosal injury.Fecal carbohydrate testing is most valuable in assessing cases of infant diarrhea and may be accompanied by a pH determination.The copper reduction test is performed using a Clinitest tablet and one part stool emulsified in two parts water .

Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012A result of 0.5 g/dL is considered indicative of carbohydrate intolerance.The Clinitest on stools can distinguish between diarrhea caused by abnormal excretion of reducing sugars and those caused by various viruses and parasites.Sucrose is not detected by the Clinitest method because it is not a reducing sugar.A positive result would be followed by more specific serum carbohydrate tolerance tests, the most common being the D-xylose test for malabsorption and the lactose tolerance test for maldigestion.

Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Continue .The Fecal Reducing Substances test is performed in a laboratory, on a sample of stool as small as 5 grams.Unfortunately this sample needs to be delivered to the laboratory ASAP, preferably within 1 hour. This is because lactose (or other sugars) in the stool will normally be broken down by chemical processes within 2-4 hours after the specimen is producedAdults and Children :Normal: = 0.25 g/dlSuspicious: 0.25-0.5 g/dl Abnormal: > 0.5 g/dl

Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Continue .Investigation of Fat MalabsorptionSteatorrhea: is the presence of excess fat in feces, Stools may also float due to excess lipid, have an oily appearance and be especially foul-smelling.There is increased fat excretion, which can be measured by determining the fecal fat level.Possible biological causes can be lack of bile acids, defects in pancreatic enzymes maldigestion, and defective mucosal cells malabsorption.The absence of bile acids will cause the feces to turn gray or pale.Quantitative fecal fat analysis is used as a confirmatory test for steatorrheaRaed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Fecal Fat TestFecal fat testing can be done by either qualitative microscopy method or quantitative methods.Qualitative Microscopy Method:Is the simplest form of the fecal fat test, a random fecal specimen is submitted to the hospital laboratory and examined under a microscope after staining with a Sudan III dye. Visible amounts of fat indicate some degree of fat malabsorption.The staining procedure consists of two parts, the neutral fat stain and the split fat stain.Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Investigation of Fat MalabsorptionQualitative Microscopy Fat Testing Neutral fats stain are readily stained by Sudan III and appear as large orange-red droplets, often located near the edge of the coverslip.Observation of more than 60 large orange-red droplets/HPF can be indicative of steatorrhea.The split fat stain representing total fat content can provide a better indication.The breakdown of neutral fats by bacterial lipase and the spontaneous hydrolysis of neutral fats may lower the neutral fat count. Observation of more than 100 large orange-red droplets/HPF can be indicative of steatorrheaThis also precludes the comparison of the two slide tests to determine whether maldigestion or malabsorption is causing steatorrhea

Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Neutral Fat Stain ProcedureHomogenize one part stool with two parts water.Mix emulsified stool with one drop 95% ethyl alcohol on slide.Add two drops saturated Sudan III in 95% ethanol.Mix and coverslip. Examine under high powerCount orange droplets per high-power field

Split Fat Stain ProcedureMix emulsified stool with one drop of 36% acetic acid.Add two drops saturated Sudan III.Mix and coverslip.Heat gently almost to boiling.Examine under high power.Count and measure the orange droplets per high-power fieldProcedures Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Neutral Fat Stain Procedure :60 large orange-red droplets indicates malabsorption.Split Fat Stain Procedure: 100 orange-red droplets measuring 675 m indicates malabsorption

12Quantitative Fat TestingQuantitative fecal fat analysis is used as a confirmatory test for steatorrhea.Quantitative fecal analysis requires the collection of at least a 3-day specimen. The patient must also maintain a regulated intake of fat (100 g/dl) prior to and during the collection period.Refrigerating the specimen prevents any bacterial degradation.The method routinely used for fecal fat measurement is the Van de Kamer titration, although gravimetric methods are available.Fecal lipids are converted to fatty acids and titrated to a neutral endpoint with sodium hydroxide.Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,201213Continue .The fat content is reported as grams of fat or the coefficient of fat retention per 24 hours.

The coefficient of fat =

Normal values based on a 100 g/dl intake are 1 to 6 g/dl or a coefficient of fat retention of at least 95%.Although the Van de Kamer titration is the gold standard for fecal fat, the acid Steatocrit is a rapid test to estimate the amount of fat excretion.It is similar to the microhematocrit test.

Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012( dietary Fat Fecal Fat )dietary FatX 100

14The acid steatocrit is a reliable tool to monitor a patients response to therapy and screen for steatorrhea in pediatric populations.

Acid steatocrit % =

An acid steatocrit value less than 31% was considered normal while a value greater than 31% indicated steatorrhea in adults.Acid steatocrit is higher in infants and droppped with age . An acid steatocrit of less than 10% is indicative of steatorrhea in children.

Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Continue .fatty layer length in cm(fatty layer length in cm + solid layer length)X100

Calculate the fecal fat in grams per 24 hours.In adult:Fecal fat in g/24 hrs.= [0.45 X acid steatocrit %] 0.43In children up to 15 years:Fecal fat in g/24 hrs.= [0.1939 X acid steatocrit %] 0 .2174

Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012Continue .