MEDICAL BIOLOGY - BSMU

V. E. BUTVILOVSKY, V. V. GRIGOROVICH, A. V. BUTVILOVSKY

MEDICAL BIOLOGYPRACTICAL BOOK FOR STUDENTS

STUDYING IN THE SPECIALTY «GENERAL MEDICINE»

Minsk BSMU 2019

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

КАФЕДРА БИОЛОГИИ

В. Э. БУТВИЛОВСКИЙ, В. В. ГРИГОРОВИЧ, А. В. БУТВИЛОВСКИЙ

МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ

MEDICAL BIOLOGY

Практикум для студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Лечебное дело»

3-е издание, исправленное

Минск БГМУ 2019УДК 57(076.5)(075.8)-054.6

ББК 28.70я73Б93

Рекомендовано Научно-методическим советом университета в качестве практикума 17.04.2019 г., протокол № 8

Р е ц е н з е н т ы: канд. мед. наук, доц. О. Н. Ринейская; канд.биол. наук, доц. А. В. Колб

Бутвиловский, В. Э.Б93 Медицинская биология = Medical biology : практикум для

студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Лечебное дело» / В. Э. Бутвиловский, В. В. Григорович, А. В. Бутвиловский. – 3-еизд., испр.– Минск : БГМУ, 2019. – 106 с.

ISBN 978-985-21-0324-4.

Включены критерии оценки знаний студентов; контрольные вопросы 27 темпрактических занятий; основные термины и понятия; закрытые и открытые тесты длясамоконтроля; тексты задач по генетике, генной инженерии, паразитологии,эволюции систем органов; схемы и контуры рисунков и оригинальные фотографииизучаемых микропрепаратов; экзаменационные вопросы. Первое издание вышло в 2017 году.

Предназначен для студентов 1-го курса медицинского факультета иностранныхучащихся, обучающихся на английском языке.

УДК 57(076.5)(075.8)-054.6ББК 28.70я73

ISBN 978-985-21-0324-4 © Бутвиловский В. Э., Григорович В. В., Бутвиловский А. В., 2019© УО «Белорусский государственный медицинский

университет», 2019

Учебное издание

Бутвиловский Валерий ЭдуардовичГригорович Виктор ВасильевичБутвиловский Александр Валерьевич

МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ

MEDICAL BIOLOGYПрактикум для студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Лечебное дело»

3-е издание, исправленное

Ответственная за выпуск Е. В. ЧаплинскаяПереводчики В. В. Григорович, А. В. Бутвиловский

Компьютерный набор В. Э. БутвиловскогоКомпьютерная верстка Н. М. Федорцовой

Подписано в печать 17.04.19. Формат 6084/8. Бумага офсетная. Ризография. Гарнитура «Times».Усл. печ. л. 12,55. Уч.-изд. л. 5,6. Тираж 421 экз. Заказ 328.

Издатель и полиграфическое исполнение: учреждение образования «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет».

Свидетельство о государственной регистрации издателя, изготовителя, распространителя печатных изданий № 1/187 от 18.02.2014.

Ул. Ленинградская, 6, 220006, Минск.

Plan of the course in the 1st semester and current marks

Name of the student _________________________________________________________________ Group ______________

Weeknumber

Topic of practice GradeLecturer’s signature

1. The role of Biology in medical education. Methods used to investigate cell

2. Biology of the cell. Flow of substances and energy in the cell

3. The flow of genetic information in the cell

4. Arrangement of hereditary material (part 1)

5. Arrangement of hereditary material (part 2)

6. Genetic engineering

7. Colloquium in molecular Biology

8. Gene interactions. Genetic linkage. Genetics of sex

9. Variation

10. Fundamentals of human genetics (part 1)

11. Fundamentals of human genetics (part 2)

12. Human hereditary disorders

13. Genetic counseling

14. Colloquium in Genetics

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Plan of the course in the 2nd semester and current marks

Name of the student _________________________________________________________________ Group ______________

Weeknumber

Topic of practice GradeLecturer’s signature

1. Reproduction of living matter

2. Fundamentals of ontogenesis

3. Evolution of organ systems

4. Introduction to Parasitology

5. Kingdom Protista. Phylum Sarcomastigophora

6. Kingdom Protista. Phyla Infusoria and Apicomplexa

7. Phylum Plathelminthes. Class Trematoda

8. Phylum Plathelminthes. Class Cestoidea

9. Phylum Nemathelminthes. Class Nematoda

10. Phylum Arthropoda. Class Arachnida. Poisonous and venomous animals

11. Phylum Arthropoda. Class Insecta

12. Diagnosis of parasitic micropreparations

13. Control practice in Parasitology

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DEMANDS OF THE BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT TO THE STUDENTS

1. Observe the safety rules in the classrooms of the department; obey internal regulations of the Belarusian State

Medical University.

2. Do not come late for practical classes. Students who came late are not admitted to the practical classes.

3. Students must have gowns and practical books each time they come to the class. Students who do not have gowns and

practical books are not admitted to the practical classes.

4. Missed classes must be fulfilled within 2 weeks.

5. Students who have not fulfilled the missed practical classes within 2 weeks are not admitted to the further classes,

summary classes, credit and the end-of-course examination without dean’s permission.

6. Students with result marks for the year lower than 4.0 who got an unsatisfactory mark at the examination can retake

the examination only at the end of August.

7. Students with average of all marks (except summary classes) for the year 7.25 and higher (under condition that they

pass all final classes with the marks “8”, “9” and “10”) may be examined only for micropreparations and problems. If the

task is done successfully, they get a “ten”.

I have read the demands of the department: _____________ 201___ _____________________ (date) (signature)

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CRITERIA FOR ACADEMIC PROGRESS ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS IN THE BELARUSIAN STATE

MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

The decree of the Ministry of education of the Republic of Belarus № 53 from 29.05.2012 «Rules for attestation of students, cadets, listeners for

mastering the content of educational programs of higher education»

10 (ten), passed:comprehended, profound and full knowledge in the material of all the

sections of the educational program and good knowledge of main issuesbeyond the educational program;

accurate usage of scientific terminology (including terms in foreignlanguages), competent, logically correct presentation of answers to questions,ability to generalize and make logical and accurate conclusions;

mastery skills of work with tools and instruments necessary for thediscipline, ability of efficient use of them for setting objectives and solvingscientific and professional cases;

remarkable ability for individual creative solution of problems inunconventional situations;

full and profound comprehension of information from basic andrecommended additional literature in the discipline;

ability to orient in theories, concepts and issues of the studied discipline andanalytically estimate them;

creative individual work at practical and laboratory classes, active andcreative participation in group discussions, high cultural level of solutions toquestions.

9 (nine), passed:comprehended, profound and full knowledge in the material of all the

sections of the educational program;accurate usage of scientific terminology (including terms in foreign

languages), competent, logically correct presentation of answers to questions;skills of work with tools and instruments necessary for the discipline, ability

to use them for setting objectives and solving scientific and professional cases;ability for individual creative solution of problems in unconventional

situations of the discipline;

full comprehension of information from basic and recommended additionalliterature in the discipline;

ability to orient in theories, concepts and issues of the studied discipline andanalytically estimate them; regular active individual work at practical andlaboratory classes, active and creative participation in group discussions, highcultural level of solutions to questions.

8 (eight), passed:comprehended, profound and full knowledge in the material of all the

sections of the educational program;usage of scientific terminology (including terms in foreign languages),

logically correct presentation of answers to questions;skills of work with tools and instruments necessary for the discipline, ability

to use them for solving scientific and professional cases;ability for individual solution of problems in the educational discipline;comprehension of information from basic and recommended additional

literature in the discipline;ability to orient in theories, concepts and issues of the studied discipline and

analytically estimate them;active individual work at practical and laboratory classes, regular and active

participation in group discussions, high cultural level of solutions to questions.

7 (seven), passed:comprehended, profound and full knowledge in the material of all the

sections of the educational program;usage of scientific terminology (including terms in foreign languages),

logically correct presentation of answers to questions;skills of work with tools and instruments necessary for the discipline, ability

to use them for solving scientific and professional cases;ability for individual solution of problems in the educational discipline

using typical methods;comprehension of information from basic and recommended additional

literature in the discipline;ability to orient in theories, concepts and issues of the studied discipline and

analytically estimate them;individual work at practical and laboratory classes, participation in group

discussions, high cultural level of solutions to questions.

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6 (six), passed:full knowledge in the material of all the sections of the educational program;usage of necessary scientific terminology, logically correct presentation of

answers to questions;skills of work with tools and instruments necessary for the discipline, ability


using typical methods;comprehension of information from basic literature in the discipline;ability to orient in basic theories, concepts and issues of the studied

discipline and analytically estimate them;active individual work at practical and laboratory classes, periodic

participation in group discussions, high cultural level of solutions to questions.

5 (five), passed:enough knowledge in the material of educational program;usage of necessary scientific terminology, logically correct presentation of

answers to questions;skills of work with tools and instruments necessary for the discipline, ability


using typical methods;comprehension of information from basic literature in the discipline;ability to orient in basic theories, concepts and issues of the studied

discipline and analytically estimate them;active individual work at practical and laboratory classes, partial

participation in group discussions, enough cultural level of solutions toquestions.

4 (four), passed:enough knowledge in the material of educational program required for

higher education;comprehension of information from basic literature in the discipline;usage of necessary scientific terminology, logically correct presentation of

answers to questions, ability to make conclusions without considerablemistakes;

skills of work with tools and instruments necessary for the discipline, abilityto use them for solving typical professional cases;

ability to solve standard cases under commands of a lecturer;ability to orient in basic theories, concepts and issues of the studied

discipline and analytically estimate them;work at practical and laboratory classes under commands of a lecturer,

acceptable cultural level of solutions to questions.

3 (three), not passed:not enough knowledge in the material of educational program required for

higher education;comprehension of some information from basic literature in the discipline;usage of scientific terminology, presentation of answers to questions with

considerable mistakes;not enough skills of work with tools and instruments necessary for the

discipline, incapacity to use them for solving typical professional cases;incapacity to orient in basic theories, concepts and issues of the studied

discipline and analytically estimate them;passiveness at practical and laboratory classes un, low cultural level of

solutions to questions.

2 (two), not passed:very low knowledge in the material of educational program required for

higher education;knowledge of some basic literature in the discipline;inability to use scientific terminology, presentation of answers to with

serious mistakes;passiveness at practical and laboratory classes un, low cultural level of

solutions to questions.

1 (one), not passed:absence of knowledge in the material of educational program required for

higher education, refuse to answer, unjustified absence.

7

CRITERIA OF KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT FOR COMPUTER TESTS

Points Grade96–100 «10»

91–95 «9»

83–90 «8»

73–82 «7»

63–72 «6»

53–62 «5»

44–52 «4»

33–43 «3»

20–32 «2»

0–19 «1»

CRITERIA OF KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT FOR WRITTEN TESTS

Points Grade94–100 «10»

83–93 «9»

73–82 «8»

63–72 «7»

56–62 «6»

49–55 «5»

42–48 «4»

26–41 «3»

11–25 «2»

0–10 «1»

END-OF-COURSE EXAMINATION

Plan of the test and estimation of answers

№ Type of issue Points perissue

The numberof issues

Maximal number ofpoints for the issues

1. Written question 23 1 232. Multichoice tests 2 20 403. Problems 7 3 214. Micropreparations 3 2 65. Gap-filling tests 2 5 10

Totally 31 100

Examination is conducted by means of written testing.Criteria of knowledge assessment

Points Grade94–100 10 (ten)83–93 9 (nine)73–82 8 (eight)63–72 7 (seven)56–62 6 (six)49–55 5 (five)42–48 4 (four)

Failing grades26–41 3 (three)11–25 2 (two)0–10 1 (one)

End-of-course mark is calculated in accordance with the order #71 03.02.2017 of the head of the Belarusian State Medical University

The ultimate grade for the course is based on: Grades of 4 colloquia (per 10 %, totally 40 %), Grade-point average (10 %) Grade of the end-of-course examination (50 %).

The rating is not taken into consideration if: Student’s examination grade is 1, 2 or 3. Student’s examination grade is 8, 9 or 10.

In such cases the examination grade is considered as the end-of-course grade.

8

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Practice 1. Topic: THE ROLE OF BIOLOGY IN MEDICAL EDUCATION. «____» ______________ 20___ yearMETHODS USED TO INVESTIGATE CELLS

Purpose of the practice: to learn the role of Biology in medical education, peculiarities of human being as a biological and social object; to learn basicmethods used for cell investigation.

CONTENTS OF THE TOPIC

1. Human being as a biological and social object.2. Role of Biology in medical education.3. Subject matter, tasks and methods of cytology. 4. Light microscopy.

BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS

1. Isotopic labeling (autoradiography) –

2. Life –

3. Cell –

4. X-ray crystallography –

5. Microsurgery of cells –

6. Metabolism –

7. Taxonomy of Homo sapiens –

8. Cytology –

TESTS FOR SELF-CONTROL

1. Main tasks of cytology are: 1 — studying the allele frequencies ina population, 2 — studying the structure of human body, 3 —studying the structure and functions of the nucleus, 4 — studyingcell division, 5 — studying the functions of plasma membrane andorganelles: a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; b) 1, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 5; d) 2, 3; e) 3, 4.2. Methods of cytology are: a) light and electron microscopy, methodof population statistics; b) isotopic labeling and differentialcentrifugation; c) genealogical analysis and cell microsurgery; d)genealogical analysis and cytochemical; e) X-ray crystallography andtwin study.3. Certain components of the cell can be extracted by: a) light andelectron microscopy; b) hystochemical and biochemical methods; c) genealogical and hybridological methods; d) differentialcentrifugation; e) X-ray crystallography.4. Characters of the species Homo sapiens: a) high development of the brain; b) thought, consciousness, straight walking; c) hair coat andnails; d) differentiated teeth and straight walking; e) apparent thumb opposition.5. As a biological being, human has: a) heredity and variability; b) social life; c) struggling for existence; d) metabolism, thought andconsciousness; e) speech.6. As a social being, human has: a) heredity and variability, thought;b) speech and social working; c) metabolism, growth, development, ability to perform work; d) growth, development, ability to perform

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work; e) social mode of life and thought.

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Fill in the gaps:

1. General structure of cells is studied by … microscopy.2. The method which tracks the passage of radioactive isotopes through

a metabolic pathway is … 3. Smallest structural components of cells can be studied by the …

microscopy.4. Chemical composition of cells is studied with ... method.5. The method which allows to separate different components of cells

is ... 6. Homo sapiens belongs to the subclass …7. Homo sapiens belongs to the family …

PRACTICAL WORK

Task 1. Read the name of the cytological technique and find the letterindicating the description which corresponds to this technique:

1. Light microscopy

2. Electron microscopy

3. Differential centrifugation

4. Cytochemical and histochemical

5. X-ray crystallography

6. Photo and video recording

7. Cell culture

8. Cell microsurgery

9. Scanning microscopy

10. Biochemical

11. Isotopic labeling

А – removal of cell organelles and theirtransplantation to another cellsB – tracking of chemical compounds in themetabolic pathways of the cellC – separation of cell components by a centrifugeD – obtaining the cell image based on usage ofvisible light raysE – assessment of the chemical composition ofcells and chemical reactions occurring in themF – location of organelles and molecules withvarious dyes G – determination of spatial arrangement andphysical properties of atoms in the molecules ofthe cellH – studying of processes occurring in the cellsuch as divisionI – growing separate cells of multicellular orga-nisms in artificial mediaJ – obtaining the images of the cell componentsbased on usage of electrons as a source ofilluminationK – obtaining a tridimensional image of theobject

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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Fig. 1. Structure of a microscope «BIOLAM»:

1 — ocular lens, 2 — draw tube,3 — arm, 4 — coarse adjustmentknob, 5 — fine adjustment knob,6 — base, 7 — mirror, 8 — condenser,diaphragm and lens filter, 9 — stage, 10 — revolvingnosepiece, 11 — objective lens

DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF A MICROSCOPE(LOW-POWERED MAGNIFICATION – 7 × 8)

1. Put the microscope on a table (at the distance approximately equal to palmwidth from the edge of the table). Column should be directed towards you andthe mirror towards the light source.2. Turn the coarse adjustment knob to set the objective lens to the level 2–3 cm above the surface of the stage.3. Turn and set the objective lens with low magnification (8×) towards the aperture of the stage. It should click when fixed properly.4. Put the condenser to the middle position and open the diaphragmcompletely.5. Look at the ocular lens and turn mirror surface to the light source for evenillumination of the field of vision.6. Put a micropreparation on the stage. Its side with the cover glass should bedirected towards the objective lens.7. Look at the stage, but not at the ocular lens, and lower the objective lens(turning the coarse adjustment knob) to the level 0.5 cm above the surface ofthe micropreparation.8. Start looking at the ocular lens and turn coarse adjustment knob slowly untilclear image of the object appears (the focal distance of the 8× objective lens is~1 cm).9. Study the object. Move the micropreparation manually.

Notes: The cover glass is sometimes dirty with dust and fingerprints. It isrecommended to clean it with a tissue before using. The focal distance of the 8× objective lens is approximately 1 cm. I you havelost the image and pass this distance, then you have to repeat steps 7 and 8. If the object is too small and is not seen at low magnification, then adjust

the microscope to the edge of the cover glass. Having obtained a clearimage of the glass surface, move it and search for the object.

DIRECTIONS FOR WORK WITH A HIGH-POWERED MAGNIFICATION (7 × 40)

1. Move the area of the micropreparation you need to see with highmagnification to the center of the field of vision.

2. Turn and set the objective lens with high magnification (40×) instead of the current lens. It should click when fixed properly.3. Put the condenser to the upper position to increase illumination. Look at the stage, but not at the ocular lens and carefully lower the objective lens (withcoarse adjustment knob) until it touches the surface of the cover glass.4. Looking at the ocular lens and slightly turn the coarse adjustment knob untilobject’s outlines appear (the focal distance of 40× objective is approximately 1–2 mm).5. Use the fine adjustment knob for getting better image.6. Study the needed area of the micropreparation.

Notes: The focal distance of the 8× objective lens is approximately 0.1-0.2 cm, soturn the fine adjustment knob slowly. If you need to focus once more than:- Look at the stage, but not at the ocular lens and carefully lower the objectivelens (with coarse adjustment knob) until it touches the surface of the coverglass,- repeat steps 4-6. If the contrast of the object is low, then cover the diaphragm or lower the condenser.

DIRECTIONS FOR WORK WITH OIL-IMMERSION OBJECTIVE LENS (7 × 90)

1. Move the area which should be magnified to the center of the vision field.Increase the volume of light: the concave surface of the mirror should be usedand the condenser should be in upper position.2. Turn and set the objective lens into free (not fixed) position.3. Put a drop of immersion oil on the surface of the cover glass.4. Fix the objective lens above the micropreparation.5. Find the clear image in the same way as in case of work with high-poweredmagnification.

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Lecturer’s signature

Practice 2. Topic: BIOLOGY OF THE CELL. FLOW OF SUBSTANCE AND ENERGY IN THE CELL «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to study distinguishing features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, anabolic system of the cell, to study catabolic system ofthe cell, to analyze electron-diffraction photographs.


1. The modern Cell Theory.2. Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.3. Plasma membrane: structure, properties and functions. 4. Transport of substance across the membrane. 5. Organelles of the anabolic and catabolic systems of the cell.6. Energy exchange in the cell. Characteristic of its stages.7. Connection between flows of substances and energy in the cell

6. Cisterna —

7. Dictyosome —

8. Autophagy —

9. Glycolysis —

10. Peroxisomes —

11. Citric acid cycle —

12. ATP-synthase —


1. Glycocalyx —

2. Concentration gradient —

3. Facilitated diffusion —

4. Antiport —

5. Microtubules —

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1. Plasma membrane contains: a) bilayer of carbohydrates; b) bilayer of lipids; c) two layers of proteins covering the surface of the membrane; d)peripheral proteins; e) integral proteins.

2. Properties of plasma membrane are: a) plasticity; b) impermeability andfluidity; c) selective permeability; d) elasticity; e) self-locking.

3. Energy is not required for: a) diffusion; b) facilitated diffusion; c)phagocytosis and pinocytosis; d) endocytosis and diffusion; e) pinocytosis andosmosis.

4. Transport of substances into the cell that requires ATP is: a) transport ofions into the cell down the concentration gradient; b) phagocytosis; c)pinocytosis and diffusion; d) osmosis and endocytosis; e) transport ofsubstances into the cell against the concentration gradient.

5. Energy is required for such transport as: a) phagocytosis and diffusion;b) facilitated diffusion and osmosis; c) osmosis and pinocytosis; d) endocytosis;e) active transport.

6. Organelles of the cell anabolic system are: a) mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum; b) ribosomes and Golgi complex; c) endoplasmic reticulum; d) lysosomes and peroxisomes; e) ribosomes and lysosomes.

7. Organelles of the cell catabolic system are: a) mitochondria; b) ribosomesand endoplasmic reticulum; c) endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; d) Golgi complex and peroxisomes; e) peroxisomes and lysosomes.

8. Ribosomes are located: a) on membranes of endoplasmic reticulum andthroughout cytoplasm; b) throughout cytoplasm and in karyoplasm; c) oninternal nuclear membrane and in chloroplasts; d) on external nuclearmembrane and in the mitochondria; e) in mitochondrial matrix and lysosomes.

9. Functions of the ER are: a) synthesis of proteins in bound ribosomes;b) DNA synthesis and compartmentalization; c) taking part in synthesis of fatsand carbohydrates; d) compartmentalization and transport of substances;e) production of peroxisomes and RNA synthesis.

10. Substances delivered to the Golgi body are: a) modified; b) notmodified; c) secreted in vesicles; d) broken down into CO2 and H2O; e) brokendown into simpler compounds.11. Functions of Golgi body are: a) sorting and modification of compoundsdelivered from ER; b) creation of lysosomes and vacuoles; c) synthesis of ATPand proteins; d) assembly of cell membranes; e) protein synthesis and substancesecretion. 12. Lysosomes: a) are small spherical organelles, size up to 2 µm; b) are rod-shaped organelles having one membrane; c) are small spherical organelles, havetwo membranes, size up to 2 µm; d) have ribosomes in their matrix; e) haveabout 40 hydrolytic enzymes in their matrix.13. Functions of lysosomes: a) breakdown of proteins and polysaccharides; b) synthesis of proteins and polysaccharides; c) heterophagy; d) ATP synthesisand autophagy; e) destruction of larval organs in animals having indirect development.14. Functions of peroxisomes: a) splitting of proteins and polysaccharides; b) defusing reactive oxygen species such as Н2О2; c) synthesis ofpolysaccharides and fats; d) heterophagy and oxidation of amino acids withproduction of Н2О2; e) destruction of larval organs in animals having indirectdevelopment and autophagy.15. Components of mitochondria: a) outer and inner membranes, thylakoids;b) circular DNA, ribosomes and cristae; c) thylakoids and ATP-synthase; d) cristae, cisternae and vesicles; e) matrix and thylakoids.16. Mitochondria are able to: a) synthesize own proteins; b) digest variousproteins into amino acids; c) synthesize ATP; d) synthesize AMP; e) breakdown organic compounds into Н2О and СО2.17. Preparatory stage of energy exchange occurs in: a) digestive tract; b) cytoplasm and mitochondria; c) cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum; d) cytoplasm; e) Golgi complex and nucleus.18. Anaerobic stage of energy exchange occurs in: a) digestive tract; b) cytoplasm and mitochondria; c) cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum; d) cytoplasm; e) Golgi complex and nucleus.

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Fill in the gaps:

1. The division of cytoplasm of the cell by membranes is called …2. Cells recognize other cells by binding to … on the extracellular surface of

their membrane.3. Endoplasmic reticulum and … form the transport system of the cell.4. The diameter of actin microfilaments is about … nm.5. Peroxisomes are made in … 6. The large ribosomal subunit consists of 40–50 different proteins and …

different rRNAs.7. The destruction of old or worn out cell structures by its own lysosomes is

called …8. The long hollow cylinders in the cytosol serving as «railways» for special

transport proteins are called … 9. The benefit of all stages of glycolysis is … molecules of ATP.

PRACTICAL WORK

Task I. Solve the problem:Problem 1. Leg muscles of a man spend approximately 24 kJ/min for running.How much glucose is required (if it is split completely) for 20 min of run? The molar mass of glucose is 180 g/mol.

Task II. Make indications for the electron-diffraction photographs:

Fig. 1. Electron-diffraction photograph of a rough endoplasmic reticulum:1 — membrane; 2 — canal; 3 — ribosomes

Fig. 2. Electron-diffraction photograph of a Golgi complex:1 — incoming vesicle; 2 — cisterna; 3 — outgoing vesicle

Fig. 4. Electron-diffraction photograph of a mitochondrion:

1 — outer membrane; 2 — inner membrane; 3 — matrix; 4 — cristae

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15

Practice 3. Topic: FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION IN THE CELL «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to study the microscopic and submicroscopic structure of the cell nucleus, cell cycle and principles of interphase, types ofcell division, to know how to write down the content of genetic material in different interphase periods and in different stages of mitosis and meiosis.

CONTENTS OF THE TOPIC1. Structure and functions of nucleus. 2. Types of chromosomes. Structure of chromosomes. Rules of chromosomes.3. Karyotype and idiogram. Classification of human chromosomes.4. Mitotic and cell cycles. Interphase. Cause of mitosis. 5. Regulators of the cell cycle (cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases).6. Comparison of mitosis and meiosis (content of genetic material during

different stages of division).

6. Telomeres —

7. Centromere index (CI) —

8. Chromatin —

9. Cyclins — BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS

1. Bivalents —

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2. Karyolymph —

3. Cell cycle —

4. Synapsis —

5. Meiosis —

TESTS FOR SELF-CONTROL1. Idiogram is: a) non-systematized image of karyotype; b) systematized imageof karyotype; c) order of genes in a chromosome; d) order of nucleotides in a gene; e) scheme or photograph of chromosomes arranged by their size.2. Processes occurring in the cell during the pre-synthetic phase ofinterphase are: a) synthesis of RNA, various proteins and enzymes; b)replication of nuclear DNA, synthesis of RNAand proteins; c) growth of the celland АTP synthesis; d) accumulation of DNA nucleotides, fragmentation ofnuclear envelope; e) synthesis of RNA and proteins, assembly of spindleapparatus.3. Processes occurring in the cell during the synthetic phase of interphaseare: a) cytokinesis; b) replication of DNA; c) synthesis of proteins andgeneration of ATP; d) accumulation of DNA nucleotides, fragmentation ofnuclear envelope; e) synthesis of RNA and proteins, assembly of spindleapparatus.4. Processes occurring in the cell during the post-synthetic phase of interphase are: a) replication of DNA; b) growth of the cell and cytokinesis; c) accumulation of nucleotides, fragmentation of nuclear envelope; d)accumulation of DNA nucleotides, assembly of spindle apparatus; e) preparationfor mitosis.

5. Complement of genetic material in a sell during the G1 phase:a) 1n1chr1с; b) 1n2chr2с; c) 2n1chr2с; d) 2n2chr4с; e) 1nbiv4chr4с.6. Complement of genetic material in a sell during the S phase:a) 1n1chr1с; b) 1n2chr2с; c) 2n1chr2с; d) 2n2chr4с; e) 1n4chr4с.7. The M checkpoint: a) occurs near the end of the mitosis; b) occurs near theend of the metaphase; c) determines whether DNA is damaged; d) determineswhether the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the microtubules;e) determines whether DNA is replicated.

4. Complement of genetic material in the cell during diplotene is …

5. During diplotene chromosomes of bivalents are connected only in the crossing regions called …

6. There are … on the equator of the cell during metaphase of the first meiotic division.

7. Complement of genetic material in the cell during the metaphase II is …

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8. Complement of genetic material in a cell during the telophase of mitosis:a) 1n1chr1с; b) 1n2chr2с; c) 2n1chr2с; d) 2n2chr4с; e) 1n4chr4с.9. Cells that can divide by mitosis: a) somatic cells; b) gametes;c) gametogonia; d) prokaryotic cells; e) cells without nucleus.10. Meiosis is a division of: a) somatic and prokaryotic cells; b) gametes andembryonic cells; c) gametocytes; d) stem cells; e) tumor cells.11. The order of stages in the prophase of meiosis I: a) diakinesis, diplotene,pachytene, zygotene, leptotene; b) leptotene, diakinesis, diplotene, pachytene,zygotene; c) leptotene, zygotene, diakinesis, diplotene, pachytene; d) leptotene,zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis; e) diplotene, pachytene, zygotene,leptotene, diakinesis.12. Processes occurring in the cell during the metaphase of meiosis I:a) centrosomes move away from each other to the cell poles; b) uncondensationof chromatin; c) bivalents are in the equator of the cell; d) synapsis; e) crossing-over.13. Complement of cell’s genetic material during the prophase ofmeiosis II: a) 1n1chr1с; b) 1n2chr2с; c) 2n1chr2с; d) 2n2chr4с; e) 1nbiv2chr2с.

PRACTICAL WORK

Task 1. Solve the problems.Problem 1. The haploid cells 1 and 2 have lost the ability to synthesize DNA-polymerase because of similar mutations. In the cell 1 the mutation happenedduring the G1 phase while in the cell 1 it happened during G2. What is the chance (%) that the cells 1 and 2 transmit this mutation to their daughtercells?

Problem 2. Cells А and B have got mutated gene during interphase. Theycompleted mitotic cycle but the cell А transmitted the mutation to both daughtercells and the cell B – to only one of them. How that happened?Fill in the gaps:

1. Nuclear lamina mostly consists of …

2. There is a … in the area of primary constriction which connectswith microtubules of the spindle apparatus.

3. The region of secondary constriction of satellite chromosomes iscalled ...

Problem 3. There is a gene with unknown function that is normally activatedduring G2. How the inactivation of this gene can affect mitosis? Suggest yourtheories.

Task 3. Fill in the table.

Write the complement of genetic material in the cell.

Phases and stages Interphase Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II

I. G1

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Task 2. Study the diagrams and electron-diffraction photographs, makeindications.

Fig. 2. Structure of chromosome (A) and types of chromosomes (B):1 — arm; 2 — centromere; 3 — secondary constriction; 4 — satellite;

5 — chromatid; 6 — telomeres; 7 — metacentric chromosome; 8 — submetacentric chromosome; 9 — acrocentric chromosome

II. S

III. G2

А. Prophase

leptotene

zygotene

pachytene

diplotene

diakinesis

B. Metaphase

C. Anaphase

D. Telophase

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Fig. 1. Nucleus:1 – external membrane, 2 – internalmembrane, 3 – perinuclear space,

4 – pore, 5 – karyolymph, 6 – chromatin, 7 – nucleolus

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Practice 4. Topic: ARRANGEMENT OF HEREDITARY MATERIAL (Part 1) «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to study molecular basis of a gene, its properties, to learn how to solve problems in DNA and RNA structure, replication,transcription, translation.


1. Levels of DNA condensation (nucleosomal, supernucleosomal,chromatid, metaphase chromosome levels).

2. Structural and functional levels of genetic material (gene,chromosome, genome levels).

3. Properties of genes. Primary functions of genes: autosynthetic(replication) and heterosynthetic (protein biosynthesis).

4. The central dogma of molecular biology.


1.Gene —

2.Histones —

3.Nucleosome —

4.DNA polymerase —

5.RNA polymerase —

6.Origin —

7. Pleiotropy —

8. Transcription —

9. Okazaki fragments —

10. Elongation —


1. A gene is the storage of the information about: a) the amino acidsequences of proteins; b) the nucleotide sequences of proteins; c) sugarsequences of polysaccharides; d) sugar sequences of RNA; e) lipid structure.2. According to the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, the geneticinformation is transmitted: a) directly from DNA to proteins; b) directly fromDNA to RNA or back; c) from RNA to proteins; d) from proteins to RNA;e) from proteins to DNA.3. Replication of DNA: a) it is the doubling of DNA which occurs before celldivision; b) occurs during G1 phase; c) occurs only in eukaryotic cells, but not inprokaryotic ones; d) starts from origins; e) performed by DNA-polymerase andother enzymes.4. Transcription: a) occurs in the cytoplasm; b) it is the synthesis of DNA onthe mRNA template; c) it is the doubling of DNA which occurs before celldivision; d) it is performed by RNA-polymerase; e) it is the synthesis of mRNAon the DNA template of a gene.

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5.Translation: a) is performed in cytoplasm by ribosomes; b) it is proteinsynthesis on the mRNA template; c) it is the doubling of DNA; d) occurs onlyduring S-phase; e) does not involve tRNA and rRNA.6.What moves along the template in the direction from 5’ end to the 3’ end?a) DNA polymerase performing replication; b) ribosome performing translation;c) RNA polymerase performing replication; d) RNA polymerase performingtranscription; e) ribosome performing transcription.7.Pleiotropy is the gene property to: a) mutate; b) determine synthesis of the certain polypeptide; c) be responsible for development of several characters;d) vary the degree of its phenotypic manifestation; e) have different frequencyof phenotypic manifestations.8.The stability of genes is not perfect as they: a) can acquire mutations;b) change their nucleotide sequence after every replication; c) responsible fordevelopment of several characters; d) vary the degree of its phenotypicmanifestation; e) have different frequency of phenotypic manifestations.9.Nucleosomes: а) consist of polysaccharides; b) not bound with DNA; c) absent in the nucleus; d) aid in DNA condensation; e) consist of 4 moleculesof different histones.10. Degeneracy of the genetic code means that: a) particular codon codes forthe same amino acid in all living organisms; b) some codons do not code foramino acids; c) the same codon can code for different amino acids; d) all livingorganisms have different genetic code; e) several different codons can code forthe same amino acid.11. Amino acids are brought to the A-site of a ribosome by: a) aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase; b) histones; c) RNA-polymerase; d) tRNA; e) rRNA.12. The least functional unit of a gene is: a) one nucleotide; b) pair ofcomplementary nucleotides; c) codon; d) transcripton; e) 5 nucleotides.13. Heterosynthetic function of a gene is: a) transcription and replication;b) translation and transcription; c) DNA replication and reparation;d) transformation and translation; e) only translation.

Fill in the gaps:

1. A DNA segment bound with a protein octamer for condensation is …

2. DNA becomes … times shorter at the first level of condensation.

3. DNA becomes 10-20 times shorter at the … level of condensation.

4. As result of condensation at all levels, DNA becomes … times shorter.

5. Autosynthetic function of gene is its …

6. DNA-polymerase moves along the template DNA strand from its ... end to the … end.

7. Process of detection and binding an amino acid by proper tRNA is …

8. There is mRNA triplet … in the P-site of the ribosome during initiation.

9. The process which begins at the moment when first peptide bond is formedand finishes at the moment when the last amino acid is connected to a polypeptide is called …

10. Some antibiotics are … of protein biosynthesis.

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PRACTICAL WORK

Task 1. Solve the problems: Problem 1. There is an mRNA which contains 34% of adenine, 18% of uracil, 28% of cytosine and 20% of guanine bases. What is the percentage of different bases in the DNA fragment which served as a matrix for this mRNA?

Problem 2. The distance between adjacent base pairs in DNA is 3.4×10-10 m. There is a protein consisting of 200 amino acids. Whatis the length of DNA regions coding for such protein?

Problem 3. Let’s take the average molar mass of a nucleotide as300 g/mol. There is a single-strand DNA of a phage and its molar mass isapproximately 107 g/mol. The typical protein of the phage consists ofapproximately 400 monomers. How many proteins could this DNA codefor?

Problem 4. The velocity of enzymes performing DNA replication in a cell is 0.6 μm/min. This cell has 500 replicons with average length 60 μm. How much time should replication last in this cell?

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Genetic code: mRNA codons and amino acids they code for

Problem 5. A fragment of the sense DNA strand has the following nucleotidesequence: GAGGCТCТАGGТАCCАGТ.A) Find the order of nucleotides in the antisense strand.B) Write the numbers for DNA ends (3’ or 5’).C) Find the mRNA fragment made on this DNA (the template for mRNA isantisense strand);D) Find the amino acids of the protein encoded by this DNA fragment.

The coding (sense) strand:

_’ G-A-G-G-C-Т-C-Т-А-G-G-Т-А-C-C-А-G-Т _’

А)

C)

D)

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Practice 5. Topic: ARRANGEMENT OF HEREDITARY MATERIAL (Part 2) «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to learn the properties of genes and their classification, principles of cytoplasmic inheritance, regulation of gene functioning; learn howto solve typical problems concerning regulation of gene functioning.


1. Classification of genes (structural and functional, unique,repeated sequences, transposons).

2. Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes (F. Jacob, J. Monod)and eukaryotes.

3. Cytoplasmic inheritance.


1. Operator —

2. Inducer —

3. Intron —

4. Operon —

6. Promoter —

7. RNA processing —

8. Pseudocytoplasmic inheritance —

9. Repressor —

10. Alternative splicing —

11. Transcription factors —

12. Transposon —

13. Exon —


1. Housekeeping genes: а) expressed only in particular types of cells; b) codefor enzymes participating in “day-do-day” activities of the cell; c) maintainbasic metabolic processes of the cell; d) function in all cells of an organism;e) code for specific products.2. Tissue-specific genes: а) expressed only in particular types of cells; b) codefor enzymes participating in “day-do-day” activities of the cell; c) maintainbasic metabolic processes of the cell; d) code for specific products; e) functionin all cells of an organism.

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3. The function of operator: a) codes for repressor; b) codes for enzymes;

c) participates in activation of gene expression in the operon; d) codes for

mRNA; e) regulates activity of functional genes.

4. Classification of genes: a) structural, modifiers and repressors; b) introns,

exons, inhibitors; c) functional and structural; d) corepressors and operators;

e) regulators and intensifiers.

5. Parts of operon are: a) several genes and operator; b) promoter, introns,

exons; c) promoter and terminator; d) promoter and repressor; e) regulatory

genes and operator.

6. In eukaryotes, the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is encoded by:

a) terminators; b) operators; c) introns; d) exons; e) promoter.

7. Repeated sequences participate in: a) regulation of DNA replication;

b) formation of operators and exons; c) formation of introns and crossing-over;

d) formation of exons and terminators; e) formation of promoters and initiators.

8. Functions of introns: a) regulate translation and replication of DNA;

b) separate exons; c) participate in crossing-over and regulation of translation;

d) could speed up evolution by promoting genetic recombinations between

exons; e) regulate translation.

9. Criteria of cytoplasmic inheritance are: a) segregation of characters occurs

in accordance with Mendel’s laws; b) segregation of characters does not follow

Mendel’s laws; c) it is possible to reveal linkage groups; d) inheritance from

mother independently on father, it is not possible to reveal linkage groups;

e) identical results of recurrent crossings.

10. Features of human mitochondrial genome are: a) circular DNA contains

16 500 pairs of nucleotides; b) circular DNA contains 500 pairs of nucleotides

and includes r-RNA genes; c) both strands are transcribed, contains gene of

cytochrome b; d) one strand is transcribed; includes r-RNA genes; e) contains

information about 22 t-RNA, circular DNA contains 160 pairs of nucleotides.

Fill in the gaps:

1. Regulatory genes code for proteins …

2. Inducers can activate transcription by binding to the proteins which arecalled …

3. Assembly of different mRNA variants from the same pre-mRNAs is called …

4. The operon’s site determining the end of transcription is called…

5. The expression of prokaryotic genes may stop activation is when the enzymes they code for break all the molecules of …

6. Leber hereditary optic atrophy is caused by mutation of …

Some mitochondrial diseases

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and ptosis (NARP)Leigh syndrome (subacute sclerosing encephalopathy)Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF)Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis,stroke-like symptoms (MELAS)Diabetes mellitus and deafness (DAD)

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PRACTICAL WORK

Task 1. Write the labels for the picture:

Fig. 1. Diagram of the lac-operon:1 –2 –3 –3a –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 –9 –10 –

Lac operon codes for enzymes metabolizing lactose which is the inducer of thisoperon. The lac-repressor is produced by the regulator gene and binds the operator when lactose is not present in the cell. When lactose is present, the repressor is bound with it and becomes unable to bind the lac-operator.

Task 2. Solve the problems:

Problem 1. Let’s take the mass of a nucleotide as 1.1. There is a hypothetic operon where promoter, operator and terminatorcontain per of 10 base pairs. There are 3 structural genes in the operon;each codes for a protein consisting of 50 amino acids. What is the massof this operon?2. Is it possible to calculate the mass of a eukaryotic transcripton on the basis of such information? Explain your answer.

Problem 2. Do genes coding for proteins with the same number ofamino acids in bacteria and yeast have the same length? Explain youranswer.

Problem 3. Methods of genetic engineering allow to insert human genesinto the genetic apparatus of bacterial cells. Why is it reasonable toexpect the bacterium will produce the human protein?

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Practice 6. Topic: GENETIC ENGINEERING «____» _______________ 201__ year

Purpose of the practice: to study the principles of genetic engineering and organism cloning, to know how to solve problems in the context of geneticengineering.


1. Genetic engineering as a science. 2. Obtaining genetic material: techniques. Restriction endonucleases. 3. Insertion of DNA fragments into a vector molecule. Vectors.4. Incorporation of the recombinant DNA into a recipient cell.5. Techniques used in genetic engineering and biotechnology:polymerase chain reaction, southern blot, DNA fingerprinting.


1. Autoradiogram –

2. Thermocycler –

3. Vector –

4. DNA-probe –

5. Sticky ends –

6. Liposomes –

7. Plasmids –

8. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–

9. Primers –

10. Recognition sites –

11. Transfection –

12. Blunt ends –

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1. Practical usage of genetic engineering in medicine: a) creation of

organisms producing desired proteins e.g. insulin; b) improvement of the

genotype of human species; c) gene therapy; d) insertion of genes into human

organism for experiments; e) creation of new species.

2. Main stages of genetic modification are: a) obtaining genetic material;

b) making genetic maps of chromosomes; c) decoding the nucleotide sequence

of human DNA; d) creation of recombinant DNA and its insertion into the

genome of a cell; e) selection of the transformed cells.

3. Genes for cloning in a vector can be obtained: a) by artificial gene

synthesis; b) by synthesis on a protein matrix; c) by reverse transcription;

d) by making a map of a chromosome; e) by cleaving from the genome with

restriction endonucleases.

4. Recombinant DNA can be made by insertion of genes into: a) proteins;

b) plasmids; c) viral genome; d) lipid molecule; e) phage genome.

5. Enzymes used in genetic engineering: a) DNA-polymerases; b) lipases

and restriction enzymes; c) revertases and restriction enzymes; d) restriction

enzymes and amylases; e) ligases.

6. Achievements of genetic engineering: a) strains of E. coli producing

inulin; b) strains of E. coli producing somatotropin; c) plants fixating

atmospheric nitrogen; d) microorganisms producing petrol from vitamins; e)

hypoallergenic and vitamin-rich foods, plants resistant to pests.

7. Examples of “natural genetic engineering” without participation of

human: a) breeding of animals of different species, for example horse and

donkey; b) breeding of agricultural plants; c) creation of new varieties of

organisms by artificial selection; d) appearance of new species by natural

selection; e) genetic modification of plants by agrobacteria, presence of

“foreign” genes of viral origin in the genotypes of human and other species.

Fill in the gaps:

1. Enzymes capable of cutting DNA in certain sites and form sticky ends arecalled …

2. Synthesis of genes on mRNA matrix is based on a process which is called …

3. Vectors used in genetic engineering are bacterial plasmids, phage genomes,phasmids and …

4. The restriction enzyme Eco R I forms … ends in DNA.

5. Hybrid vectors capable of developing both as a phage and as a plasmid arecalled …

6. The plasmids containing cos-sites (sticky ends) of phage λ DNA are called…

7. The short single-strand DNA fragments complementary to certain DNA siteand serving as beginning for the new DNA strand during PCR are called ...

8. The direct uptake of foreign DNA by bacteria with further insertion to thegenome is called …

9. The restriction enzyme Bal I forms … when cuts both DNA strands in same

points.

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Some restriction endonucleases

# Enzyme Recognition site

1. Bal I 5 / - Т G G C C А – 3 /

3 / - А C C G G Т – 5 /

2. Bam H I5 / - G G А Т C C – 3 /

3 / - C C Т А G G – 5

3. Eco R I

5 / - G А А Т Т C – 3 /

3 / - C Т Т А А G – 5 /

4. Hind III 5 / - А А G C Т Т – 3 /

3 / - Т Т C G А А – 5 /

5. Sal I 5 / - G Т C G А C – 3 /

3 / - C А G C Т G – 5 /

6. Xba I5 / - Т C Т А G А – 3 /

3 / - А G А Т C Т – 5 /

PRACTICAL WORK

Task I. Solve the problems:Problem 1. A circular plasmid pSC 101 carries only one recognition site for therestriction enzyme EcoR I. Which fragment of the following can be insertedinto the plasmid?

Fragment A: 5/CCGААТТCАGАТGТААGGC ААТАGТGТG ААТТCАCА3/

3/GGCТТААGТCТАCАТТ CCGТ ТА Т CАC АCТТААGТGТ5/

Fragment B:5/CC ТТАGGCCТ GААТТААGGCААТАGТGТGААТCАCА3/

3/GGААТCCGGАCТТАА ТТ CCGТТА Т CАCАCТТАGТGТ5/

Problem 2. There is a DNA sample. It isrequired to identify owner of the sample.Genetic material of three persons wasanalyzed by DNA fingerprint. Whichperson the sample was taken from?

Task II. Write indications for the picture:

Fig. 1. Incorporation of a gene into a bacterial cell.1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –

Sample 1 2 3

27


Practice 7. Topic: COLLOQUIUM IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY «____» _______________ 201__ year

Purpose of the practice: to estimate student’s knowledge in studied topics.

QUESTIONS FOR CONTROL

1. Human being as a biological and social object.2. Role of Biology in medical education. Significance of Biology formedical education.3. Subject matter, tasks and methods of cytology. The modern CellTheory.4. Difference between pro- and eukaryotic cells.5. Structure of plasma membrane, its properties and functions. Transportof substances through the membrane.6. Anabolic and catabolic systems of the cell.7. Energy exchange in the cell. Characteristic of its stages.8. Connection between flows of substances and energy in the cell.9. Structure and functions of nucleus. 10.Types of chromosomes. Structure of chromosomes. Rules of chromosomes11.Karyotype and idiogram. Classification of human chromosomes.12.Mitotic and cell cycles. Interphase. Cause of mitosis. 13.Regulators of the cell cycle (cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases).14.Comparison of mitosis and meiosis (content of genetic material during different stages of division).15.Classification of genes (structural and functional, unique, repeatedsequences, transposons).16.Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes (F. Jacob, J. Monod) andeukaryotes (G.P. Georgiev). Cytoplasmic inheritance.17.Genetic engineering as a science.

18.Obtaining genetic material: techniques. Restriction endonucleases. 19.Insertion of DNA fragments into a vector molecule. Vectors.20.Incorporation of the recombinant DNA into a recipient cell.21.Polymerase chain reaction.22.Southern blot. DNA fingerprinting.

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Practice 8. Topic: GENE INTERACTIONS. GENETIC LINKAGE. GENETICS OF SEX «____» _______________ 201__ year

Purpose of the practice: to study regularities of inheritance, interaction of genes, genetic linkage and genetics of sex. Tolearn how to solve problems based on these phenomena.


1. Inheritance of blood groups: systems АВ0, MN and Rh.2. Non-allelic gene interactions. 3. Autosomal and gonosomal linkage groups. 4. Chromosome theory of inheritance.5. Determination of sex in human and its disorders.6. X-chromosome’s sex chromatin. Mary F. Lyon’s hypothesis of X-chromosome inactivation. 7. Sex chromosome disorders.

6. Recombinants ‒

7. Hemizygosity –

8. Pseudohermaphroditism ‒

9. Physical determinants of sex –

10. Klinefelter syndrome ‒

11. Androgen insensitivity syndrome –

12. X trisomy –

13. Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome –


1. Antigen –

2. Complementary gene action –

3. Polymeric gene action –

4. Inhibitory gene action –

5. Crossover gametes –

29

ТESTS FOR SELF-CONTROL

1. Complete linkage is observed: a) in female Drosophila and malesilkworm; b) if genes are situated in different chromosomes; c) if crossing overoccurs; d) if crossing over does not occur; e) in male Drosophila and femalesilkworm.2. Non-allelic gene interactions: a) hemizygosity and inhibitory gene action;b) inhibitory gene action and polymeric gene action; c) co-dominance andpolymeria; d) complementation and pleiotropy; e) superdominance andrecessiveness.3. Characteristics of inhibitory gene action: a) mutual influence of differentgenes situated in adjacent loci of the same chromosome; b) two dominant alleles of different genes are required for development of a trait; c) tworecessive alleles of different genes are required for development of a trait;d) dominant or recessive allele of one gene suppresses the expression ofdominant or recessive allele of another gene; e) one gene has effect ondevelopment of several traits.4. Incomplete genetic linkage is observed: a) when genes are situated in the same chromosome; b) when genes are situated in different chromosomes;c) when crossing over occurs; d) when crossing over does not occur; e) in maleDrosophila and female silkworm.5. Anlagen of genitalia are laid down: a) by 1st week of embryogenesis;b) by 2nd week of embryogenesis; c) by 3rd week of embryogenesis; d) by 4th

week of embryogenesis; e) by 5th week of embryogenesis.6. Period when anlagen of sex organs differentiate into male or female sexorgans: a) 1st – 4th weeks; b) 4th – 6th weeks; c) 4th – 8th weeks; d) 4th – 12th

weeks; e) 10th -16th weeks. 7. Karyotype in case of Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome: a) 46,ХY,5p-;b) 45,X0; c) 47,XXY; d) 47,XX,21+; e) 46,XX,9p+.8. Karyotype in case of Klinefelter syndrome: a) 47,ХХY; b) 45,X0;c) 47,XXX; d) 46,XY; e) 46,XY,9p+.9. Barr body is: a) inactivated X-chromosome; b) inactivated Y-chromo-some; c) active X-chromosome; d) active Y-chromosome; e) inactivated X- orY-chromosomes.

Fill in the gaps:

1.Bombay blood group is an example of non-allelic interaction called …

2.Cross of diheterozygotes causes phenotypic segregation ratio 13:3 in case of

inter-allelic gene interaction which is called …

3.Cross of diheterozygotes causes phenotypic segregation ratio 9:7 in case of

gene interaction which is called …

4.A phenomenon which breaks genetic linkage is called …

5.One centimorgan is unit of the distance between genes equal one percentof …

6.In case of genetic linkage, the maximal observed percentage of crossing overis ... %.

7.Such phenotypic characters of a female as low position of ears, skin fold onthe neck are characteristic of … syndrome.

8.A man having female body constitution, gynecomastia and impairment ofspermatogenesis – this is an example of a person sick with … syndrome.

9.Civil sex is … determinant of sex.

10. Persistent discrepancy of sexual identity and true genetic and gonad sex anda wish to change sex is called …

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PRACTICAL WORKTask I. Solve the problems:Problem 1. A woman has blood groups O, Rh-, MN; her husband hasgroups АВ, Rh+ (homozygote) and N. What combinations of bloodgroups can their children have?

Phenotype Gene Genotype System АВ0

Group 0 (I) I0 I0I0 Group A (II) IA IAIA, IAI0 Group B (III) IB IBIB, IBI0 Group AB (IV) IA + IB IA IB

System MN Group М LM LMLM Group N LN LNLN Group MN LM + LN LMLN System Rh Rh+ D DD, Dd Rh- d dd

Problem 2. Congenital deafness of human can be determined by tworecessive genes: d and e. Normal hearing requires both dominant alleles(D and E). There is a family where parents are deaf while all they sevenchildren have normal hearing. What are the most probable the genotypesof all the family members?

Problem 3. Elliptocytosis and blood group Rh+ are determined bydominant alleles of genes Еl and D respectively. Both genes are situatedin the same chromosome at the distance 3 cM. There is a man who isheterozygous for both genes. He inherited Rh+ from his mother andelliptocytosis from his father. His wife has blood group Rh- and normalerythrocytes. What combinations and of characters their percentage arepossible for their children?

Character Gene Genotype Gene location

Rh+ D D-

Same autosome

Distance D-El = 3 cM

Rh- d dd Elliptocytosis El El- Normal erythrocytes el el el

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Problem 4. Genes responsible for hemophilia (h) and daltonism (d) aresituated in the X-chromosome at the distance 10 cM. Both diseases arerecessive. A woman whose father had both diseases and mother had no such recessivealleles married a healthy man. What is the probability of giving birth to a child:1) with both diseases; 2) with one disease; 3) phenotypically healthy?

Problem 5. An albino woman (autosomal recessive disorder) married adaltonian man (X-linked recessive disorder). Other genes of the man andwoman are normal. What genotypes can their children have?

Technique of X-chromatin detection Scraping of cheek mucous membrane is performed by a spatula desinfectedwith alcohol in order to take epithelial cells. The sample is taken to a glass andsmeared. The smear is processed with 2-3 drops of acetoorcein (1 gram of orcein is dissolved in 100 ml of boiling acetic acid; distillated water is thenadded to make up the volume to 200 ml) and covered with cover-slip. In 20-30minutes excesses of dye are removed by a blotting paper and studymicropreparation under the microscope. It is recommended to begin from lowmagnification to choose an area with one layer of well-stained cells. Interphasenuclei should be inspected. They are oval or spherical. The Barr body sticks tothe nuclear membrane and can be of different shape: oval, triangle, square andetc. Immersion objective lens can be used if necessary. Task II. Draw Barr bodies in these nuclei; write normal or abnormalkaryotypes and syndromes they correspond to.

А B C D E

Nucleus Karyotype DiagnosisA Female’s chromatin-

positive nucleusB Male’s chromatin-

negative nucleusC Female’s chromatin-

negative nucleusD Female’s double

chromatin-positive nucleus

E Male’s chromatin-positive nucleus

32


Practice 9. Topic: VARIATION «____» _______________ 201__ year

Purpose of the practice: to learn basic types of variation and their causes, their medical and biological significance; to know mechanisms of gene,chromosome and genome mutations, DNA repair and biological basis of oncogenesis.


1. Phenotypic variation. Reaction norm. 2. Genotypic variation and its types (combinative and mutational).Comparison of mutations and modifications.3. Mutagenic factors, their classification and action. 4. Classification of mutations. 5. Gene, chromosome and genome mutations, their characteristics,biological and medical significance.6. Stability and repair of genetic material, antimutagens. 7. Biological basis of oncogenesis.

5. Inversion –

6. Oncogenesis –

7. Ring chromosome –

8. Modifications –

9. Reaction norm –

10. Reading frame shift –

11. Transgenations –

12. Translocations –


1. Genocopies –

2. Deletions –

3. Duplication –

4. Isochromosomes –

33


1. Properties of modifications: a) they are adaptive; b) they are inherited;c) they are not inherited; d) they are matter for natural selection; e) they arematter for artificial selection.2. Biological mutagens cause: a) structural defects of genes; b) polyploidy;c) formation of thymine dimers; d) haploidy; e) embedding of foreign DNA inthe DNA of a host cell.3. Characteristics of gametic mutations are: a) occur in sex cells; b) occur insomatic cells; c) have phenotypic manifestation in the individual; d) aretransmitted to descendants during sexual reproduction; e) are transmitted todescendants during asexual reproduction.4. Mutations of functional genes cause: a) transpositions; b) impairedalternation of recognition and termination; c) impaired alternation of initiationand elongation; d) impaired alternation of expression and silencing;e) transitions.5. Polyploidy is: a) increased abnormal number of chromosomes indivisibleby 1n; b) increased abnormal number of chromosomes divisible by 1n;c) decreased abnormal number of chromosomes indivisible by 1n; d) decreasedabnormal number of chromosomes divisible by 2n; e) haploid set ofchromosomes.6. Haploidy is: a) positive mutation; b) nullsomy; c) monosomy; d) absence ofone chromosome; e) haploid set of chromosomes.7. Types of point mutations: a) transductions; b) transpositions;c) translocations; d) reading frame shift; e) transitions.8. Excision repair of a DNA occurs in the following order: 1) synthesis of anew fragment of DNA strand; 2) ligation of the synthesized strand with therest of the repairing DNA; 3) recognition the damaged DNA strand;4) cutting out the damaged fragment of DNA strand; 5) replication of theDNA: a) 1–5–2–3; b) 5–1–3–2; c) 3–4–5–2; d) 3–4–2–1; e) 3–4–1–2.9. According to the oncogene concept, the basis of oncogeneis is:a) protooncogenes received from parents or introduced into the genome of thecell by viruses; b) chromosome mutations of somatic cells; c) presence ofprotooncogenes in somatic cells of an organism; d) genome mutations ofsomatic cells; e) incorporations of viral DNA in the genome of somatic cells.

Fill in the gaps:

1. A phenomenon when non-hereditary variation has the same phenotypicmanifestation as the hereditary one is called …

2. Enzymes capable of cutting out the damaged part of DNA strand duringrepair are …

3. Transgenation when one purine base is replaced with another purine base iscalled ...

4. … of chromosome telomeres and connection of remaining ends leads to formation of ring chromosomes.

5. Mutation of … genes leads to the impairment of alternation of repressionand expression of genes.

6. Non-separation of chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis causes … mutations.

7. Aneuploidy when only one chromosome of a pair is present in the karyotypeis called …

8. Genome mutation when somatic cells have single chromosome set is called…

9. Disease caused by the infringement of DNA repair and characterized byinsufficiency of red bone marrow function resulting in deficit of blood cells andhyperpigmentation is called …

34

PRACTICAL WORKTask I. Fill in the table «Mutagens».

Mutagens Examples Effects

1. Physical

2. Chemical

3. Biological

Task II. Fill in the table «Classification of mutations».

1. According to the cause

1.2.

2. According to affectedcells

1.2.

3. According to phenotypic effect

1.2.

4. According to the outcome

1.2.3.

5. According to the change of genetic material

1.2.3.

Task III. Solve the problems:Problem 1. Some cells of a person have 47 chromosomes, other have 45.What is the name of this phenomenon? What is the mechanism of itsorigination?

Problem 2. A father has got blue eyes, mother has got blue eyes and theirdaughter has one blue and the other brown eyes. How can it be explained?

Problem 3. Aged spouses got son who is heterozygous in the gene of daltonism.What conclusion about his karyotype can be drawn?

Problem 4. Model changes of proteins in case of different point mutations:

Initial mRNA 5’ A U G A C C G A C C C G A A A G G G A C C 3’

Peptide

Silent mutation 5’ A U G A C C G A C C C C A A A G G G A C C 3’

Peptide

Missense mutation 5’ A U G C C C G A C C C G A A A G G G A C C 3’

Peptide

Nonsense mutation 5’ A U G A C C G A C C C G U A A G G G A C C 3’

Peptide

Frameshift mutation 5’ A U G A C C G A C G C C G A A A G G G A C C 3’

Peptide

35



Practice 10. Topic: FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GENETICS (Part 1) «____» _______________ 201__ year

Purpose of the practice: to learn modern tasks of human genetics and its basic techniques; to learn how to solve problems with pedigree charts,estimating roles of heredity in environment in development of characters.


1. Modern tasks of human genetics.2. The human as an object of genetic investigations.3. Classification of methods used in human genetics.4. Genealogical analysis. Types of inheritance and their characteristics.5. The method of twin study. Criteria determining zygosity of twins.Holzinger’s fromula.6. Karyotyping.7. Cultivation and hybridization of somatic cells.8. Biochemical genetic tests.9. Genetic analysis. The Human genome project.


1. Studying the human being has a number of difficulties such as: a) simplekaryotype; b) early sexual maturation; c) low number of children; d) highnumber of children; e) possibility to conduct experiments.2. Stages of genealogical analysis are: a) collection of data about proband’srelatives; b) calculation of gene frequency in the population; c) drawing geneticmap of chromosome; d) estimation of environment’s role in development of thecharacter; e) analysis of the pedigree chart.3. Technique of karyotyping: 1) processing with hypotonic solution ofNaCl; 2) staining; 3) arrest of mitosis at the stage of metaphase bycolchicine; 4) cultivation of cells on artificial media; 5) induction of mitosis.

a) 1- 5- 3- 4- 2; b) 4- 5- 3- 1- 2; c) 4- 1- 5- 3- 2; d) 5- 3- 4-1- 2; e) 4- 5- 1- 3- 2.4. Holzinger's formula is used to calculate: a) gene frequency in thepopulation; b) role of heredity for development of a character; c) role ofenvironment for development of a character; d) probability of inheritance;e) genetic risk.5. Biochemical genetic tests study: a) complete blood count; b) activity ofenzymes; c) activity of digestion; d) composition of primary urine; e) structureof enzymes in a crystal.6. Loading tests are used to reveal: a) heterozygotes carrying recessivepathological gene; b) chromosome mutations; c) genome mutations; d) genemutations; e) inheritance type.7. Methods of genetic analysis are based on: a) mathematical expression ofHardy–Weinberg principle; b) extraction of DNA fragments and their analysis;c) drawing and analysis of pedigree charts; d) studying activity of enzymesystems; e) studying a karyotype under the microscope.8. Cultivation of somatic cells: a) is based on uses Hardy–Weinbergprinciple; b) is based on extraction of DNA fragments and their sequencing;c) allows to obtain clones of a single cell; d) allows to select cells with certaincharacters; e) is based on karyotyping.

BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS1. Dizygotic twins –

2. Monozygotic twins –

3. Discordance –

4. Concordance –

5. Proband –

6. Sequencing –

7. Pedigree chart –

36

Fill in the gaps:

1. If parents are heterozygous (complete dominance, autosomal dominantinheritance, gene penetrance is 25%), then the probability of giving birth to asick baby is ... %

2. If a mother is heterozygous and a father is healthy (X-linked dominantinheritance, gene penetrance is 40%), then the probability of giving birth to asick baby is ... %.

3. The type of inheritance when the father transmits his character to alldaughters, but neither to sons is called ...

4. A hybrid somatic cell containing nuclei of two different cells …

5. Method of human genetic that allows to reveal the role of heredity andenvironment in development of a character is called …

6. The method of human genetics that allows to reveal genome andchromosome mutations is called …

7. Heterozygous carriers of pathologic genes can be revealed bybiochemical ... tests.

Problem 2. Concordance of dizygotic twins in eye color is 23%, H is equal 0.96. What is the concordance of monozygotic twins in thischaracter?

Problem 3. Analyze the pedigree chart. Find the type of inheritance andgenotypes of all family members when it is possible.

1

5

1 2

2 5 7 9 3 6 8 4

3 1 7 5 4 6 2 10 9 8 13 11 12 15 14

2 3 4 6

I

IV

III

II

1

PRACTICAL WORKTask I. Solve the problems:Problem 1. Concordance of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in bodymass is 80% and 30%. What are proportion of heredity andenvironmental factors for this character?

37


1

8

2

3

1

5

2

7

5

9 11

3

2 I

IV

III

II

1

4

3 4 6 7

6 12

5

13

6 7

2 1 4 10


4 1 2

2 5

3

4 6

3

1

2

2 3 6

4 5 6

3

7

I

IV

III

II

1 4 5

1


1 2

2 3

5

53

1 4

21 4

3

107 8

2

9

81 6 7

I

IV

III

II

6

4 9 1110


38


Practice 11. Topic: FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GENETICS (Part 2) «____» _______________ 201__ year

Purpose of the practice: to learn techniques used in human genetics: modeling, population statistics, instant diagnostic tests and methods of prenataldiagnosis of hereditary disorders; to learn how to solve problems in Hardy-Weinberg principle.


1. Mathematical and biological modeling. Vavilov's Law of HomologousSeries.2. Method of population statistic. The concept of population. Panmicticand non-panmictic populations.3. Characteristic of human populations. Types of marriages. Geneticprocesses occurring in large populations. Hardy–Weinberg principle.4. Factors impairing the equilibrium of genes and genotypes inpopulations (mutations, natural selection, population waves, isolation,migrations, genetic drift) and their characteristic.5. Genetic load and its nature.6. Methods of prenatal diagnosis of hereditary disorders andmalformations.7. Instant diagnosis tests (dermatoglyphics, microbiological, sexchromatin test, biochemical and chemical).

4. Genetic drift –

5. Incest marriage –

6. Panmixia –

7. Population –

8. Guthrie test –

9. Ultrasonography –

10. Chorion biopsy –


1. Amniocentesis –

2. -fetoprotein –

3. Demes –

39


1. Characteristics of ideal populations: a) unlimited number of individuals;b) low number of individuals; c) complete panmixia; d) absence of mutations;e) presence of mutations.2. In mathematical expression of the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a «p»denotes the frequency of: a) dominant allele; b) recessive allele; c) dominanthomozygotes; d) recessive homozygotes; e) heterozygotes.3. In mathematical expression of the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a «2pq»denotes the frequency of: a) dominant allele; b) recessive allele; c) dominanthomozygotes; d) recessive homozygotes; e) heterozygotes.4. In mathematical expression of the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a «q2»denotes the frequency of: a) dominant allele; b) recessive allele; c) dominanthomozygotes; d) recessive homozygotes; e) heterozygotes.5. Microbiological tests allow to: a) create genetic maps of humanchromosomes; b) determine the number of X-chromosomes; c) determine thenumber of Y-chromosomes; d) reveal some chromosome mutations; e) revealsome metabolic defects.6. Dermatoglyphic analysis allows to: a) study pathogenesis of skin diseases;b) elaborate prophylactic measures of skin diseases; c) determine the causes ofskin diseases; d) reveal possible hereditary origin of disease; e) diagnosemetabolic defects.7. Indirect methods of prenatal diagnostics are: a) α-fetoprotein test;b) ultrasonography; c) chorion biopsy; d) amniocentesis; e) fetoscopy.8. Direct noninvasive methods of prenatal diagnostics are: a) alpha-fetoprotein test; b) ultrasonography; c) chorion biopsy; d) amniocentesis; e) fetoscopy.9. Optimal terms for carrying out direct noninvasive methods of prenataldiagnostics are: a) 6–8 weeks; b) 8–10 weeks; c) 12–20 weeks; d) 23–30weeks; e) 30–35 weeks.10.Genetic load is: a) positive mutations saturating a population; b) all themutations reducing adaptability in a population; c) neutral mutations saturatinga population; d) negative mutations saturating a population; e) absence ofmutations in populations.

Fill in the gaps:

1. Chorion biopsy is performed within … weeks of pregnancy.

2. Changes of genetic structure of a population can be predicted by the methods of …

3. Level of α-fetoprotein in the blood of a pregnant woman ... in case of Downsyndrome of the fetus.

4. Each pregnant woman compulsory undergoes … — a direct non-invasivemethod of prenatal diagnostics.

5. Mother’s age of over 37 years, spontaneous abortions and stillbirth in theanamnesis, children with congenital malformations are indications for carryingout ... methods of prenatal diagnostics.

6. Sex chromatin Y is determined by staining the cells of buccal epithelium by…

7. Normally the main palmar angle is not more than …

8. Human populations with the number not exceeding 1500 people whereintragroup marriages surpass 90 % are called …

9. Genetic load has no phenotypic manifestation when … of a pathologicalgene is observed.

10. Consanguineous marriages lead to … depression as relatives have higherprobability to carry the same pathological gene.

40

PRACTICAL WORK

Solve the problems:Problem 1. In the USA, the 30 % of the examined population could feel the bitter taste of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and the 70 % did not. The abilityto feel its taste is determined by the recessive gene a. Find out the frequency ofthe alleles A and a in the examined population.

Problem 2. The rate of the disease gout is 2 % (V. P. Efroimson, 1968), and itis conditioned by a dominant autosomal gene. According to some informationgene penetrance in men is ~20 % and ~0 % in women. Find out the geneticstructure of the population.

Problem 3. An aboriginal population of 128 people (including children) lives inthe jungle of the South America. Ten years ago, the frequency of the M bloodgroup there was 64 %. Is it possible to calculate the frequencies of blood groupsN and MN in this population at present?

Problem 4. What method of prenatal diagnosis is it? What are indications forthis method?

41


Practice 12. Topic: HUMAN GENETIC AND CHROMOSOME DISORDERS «____» _______________ 201__ year

Purpose of the practice: to study mechanisms of development, symptoms diagnostic methods of the most spread metabolic and chromosomal disorders, to be ableto use the acquired knowledge for solution of cases.


1. Gene mutations as a cause of metabolic diseases.2. Characteristic of gene disorders of human (phenylketonuria, albinism,galactosemia hyperlipoproteinemia Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, Wilson–Konovalov disease, hemophilia, hemoglobinopathies).3. Chromosome and genome mutations as a cause of human chromo-some disorders.4. Characteristics of human chromosome disorders (Patau, Edwards,Down, Cri-du-chat syndromes).

7. Syndactylia –

8. Trisomy –

9. Enzymopathy –

10. Chromosome disorders –

11. Ceruloplasmin –

12. Epicanthus –


1. Hemophilia –

2. Microphthalmia –

3. Microcephaly –

4. Monosomy –

5. Syndactylia –

6. Trisomy –


1. Symptoms of phenylketonuria are: a) mice smell, intellect is notimpaired; b) increased excitability and tone of muscles, intellectual disability;c) low excitability and tone of muscles, low pigmentation of skin; d) convulsiveattacks, hemorrhages in joints; e) high concentration of phenylalaninehydroxylase in blood.2. Symptoms of albinism are: a) hyposensitivity to ultraviolet rays; b) milky-white skin color; c) hair depigmentation; d) hair pigmentation; e) decreasedacuity of vision.3. Symptoms of galactosemia are: a) jaundice; b) vomiting, diarrhea,hepatomegaly and splenomegaly; c) depigmentation of skin and hair;d) propensity to self-damages; e) intellectual disability.

42

4. Symptoms Wilson–Konovalov disease are: a) increased concentration ofcopper in blood; b) increased concentration of iron in blood; c) accumulation ofcopper in the liver and brain leading to their degeneration; d) accumulation ofiron in the liver and brain leading to their degeneration; e) impairment offunctions of liver and central nervous system.5. Symptoms of hemophilia A are: a) time of blood coagulation is 5–6minutes; b) nasal bleedings and paralysis of legs; c) plural hematomas;d) hemorrhages in large joints and intellect decrease; e) blood in urine and higharterial pressure. 6. The karyotype for Patau syndrome is: a) 47, XXY; b) 47, XX, 18+; c) 47,XXX; d) 48, XYY; e) 47, XY, 13+.7. Symptoms of Edward syndrome are: a) macrocephaly; b) congenital heartdefects; c) big lower jaw and oral opening; d) throat underdevelopment;e) rocker bottom foot.8. The karyotype for Down syndrome is: a) 45, XX, 21-; b) 47, XY, 13+;c) 47, XX, 21+; d) 47, XY, 21+; e) 46, XX, 5q-.9. The karyotype for cri du chat syndrome: a) 45, XX, 5-; b) 46, XY, 5p-;c) 47, XX, 18+; d) 47, ХY,5+; e) 46, XX, 5p-.

6. Genetic diseases caused by the impairment of lipid exchange in the bloodplasma due to defects of enzymes or cells' receptors are called …

7. Mutations associated with changes of chromosome number or impairment oftheir structure cause … disorders.

8. … syndrome results from trisomy on the 18th pair of autosomes.

PRACTICAL WORKSolve the problems:Problem 1. A woman gave birth to a baby whose cry sounded like the cat’smeowing. He has moon-like face, muscular hypotone, microcephaly, upslantingpalpebral fissures, squint, deformed low-set auricles, arrest of neuraldevelopment. What disease can be suspected? Which methods should be usedto diagnose it? What is the future viability prognosis for this child?

Problem 2. The family has got a five-years-old child with mice odour,increased muscle tone, convulsive epileptic attacks, intellectual disability,macrocephaly, low pigmentation of skin and hair. What disease can besuspected? How can it be diagnosed? What is the probability of giving birth tothe next child with this pathology?

Fill in the gaps:

1. Increased concentration of copper in blood in case of Wilson–Konovalovdisease is caused by mutation of the gene responsible for synthesis of theprotein …

2. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by the mutation leading to replacement ofglutamic acid with … in 6th position of the β-chain.

3. The … syndrome is associated with increased level of uric acid and its saltsin the organism caused by deficit of the enzyme catalyzing addition of purinebases to nucleotides.

4. Hereditary deficiency of the enzyme tyrosinase causes …

5. Lack of the normal protein which binds Cu2+ with ceruloplasmin causes …

43

Problem 3. In the family of healthy parents who are second-cousins, a full termbaby was born. The baby was breast-fed by the mother. Gradually the childdeveloped vomit and diarrhea, jaundice, intellectual disability, liver and lienenlargement, general dystrophy, cataract. The symptoms got stronger in courseof time.What disease can be suspected? What laboratory tests should be made? Is itpossible to stop the progression of the disease? What is the probability ofgiving birth to another sick child in this family?

Problem 4. A 45-years-old woman and her 50-years-old husband have got full-term baby. The child has flat face, low backward-sloping forehead, big head,upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, light spots on the iris, thick lips, thicktongue protruding from the mouth, underdeveloped low-set auricles, highpalate, improper growth of the teeth, unclosed interatrial septum, singletransverse palmar crease, main palmar angle 65o. There is significant delay ofneurologic-and-behavioral development.What disease can be suspected? Which methods should be used to confirm thediagnosis? What is the future viability prognosis for this child? Which methodsof prenatal diagnostics could be used to diagnose this disease?

Problem 5. In the family of healthy parents, a full term child with low bodyweight (2600 g) was born. The baby has microcephaly, low backward-slopingforehead, narrow eye slits, microphthalmia, deformed auricles, double-sidedcleft of lip and palate, toe dactylion, single transverse palmar creases,ventricular septum defect in the heart, significant intellectual disability. Whatdisease can be suspected? What methods of the prenatal diagnostics arenecessary to be used to diagnose such disease?

Problem 6. Which symptoms of the listed ones are the diagnostic characters ofEdwards' syndrome a) intellectual disability, hepatomegalia and lienenlargement, general dystrophy, cataract; b) macrocephaly, microphthalmia,double-sided cleft of lip and palate, toe dactylion, ventricular septal defect ofthe heart, intellectual disability; c) semiluxation of the crystalline lens, cardiacfailures, tall height, long thin fingers, “funnel chest”; d) blue sclera, congenitaldeafness, fragility of bones; e) congenital defects, low ear auricles, elongatedskull, abnormal development of the footsteps, intellectual disability?

44


Practice 13. Topic: GENETIC COUNSELING «____» _______________ 201__ year

Purpose of the practice: to study aims of genetic counseling, stages of making genetic prognosis and indications for direction to genetic counseling; to learnprinciples of therapy elaborated for treatment of hereditary disorders; to know how to use the acquired knowledge for solution of cases.


1. The aim and tasks of genetic counseling.2. Stages of making genetic prognosis: a) Determination of genetic risk;b) Estimating the severity of medical and social consequences of thedisorder;c) Prenatal diagnostics. 3. Indications for direction of a family to genetic counseling. 4. Treatment principles of human hereditary disorders.

5. Metabolic inhibition –

6. Gene therapy –

7. Substitution therapy –

8. Pathogenic therapy –

9. Symptomatic therapy –

10. Etiotropic therapy –


1. Mild genetic risk –

2. Medium genetic risk –

3. High genetic risk –

4. Diet therapy –

45


1. The main aims of genetic counseling are: a) estimation of the genetic riskin the examined family; b) to decrease the frequency of all diseases; c) todecrease the frequency of genetic diseases; d) to decrease the frequency ofcongenital malformations; e) to increase the birthrate.2. High genetic risk is: a) up to 5%; b) 5–10%; c) 10–20%; d) 20-30%;e) about 50%.3. Indications for direction of a family to genetic counseling are:a) presence of similar hereditary disorders in several family members;b) consanguinity of the spouses; c) infection in the family; d) parasitic diseasein the family; e) divorce of spouses.4. Examples of symptomatic treatment of hereditary disorders are: a) painkillers for inflammatory processes; b) antibiotics for pain syndrome;c) sedatives for excitement; d) excluding substance that is not metabolized inthe organism from the diet; e) surgical correction of congenital defects.5. Hereditary disorders corrected by special diets are: a) Down syndrome; b) phenylketonuria; c) hemophilia; d) galactosemia; e) Edwardssyndrome. 6. Examples of pathogenic treatment of hereditary disorders are: a) painkillers for a pain syndrome; b) metabolic inhibition; c) gene therapy;d) excluding substance that is not metabolized in the organism from the diet;e) restriction of non-metabolic substance in the diet.7. Examples of etiological treatment of hereditary disorders are:a) metabolic inhibition; b) antibiotics; c) substitution therapy; d) excludingsubstance that is not metabolized in the organism from the diet; e) gene therapy.8. Metabolic inhibition includes: a) restriction of substance receipt with food; b) elimination of the substrate of pathological reaction from theorganism; c) compensation of not synthesized product; d) suppression ofpathological substrate's synthesis; e) protection of an organ against receipt of catabolic products.

Fill in the gaps:

1. Substitution therapy is an example of the … treatment of hereditary

disorders.

2. Dietotherapy is an example of the … treatment of hereditary

disorders.

3. Prescribing anesthetics is an example of the … treatment of hereditary

disorders.

4. Surgical removal of the 6-th finger is an example of the … treatment

of hereditary disorders.

5. Gene therapy is an example of the … treatment of hereditary

disorders.

PRACTICAL WORK

Task 1. Solve the problemsProblem 1. In a family, a man and son suffer from hemophilia. The man’s wife is pregnant. Being afraid that she will give birth to a sonwith hemophilia, she applied to genetic counselling to clear up the sex ofthe fetus and abort the fetus if it is a boy. Having talked to her the doctorsrecommended to abort the fetus without carrying out the amniocentesis.Is this recommendation right?

46

Problem 2. Analyse the pedigree chart:

3

1 2

1 54

2

1 82 75

87

2

6

I

IV

III

I I

3

94 6

4

31 5

Define the type of inheritance. What is the probability of a sick childbirth if an ill girl (IV, 1) marries a heterozygous man? What methods ofprenatal diagnostics can be used for making the diagnosis of hereditarypathology of the fetus? Which recommendations should the geneticistmake?

Problem 3. The son of American banker Twister suffered from three diseases: hemophilia, daltonism and total absence of teeth. Thesediseases are caused by the genes located in the X chromosome. Twisterjunior had been living far away from the parents, in Paris, for many yearswhere he died in 1944. After his death, a French woman with a 15-year-old boy came to Twister senior. The boy had hemophilia, daltonism andthe absence of teeth. The woman told that this boy is a son of passedTwister junior and he was his rightful heir but the documents provingthat had been lost. Despite the absence of the documents, Twister seniorrecognized the boy to be his grandson. The family doctor convinced himthat such coincidence of three rare hereditary diseases proved that theboy was his grandson. Do you agree with the doctor’s opinion?

47


Practice 14. Topic: COLLOQUIUM IN GENETICS «____» _______________ 201__ year



1. Inheritance of blood groups: systems АВ0, MN and Rh.2. Non-allelic (inter-allelic) gene interactions. 3. Autosomal and gonosomal linkage groups. 4. Chromosome theory of inheritance.5. Determination of sex in human and its disorders.6. X-chromosome’s sex chromatin. Mary F. Lyon’s hypothesis of X-chromosome inactivation. 7. Sex chromosome disorders. 8. Phenotypic variation. Reaction norm. 9. Genotypic variation and its types (combinative and mutational). Comparisonof mutations and modifications.10.Mutagenic factors, their classification and action. 11.Classification of mutations. 12. Gene, chromosome and genome mutations, their characteristics, biologicaland medical significance.13.Stability and repair of genetic material, antimutagens. 14.Biological basis of oncogenesis. Modern tasks of human genetics.15.The human as an object of genetic investigations.16.Classification of methods used in human genetics.17.Genealogical analysis. Types of inheritance and their characteristics.18.The method of twin study. Criteria determining zygosity of twins.Holzinger’s fromula.19.Karyotyping.20.Cultivation and hybridization of somatic cells.21.Biochemical genetic tests.22.Genetic analysis. The Human genome project.

23.Mathematical and biological modeling. Vavilov's Law of HomologousSeries.24.Method of population statistic. The concept of population. Panmictic andnon-panmictic populations.25.Characteristic of human populations. Types of marriages. Genetic processesoccurring in large populations. Hardy–Weinberg principle.26.Factors impairing the equilibrium of genes and genotypes in populations(mutations, natural selection, population waves, isolation, migrations, geneticdrift) and their characteristic.27.Genetic load and its nature.28.Methods of prenatal diagnosis of hereditary disorders and malformations.29.Instant diagnosis tests (dermatoglyphics, microbiological, sex chromatintest, biochemical and chemical).30.Gene mutations as a cause of metabolic diseases.31.Characteristic of gene disorders of human (phenylketonuria, albinism,galactosemia hyperlipoproteinemia Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, Wilson–Konovalov disease, hemophilia, hemoglobinopathies).32.Chromosome and genome mutations as a cause of human chromo-somedisorders.33.Characteristics of human chromosome disorders (Patau, Edwards, Down,Cri-du-chat syndromes).34.The aim and tasks of genetic counseling.35.Stages of making genetic prognosis: determination of genetic risk,estimating the severity of medical and social consequences of the disorder,prenatal diagnostics. 36.Indications for direction of a family to genetic counseling. 37.Treatment principles of human hereditary disorders.

48

LITERATURE

1. Bekish, O.-Y. L. Medical biology : textbook for student of highereducational establishments / O.-Y. L. Bekish. Vitebsk : VSMU Press, 2003.346 p.

2. Медицинская генетика и паразитология для студентов,обучающихся по специальности «Лечебное дело» = Medical Genetics andParasitology for students studying in the specialty “General Medicine” : учеб.-метод. пособие / В. Э. Бутвиловский [и др.]. Минск : БГМУ, 2018. 220 с.

3. Медицинская биология для иностранных студентов 1-го годаобучения = Medical biology for international students 1st year : курс лекций / В. Э. Бутвиловский [и др.]. 3-е изд. испр. и перераб. Минск : БГМУ, 2018.68 с.

4. Medical biology for international students : учеб.-метод. пособие /

В. Э. Бутвиловский [и др.]. Минск : БГМУ, 2016. 222 с.5. Бутвиловский, В. Э. Медицинская биология для иностранных

студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Лечебное дело» = Medicalbiology for international students studying «General medicine» : учеб.-метод. пособие /В. Э. Бутвиловский, В. В. Григорович, А. В. Бутвиловский. Минск :БГМУ, 2017. 208.

6. Медицинская биология и общая генетика : терминологическийсловарь для иностранных студентов / В. Э. Бутвиловский [и др.]. Минск :БГМУ, 2007. 55 с.

7. Медицинская биология и общая генетика: тесты / В. Э.Бутвиловский и др.. Минск : БГМУ, 2006. 228 с.

8. Медицинская биология и общая генетика : учеб. / Р. Г. Заяц [идр.]. 2-е изд., испр. Минск : Выш. школа, 2012. 495 с.

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Practice 1 (15). Topic: REPRODUCTION OF LIVING MATTER «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to study reproduction as essential property of living matter, its types; to study structure of sex cells gametogenesis andpeculiarities of human reproduction.


1. Reproduction as essential property of living matter. 2. Types of reproduction.3. Gametogenesis (ovogenesis and spermatogenesis).4. Insemination and its types. Fertilization and its stages.5. Biological peculiarities of human reproduction.

7. Sexual process –

8. Pronucleus –

9. Synkaryon –

10. Spermatogenesis –


1. Acrosome –

2. Gynogenesis –

3. Copulation –

4. Karyogamy –

5. Oogenesis –

6. Insemination –


1. Characteristics of asexual reproduction is: a) two individuals participatein reproduction; b) only one individual participates in reproduction; c) the genotype of daughter individuals differ from parental ones; d) the genotype of daughter individuals is identical to the parental ones; e) the number of daughter individuals increases slowly.2. Characteristics of sexual reproduction is: a) usually two individualsparticipate in reproduction; b) only one individual participates in reproduction; c) genotypes of daughter individual differs from parental ones; d) genotypes ofdaughter individuals are identical to parental ones; e) the number of daughterindividuals increases quickly.3. Asexual reproduction of animals: a) vegetative reproduction;b) conjugation; c) copulation; d) polyembryony; e) fragmentation.

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4. Movement forward of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tracts isprovided by: a) mobility of spermatozoa; b) ovum's immobility; c) contractionof muscles of female reproductive tracts; d) excretion of gynogamones;e) contraction of abdominal muscles.5. Fertilization is: a) fusion of an ovum with a sperm; b) movement ofgametes to one another; c) movement of spermatozoa through femalereproductive tract; d) process when the ovum leaves an ovary; e) sexualprocess.6. Phases of fertilization: a) destruction of ova with hyaluronidase; b) distalinteraction of gametes; c) contact interaction of gametes; d) entrance of the sperm’s head into the ovum and the fusion of haploid pronuclei; e) cleavageof the ova.7. Peculiarities of human reproduction: a) reproductive period in womenlasts till old age; b) men are capable for reproduction since the puberty up to 50 years; c) after puberty female organism produces one secondary oocyte a month; d) the older is the man, the longer is the time between the divisions ofmeiosis; e) sperms are produced periodically.

7. A phenomenon of asexual reproduction of an embryo is called …

8. Gamones contributing to spermatozoon’s fixation on the ovum’s membraneare called …

9. Spermatozoa possess the ability of fertilization within …

PRACTICAL WORK

Task I. Write the labels for the diagrams.

Fig. 1. Human spermatozoon (7х40)1 – head, 2 – midpiece, 3 – tail, 4 – acrosome

Fig. 2. Graafian follicle in the cat’s ovary (7х8)1 – secondary ovocyte, 2 – cumulus oophorus, 3 – follicular cells, 4 – follicular

cavity, 5 – wall of the follicle

Fill in the gaps:

1. Exchange of genetic information between the bacterial cells via sex pilus iscalled ...

2. Fusion of pronuclei during fertilization is called ...

3. Sexual reproduction without fertilization is called ...

4. A phenomenon when an organism develops on the genetic basis of onlymale gametes is called …

5. During period of proliferation, cells divide by ...

6. During the period of maturation, cells divide by ...

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Fig. 3. Fertilization of ascaris egg (7х40)1 – nucleus, 2 – spermatozoa

Fig. 4. Karyogamy (7х40)1,2 – pronuclei

Task II. Solve the problems:Problem 1. In case of parthenogenesis unfertilized ovum gives rise to anew organism. Why can’t a spermatozoon do the same?

Problem 2. Planaria is a hermaphrodyte and can multiply by self-fertilization.Besides, it is able multiply asexually. Is the genotype of the descendants of oneindividual same if some of them are formed by self-fertilization and the otherones by asexual reproduction? Why?

Problem 3. Semen analysis of persons P. and E. revealed that their spermatozoahave normal morphology, but P’s sperms are immovable and E’s sperms stay onthe surface of the ovum and do not pass inside. Impairments of what cellstructures can explain this?

Problem 4. Autopsy of 22-yeared dead women revealed that her ovaries contained:

Left ovary (smaller) Right ovary (bigger)17 000 follicles 25 000 follicles26 atretic (degenerated) corpora lutea 48 atretic (degenerated) corpora lutea

Almost all follicles are very small though 339 of them were larger than 100 μm.If one follicle forms one corpus luteum, then:а) when did ovulation begin in this woman?b) for how many years could the ovulations happen?

52


Practice 2 (16). Topic: FUNDAMENTALS OF ONTOGENESIS «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to study periods of ontogenesis, its stages, critical periods and their nature, mechanisms providing realization of geneticinformation during development of embryo and fetus; to study periods of human postnatal ontogenesis, critical periods and their nature, growth typesof tissues and organs, main theories explaining ageing; learn concepts of Gerontology, Geriatrics, acceleration and reanimation.


1. Ontogenesis, its types and periods.2. Characteristic of progenesis.3. Stages of embryogenesis (cleavage, gastrulation, hysto- andorganogenesis). Provisional organs of chordates. Peculiarities ofembryonic development of human. 4. Realization of genetic information during prenatal ontogenesis.Mechanisms of embryogenesis and morphogenesis. 5. Critical periods of the ontogenesis. Teratogens.6. Growth. Growth types of human tissues and organs. Acceleration.7. Human constitution and habitus.8. Ageing. Basic theories of ageing.9. Clinical and biological death. Reanimation. Euthanasia

5. Human habitus –

6. Human constitution –

7. Morphogenetic fields –

8. Ontogenesis –

9. Progenesis –

10. Geriatrics –

11. Gerontology –

12. Reanimation –


1. Valeology –

2. Biological age –

3. Chronological age –

4. Critical periods –

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1. The cleavage type of a zygote depends on: a) sizes of the ovum; b) shapeof the ovum; c) volume of yolk; d) distribution of yolk in the cytoplasm;e) potentialities of ovum's cytoplasm. 2. Primary causes of cells differentiation during embryogenesis are:a) chemical homogeneity of the ovum's cytoplasm; b) chemical heterogeneityof the ovum's cytoplasm; c) chemical homogeneity of spermatozoon'scytoplasm; d) chemical heterogeneity of spermatozoon's cytoplasm; e) differentpotencials of animal and vegetative poles of the ovum.3. The main mechanism of cell differentiation is: a) inactivation ofexpression of particular genes at certain stages of development; b) expressionof all genes at certain stages of development; c) inactivation of expression of allgenes at certain stages of development; d) expression of particular genes atcertain developmental stages; e) total arrest of gene expression.4. Effect of genes on phenotype: a) DNA → enzyme → mRNA →biochemical reaction → character; b) DNA → mRNA → enzyme →biochemical reaction → character; c) other genes have effect on a character;d) other genes do not have effect on the character; e) environmental factors donot have effect on the character.5. At earliest stages of embryogenesis, cells: a) are totipotent; b) aredetermined; c) can differentiate into any cell; d) can differentiate only intoseveral types of cells; e) do not divide.6. At later developmental stages, cells: a) are totipotent; b) are determined;c) can differentiate into any cell; d) can differentiate only into several types ofcells; e) do not divide.7. Characteristics of totipotent cells are: a) their differentiation ispreprogrammed; b) their differentiation is not preprogrammed; c) they candifferentiate into any type of cells; d) they can differentiate only into particulartypes of cells; e) none of their genes is expresses.8. Characteristics of determined cells are: a) their differentiation ispreprogrammed; b) their differentiation is not preprogrammed; c) they candifferentiate into any type of cells; d) they can differentiate only into particulartypes of cells; e) none of their genes is expresses.

9. Characteristics of general growth of organs and tissues: a) intensivegrowth since birth and till 10–12 years; b) uniform growth during the wholeperiod of growing; c) intensive growth during the first year of life; d) tissuegrows intensively till 11–12 years and then gradually decrease to the volumecharacteristic of adults; e) rapid growth during puberty.10. Causes of critical periods of embryogenesis are: a) changes in conditionsof embryo existence and feeding; b) transition from one development period toanother one; c) appearance of new inductors; d) active dedifferentiation of cells;e) poor nutrition of the pregnant woman.11. Cause of ageing according to genetic hypothesis is: a) changed colloidalproperties of cytoplasm; b) decreased production of sexual hormones; c) impaired DNA repair and inability for replication; d) impaired adaptation andregulation of the body; e) genetically programmed number of cell mitoses.12.Cause of ageing according to intoxication hypothesis is: a) changedcolloidal properties of cytoplasm; b) decreased production of sexual hormones;c) accumulation of waste products in the large intestine and their adsorption tothe blood; d) impaired adaptation and regulation of the body; e) accumulationof mutations.

Fill in the gaps:

1. Mitotic division of the zygote into blastomeres that occurs at early stages ofprenatal ontogenesis is called ...

2. The period of human prenatal development since the beginning of the 4 th

and till the end of the 8th weeks is called ...

3. The type of gastrulation in case of which cells of the blastoderm migrate tothe blastocoel and multiply to form the second germ layer is called ...

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4. Organisms blastopore of which transforms into anus and the mouth isformed at the opposite side of the body during embryogenesis are called ...

5. The primary cause of cell differentiation during embryogenesis is … … ofthe ovum’s cytoplasm.

6. Influence of one group of cells on another one by means of specificsubstances is called ...

7. Gradual change of intensity of metabolic activity at the ends of the embryoor fetus is the example of the ... of physiological activity.

8. The growth type of thymus and spleen is ...

9. The hormone of hypophysis ... plays the main role in regulation of humangrowth

10. One of the main causes of acceleration, presumably, increased … of younggenerations due to mixed marriages.

11. People of … constitutional type are predisposed to neuroses, ulcerousdisease, tuberculosis.

12. The state of an organism characterized by cardiac and respiratory arrest,loss of consciousness but not critical impairments of cell metabolism is called… death.

13.Medical assistance to pass from life for a terminally ill patient according tohis will or request of his relatives is called …

PRACTICAL WORK

Solve the problems:Problem 1. A surgery of a frog embryo allowed to grow an embryo with twoneural tubes – on dorsal and ventral sides. Experimentalist did not put thatentire second neural tube to the embryo. What did he do?

Problem 2. Embryos having genome mutations with additional chromosomesstay alive during the cleavage, but most of them die after the cleavage. How cantheir survival during cleavage can be explained?

Problem 3. What periods of postnatal ontogenesis last longer in men than inwomen?

Problem 4. What periods of postnatal ontogenesis last longer in women than inmen?

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Practice 3 (17). Topic: EVOLUTION OF ORGAN SYSTEMS «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to study and learn the basic regularities of evolution of organ systems, correlation of the ontogenesis and phylogenesis; tocomprehend phylogenetic basis of malformations occurring during prenatal development.


1. Connection of the ontogenesis and phylogenesis, Biogenetic law, A. N. Sewertzoff’s theory about phylembryogeneses.2. Evolution of the nervous system.3. Evolution of the cardiovascular system.4. Evolution of the respiratory system.5. Evolution of the digestive system.6. Evolution of the urogenital system.7. Ontophylogenetic etiology of malformations in the nervous,cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and urogenital systems in the human.

5. Venous sinus –

6. Mesonephros –

7. Metanephros –

8. Metanephric duct –

9. Sauropsidian brain –

10. Ichthyopsidian brain –

11. Parallelism –

12. Recapitulation –

13. Phylembryogenesis –


1. Anaboly –

2. Archallaxis –

3. Arterial cone –

4. Botallo duct –

ТESTS FOR SELF-CONTROL 7. Basic evolution directions of digestive system of chordates are:

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1. Examples of chordates: a) lancelets and cephalopods; b) reptiles andamphibians; c) mammals and cyclostomes; d) bony fishes and arthropods; e) nematodes and birds.2. Basic evolution directions of nervous system of chordates are: 1) differentiation of the nerve tube into the brain and spinal cord; 2) evolution of the brain of mammalian type into that of sauropsidian type; 3) evolution of the brain of ichthyopsidian type into that of sauropsidiantype; 4) evolution of the brain of sauropsidian type into that ofichthyopsidian type; 5) evolution of the brain of sauropsidian type into thatof mammalian type; 6) development of peripheral NS: a) 1, 2, 4, 6; b) 1, 3, 5, 6; c) 1, 2, 5, 6; d) 6; e) 1.3. Ontophylogenetically conditioned malformations of the nervous systemare: a) complete separation of cerebral hemispheres; b) non-differentiation of thecerebral hemispheres; c) absence of gyri in the cerebral cortex; d) anencephaly; e) olygophernia;4. Ontophylogenetically conditioned malformations of the respiratorysystem are: а) underdevelopment of laryngeal cartilages and improper branchingof bronchi; b) sac-like and «honeycomb» lungs; c) book lungs and tracheae;d) bronchial pneumonia and tuberculosis; e) compensating emphysema andatriopore.5. Basic evolution directions of circulatory system of chordates are:1) transformation of 2-chambered heart into 3-chambered one;2) transformation of 3-chambered heart into 4-chambered one; 3) decreasingthe number branchial arches; 4) increasing the number of branchial arches;5) transformation of 3-chambered heart into 2-chambered one; 6) appearanceof pulmonary circulation and complete separation of the arterial and avenous blood: a) 1, 2, 4, 5; b) 1, 2, 4, 6; c) 2, 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 2, 3, 6; e) 1, 2, 5, 6.6. Mixed blood in present in hearts of: a) lancelets and amphibians; b) reptiles and amphibians; c) mammals and fishes; d) fishes and amphibians; e) cyclostomes and reptiles.

1) differentiation of the alimentary tract into regions; 2) appearance ofdigestive glands; 3) appearance of teeth and their differentiation;4) appearance of posterior region of the intestine; 5) appearance of the oralcavity; 6) enlargement of the absorption surface due to the elongation of theintestine and appearance of villi: a) 1, 2, 4, 5; b) 1, 2, 5, 6; c) 1, 2, 3, 6; d) 1, 2,3, 5; e) 1, 3, 4, 6. 8. Ontophylogenetically conditioned malformations of the digestive systemare: a) appendix and additional lobes of the liver; b) esophageal cervical fistulaeand homodont teeth; c) cloaca and wisdom teeth; d) homodont teeth andappendix; e) additional lobes of pancreas and cloacal malformation. 9. Basic evolution directions of urinary system of chordates are:1) transformation of a mesonephros into metanephros; 2) transformation of amesonephros into a pronephros; 3) transformation of a metanephros into apronephros; 4) transformation of a metanephros into a mesonephros;5) transformation of a pronephric duct into a mesonephrogenic duct6) transformation of the mesonephrogenic duct to a metanephric duct: a) 1, 3,6; b) 1, 5, 6; c) 1, 4, 5; d) 1, 4, 5; e) 2, 5, 6.10. Ontophylogenetically conditioned malformations of urinary system are:a) preservation of the pronephric duct and presence of only one kidney;b) presence of only one kidney and preservation of the mesonephric duct;c) presence of three kidneyans and preservation of the mesonephric duct;d) presence of mesonephric kidneys and preservation of mesonephric duct;e) preservation of mesonephric duct and duplication of ureters.11. In female amniotes Muller duct: a) reduces; b) performs only the functionof ureter; c) performs the function of a gonad; d) performs the function of oviducte) performs functions of ureter and oviduct.12. In male amniotes Wolffian canal: a) reduces; b) performs only the functionof ureter; c) performs functions of ureter and seminal duct; d) performs only thefunction of seminal duct; e) performs only the function of gonad.

Fill in the gaps:

1. Recapitulations are completely absent in a phylembryogenesises that iscalled …

PRACTICAL WORK

Task I. Solve the problems:Problem 1. The most frequent congenital defect newborns (0.5–1.2 cases

57

2. Ontophylogenetic causes of congenital defects are recapitulations and …

3. Brain type with striate bodies performing function of integrating centeris called …

4. The first chordates that have duodenum and rectum are …

5. In reptiles the sixth pair of branchial arteries transforms into …

6. In mammals the third pair of branchial arteries transforms into ...

7. Lancelet's excretory organs are …

8. The only chordates that has functioning pronephros in adults is …

9. Mesonephros consists of approximately … nephrons.

in every 1000 babies) – nonclosure of the Botallo duct (it is the part of thedorsal aorta between 4 and 6 pairs of left branchial arteries). Can youexplain this defect in the context of phylogenesis?

Problem 2. Double uterus is a malformation in which two uteri connectedwith the two parts of bifurcate vagina. The frequency of the pathology is 1case per 1000 perinatal sections. Can you explain this defect in the contextof phylogenesis?

Problem 3. Ultrasonography revealed bicornuate uterus in a woman. Canyou explain this defect in the context of phylogenesis?

58

Task II. Color the pictures and write the indications

Fig. 1. Heart evolution of lower vertebrates:A. Fishes: 1 – venous sinus, 2 – atrium, 3 – ventricle, 4 – aortal bulb;B. Amphibians: 1 – right atrium, 2 – left atrium, 3 – ventricle, 4 –arterial cone, 5 – left pulmocutaneius artery, 6 – right arch of the aorta, 7 – carotid arteries

Fig. 2. Heart evolution of higher vertebrates:A. Reptiles: 1 – right atrium, 2 – left atrium, 3 – left side of the ventricle, 4 –right side of the ventricle, 5 – right pulmonary artery, 6 – right arch of the aorta,7 – left arch of the aorta, 8 – left Botallo duct, 9 – pulmonary veins, 10 – venacava; B. Mammals: 1 – right atrium, 2 – left atrium, 3 – right ventricle, 4 – leftventricle, 5 – left pulmonary artery, 6 – left arch of the aorta, 7 – pulmonaryveins, 8 – vena cava.

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

Fig. 3. Development of the excretory and genital systems in vertebrates:I — neutral embryonic state in a lower vertebrate; II — female lower vertebrate;III — male higher vertebrate; IV — neutral embryonic state of a highervertebrate; V — female higher vertebrate; VI — male higher vertebrate. 1 — pronephros; 2 — mesonephros; 3 — metanephros; 4 — pronephric canal; 5— Muller duct serving as oviduct in females; 6 — Wolffian duct serving assemen duct in males; 7 — uterus; 8 —ureter; 9 — bladder; 10 — cloaca; 11 —gonad; 12 — anus

59


Practice 4 (18). Topic: INTRODUCTION TO PARASYTOLOGY «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to study parasitism as biological phenomenon, to learn classification of parasites and their hosts, interactions in the parasite-host system, adaptations of parasites, their pathogenic action and response of the host.


1. Origin and age of parasitism. Criteria of parasitism.2. Classification of parasites and their hosts.3. The parasite–host system.4. Transmission rotes of parasites.5. Adaptations to parasitism.6. Pathogenic action and specificity of parasites.7. Response of the host to parasitic invasion.8. Biological basis of prophylaxis of parasitic diseases.

5. Parasitocenosis –

6. Parasite –

7. Pathogenicity –

8. Symbiosis –

9. Specificity of the parasite

10. Invasive stage –


1. Invasions –

2. Infections –

3. Hyperparasitism -

4. Molecular mimicry -

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1. Types of biological interactions: a) competition and predation;b) symbiosis and parabiosis; c) parabiosis; d) symbiosis and antibiosis;e) anabiosis.2. Competition is a biological interaction in which: a) one species hunts theother one; b) one species produces substances to suppress vital processes of theother one; c) two species require the same conditions or resources; d) any kindof interactions between two organisms; e) both species receive mutual benefit.3. Antibiosis is a biological interaction in which: a) one species hunts theother one; b) one species produces substances to suppress vital processes of theother one; c) two species require the same conditions or resources; d) any kindof interactions between two organisms; e) both species receive mutual benefit.4. Commensalism is a biological interaction in which: a) both speciesreceive mutual benefit; b) one species uses the other one only as habitationwithout causing harm or benefit; c) one species uses the other one only ashabitation and origin of food without causing harm or benefit; d) one speciesuses the other one only as habitation and harms it; e) none of the species havebenefit.5. Mutualism is a biological interaction in which: a) both species receivemutual benefit; b) one species uses the other one only as habitation withoutcausing harm or benefit; c) one species uses the other one only as habitationand origin of food without causing harm or benefit; d) one species uses theother one only as habitation and harms it; e) none of the species have benefit.6. Criteria of parasitism are: a) interaction with a host; b) absence ofcontacts between species; c) feeding at the expense of the host and causingharm; d) one species uses the other one only as habitation without causing harmor benefit; e) production of substances that are required for the host survival.7. Conditions for formation of a parasite-host system: a) contact betweenparasite and the host; b) parasite should cause death of a host; c) parasites andhosts not always need to contact; d) host must provide optimal conditions forthe parasite; e) parasite should not resist the protective reactions of the host.

8. Types of symbiosis: a) mutualism and synoikia; b) anabiosis andparasitism; c) competition and anabiosis; d) predation and cannibalism;e) commensalism and parasitism.9. Examples of progressive morphological and physiological adaptationsof parasites: a) presence of attachment organs and specialization ofintegument; b) simplification of the nervous system and sense organs;c) molecular mimicry and secretion of antienzymes; d) absence of the digestivetract in intestinal parasites; e) high fertility and complex life cycles.10. Examples of biological adaptations of parasites: a) presence ofattachment organs and anti-enzymes; b) simplification of the nervous systemand sense organs; c) various forms of asexual reproduction and high fertility;d) complex life cycles, alternation of hosts and migration of larvae within thehost; e) immunosuppressive action.11. Pathogenic actions of parasites are: a) mechanical injury of tissues,toxicoallergic; b) supplying the host with vitamins; c) supplying the host withnutrients; d) absorption of nutrients and vitamins from the host; e) weakeningthe organism and increasing probability of secondary infection.12. Pathogenicity of a parasite does not depend on: a) host’s genotype andenvironmental factors; b) parasite’s genotype; c) host’s education and socialstatus; d) body height of the host; e) presence of other parasites in the host.13. Vector-borne diseases: a) transmitted by bites of carnivorous animals;b) transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods; c) transmitted directly from humanto human; d) are caused by arthropods; e) are caused by carnivorous animals.14. Adaptation of parasites at the population level: a) presence of cysts andactive search for hosts; b) simplification of nervous system and absence ofalimentary system in tapeworms; c) molecular mimicry and anti-enzymes;d) involvement of intermediate and reservoir hosts into the life cycle;e) synchronization of parasite's life cycle and hosts behavior.

61

Fill in the gaps:

1. Free-living organisms which can become parasites if they get to theorganism of other species are called …

2. Hosts providing optimal biochemical conditions for the parasite andhave biocoenotic contact with it are called ...

3. Hosts providing biochemical conditions for the parasite but don’thave biocoenotic contact with it are called ...

4. Hosts characterized by the presence of biocoenotic contacts withparasites but absence of biochemical conditions for their developmentare called …

5. Route of transmission of parasites with water and foodstuffs is called…

6. Route of transmission of parasites through mucous membranes ofrespiratory tract is called ...

7. Route of transmission of parasites with household goods is called …

8. Route of transmission of parasites with infected donor blood is called…

PRACTICAL WORK

Fill in the table: «Adaptations of parasites»:Morphological and physiological progressive adaptations:

Morphological and physiological regressive adaptations:

Biological adaptations:

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Practice 5 (19). Topic: PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA, CLASSES SARCODINA, ZOOMASTIGOTA «___» ____________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to learn peculiarities of protists, their morphology and biology of parasitic Sarcodinae and Zoomastigotae which are pathogensof human diseases, their pathogenic action, methods of diagnosis and prophylaxis of diseases they cause.

CONTENTS OF THE TOIC

1. General characteristic of the kingdom Protista.2. Parasitic Sarcodinae: Entamoeba histolytica. Life cycle of the Entamoebahistolytica, its pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of amoebiasis.3. Parasitic flagellates: Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Lamblia and Trichomonas:morphological peculiarities, life cycle, routes of transmis-sion, pathogenicaction; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis.

7. Undulating membrane –

8. Amastigote –

9. Cutaneous leishmaniasis –

10. Sleeping sickness –BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS

1. Protist –

2. Pellicle –

3. Ectoplasm –

4. Trophozoite –

5. Cyst –

6. Amoebiasis –


1. The life cycle of E. histolytica: a) forma minuta → forma magna →tissue form → cyst → forma magna; b) forma magna → forma minuta→ tissue form → cyst → forma magna; c) cyst → forma minuta →forma magna → tissue form → forma magna; d) cyst → forma minuta→ forma magna → tissue form → forma minuta → cyst; e) tissue form→ forma magna → forma minuta → cyst.2. Laboratory diagnostics of American trypanosomiasis is basedon: a) finding trypanosomes in feces and duodenal content; b) immunoassay; c) finding trypanosomes in blood smears; d) findingtrypanosomes in liquor and in puncture samples of lymph nodes;e) finding trypanosomes in skin specimens.3. Symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis are: a) fever, weakness,headache; b) bloody diarrhea; c) anemia and cachexia; d) enlargement ofliver and spleen; e) ache along the small intestine.

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4. Reservoir hosts of African trypanosomiasis are: a) sick people andmonkeys; b) cattle and antelopes; c) dogs and wolves; d) opossums andarmadillos; e) pigs.5. Symptoms of African trypanosomiasis are: a) drowsiness, fever,cachexia; b) diarrhea with blood; c) inflammation of the heart muscle;d) enlargement of liver and spleen; e) trypanosomic chancre at the site ofbite, enlargement of occipital lymph nodes.6. Symptoms of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are: a) lesion of skin,but not mucous membranes and cartilages; b) lesion of skin, mucosa andcartilages; c) lesion of internal organs; d) secondary infection;e) impairment of sight and hearing.7. Symptoms of lambliasis are: a) bad appetite and nausea; b) headacheand drowsiness; c) ache in the epigastrium and in dextral subcostal area; d) ache in left subcostal area; e) unstable stool.

PRACTICAL WORK

Task I. Study the life cycle of the dysenteric amoeba:

Fig. 1. Life cycle of dysenteric amoeba( )

1 – forma minuta, 2 – forma magna, 3 – tissue form, 4 – cyst, 5 – intestinal wall

Task II. Solve the problems:Problem 1. In regular medical examination of kindergarten staff, 4-nucleatedcysts 8–16 μm in diameter were found in stool test of a kindergartner. Whatparasite do the cysts belong to? Is it possible to admit the kindergartner to work?

Problem 2. A 22-years-old citizen of Cameroon was hospitalized. The patient isemaciated and drowsy, answers the questions simply, periodically falls asleep.Other symptoms: masklike face, the jaw hangs down, intense salivation. Whatdisease should be supposed? What laboratory tests should be done for makingdiagnosis?

Fill in the gaps:

1. Vegetative form of protists is called ...

2. Lesion of mucous membrane of the large intestine leading to formation ofbleeding ulcers 2.5 cm diameter is a pathogenic effect of ...

3. Vector of African trypanosomiasis is ...

4. Life cycle of Trypanosoma ... includes flagellated and non-flagellated stages.

5. Site of the skin 10–15 cm in diameter with hyperemia and edema, caused byinvasion of Trypanosoma cruzi is called ...

6. Stage of Leishmania donovani's life cycle which exists only in the vector iscalled ...

7. Trichomonas vaginalis has ... flagella.

Task III. Fill in the table

Parasites Entamoeba histolytica Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trichomonas vaginalis

64

Features1. Disease

2. Peculiarities of morphology

3. Life cycle

4. Invasive stage for a human

5. Route of transmission

6. Location in the host

8. Clinical manifestations

9. Laboratory diagnosis

10. Prophylaxis

65

Task IV. Study the micropreparations, color the pictures and make indications

А BFig. 2. Giardia: А – diagram of a trophozoite, B – draft of trophozoites (7х40),

( )1 – nucleus, 2 – adhesive disc, 3 – axostyle, 4 – flagella

А BFig. 3. Trichomonas: А – diagram of a trophozoite, B – draft of trophozoites

(7х40)( )

1 – nucleus, 2 – undulating membrane. 3 – flagella, 4 – axostyle, 5 – spike

А B

Fig. 4. Leishmania: А – diagram of a trophozoite, B – amastigote( )

1 – nucleus; 2 - flagellum

В

Fig. 5. Tripanosomes in a blood smear: А – diagram, B – draft of the smear( )

1 –2 –3 –4 –

66


Practice 6 (20). Topic: PHYLUM INFUSORIA, CLASS CILIATA. «____» ______________ 20___ yearPHYLUM APICOMPLEXA, CLASS SPOROZOA

Purpose of the practice: to learn morphological and biological features of parasitic protists of classes Ciliata and Sporozoa, their life cycles, routes oftransmission, their pathogenic action, methods of diagnosis and prophylaxis of diseases they cause

CONTENTS OF THE TOIC

1. Characteristics of the classes Ciliata and Sporozoa.2. Balantidium coli: route of transmission, pathogenic action, symptomsand diagnosis.3. Life cycle of malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium). Species ofplasmodia causing malaria in human, their morphological characteristics ina thin blood smear.4. Routes of transmission of malaria. Pathogenic action of malariaparasites. Symptoms and diagnosis of malaria.5. Toxoplasma gondii: life cycle, route of transmission, pathogenic action,symptoms and diagnosis.6. Pneumocystis carinii: life cycle, route of transmission, pathogenicaction, symptoms and diagnosis.

5. Oocyst –

6. Schizogony –

7. Gametogony –

8. Hypnozoites –

9. Pneumocystosis –

10. Congenital toxoplasmosis –

11. Tissue cyst –

12. Fecal oocysts –


1. Balantidiasis –

2. Transfusion-transmitted malaria –

3. Merozoite –

4. Quartan malaria –

67


1. Exoerythrocytic cycle of malaria parasites: a) sporozoites → erythrocyticschizont → hepatic schizonts → hepatic merozoites; b) sporozoites → hepaticschizonts → erythrocytic schizonts → hepatic merozoites; c) sporozoites →hepatic schizonts → hepatic merozoites; d) erythrocytic schizonts →sporozoites → gametocytes; e) sporozoites → erythrocytic schizonts → hepaticschizonts → gametocytes.2. Erythrocytic cycle of malaria parasites: a) ring-form trophozoite →amoeboid-form trophozoite → gametocyte → morula → erythrocytic merozoite;b) morula → erythrocytic merozoite → gametocyte → ring-form trophozoite →amoeboid -form trophozoite; c) amoeboid-form trophozoite → ring-formtrophozoite → morula → gametocytes → erythrocytic merozoite; d) ring-formtrophozoite → amoeboid-form trophozoite → morula → erythrocytic merozoite;e) gametocyte → morula → ring-form trophozoite → amoeboid-formtrophozoite → erythrocytic merozoite.3. Sequence of malaria parasite's gametogony: a) oocyst → macro- andmicrogametocytes → macro- and microgametes → zygote → ookinete;b) macro- and microgametocytes → macro- and microgametes → zygote →ookinete; c) macro-and microgametes → ookinete → zygote → gametocytes; d)macro- and microgametes → zygote →ookinete → macro- andmicrogametocytes; e) macro- and microgametocytes → zygote → ookinete →macro- and microgametes.4. Laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based on: a) detection oftrophozoites in feces and duodenal content; b) immunological methods;c) detection of trophozoites in urine; d) detection of trophozoites in striatedmuscles; e) detection of trophozoites in liquor and biopsy specimens of lymphnodes.5. Sequence of symptoms in attack of malaria is: a) sweating stage → coldstage → hot stage; b) cold stage → sweating stage → hot stage; c) hot stage →cold stage → sweating stage; d) cold stage → hot stage → sweating stage;e) hot stage → sweating stage → cold stage.

Fill in the gaps:

1. Pathogen of malignant tertian malaria is P. ...

2. Pathogenic agent of quartan malaria is P. ...

3. Stage of malaria parasite’s life cycle, that invades the intermediate hostis called …

4. The final stage of malaria parasite’s development in the humanorganism is called ...

5. Band-form trophozoite is characteristic of P. ...

6. Crescent-shaped gametocytes are characteristic of P. ...

7. The organelle on the sharpened end of toxoplasma’s cell that helps toinvade host’s cells is called ...

8. Principal hosts of toxoplasma are representatives of the family ...

9. Life stages of toxoplasma that are invasive for the principal host are ...

10. Life stages of toxoplasma that are invasive for the intermediate hostare ...

Fill in the table:

68

ParasitesFeature

Balantidium coli Malaria parasites Toxoplasma gondii

1. Disease

2. Peculiarities of morphology

3. Life cycle

4. Invasive stage for human

5. Routes of transmission

6. Location

8. Clinical presentation

9. Laboratory diagnosis

10. Prophylaxis

PRACTICAL WORK

69

Task I. Study the micropreparations

Fig.1. Morphology of malaria parasites in blood smears.А – ring-form trophozoites of P. falciparum, B – amoeboid-form trophozoites of P. vivax, C – trophozoite of P. ovale,D – band-form trophozoite of P. malariae, E – schizont (morula) of P. vivax, F – schizont of P. ovale,G – gametocyte of P. vivax, H – gametocyte of P. falciparum.

70

BFig.2. Toxoplasma

( )А – diagram of the trophozoite, B – draft of trophozoite;

1 – cytoplasm, 2 – nucleus

Fig. 3. Balantidium( )

А – diagram, B – draft (7×40);1 – cytostome, 2 – cilia, 3 – macronucleus, 4 – contractile vacuole

Task III. Cases:Case 1. A patient C. who is a worker of pig farm, got aches in abdomen,nausea, stool with blood in last two months. During this period, heconsiderably lost weight. Laboratory tests revealed big protists in feces.What disease should be supposed?

Case 2. A case of miscarriage happened in 22-years-old woman on the 5th

month of pregnancy. Histological tests of placenta, fetal membranes andorgans of the fetus revealed aggregations of protists of crescent shape 4–7 micrometers in size. The nucleus clearly stains in red and cytoplasm inblue color. The woman likes animals and has two cats and a guiney pig.What is the species of the parasite?

Case 3. A patient was hospitalized with complains of headache and muscleache, general weakness, fever. The patient said that the disease began 4days ago. First symptoms were chill which changed to fever 400С in twohours. In several hours, temperature lowered to 350С, and profusesweating occurred. The patent recently came back from business trip inAfrica. What disease should be supposed?

71

B


А

А

Practice 7 (21). Topic: PHYLUM PLATHELMINTHES, CLASS TREMATODA «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to learn morphological and biological features of flatworms and their adaptations to the parasitic way of living, peculiarities ofmorphology and biology of flukes, transmission routes, diagnosis and prophylaxis of trematodoses.


1. General characteristic and systematics of the phylum Platyhelminthes.2. Characteristics of flukes (class Trematoda): adaptations to parasitism, lifecycles.3. Common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica): morphology, life cycle, rotes oftransmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis of fascioliasis.4. Cat liver fluke (Opisthorchis felineus): morphology, life cycle, rotes oftransmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis ofopisthorchiasis.5. Lung fluke (Paragonimus westermani): morphology, life cycle, rotes oftransmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis ofparagonimiasis.6. Blood flukes (Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum):morphology, life cycle, rotes of transmission. Clinical presentation,diagnosis and prophylaxis of schistosomiasis.7. Laboratory diagnostic techniques of trematodoses.8. Biological basis of prophylaxis of trematodoses.

4. Ootype–

5. Cirrus –

6. Tegument –

7. Marita–

8. Miracidium –

9. Cercaria–

10. Redia –

11. Sporocyst –

12. Metacercaria –


1. Cercarial dermatitis –

2. Dermo-muscular body wall –

3. Gynecophoral canal –

72


1. The female reproductive system of flukes includes: a) testes, ovaries anduterus; b) ovaries, vitelline glands and cirrus; c) ovaries, uterus, vitelline glandsand seminal receptacle; d) ovaries, seminal ducts and uterus; e) ootype, cirrusand vitelline glands.2. The first intermediate hosts of flukes are: a) human and monkeys; b) cattle; c) cats and dogs; d) snails, e) fishes, shrimps and crabs.3. The second intermediate hosts of flukes are: a) sometimes absent; b) cattle; c) wild boars, house and pigs; d) mollusks; e) fishes, shrimps andcrabs.4. Techniques of laboratory diagnostics of fascioliasis: a) detection of eggs insputum and urine; b) detection of eggs in feces; c) immunological analysis;d) radionuclide diagnostics of the liver and pancreas; e) detection of adult flukesin feces.5. Human becomes infected with opisthorchiasis: a) when drinks water fromlakes and rivers; b) when eats raw snails; c) when eats raw and undercookedfish; d) when eats water plants; e) when work in water or swim.6. Common techniques of laboratory diagnostics of paragonimiasis:a) detection of eggs in feces and urine; b) detection of eggs in feces and sputum;c) detection of larvae in feces and sputum; d) detection of adult worms feces;e) bronchoscopy.7. What veins are mostly affected in case of urogenital schistosomiasis? a) veins of mesentery and the wall of the small intestine; b) veins of the uterusand the upper third of the vagina; c) veins of the urinary bladder and prostate; d)veins of the large intestine; e) veins of the lungs.8. What veins are mostly affected in case of Мansоn schistosomiasis?a) veins of the mesentery and intestine; b) veins of the uterus and the vagina; c) veins of the bladder; d) the system of the portal vein and liver; e) veins of thebrain.

Fill in the gaps:

1. Metacercaria, adolescaria and cercaria of flukes are … for the

definitive hosts.

2. Dormant larva of common liver fluke which can be ingested with

water or plants is called ... .

3. Fluke which has 2 testes and S-like canal of the excretory system

between them is called ... .

4. Life cycle of the cat liver fluke: marita egg miracidium

sporocyst redia ... metacercaria.

5. Egg-shaped fluke with an abdominal sucker in the middle of the body

is called ... .

6. Larva of P. westermani which infects the definitive host is called ... .

7. The special fissure-like slot in which male schistosome carries a female

one is called ... .

8. Life cycle of schistosomes includes stages: egg miracidium

primary sporocyst ... cercaria.

9. Larva of schistosomes which is invades the definitive host is called ...

Fill in the table:

73

ParasitesFeature

F. hepatica O. felineus

DiseaseBody size Morphology

Principal hostsIntermediate hosts Life cycle

Stage invading humanRotes of transmission

Location in human Clinical presentation

Morphology of eggs

Laboratory diagnosis Prophylaxis

ParasitesFeature

P. westermani S. haematobium

74

DiseaseBody size Morphology

Principal hostsIntermediate hosts Life cycle

Stage invading humanRotes of transmission

Location in human Clinical presentation

Morphology of eggs

Laboratory diagnosis Prophylaxis

75

PRACTICAL WORK

Task 1. Indicate the picture.

- marita,

- metacercaria,

- miracidium,

- redia,

- sporocyst,

- cercaria,

- egg

Fig. 1. Life cycles of O. felineus

Task II. Study and draw the micropreparations, color the pictures and write the indications

A B C

Fig. 2. Eggs of schistosomes(А – )(B – )(C – )

Fig. 3. Сat liver fluke ( )

1 - oral sucker, 2 – abdominal sucker, 3 – esophagus, 4 – branches of intestine, 5 – vitellaria, 6 – uterus, 7 – ovaries, 8 – seminal receptacle, 9 – testes, 10 – canal of excretory system

Fig. 4. Egg of сat liver fluke 1 – shell, 2 – lid

76

А

Fig. 5. Common liver fluke (magnifying glass)

( )A – diagram, B – reproductive system, C – structure of alimentary system, 1 – oral sucker, 2 – abdominal sucker, 3 – esophagus, 4 – branches of gut, 5 – vitellaria, 6 – uterus, 7 – ootype, 8 – ovaries, 9 – testes, 10 – canal ofexcretory system

Fig. 6. Egg of common liver fluke (7×40):1 – membrane, 2 – shell, 3 – viteline cells,4 – tubercle

Task III. Solve the problems:Problem 1. In a summer day, a group of young people held a picnic on a shore ofa lake. As they didn’t have enough pure drink water they used the water from thelake. In 2 weeks some of them developed the following symptoms: weakness,decreased appetite, ache in the right hypochondrium, nausea, vomit, signs ofjaundice on sclerae. What disease should be supposed? How to confirm thediagnosis?

Problem 2. There is a patient with symptoms of pneumonia. The history takingrevealed that 3 months ago the patient was on a business trip in Vladivostokwhere he ate crawfishes every day. The doctor supposed that the pneumonia canbe associated with helminthic invasion. What helminthiasis can it be?

Problem 3. Eggs of helminthes were found in the urine sample of a patient whocame back from Africa. The eggs were big (150х60 micrometers), elongated, hada spike on one of the ends. What is the species of the parasite?

77


Practice 8 (22). Topic: PHYLUM PLATHELMINTHES, CLASS CESTOIDEA «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to learn morphological and biological features of tapeworms and their adaptations to parasitism; to learn Biology of beef andpork tapeworms, dwarf tapeworm, Echinococcus, Diphyllobothrium; to know pathogenic actions, rotes of transmission, diagnostic methods andprophylaxis principles of the cestodoses caused by these tapeworms.


1. Characteristic of the class Cestoidea, their adaptations to parasitism.2. Life cycles tapeworms. Types of larval cestodes.3. Beef tapeworm (Taeniarhynchus saginatus) and pork tapeworm(Taenia solium): morphology, life cycle, rotes of transmission. Clinicalpresentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis of taeniarhynchiasis andcysticerciasis.4. Dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana): morphology, life cycle, rotes oftransmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis ofhymenolepiasis.5. Echinococcus granulosus: morphology, life cycle, rotes oftransmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis ofechinococcosis.6 Broad tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum): morphology, life cycle,rotes of transmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis ofdiphyllobothriasis.7. Techniques used for laboratory diagnosis of cestodoses.8. Prophylaxis of cestodoses.

3. Contact helminthes –

4. Bothria –

5. Plerocercoid –

6. Proglottid –

7. Scolex –

8. Strobila –

9. Cysticercus –

10. Cysticercoid –

11. Echinococcus –


1. Biohelminthes –

2. Bothria –

78


1. Life cycle of broad tapeworm: a) egg → coracidium → procercoid →

oncosphere → plerocercoid; b) egg → oncosphere → measle; c) egg →

coracidium → procercoid → plerocercoid; d) cercaria → coracidium →

procercoid → measle; e) procercoid → metacercaria → plerocercoid.

2. Human becomes infected with taeniasis by: a) ingestion of parasite’s

eggs; b) contacts with sick people; c) eating undercooked beef; d) eating

undercooked pork; e) eating undercooked fish.

3. Human becomes infected with cysticerciasis: a) when ingests the eggs of

pork tapeworm; b) when eats undercooked pork and beef; c) when eats

undercooked shrimps and crabs; d) by contacts with domestic pigs; e) by

autoinvasion in case of taeniasis.

4. Cysticerci of Taenia solium can affect: a) villi of the small intestine;

b) central nervous system; c) mucosa of the cecum, ascending and transverse

colon; d) skeletal muscles; e) eyes.

5. Symptom of the disease caused by of Taeniarhynchus saginatus are:

a) blood-containing diarrhea; b) fever and ache in the abdomen; c) abdominal

pain, nausea, vomiting; d) labored breathing, ache in the thorax; e) enlargement

of liver and spleen.

6. The stage in the life cycle of echinococcus, that is infective for human is:

a) egg; b) oncosphere; c) coracidium; d) hydatid cyst; e) cysticercus.

7. Human becomes affected with the disease caused by broad tapeworm:

a) by means of contact with a sick person; b) by means of contact with a

carnivorous animals; c) when eats undercooked beef and pork; d) by vector-

borne route; e) when eats undercooked fish.

Fill in the gaps:

1. A larval cestode which is a big maternal bladder which grows and produces

daughter cysts is called ... .

2. The contact cestode which does not require an intermediate host is … .

3. Mature proglottids of T. saginatus contain an ovary, consisting of ... lobes.

4. Gravid proglottids of T. saginatus contain ... branches of the uterus on each side.

5. Mature proglottids of T. solium contain an ovary, consisting of ... lobes.

6. Gravid proglottids of T. solium contain ... branches of the uterus on each side.

7. Measle of a H. nana is called ... .

8. Strobila of a H. nana consists of approximately ... proglottids.

9. Human is a … host for E. granulosus.

10. Life cycle of Diphylobotrium latum includes the following stages: egg ...

procercoid plerocercoid adult worm.

Fill in the table:

79

ParasitesFeature

Diphyllobothrium latum Echinococcus granulosus Hymenolepis nana

DiseaseLengthMorphology of scolex

Morphology of proglottids

Definitive hostsIntermediate hostsStages of life cycle

Invasive stage for humanInfection of human occurs byLocation in the human body

Clinical presentation

Morphology of eggs

Laboratory diagnosis

Prophylaxis

80

PRACTICAL WORK

Task I. Study and draw the micropreparations, color the pictures and make indications

A B CFig. 1. Taenia solium:

А – scolex, B – mature proglottid, C – gravid proglottid

1 –2 –

3 – 4 –

5 – 6 –

7 – 8 –

9 – 10 –

11, 13 – 12 –

Fig. 2. Hymenolepis nana:1 – scolex, 2 – strobila

A B C

Fig. 3. Taeniarhynchus saginatus:А – scolex, B – mature proglottid, C – gravid proglottid

1 – 2, 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –

8 – 9 – 10, 14 – 11, 12 – 13 –

Fig. 4. Echinococcus granulosus (7х8)1 – 2 – 3 –

4 – 5 – 6 –

81

Fig. 5. Diphyllobothrium latum:А – scolex, B – cross-section of the scolex, C – mature proglottid

1 – 2 –

Fig. 6. Egg of beef and pork Fig. 7. Egg of Diphyllobothrium tapeworms (7х40) latum (7х40)

Task II. Solve the problems:Problem 1. There is a patient B., 32 years old, lives in the village, work as arcwelder. He became sick in July. Symptoms were nausea and ache in the abdomen; proglottids were found in the stool of the patient. The patient likesand often eats half-baked steaks (beef). Make the diagnosis.

Problem 2. A patient G. was hospitalized with complains of tightness of the right hypochondrium and pain. Palpation revealed considerable enlargementof liver; X-ray shown a cyst in the liver. What parasitic disease can be supposedin this case?

Problem 3. Can humans become infected with taeniarhynchiasis when eat ediblegreens containing eggs of the parasite?

Problem 4. Oval eggs with double transparent membrane were found in a micropreparation. Between the membranes are meandering threads and the oncosphere in the center has the shape of a lemon. Size of the eggs is about50 micrometers. What is the species of the parasite?

82


Practice 9 (23). Topic: PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES, CLASS NEMATODA «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to learn morphological and biological features of roundworms, morphological and biological features of parasitic nematodes,their pathogenic action, rotes of transmission, diagnostic methods and prophylaxis principles.

CONTENTS OF THE TOPIC1. General characteristic of the phylum Nemathelminthes and the classNematoda.2. Ascaris lumbricoides: morphology, life cycle, rotes of transmission.Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis of ascariasis.3. Human whipworm (Trichocephalus trichiurus): morphology, life cycle,rotes of transmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis oftrichocephaliasis. 4. Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis): morphology, life cycle, rotes oftransmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis ofenterobiasis.5 Trichinella spiralis: morphology, life cycle, rotes of transmission.Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis of trichinellosis.6. Treadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis): morphology, life cycle, rotes oftransmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis ofstrongyloidiasis.7. Dog roundworm (Toxocara canis): morphology, life cycle, rotes oftransmission. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and prophylaxis oftoxocariasis.8. Diagnostic methods of nematodoses.9. Prophylaxis of nematodoses.

3. Geohelminthes –

4. Dehelmithization –

5. Hypodermis –

6. Muscle biopsy –

7. Migration –

8. Nematodoses –

9. Muscle digestion –

10. Adhesive tape test –

11. Serology –

12. Surgical complications of ascariasis –

13. Eutely –


1. Esophageal bulb –

2. Cephalic alae –

83


1. Morphology of ascaris: a) segmented body 1-5 cm in length; b) spindle-shaped long body 25-40 cm in length; c) dark-brown body color; d) white-pinkbody color; e) tape-like body up to 3 meters in length. 2. Human becomes affected with ascaris: а) when swallows eggs of ascariswhile breaching rules of Hygiene; b) when larvae actively invade the skin; c) bymeans of contact with a sick person; d) when eats undercooked beef; e) by vector-borne rote.3. Migration way of ascaris larvae in the body is: a) intestine → right heart→ lungs → blood vessels → liver → bronchi → trachea → pharynx → intestine;b) intestine → liver → bronchi → right heart → lungs → blood vessels →trachea → pharynx → intestine; c) liver → bronchi → right heart → lungs →blood vessels → trachea → pharynx → intestine; d) intestine → blood vessels →liver → right heart → lungs → bronchi → trachea → pharynx → intestine; e)intestine → blood vessels → right heart → lungs → liver → bronchi → trachea→ pharynx → intestine.4. Symptoms of pulmonary ascariasis are: a) intestinal obstruction; b) feverand an asthmatic bronchitis; c) eosinophilic pneumonitis; d) occlusion ofcholedoch duct; e) appendicitis.5. Symptoms of intestinal ascariasis are: a) cough, sometimes with bloodysputum; b) abdominal pain; c) fever and rush; d) bad appetite, nausea, vomit;e) eosinophilic pneumonitis.6. Morphophysiological features of whipworm are: a) length of females is upto 5 cm, has cephalic alae on the anterior end of a body; b) length of female is 3–5 cm, has esophageal bulb; c) length of a female is 3–5 cm, anterior end of thebody is thread-like while the posterior one is thick; d) has cuticular lips, feeds onthe intestinal content; e) feeds on blood.

7. Surgical complications of аscariasis are: a) obstruction of the intestine andbile ducts; b) affection of eyes and nervous system by adult worms; c) perforationof appendix; d) eosinophilic pneumonitis; e) pancreatitis and appendicitis.8. Symptoms of enterobiasis: a) distribution of sleep and irritability;b) impairment of sight; c) abdominal pain; d) cough and eosinophilicpneumonitis; e) itch in the perianal area.9. Laboratory diagnosis of enterobiasis is based on: a) detection of eggs andlarvae in sputum; b) detection of larvae in striated muscles; c) detection of eggsand adult parasites on the perianal area; d) detection of eggs and larvae in feces;e) detection of larvae and eggs in the house of the patient.10. Symptoms of trichinellosis are: a) lesion of the brain and eyes;b) gastrointestinal disorders at late stages of the disease; c) fever andeosinophilia; d) edema of eyelids and face, muscular pains; e) gastrointestinaldisorders at the terminal stages of the disease.11. Laboratory diagnosis of trichinellosis is based on: a) detection of eggs insaliva and feces; b) detection of larvae in blood and lymph; c) serology;d) detection of larvae in striated muscles; e) detection of adult parasites in striatedmuscles. 12. Peculiarities of the life cycle of strongyloides: a) larvae may reinfect thehost without development in the environment; b) in soil, rhabditiform larvaetransform in filariform larvae if environmental conditions are favorable; c) in soilrhabditiform larvae transform in adult parasites if environmental conditions areunfavorable; d) filariform larvae penetrate skin of the host and migrate; e) larvaeare unable to migrate in the host.13. Transmission rotes of strongyloidiasis: a) respiratory; b) alimentary withcontaminated vegetables, fruits water; c) direct contact with a sick person;d) larvae may penetrate skin of the host; e) alimentary with contaminated meat.

84

Fill in the gaps:

1. The outer layer of nematode body wall is …

2. There are ... situated along the canals of the excretory system innematodes

3. The number of muscle layers in the body wall of A. lumbricoides is ...

4. Life span of mature A. lumbricoides in the human body is about ...

5. Nematode which has thin thread-like anterior end of the body iscalled ...

6. Whipworm inhabits the ... of the host.

7. Whipworm feds on ...

8. The natural hosts of T. canis are ...

9. The parasitic nematode which has cephalic alae and esophageal bulbis ...

10. The nematode which can be free living or invade a human host is called...

11. Techniques used for diagnosis of tissue helminthiasis are biopsy, muscledigestion, thick-blood film, and ...

PRACTICAL WORK

Task I. Solve the problems:Problem 1. During regular medical examination of kindergarten staff, eggswere found in stool samples of one of the kindergarteners. The eggs ere50–-60 × 26–30 μm in size, colorless, oval and slightly flattened on oneside. What disease should be supposed? What prophylaxis measures shouldbe done?

Problem 2. A patient C. applied to clinic with complains of ache inepigastrium, bad appetite, nausea. Blood test revealed anemia, stool testrevealed lemon-shaped eggs (50 micrometers size) with plugs on poles.What disease should be supposed?

Fill in the table

85

ParasitesFeature

A. lumbricoides T. trichiurus E. vermicularis

Disease

Morphology

Infecting stage

Rotes of transmission

Path of larvae migration

Location in the human body

Symptoms

Morphology of eggs

Possible complications

Laboratory diagnosis

Prophylaxis

86

Task II. Study and draw the micropreparations, color the pictures and make indications

Fig. 5. Trichocephalus trichiurus. А – female, B – male1 –

1 – 4 –

2 – 5 –

3 – 6 –

7 –

87

Fig. 3. Egg of Enterobiusvermicularis

Fig.2. Cross-section of A. lumbricoides (7х8)

( )1 – cuticle, 2 – hypodermis, 3 – musclecells, 4 – pseudocoelom, 5 – canal ofexcretory system, 6 – nerves, 7 – lumen of the intestine, 8 – ovaries, 9 –oviducts, 10 – uteri

Fig. 6. Egg of Trichocephalustrichiurus (7х40)

1 – shell, 2 – «plugs»

Fig. 4. Egg of Ascarislumbricoides

Fig. 1. Female (left) and male (right)Enterobius vermicularis:

1 –2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 –


Fig. 7. Trichinella spiralisА – mature worms (7х40),

B, C – encapsulated larvae (7х8)

Practice 10 (24). Topic: PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, CLASS ARACHNIDA. «____» ______________ 20___ yearPOISONOUS AND VENOMOUS ORGANISMS

Purpose of the practice: to learn biology of arachnids, morphological and biological features of ticks and mites, their medical significance; to learnpoisonous and venomous animals of different taxonomic groups and basic principles of the first aid in case of toxications with their toxins.


1. General characteristic and taxonomy of the phylum Arthropoda. 2. General characteristic and taxonomy of the class Arachnida.3. Ticks of the family Ixodidae as vectors of human diseases; mites offamilies Sarcoptidae, Tyroglyphidae and Demodicidae as pathogens ofhuman diseases; morphology and biology of ticks4. Poisonous fungi, their characteristics, toxins and effects on theorganism. First aid and prevention of poisonings with mycotoxins. 5. Poisonous plants, their characteristics, classification, toxins and effectson the organism. First aid and prevention of poisonings with phytotoxins6. Classification of poisonous and venomous animals.7. Physiological characteristic of toxins of invertebrates (jellyfish,arachnids, hymenopterans), their effect on the body; the first aid andprophylaxis of bites and poisoning.8. Physiological characteristic of toxins of vertebrate animals (fishes, am-phibians, reptiles), their effect on the body; the first aid and prophylaxis ofbites and poisoning.

3. Vector-borne diseases –

4. Secondary-toxic animals –

5. Passively-poisonous animals –

6. Primarily-toxic animals –

7. Chelicerae –

8. Poisonous animals –

9. Venomous animals -


1. Anthroponoses –

2. Actively-venomous animals –

88


1. Features of ticks and mites: a) bodies have no regions, respiratory organs

are tracheae, heart is at the dorsal side; b) bodies have no regions, respiratory

organs are gills; c) bodies consist of cephalothorax and abdomen, circulatory

system is open; d) segmented bodies, heart is at the dorsal side, circulatory

system is open; e) circulatory system is closed, heart is at the ventral side.

2. The biological vector of a disease is an organism: a) where the pathogen

undergoes definite development stages, obligatory for the parasite; b) where

the pathogen doesn’t undergo definite development stages, obligatory for the

parasite; c) carrying pathogens on body surface or on mouthparts; d) where

the pathogen doesn’t undergo definite development stages, facultative for the

parasite; e) where the pathogen passes through the intestinal tract without

reproduction.

3. Features of Ixodidae family are: a) habitation is forests and steppe;

b) habitation is caves, holes of rodents, abandoned buildings; c) blood meal lasts

up to several days; d) can starve up to 12–15 years; e) females lay 50–200 eggs.

4. Scabies is spread: a) by vector-bone route; b) during a direct skin contact

with a sick person; c) by eating of uncooked fish; d) by bedclothes of sick

persons; e) by drinking water from the open sources.

5. Prophylaxis of scabies is: a) revealing and treating sick persons;

b) elimination of vectors; c) maintaining the purity of the body; d) washing

vegetables and fruits before eating; e) sanitary inspection of hostels, bathhouses

and health education.

6. Ticks belong to the class: a) Trematoda; b) Cestoda; c) Nematoda;

d) Arachnida; e) Insecta

7. Symptoms of toxication with cobra venom: a) sharp pain, inflammation of

lymphatic vessels; b) inflammation of lymphatic vessels, a necrosis of tissues;

c) sharp pain, necrosis of tissues; d) excitation and then depression of CNS,

necrosis of tissues; e) excitation and then depression of the work of the CNS,

impairment of respiration are observed.

8. Symptoms of toxication with Viper snakes venom: a) sharp pain and

impairment of blood clotting; b) extremities numbness and hemorrhagic edema;

c) hemorrhagic edema; d) numbness of extremities and impairment of respiration;

e) impairment of blood clotting and respiration.

9. Clinical presentation of poisoning with fly amanita: a) vomiting, diarrhea;

b) labored breathing; c) elevation of temperature, tachycardia; d) excitation,

euphoria, e) hallucinations and convulsions.

10. Clinical presentation of poisoning with Papaver somniferum: a) vomiting,

dizziness; b) allergic reactions, arterial blood hypotension; c) hallucinations,

respiratory depression up to failure; d) death caused by cardiac arrest,

e) retention of urine and bowel movement.

11. Clinical presentation of poisoning with cannabis: a) bloody diarrhea:

b) vinose state, verbal and motor excitement, hallucinations; c) bradycardia,

arterial hypotension, diarrhea; d) psychological functional disturbances leading to

disintegration of personality, e) merriment passing into sleep with dreams.

12. First aid in case of toxication with snake venom is: a) to suck away the

venom and to treat the place of a biting with disinfectants; b) to scorch the place

of biting and to put a victim in a shade; c) to scorch and to treat the place of a

biting with disinfectants; d) to transport a victim in lying position; e) to apply a

hard bandage to a place of a biting and to transport a victim in any position.

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Fill in the gaps:

1. Ticks of the family … have eyes.

2. Ixodes ricinus is a biological vector of …

3. Dermacentor pictus belongs to the family ...

4. Hyalomma anatolicum is a biological vector of …

5. According to physiological effect on the body zootoxins are divided intoneurotoxins, cytotoxins, hemorrhagins and …

6. Physalia’s stinging organs are …

7. Toxin of a scorpion belongs to …

8. Toxin of a karakurt belongs to …

9. Toxin of Colombian cocoa frog is … times stronger than tetanus toxin.

10.Toxins of a Brazilian spider belong to cytotoxins and …

11.Toxins of hymenopterans belong to cytotoxins and …

12.Viper snakes are primarily-toxic … animals.

PRACTICAL WORK

Task I. Fill in the table

TaxonsDiseases caused by

the genus

Diseasestransmitted by the genus

Family Ixodidae. g. Ixodes

Family Ixodidae. g. Dermacentor

Family Ixodidae. g. Hyalomma

F. Tyroglyphidae. g. Tyroglyphus

Family Demodicidae. g. Dеmodex

Family Sarcoptidae g. Sarcoptes

Task II. Fill in the table

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SpeciesCharacteristic of animal venoms.Apparatus for injecting venom

Clinics of poisoning

Phylum Coelenterate: - Jellyfish

Phylum Arthropoda:- Scorpions

- Arachnida

- Hymenopterans

Phylum Chordata- Snakesа) Elapidae (cobra)

b) Viperidae (blunt-nosed viper, carpet viper, common viper)

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Task III. Study and draw the micropreparations, color the pictures and make indications

Fig. 1. Ixodes ricinus 1 – scutum 2 – mouthparts

Fig. 3 Itch mite (7х40) Fig. 4. Tick of the g. Dermacentor

1 – scutum, 2 – mouthparts

Fig. 5. Tarantula Fig. 6. Stingray 1 – chelicerae, 2 – pedipalps 1 – sting

Fig. 7. Honey bee 1 – sting

Fig. 9. Portuguese man-of-war

92

Fig. 8. Cobra


Fig. 2. Scorpion1 – cephalothorax, 2 – abdomen,

3 – sting

Practice 11 (25). Topic: PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, CLASS INSECTA «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to learn morphological and biological features of insects, their medical significance and measures to protect from them.

CONTENTS OF THE TOPIC1. General characteristic and taxonomy of the class Insecta.2. Order Aphaniptera (fleas): peculiarities of morphology and biology,medical significance, prophylaxis.3. Order Anoplura (lice): peculiarities of morphology and biology,medical significance, prophylaxis.4. Order Blattoidea (cockroaches): peculiarities of morphology andbiology, medical significance, prophylaxis.5. Order Heteroptera (bugs): peculiarities of morphology and biology,medical significance, prophylaxis.6. Order Diptera, mosquitoes of the genera Culex, Anopheles and Aedes:peculiarities of morphology and biology, medical significance,prophylaxis. 7. Order Diptera, family Muscidae (flies), subfamily Phlebotomidae,peculiarities of morphology and biology, medical significance,prophylaxis.

4. Inocculation –

5. Insecticides –

6. Contamination –

7. Myiasis –

8. Repellent –

9. Pediculosis –

10. Phthiriasis –


1. Gonotrophic cycle –

2. Zooprophylaxis –

3. Mechanic vector –

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1. Morphological features of cockroaches: a) flattened body, length reaches 3cm; b) narrowed body, length reaches 3 cm; c) chewing mouthparts, I pair ofwings; d) chewing mouthparts, 2 pairs of wings; e) wings are absent, mouthpartsare piercing and sucking.2. Medical significance of cockroaches: a) mechanical vectors transmittingeggs of helminthes and cysts of protists; b) biological vectors transmitting the pathogens of tularemia and tuberculosis; c) biological vectors transmittingthe pathogens of malaria and filariases; d) may gnaw epidermis around lips;e) feed on blood, bites are painful.3. Morphology of head lice: a) length of the body is 2–4 mm, wings areabsent; b) length of the body is 1.5 mm, there is one pair of wings; c) chewingmouthparts; d) sponging mouthparts; e) piercing and sucking mouthparts.4. Medical significance of fleas: a) mechanical vectors transmitting pathogensof tuberculosis and dysentery; b) biological vectors transmitting the cysts of protists and eggs of helminthes; c) biological vectors transmitting thepathogens of plague and tularemia; d) bites are painful and cause dermatitis;e) mechanical vectors transmitting pathogens of tularemia.5. Features of the life cycle of lice of the genus Pediculus: a) lay eggs in drydust and on foodstuff; b) stick nits to hair; c) development is direct;d) development is indirect with incomplete metamorphosis; e) larvae do not feed.6. Medical significance of pubic lice: a) mechanical vectors transmitting eggsof helminthes and cysts of protists; b) biological vectors transmitting pathogensof the louse-borne relapsing fever; c) biological vectors transmitting pathogensof epidemic typhus; d) cause pediculosis; e) cause phthiriasis.7. Morphology of pubic louse: a) body is short and wide in comparison withhead lice, up to 10 mm in length; b) body is short and wide in comparison withhead lice, about 1.5 mm in length; c) bodies are long, narrow, flattened, the are 3pairs of legs; d) piercing and sucking mouthparts; e) chewing mouthparts.

8. Morphology of house fly: a) the body is about 7.5 mm in length, sponging mouthparts; b) the body is about 7.5 mm in length, piercing-spongingmouthparts; c) body is covered with short hairs, there is one pair of wings;d) piercing-sponging mouthparts, body is covered with short hair; e) chewingmouthparts, two pairs of wings.9. Medical significance of house flies: a) biological vectors transmittingbacteria, cysts of protists and eggs of helminthes; b) mechanical vectorstransmitting bacteria, cysts of protists and eggs of helminthes; c) biologicalvectors transmitting pathogens of plague and Japanese encephalitis; d) larvaemay cause myiasis; e) biological vectors transmitting pathogen of Africantrypanosomiasis.10.Medical significance of stable flies: a) mechanical vectors transmitting cystsof protists and eggs of helminthes; b) mechanical vectors transmitting pathogenof anthrax; c) biological vectors transmitting pathogen of anthrax; d) larvae maycause myiasis; e) bites are painful. 11.Morphology of larvae and pupas of Anopheline mosquitoes: a) eggs haveno air floats, larvae have respiratory siphon; b) eggs have air floats, larvae havesiphon; c) larvae have no siphon, pupas have a funnel-like respiratory trumpet;d) eggs have air floats, pupas have tube-shaped respiratory trumpets; e) eggshave air floats, pupas have funnel-like respiratory trumpet.12.Morphology of adult mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles:a) antennae of females are hairy, palps and proboscis are equal in length;b) antennae of females are not hairy, palps and proboscis are equal in length;c) antennae of males are hairy and palps are shorter than the proboscis;d) antennae of males are hairy and palps have club-like thickenings at ends;e) antennae of males are hairy and palps have no club-shaped thickenings.13.Medical significance of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles: a) mechanicalvectors transmitting cysts of protists and eggs of helminthes; b) biologicalvectors transmitting pathogens of tularemia and plague; c) biological vectors andprincipal hosts of malaria parasites; d) biological vectors transmitting pathogenof onchocerciasis; e) biological vectors and intermediate hosts of Wuchereriabancrofti.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapsing_fever

http://www.multitran.com/m.exe?s=slightly-hairy&l1=1&l2=2

http://www.multitran.com/m.exe?s=slightly-hairy&l1=1&l2=2

14.Medical significance of mosquitoes of the genus Aedes: a) biologicalvectors transmitting pathogens of tularemia and the Japanese encephalitis;b) biological vectors transmitting cysts of protists and eggs of helminthes;c) biological vectors transmitting pathogens of the plague and tuberculosis;d) biological vectors and principal hosts of malaria parasites; e) biologicalvectors transmitting Brugia malayi.15.Medical significance of mosquitoes of the genus Culex: a) mechanicalvectors transmitting pathogens of tularemia and Japanese encephalitis;b) biological vectors transmitting cysts of protists and eggs of helminthes;c) biological vectors transmitting pathogen of malaria; d) biological vectors ofWuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi; e) biological vectors of Brugiamalayi.16.Medical significance of pubic louse: a) mechanical vectors transmittingcysts of protists and eggs of helminthes; b) biological vectors transmittingpathogen of louse-borne relapsing fever; c) biological vectors transmittingpathogen of epidemic typhus; d) cause pediculosis; e) cause phthiriasis.17.Measures to eliminate larvae of mosquitoes: a) fumigation, b) usage ofrepellents, c) raising mosquito fishes (Gambusia) in water ponds, d) usage ofincecticides, e) maintaining purity of houses.18.Measures to eliminate imago of mosquitoes: a) fumigation, b) usage ofrepellents, c) raising mosquito fishes (Gambusia) in water ponds, d) usage ofincecticides, e) maintaining purity of houses.

3. Mosquitoes of the genus … lay eggs in stagnant or slowly running clean

water.

4. Drainage of small water pond and spraying incecticides on their surface are

done for elimination ... of mosquitoes.

5. Raising mosquito fishes (Gambusia) in water ponds is example of ... method

of mosquito elimination.

6. Fleas are vectors of tularemia and ...

7. Jigger flea causes ...

8. Latin name of the order «lice» is ...

9. Eggs of lice are called ...

10. The pathogen of louse-borne relapsing fever is ... Fill in the gaps:

1. House fly is a ... vector of infections.

2. Stomoxys calcitrans is a mechanic vector of ...

3. Glossina palpalis is a biological vector of ... .

Fill in the table:

Parasites P. humanus capitis P. pubis P. irritans

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapsing_fever

Characteristics1. Morphology

2. Development type

3. Caused diseases

4. Transmitted diseases

5. Location of the parasite

6. Rote of transmission

7. Protective measures

Fill in the table «Medical significance of mosquitoes»

DiseaseGenera

MalariaJapanese

encephalitisYellow fever

Dengue fever Lymphocytic choriomeningitis

Anthrax Tularemia

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Anopheles

Culex

Aedes

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PRACTICAL WORK

Task I. Study and draw the micropreparations, color the pictures and make indications

Fig. 1. Eggs (A), larvae (B) and pupas (C) of mosquitoes of the generaAnopheles and Culex (7х8).

1 – air floats, 2 – spiracles, 3 – respiratory siphon, 4 – respiratory trumpet.

Fig. 2. Heads of male mosquitoes of the genera Anopheles and Culex (7х8)1 – proboscis, 2 – palps, 3 – antennae, 4 – thickenings of the palps

Fig. 3. Heads of female mosquitoes of the genera Anopheles and Culex (7х8)1 – proboscis, 2 – palps, 3 – antennae

Fig. 4. Pubic louse (7х8) Fig. 5. Pulex irritans (7х8)( )

Fig. 6. Mouthparts of a cockroach Fig. 7. Head louse ( ) ( )1 – upper lip, 2 – mandible (upper jaw), 3 –lower lip, 4 – maxilla (lower jaw)

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3 1

2

2

3

1 4


Practice 12 (26). Topic: DIAGNOSIS OF PARASITIC MICROPREPARATIONS «____» ______________ 20___ year

Purpose of the practice: to increase ability to differentiate parasitic micropreparations.

Variant 1. Computer testing.Variant 2. Each student differentiate 5 micropreparations, (Latin names andtaxonomy, peculiarities of the micropreparation, medical significance).

List of micropreparations1. Lamblia.2. Trypanosoma.3. Leishmania.4. Trichomonas.5. Balantidium.6. Toxoplasma.7. Plasmodia (ring-form trophozoite, amoeboid-form trophozoite, morula, gamont).8. Common liver fluke.9. Eggs of common liver fluke.10. Cat liver fluke.11. Eggs of cat liver fluke.12. Eggs of schistosomes.13. Scolex of beef tapeworm.14. Scolex of pork tapeworm.15. Immature (hermaphroditic) proglottids of beef tapeworm.16. Immature (hermaphroditic) proglottids of pork tapeworm.17. Mature (gravid) proglottids of beef tapeworm.18. Mature (gravid) proglottids of pork tapeworm.19. Eggs of beef and pork tapeworms20. Dwarf tapeworm.21. Echinococcus. 22. Mature proglottid of broad tapeworm.23. Cross-section of the scolex of broad tapeworm.24. Eggs of broad tapeworm.

25. Cross-section of Ascaris suum.26. Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides.27. Whipworm (male).28. Whipworm (female).29. Eggs of whipworm.30. Trichinella.31. Larva of trichinella.32. Pinworm (male).33. Pinworm (female).34. Eggs of pinworm.35. Tick of the family Ixodidae.36. Tick of the genus Dermacentor.37. Flour mite.38. Demodex folliculorum.39. Itch mite.40. Head louse.41. Body louse.42. Flea.43. Mouthparts of oriental cockroach.44. Eggs of Culex mosquito.45. Eggs of Anopheles mosquito.46. Larvae of Culex mosquito.47. Larvae of Anopheles mosquito.48. Chrysalis of Culex mosquito.49. Chrysalis of Anopheles mosquito.50. Head of female of Culex mosquito.51. Head of male Culex mosquito.52. Head of female Anopheles mosquito.53. Head of male Anopheles mosquito.

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Practice 13 (27). Topic: CONTROL PRACTICE IN PARASYTOLOGY «____» ______________ 20___ year



1. Origin and age of parasitism. Criteria of parasitism. Classification ofparasites and their hosts. The parasite–host system.2. Transmission rotes of parasites. Adaptations to parasitism.3. Pathogenic action and specificity of parasites. Response of the host toparasitic invasion.4. Biological basis of prophylaxis of parasitic diseases.5. General characteristic of the kingdom Protista.6. Entamoeba histolytica, E. coli, E. gingivalis. Life cycle of the E. histolytica,pathogenic action, characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis.7. Leishmania: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmission,pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis 8. Trypanosoma: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmis-sion, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis 9. Lamblia: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmission,pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis 10. Trichomonas: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmission,pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis.11. Characteristics of the classes Cliata and Sporozoa.12. Balantidium coli: rote of transmission, pathogenic action, symptoms anddiagnosis.13. Life cycle of a malaria parasite. Types of malaria parasites, their appearancein a thin blood smear.14. Rote of transmission of malaria, pathogenic action of malaria parasites;symptoms and diagnosis of malaria.15. Pneumocystis carinii: life cycle, rote of transmission, pathogenic action,symptoms and diagnosis 16. General characteristic and systematics of the phylum Platyhelminthes.

17. Toxoplasma gondii: life cycle, rote of transmission, pathogenic action,symptoms and diagnosis.18. Progressive adaptations of flukes to parasitic life. Peculiarities of lifecycles of trematodes.19. Liver fluke: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmission,pathogenic action; symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis of fascioliasis.20. Cat liver fluke: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of opisthorchiasis.21. Lung fluke: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, pathogenic action,characteristic symptoms. Diagnosis and prophylaxis of paragonimiasis.22. Blood flukes (S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum): morphologicalpeculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmission, pathogenic action, characteristicsymptoms. Diagnosis and prophylaxis of schistosomiasis.23. Laboratory diagnostic techniques of trematodoses.24. Biological basis of prophylaxis of trematodoses.25. Characteristic of the class tapeworms: external and internal anatomy and adaptations to parasitism.26. Life cycles of Taenia and Diphyllobothria. Types of measles.27. Taenia solium and Taeniarhynchus saginatus: morphological peculiarities,life cycle, rotes of transmission, pathogenic action; symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of taeniarhynchosis and cysticerciasis.28. Dwarf tapeworm: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of hymenolepiasis.29. Echinococcus: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms. Diagnosis andprophylaxis of echinococcosis.

99

30. Diphyllobothrium latum: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of diphyllobothriasis.

31. Laboratory diagnosis of cestodoses. Prophylaxis of cestodoses.

32. General characteristic of the phylum roundworms and the class Nematoda.

33. Ascaris lumbricoides: morphological and biological peculiarities, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action of ascaris and its larvae; symptoms ofmigration and intestinal stages of ascariasis, diagnosis and prophylaxis ofascariasis.

34. Whipworm: morphological and biological peculiarities, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of trichocephaliasis.

35. Seatworms: morphological and biological peculiarities, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of enterobiasis.

36. Trichinella: morphological and biological peculiarities, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis oftrichinellosis.

37. Threadworm: morphological peculiarities and life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action, and characteristic symptoms. Diagnosis andprophylaxis of strongyloidiasis.

38. Dog roundworm: morphological peculiarities and life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action, and characteristic symptoms. Diagnosis andprophylaxis of toxocariasis.

39. Diagnostic methods of nematodoses. Prophylaxis of geohelminthiases.

40. General characteristic and taxonomy of the phylum Arthropoda.

41. General characteristic and taxonomy of the class Arachnida.

42. Ticks of the family Ixodidae as vectors of human diseases; mites offamilies Sarcoptidae, Tyroglyphidae and Demodicidae as pathogens of humandiseases; morphology and biology of ticks

43. Poisonous fungi, their characteristics, toxins and effects on the organism.First aid and prevention of poisonings with mycotoxins.

44. Poisonous plants, their characteristics, classification, toxins and effects onthe organism. First aid and prevention of poisonings with phytotoxins

45. Classification of poisonous and venomous animals.

46. Physiological characteristic of toxins of invertebrates (jellyfish,arachnids, hymenopterans), their effect on the body; the first aid andprophylaxis of bites and poisoning.47. Physiological characteristic of toxins of vertebrate animals, their effect onthe body; the first aid and prophylaxis.

48. General characteristic and taxonomy of the class Insecta.

49. Order Aphaniptera: morphology, biology, medical significance,prophylaxis.

50. Order Anoplura: morphology, biology, medical significance, prophylaxis.

51. Order Blattoidea: morphology, biology, medical significance, prophylaxis.

52. Order Heteroptera: morphology, biology, medical significance,prophylaxis.

53. Mosquitoes of genera Culex, Anopheles and Aedes: morphological andbiological peculiarities and medical significance.

54. Flies: house fly, stable fly, tsetse fly, spotted flesh fly; morphological andbiological peculiarities and medical significance

55. Sand flies; morphological and biological peculiarities and medicalsignificance.

100


LITERATURE

1. Bekish, O.-Y. L. Medical biology : textbook for student of higher educationalestablishments / O.-Y. L. Bekish. Vitebsk : VSMU Press, 2003. 346 p.

2. Медицинская генетика и паразитология для студентов, обучающихся поспециальности «Лечебное дело» = Medical Genetics and Parasitology forstudents studying in the specialty “General Medicine” : учеб.-метод. пособие /В. Э. Бутвиловский [и др.]. Минск : БГМУ, 2018. 220 с.

3. Медицинская биология для иностранных студентов 1-го года обучения =Medical biology for international students 1st year : курс лекций / В. Э. Бутвиловский [и др.]. 3-е изд. испр. и перераб. Минск : БГМУ, 2018.68 с.

4. Бутвиловский, В. Э. Медицинская биология для иностранных студентов,обучающихся по специальности «Лечебное дело» = Medical biology forinternational students studying “General medicine” : учеб.-метод. пособие / В. Э. Бутвиловский, В. В. Григорович, А. В. Бутвиловский. Минск : БГМУ,2016. 224 с.

5. Медицинская биология и общая генетика : терминологический словарь дляиностранных студентов / В. Э. Бутвиловский [и др.]. Минск : БГМУ, 2007.55 с.

6. Медицинская биология и общая генетика : тесты / В. Э. Бутвиловский [и др.]. Минск : БГМУ, 2006. 228 с.

7. Медицинская биология и общая генетика : сб. задач / В. Э. Бутвиловский [идр.]. 2-е изд. Минск : БГМУ, 2010. 264 с.

8. Медицинская биология и общая генетика : учеб. / Р. Г. Заяц [и др.]. 2-е изд.,испр.: Минск : Выш. школа, 2012. 496 с.

9. Частная паразитология : учеб.-метод. пособие / В. Э. Бутвиловский [и др.]. Минск : БГМУ, 2007. 107 с.

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END-OF-COURSE EXAMINATION

QUESTIONS FOR CONTROL1. Human being as a biological and social object.2. Role of Biology in medical education. Significance of Biology for medicaleducation.3. Subject matter, tasks and methods of cytology. The modern Cell Theory.4. Difference between pro- and eukaryotic cells.5. Structure of plasma membrane, its properties and functions. Transport ofsubstances through the membrane.6. Anabolic and catabolic systems of the cell.7. Energy exchange in the cell. Characteristic of its stages.8. Connection between flows of substances and energy in the cell.9. Structure and functions of nucleus. 10.Types of chromosomes. Structure of chromosomes. Rules of chromosomes11.Karyotype and idiogram. Classification of human chromosomes.12.Mitotic and cell cycles. Interphase. Cause of mitosis. 13.Regulators of the cell cycle (cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases).14.Comparison of mitosis and meiosis (content of genetic material during different stages of division).15.Classification of genes (structural and functional, unique, repeatedsequences, transposons). 16.Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes (F. Jacob, J. Monod) andeukaryotes (G.P. Georgiev).Cytoplasmic inheritance.17.Genetic engineering as a science. Obtaining genetic material: techniques.Restriction endonucleases. 18.Insertion of DNA fragments into a vector molecule. Vectors.19.Incorporation of the recombinant DNA into a recipient cell.20.Polymerase chain reaction. Southern blot. DNA fingerprinting. 21.Inheritance of blood groups: systems АВ0, MN and Rh.22.Non-allelic (inter-allelic) gene interactions.23.Autosomal and gonosomal linkage groups. Chromosome theory ofinheritance.

24.X-chromosome’s sex chromatin. Mary F. Lyon’s hypothesis of X-chromosome inactivation. Sex chromosome disorders.25.Phenotypic variation. Reaction norm. 26.Genotypic variation and its types (combinative and mutational). Comparisonof mutations and modifications.27.Mutagenic factors, their classification and action 28.Classification of mutations. 29.Gene, chromosome and genome mutations, their characteristics, biologicaland medical significance.30.Stability and repair of genetic material, antimutagens. 31.Biological basis of oncogenesis. Modern tasks of human genetics.32.The human as an object of genetic investigations.33.Classification of methods used in human genetics.34.Genealogical analysis. Types of inheritance and their characteristics.35.The method of twin study. Criteria of twins zygosity. Holzinger’s fromula.36.Karyotyping. Cultivation and hybridization of somatic cells.37.Biochemical genetic tests.38.Genetic analysis. The Human genome project.39.Mathematical and biological modeling. Vavilov's Law of HomologousSeries.40.Method of population statistic. The concept of population. Panmictic andnon-panmictic populations.41.Characteristic of human populations. Types of marriages. Genetic processesoccurring in large populations. Hardy–Weinberg principle.42.Factors impairing the equilibrium of genes and genotypes in populations(mutations, natural selection, population waves, isolation, migrations, geneticdrift) and their characteristic.43.Genetic load and its nature.44.Methods of prenatal diagnosis of hereditary disorders and malformations.45.Instant diagnosis tests (dermatoglyphics, microbiological, sex chromatintest, biochemical and chemical).

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46.Gene mutations as a cause of metabolic diseases.47.Characteristic of gene disorders of human (phenylketonuria, albinism,galactosemia hyperlipoproteinemia Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, Wilson–Konovalov disease, hemophilia, hemoglobinopathies).48.Chromosome and genome mutations as a cause of human chromo-somedisorders.49.Characteristics of human chromosome disorders (Patau, Edwards, Down,Cri-du-chat syndromes).50.The aim and tasks of genetic counseling. Indications for direction of afamily to genetic counseling. 51.Stages of making genetic prognosis: determination of genetic risk,estimating the severity of medical and social consequences of the disorder,prenatal diagnostics. 52. Treatment principles of human hereditary disorders. 53. Reproduction as essential property of living matter. Types of reproduction.54. Gametogenesis (ovogenesis and spermatogenesis).55. Insemination and its types. Fertilization and its stages.56.Biological peculiarities of human reproduction.57.Ontogenesis, its types and periods. Characteristic of progenesis.58.Stages of embryogenesis (cleavage, gastrulation, hysto- and organogenesis).59.Provisional organs of chordates. Peculiarities of embryonic development ofhuman. 60.Realization of genetic information during prenatal ontogenesis. Mechanismsof embryogenesis and morphogenesis.61. Human constitution and habitus.62.Ageing. Basic theories of ageing.63.Critical periods of the ontogenesis. Teratogens.64. Growth. Growth types of human tissues and organs. Acceleration.65.Clinical and biological death. Reanimation. Euthanasia.66.Connection of the ontogenesis and phylogenesis, Biogenetic law, A. N. Sewertzoff’s theory about phylembryogeneses.

67.Evolution of the nervous system.68.Evolution of the cardiovascular system.69.Evolution of the respiratory system.70.Evolution of the digestive system.71.Evolution of the urogenital system.72.Ontophylogenetic etiology of malformations in the nervous, cardiovascular,respiratory, digestive and urogenital systems in the human.73. Origin and age of parasitism. Criteria of parasitism. Classification ofparasites and their hosts. The parasite–host system.74. Transmission rotes of parasites. Adaptations to parasitism.75. Pathogenic action and specificity of parasites. Response of the host toparasitic invasion. Biological basis of prophylaxis of parasitic diseases.76. General characteristic of the kingdom Protista.77. Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba gingivalis. Life cycleof the Entamoeba histolytica, pathogenic action, characteristic symptoms,diagnosis and prophylaxis.78. Leishmania: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmission,pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis 79. Trypanosoma: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmis-sion, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis 80. Lamblia: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmission,pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis.81. Trichomonas: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmis-sion, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis.82. Characteristics of the classes Cliata and Sporozoa.83. Balantidium coli: rote of transmission, pathogenic action, symptoms anddiagnosis.84. Life cycle of a malaria parasite. Types of malaria parasites, theirappearance in a thin blood smear.85. Rote of transmission of malaria, pathogenic action of malaria parasites;symptoms and diagnosis of malaria.

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86. Pneumocystis carinii: life cycle, rote of transmission, pathogenic action,symptoms and diagnosis.87. Toxoplasma gondii: life cycle, rote of transmission, pathogenic action,symptoms and diagnosis.88. General characteristic and systematics of the phylum Platyhelminthes.Progressive adaptations of flukes to parasitic life. Peculiarities of life cycles oftrematodes.89. Liver fluke: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmission,pathogenic action; symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis of fascioliasis.90. Cat liver fluke: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of opisthorchiasis.91. Lung fluke: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, pathogenic action,characteristic symptoms. Diagnosis and prophylaxis of paragonimiasis.92. Blood flukes (S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum): morphologicalpeculiarities, life cycle, rotes of transmission, pathogenic action, characteristicsymptoms. Diagnosis and prophylaxis of schistosomiases.93. Laboratory diagnostic techniques of trematodoses. Biological basis ofprophylaxis of trematodoses.94. Characteristic of the class tapeworms: external and internal anatomy and adaptations to parasitism. Life cycles of Taeniae and Diphyllobothria. Types ofmeasles.95. Taenia solium and Taeniarhynchus saginatus: morphological peculiarities,life cycle, rotes of transmission, pathogenic action; symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of taeniarhynchosis and cysticerciasis.96. Dwarf tapeworm: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of hymenolepidosis. 97. Diphyllobothrium latum: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis.

98. Echinococcus: morphological peculiarities, life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms. Diagnosis andprophylaxis of echinococcosis. Laboratory diagnosis of cestodoses. Prophylaxisof cestodoses.99. General characteristic of the phylum roundworms and the class Nematoda.100. Ascaris lumbricoides: morphological and biological peculiarities, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action of ascaris and its larvae; symptoms ofmigration and intestinal stages of ascariasis, complications, diagnosis andprophylaxis of ascariasis.101. Whipworm: morphological and biological peculiarities, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of trichocephaliasis. 102. Seatworms: morphological and biological peculiarities, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; characteristic symptoms, diagnosis andprophylaxis of enterobiasis. 103. Trichinella: morphological and biological peculiarities, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action; symptoms, diagnosis and prophylaxis oftrichinellosis.104. Threadworm: morphological peculiarities and life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action, and characteristic symptoms. Diagnosis andprophylaxis of strongyloidiasis.105. Dog roundworm: morphological peculiarities and life cycle, rotes oftransmission, pathogenic action, and characteristic symptoms. Diagnosis andprophylaxis of toxocariasis.106. Diagnostic methods of nematodoses. Prophylaxis of geohelminthiases.107. General characteristic and taxonomy of the phylum Arthropoda. Generalcharacteristic and taxonomy of the class Arachnida.108. Ticks of the family Ixodidae as vectors of human diseases; mites offamilies Sarcoptidae, Tyroglyphidae and Demodicidae as pathogens of humandiseases; morphology and biology of ticks. 109. Poisonous fungi, their characteristics, toxins and effects on the organism.First aid and prevention of poisonings with mycotoxins.

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110. Poisonous plants, their characteristics, classification, toxins and effects onthe organism. First aid and prevention of poisonings with phytotoxins111. Classification of poisonous and venomous animals.112. Physiological characteristic of toxins of invertebrates (jellyfish,arachnids, hymenopterans), their effect on the body; the first aid andprophylaxis of bites and poisoning.113. Physiological characteristic of toxins of vertebrate animals, their effect onthe body; the first aid and prophylaxis. 114. General characteristic and taxonomy of the class Insecta.115. Order Aphaniptera: peculiarities of morphology and biology; medicalsignificance; prophylaxis.116. Order Anoplura: peculiarities of morphology and biology; lice as patogensand vectors of diseases; prophylaxis.117. Order Blattoidea: peculiarities of morphology and biology; medicalsignificance; prophylaxis.118. Order Heteroptera: peculiarities of morphology and biology; medicalsignificance; prophylaxis. 119. Mosquitoes of genera Culex, Anopheles and Aedes: morphological andbiological peculiarities and medical significance. 120. Morphological and biological peculiarities and medical significance offlies.121. Morphological and biological peculiarities and medical significance ofsand flies.122. Concepts of homeostasis, levels and mechanisms of its regulation.123. Regeneration, its levels and types. Medical significance of regeneration.124. Transplantation of organs and tissues. Histoincompatibility. Ways toovercome it.125. Biorhythms. Medical aspects of chronobiology.126. Biosphere and its structure, stages of evolution. Concept of noosphere. 127. Basic directions and results of anthropogenic changes of environment.Environmental management and rational use of natural resource.

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MEDICAL BIOLOGY - BSMU