Medical Care

• Medical Care refers chiefly to those personal services that are provided directly by physicians or rendered as a result of the physician’s instructions

• These which ranges from domiciliary care to resident hospital care

Health Care

• Multitude of services rendered to individuals, families or communities by the agents of the health services or professions, for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring or restoring health”

Characteristics

• Appropriateness• Comprehensiveness• Adequacy• Availability• Accessibility• Accessibility• Affordability• Feasibility

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

• Primary Health care is essential health care based on scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology, made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that that a country and community can afford.

COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS

• Education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of controlling and preventing them.

• Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition. • An adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation.• Maternal and child health care including family planning.• Immunization against major infectious diseases.• Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases.• Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries.• Provision of essential drugs

PRINCILPES OF PHC

• Equitable distribution

• Community participation

• Intersectoral coordination

• Appropriate technology

VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES

• An organization that is administered by an autonomous board which holds meetings, collects funds chiefly from private sources and expends money in conducting programs directed primarily for furthering public health by providing health services, health education, advancing research or legislation for health or combination of these activities.

FUNCTIONS

• Supplementing the work of the Govt.– Lending personnel– Contributing funds for

– Equipments, Supplies , Services

• Pioneering– Explore ways and means to do new things– Conduction of research – Initiation of projects

• Health Education • Demonstration • Guarding the work of Govt. agencies: guard and criticize• Advancing health legislation.

International health

• Disease is a thing that is international

• It has no political and geographic boundaries

• Disease in one part of the world is constant threat to other parts

• Barrier against infections by detection and isolation of incoming travellers

• Quarantine

WHO

• April 1945

• Constitution was built in 1946 in NY

• 7th April 1948 – specialized agency

• To culminate the efforts to establish a single world wide inter – governmental health agency.

WHO

• Is a specialized, non political health agency of UN

• Approved by International Health Conference of 51 nations in 1946.

• HQ in Geneva, Switzerland• Constitution came into force on 7th April 1948

which is celebrated each year as WORLD HEALTH DAY.

• A World Health Day theme is chosen to focus attention on a specific aspect of public health.

WHO

• is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a directing and coordinating authority on international public health.

• The agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the League of Nations.

OBJECTIVE

• The attainment of highest level of health by all the people of the world

• Attainment by all people of the world by the year 2000 AD of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life.

• HFA by year 2000.

Task

• Its major task is to combat disease, especially key infectious diseases, and to promote the general health of the peoples of the world.

Activities

• Coordinating international efforts to monitor outbreaks of infectious disease such as SARS, malaria, and AIDS

• International surveillance to ensure maximum security against international spread of diseases like bird flu

• It also has programs to prevent and treat such diseases.• Development and distribution of safe and effective

vaccines and pharmaceutical diagnostics and drugs• Work on non- communicable diseases like

– Cancer, CVD, genetic disorders, mental disorders, drug addiction, dental health etc.

• Vector biology and control

Activities

• After years of fighting smallpox, WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated

• The first disease in history to be completely eliminated by deliberate human design.

• WHO is nearing success in developing vaccines against malaria and schistosomiasis and aims to eradicate polio within the next few years.

• Immunology and quality control of dugs and biological products

• Drug evaluation and monitoring and laboratory technology

• EPI

Activities

• WHO also carries out campaigns —– To boost consumption of fruits and vegetables

worldwide– sugar be no more than 10% of a healthy diet,

which led to lobbying by the sugar industry against this recommendation

– To discourage tobacco consumption. – world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for

Zimbabwe from October 3, 2006, making it an international standard.

Activities

• Advances in pandemic influenza vaccine development reported encouraging progress.

• More than 40 clinical trials have been completed or are ongoing. Most of them have focused on healthy adults.

• Some companies, after completing safety analyses in adults, have initiated clinical trials in the elderly and in children.

• All vaccines were safe and well tolerated in all age groups tested.

Activities

• Conducts research: biomedical research– whether or not the electromagnetic field surrounding

cell phones has a negative influence on health.

• International medicine• Development of comprehensive health services

– Promote national health policies, programmes– Development of man power, national capability, areas

of health infrastructure development– Health service and system research– Appropriate technology for health

Activities

• Family health – MCH care– Human reproduction and safe motherhood– Nutrition– Health education– To improve the quality of life of the family

Activities

• Environmental health– Provision of safe water supply– Provision of basic sanitary services– Protection of quality of air– Health condition of work and identification of

new hazards originating from new technologies

– Radiation protection– Water for all by 1990.

Activities

• Dissemination of wide variety of mortality and morbidity statistics relating to health problems

• Assistance is also given to improve medical records and in planning and operating national information system.

Activities

• Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances call on WHO to issue binding scientific and medical assessments of psychoactive drugs and recommend how they should be regulated.

• WHO acts as a check on the power of the drug policymaking Commission on Narcotic Drugs.

Activities

• International Classification of Diseases (ICD) compilation

• Maintains a model list of essential medicines that countries' health care systems should make available and affordable to people.

WHO

• Assembly elects 34 members who are technically qualified in the field of health for three-year terms to an Executive Board

• WHO has 193 Member States, including all UN Member States except Liechtenstein , and 2 non-UN-members, Niue and the Cook Islands

• Associate Members (with full information but limited participation and voting rights) if approved by an Assembly vote: Puerto Rico and Tokelau

• Entities may also be granted observer status – – Palestine Liberation Organization and – the Holy See (Vatican City).

FUNDS

• Contributions from member states and from donors.

• Voluntary contributions to the WHO from national and local governments, foundations and NGOs, other UN organizations, and the private sector (including pharmaceutical companies), now exceed that of assessed contributions (dues) from its 193 member nations.

Who

• The day-to-day work of WHO is carried out by its Secretariat, which is staffed by some 8,500 health and other experts and support staff, working at headquarters,

• in the six regional offices, and in the individual representation offices in 147 countries.

Regions

Regions

•  Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Congo

•  Americas; HQ: Washington, DC, USA

• Eastern Med.; HQ: Cairo, Egypt

• Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark    

• South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India      

• Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines

Regional Office for Africa (AFRO)

• Headquarters in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.

• AFRO includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and Morocco which belong to EMRO. Somalia is also not counted as it does not have an official government, though it is in the process of getting one

EMRO

• Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO), with headquarters in Cairo, Egypt. EMRO includes the countries of Africa, and particularly in the Maghreb, that are not included in AFRO, as well as the countries of the Middle East.

• Pakistan is included in this region

SEARO

• Regional Office for South East Asia (SEARO), with headquarters in New Delhi, India. North Korea is served by SEARO

• Regional Office for Western Pacific (WPRO), with headquarters in Manila, Philippines. WPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO, and all the countries in Oceania. South Korea is served by WPRO

WHO

• The World Health Organization is an agency of the United Nations and as such shares a core of common personnel policy with other agencies.

• The World Health Organization has recently banned the recruitment of cigarette smokers, to promote the principle of a tobacco-free work environment

World Health Report

• The annual World Health Report, first published in 1995, is the WHO's leading publication.

• Each year the report combines an expert assessment of global health, including statistics relating to all countries, with a focus on a specific subject.

• The World Health Report 2007 - A safer future: global public health security in the 21st century was published on August 23, 2007.

The WHO Programme

• The production and dissemination of health statistics for health action at country, regional and global levels is a core WHO activity mandated to WHO by its Member States in its Constitution.

• WHO produced figures carry great weight in– national and international resource allocation, – policy making and programming, – based on global (not belonging to any camp), and

technically competent (consulting leading research and policy institutions and individuals).

WHO Day

WHO

WHO

UNICEF

• Specialized agency• Established 1946 by UN• To deal with rehabilitation of children in war ravaged

countries• 1953 renamed as UN children fund• UNICEF and WHO work together for

– Communicable diseases– MCH services– Nutrition– Environmental sanitation – EPI– GOBI

UNDP

• Technical assistance

• Help poorer countries to develop their human and natural resources more fully.

• Fields of– Agriculture,– industry,– Education & science,– Health and social work

UNFPA

• Funding national level schemes• Development of family and welfare infrastructure• Availability of health services in rural areas• Manufacture of contraceptives• Develop population education program• Strengthen program management• Improvement to innovative approaches to FP

FAO

• Raise living standards

• Improve nutrition

• Increase efficiency of farming, forestry and fisheries

• Better the condition of rural people

• To increase production of food to keep pace with population groth

AGENCIES

• ILO

• World bank

• USAID

• SIDA

• DANIDA

• RED CROSS