Medical Applications of Qigong

8/3/2019 Medical Applications of Qigong

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M ED IC A L A PPL IC A T IO NS O F Q IG ON GK enn eth M S an de r, PhD

Kenneth M Sander is copresident and director of research atQ igong Institute, East W est A cadem y of H ealing A rts, in SanF ra nc is co , C a lif .

T h is a rti cl e r ev ie w s s el ec te d s tu die s o f m e dic al a pp li ca ti on s o fC h in e se q ig o ng . T h e r e vi ew c e nt er s o n c li ni ca l a n d e x pe r im e n ta l s tu d -i es t o s h ow t ha t q ig o ng e x er ci se c a n b e ne fi ci al ly a ff ec t m a n y f un c ti on so f th e b od y a nd i m pr ov e h ea lt h. T h e s t ud ie s, s om e c on du ct ed in dep th ,w ere se le cte d to illu stra te th at m edica l a pp lica tio ns o f q igo ng a red iv er se a nd th at m a ny a pp lic atio ns c ou ld im p ro ve W e ste rn h ea lth -c a r e. ( A lt e rn a ti v e Th e r ap i es in H e al th a nd M e d ic in e. 1995;2(1);-)Tra dition al C hin ese M edicine (T CM ) is a h olistic sy s-tem for promoting health and for healing thatin clu de s se ve ra l th era pies su ch a s ac up un ctu re a ndm oxibustion, herbal m edicine, acupressure m as-sa ge , n utritio n, a nd q ig on g (p ro no un ce d cheegong ) .These therapies are often used in com bination. The underlyingtheory of TCM is based on balancing ql, the vital energy in theb ody , a cco rdin g to th e th eQ ry,o f y in-y an g an d th e five elem ents,w hich have been used for m ore than 3000 years. In practice, theflow of qi is regulated, and blockage of the flow of qi is rem oved.E nergy blocks or excess or deficient qi m ay result from disease,i nj ur y, o r s tr es s.Q igong has a history of thousands of years, and it is uniqueamong TCM therapies because almost anyone can learn andpractice it. H ow ever, it is best to study qigong w ith a qualifiedteacher to avoid side effects. A n estim ated 60 m illion people inChina practice qigong daily, prim arily to m aintain health anda ch ie ve lo ng l if e.

The word qigong is a combination of two ideas. Q i is thevital energy of the body, and gong is the skill of w orking w ith theqi. M edical qigong for health and healing consists prim arily ofm editation, physical m ovem ents, and breathing exercises.Q igong practitioners develop an aw areness of qi sensations intheir bodies and use their m ind, or intention, to guide the qi.The benefits of qigong are said to extend beyond health andh ea ling to en han ce sp iritu al life a nd ev en sp ecial ab ilitie s su ch aspsychic powers. Q igong is also used in m artial arts to developp hy sic al a nd m en ta l p ow ers fo r se lf-d efe nse a nd h ea lin g.

Medical qigong is divided into two parts: internal andexternal. Internal qi is developed by individual practice ofq ig on g e xe rc is es. W h en q ig on g p ra ctitio ne rs b ec om e su ffic ie ntlyskilled, they can use external qi (waiq i in Chinese) to "em it" qi

for the purpose of healing another person. This therapy has lim -ited application on a large scale, because the num ber of skilledqigong m asters is lim ited: This article focuses on internal qi,because alm ost everyone can learn qigong exercises for m ain-ta in in g h ea lth a nd s elf -h ea lin g.

In the early 1980s scientists in C hina began investigatingthe many medical benefits claimed for qigong. Since then,rese arch on h un dred s o f m ed ic al ap plic atio ns o f q ig ong ha s b eenreported in C hinese m edical literature. A w ealth of m aterial isalso published in E nglish in the proceedings of internationalconferences. Since 1986, 837 abstracts have been published,m ore than half in English. These English abstracts have beenentered into a database (note 1) to enable searches using any keywo rd a nd to d ev el op b ib lio gr ap hi es .EXA MPLES OF M ED ICA L A PPLIC ATIO NS O F Q .IG ON G

Som e exam ples of the m edical applications of qigong andem itted qi on hum ans, anim als, cell cultures, and plants haveb ee n re vie we d.' C lin ic al a nd e xp erim en ta l e vid en ce sh ow in g th atqigong exercise and external qi affect various functions andorgans of the body have been discussed.' Som e of the functionsa nd o rg an s a ffe cted by q igo ng , a nd th e m easu rem ent te ch niq ue sem plo yed , in clud e th e b rain (elec tro en cep halog ram [E EG ] an dm ag netom ete r), b lo od flo w (the rm og rap hy, sp hyg mo gra phy ,and rheoencephalography), heart functions (blood pressure,e le ctro ca rd io gram, a nd u ltra so nic c ard io gram), k id ne y (u rin arya lb um in a ssa y), b io ph ys ic al (e nz ym e a ctiv ity , imm un e fu nc tio n,sex h orm one le ve ls), e ye sig ht, an d tu mo r size in m ice .

In th e fo llo win g d isc uss io n, some c lin ic al a nd e xp erim en ta lresearch studies w ill be discussed to illustrate the scope ofresearch on m edical applications of qigong. The studies havebeen selected because they contain scientific inform ation onchronic m edical conditions such as hypertension and aging. Inm ost o f th ese stud ie s inv estiga to rs used co ntro ls a nd statisticalanalysis.Therapeutic B alancing of the M eridians and Functionsof the Body

T he effects of qigong practice on therapeutic balancing ofthe m eridian system , the TC M organs, and body functions' canb e m on itored by elec tro acu pu nc tu re acc ord in g to V oll (E AV ). InEA V the electrical conductance of the skin above individualacupuncture points is m easured using low voltage and low cur-re nt. D ia gn osis d ep en ds on the relativ e e le ctrical c on du cta nc eand its tim e dependence. A n im portant diagnostic criterion of

40 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, JANUARY 1996, VOL. 2, NO.1 Medi ca l Appl ic at io ns o f Q i go ng


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d eg en er atio n o f a n o rg an i s a n " in dic ato r d ro p" th at m ay o cc urduring the m easurem ent, w hen the conductance reaches anappa ren t max imum va lue bu t then decrea se s be fo re l eve ling o f f.

M e as ur em en ts w er e m a de b y t he sam e o pe ra to r a nd e qu ip -m ent at 24 acupuncture points at the ends of the m eridians ofs ub je ct s' f in ge rs a nd to es . T he s ub je ct s w er e a sk ed to p er fo rm aq ig on g e xe rc is e o f t he ir c ho os in g, f or e xampl e, s it ti ng o r s ta nd -in g m ed it atio n o r mo vin g q ig on g. Two s er ie s o f EAVmea su re -m en ts w ere m ad e b efo re an d after h ealth y su bje cts p racticedq ig on g. In th e first series fo ur su bje cts w ere ex am in ed b y EAVbefore and after they practiced qigong for 10 to 15 m inutes.Q i go ng e xe rc is e d ec re as ed t he a ve ra ge o f t he EAVmea su re d v al -u es b y 1 9% t o 3 1% (P


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m icrocircu lation obstruction from 73.9% to 39.3% (P


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C h ang es in B loo d C h em istry in H yp erten sive P atientsA uxiliary studies by X u and cow orkers on the effects of

q ig on g e xe rc is e o n t he b lo od c hem is tr y o f h yp er te ns iv e s ub je ct sh av e sh own impr ov em en ts in p la sm a c oa gu la tio n fi br in oly sisind ic es , b lood v is co si ty , e ry th ro cyte defo rma tion index, p la smaleve lo f t is sue - type p lasminogen ac tivato r, p lasminogen ac tivato rinh ib itor , f ac to r VI II -r el at ed ant ig en, and an ti th romb in lIPIna no th er stu dy th ey r ep or te d t ha t q ig on g e xe rc is e s ig nif ic an tlya nd b en ef ic ia ll y c ha ng ed t he a ct iv it ie s o f two me ss en ge r c yc li cnucleo tide s (cyc li c adeno sine monophospha te and cycl ic guano -sine monophosphate)."Cancer

I n th e Q ig on g D ata ba se th e te rm s c an ce r, c ar cin om a, o rtumo r a pp ea r in th e ti tle s o f 6 2 a bs tra ct s. F en t8 .1 9 pio ne ere dr es ea rc h s how in g t ha t em it te d q i f rom q ig on g ma st er s p ro du ce dm ark ed chan ges in can cer cell cultu res fro m m ice. In sev eralst ud ie s th e e ff ec ts o f emitte d q i o n tumor s i n a nim als h av e b ee nrepo rted. F or ex am ple, em itted q i w as repo rted to in hibit thegrow th of im planted m alignant tum ors in m ice but did notd es tr oy th e tumor s,'? " E nc ou ra ge d b y th e r esu lts w ith a nim al s,r es ea rc he rs c ar ri ed o ut c li ni ca l r es ea rc h o n t he e ff ec ts o f q ig on go n h uman s ub je ct s w it h c an ce r," :" De ta il ed r es ul ts a re n ot a va il -a b le in Engl is h for a ll t he se c lini ca l s tud ie s.

S om e r es ult s a re a va ila ble f or c li nic al st ud y o f q ig on g a s at he ra pe ut ic a id f or p at ie nt s w it h a dv an ce d cancer," I n t hi s s tu dyp at ie nt s w i th medi ca ll y d ia gn os ed ma li gn an t c an ce r we re d iv id -ed into a group of 97 .p ati en ts w ho p ra ctic ed q ig on g a nd a c on -trol group of 30 p ati en ts . A ll p atie nts r ec eiv ed d ru gs , a nd th estud y g rou p p racticed q ig on g fo r m ore th an 2 h ou rs a d ay o ver ap er io d o f 3 to 6 m onths. B oth groups im proved, but the studyg ro up s howed improv ement i n s tr en gt h, a pp et it e, f re ed om f romd ia rr he a, a nd we ig ht g ai n [3 k g) fo ur t o n in e time s g re ate r t ha nth at o f th e co ntro l g ro up . T he ph ag ocy tic rate, w hich is a m ea-su re o f t he immun e f un ct io n, in cre as ed in th e q ig on g g ro up b utd ec re as ed i n t he c on tr ol g ro up (Fi gu re 4 ).Senility

T o study the m echanism of keeping fit by qigong, a con-tr ol le d st ud y w as m ad e o f 100 s ub je ct s c la ss if ie d e ithe r a s p res e-n il e o r w i th c er eb ra l f un ct io n impa ir ed b y s en il it y. IS The sub jec tsw ere d iv ided into tw o g rou ps of 5 0 p eop le each w ith a m ean ag eo f 6 2.7 y ears an d a sim ilar d istrib ution o f ag e and g en der. T heqigong group practiced a com bination of static and m ovingq ig on g. Th e c on tr ol g ro up e xe rc is ed b y wa lk in g, wa lk in g f as t, o rr un ni ng s low ly .Ac co rd in g t o t he TCM me th od o f c la ss if yi ng t hev it al e ne rg y, mo re t ha n 80% o f th e p atien ts in each g ro up w erec la ssif ie d a s d ef ic ie nt i n v ita l fu nc tio n a nd v it al e ss en ce o f th eK id ne y. C rite ria f or ju dg in g o ut come w er e b as ed o n mea su rin gc li ni ca l s ig ns a nd s ymp toms i nc lu di ng c er eb ra l f un ct io n, s ex ua lfunc tion , s erum l ip id l evel s, a nd func tion o f endocr in e g lands .

Af te r 6 mon th s, 8 o f the 14ma in c lini ca l s ign s and symp tomsi n t he q ig on g g rou p h ad improv ed mo re t ha n 8 0% , wherea s none o ft he s ymp toms i n t he c on tr ol g ro up h ad improv ed mo re t ha n 4 5% .

1 0 0

80 I l l ] Qigong n=97 Contro l n=30

Medica l App l ica t ions o fQigong

60g'5~ 40~r 20

o-2 0 Diarrhea-

freeStrength W eigh t P hagoc ytic

gain=3kg rateAppetite

FIGURE 4 Compar is on o f q ig o ng / d ru g a nd d ru g -o nl y t he ra p ie sf or p at ie nt s w i th a dv a nc ed cancer,"

M i nd -B o dy R e gu la ti onThe m ain function of qigong is to regulate the m ind,"

s pe ci fi ca lly th e func tion s o f the b ra in and rel at ed body rea ct ion s.A tenet of qigong is that the m ind leads the qi, and the qi leadsth e b lo od . T his so mew hat m ysteriou s statem ent can b e in ter-p re ted to m ea n t ha t in te ntio n ( th e m in d) c an d ire ct t he q iw i th inth e b od y. T his m ec ha nism is p er ha ps s im ila r to th e r ole o f v oli-t ion in se lf-regu la t ion by biofeedback .BrainWaves

Th e ma in f oc us o f r e se ar ch h as b ee n o n t he e ff ec ts o f q i go ngo n b ra in w av es a s m ea su re d b y e le ct ro en ce ph alo gr am (EEG ).D ur in g sta ti c, o r s ittin g, m ed ita tio n, a lp ha b ra in w av es d om i-n ate b eta w aves an d spread to the fron tal areas o f th e braln .? "K aw an o a nd Wa ng3' h av e f ou nd d if fe re nc es in th e EEG s o f Z enB ud dh ist p rie sts a nd q ig on g mas te rs . D u rin g a lmos t a ll ty pe s o fq igong t ra in ing , the f requency o f the a lpha waves inc re as ed f rom0.6 to 1.0 H z. D uring deep Z en m editation, the frequencydecreased from -1.0 to -1.5 H z, and som etim es theta w avesa pp ea re d. A l so , f r on ta l a nd o cc ip it al a lp ha wa ve s t en de d t o s yn -chro nize w ith a p hase difference th at d epen ded o n the typ e o fmedi ta ti on . T h is p ha se d if fe re nc e b ec ame smal le r w it h q ig on gmedi ta ti on ( ie , b e tt er s yn ch ro ni za ti on ) a nd l ar ge r w it h Ze n med-ita ti on . A cc or din g to K aw an o a nd Wa ng ,3 ' th ese d if fe re nc es inb ra in f un ct io n su gg est t ha t in te rn al q ig on g is a semic on sc io usp ro ce ss t ha t i nv ol ve s s ome awar en es s a nd a ct iv it y, wh er ea s Zenmed ita tio n is a n eu tr al p ro ce ss th at r ele as es th e m ed ita to r f roma ll c on ce rn s. P er ha ps b ec au se o f t his d if fe re nc e, q ig on g is c on -s id ered a hea ling a rt , whe re as Zen i s g ene ra lly no t.

ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES. JANUARY 1996. VOL. 2. NO.1 43


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A s m en tio ned e arlier , a q ig on g m aste r c an em it q i to h ea l ap at ie nt. T he in te ra cti on b etw e en q ig on g ma st er s a nd s ub je ct sh as b een fo llo we d in d ou ble -b lin d tests in w hic h m asters an ds ub je ct s we re s imu lt an eo us ly a ss es se d b y EEG , p o ly gr ap h t es ts ,b io chemica l b lood tes ts , a nd p sychologica l t es ts ." The EEGs tud -ie s s h ow e d th at ty pe o f b ra in w a ve s a n d th eir l oc ati on w e re s yn -c hr on iz ed i n t he b ra in s o f ma st er a nd s ub je ct . S u ch s yn ch ro n ismma y b e r eq uir ed f or h ea lin g b y em itte d q i,

M a ch i" h as c omp ar ed EEG r es ult s w it h s im u lt an eo us m e a-s ur emen ts o f p hy si ol og ic al c ha ng es i n q ig on g ma st er s. H e f ou n dth at w hile th e q ig on g m aster w as em ittin g q i, th e a lp ha -l w av essh ow ed ex trem ely h ig h p ote ntial in th e r ig ht fro ntal lo be an dth at b lo od p re ssu re, h ea rt ra te, a nd sk in su rf ace tem pera tu rein cre ased . H e a lso d ete cted a fa r in frar ed em issio n w ith a I- Hzm odulation sign al com in g from the L ao gong po int (a m ajo ra cu pu nc tu re p oin t i n t he p alm o f t he h an d) .Bloodflow to the Brain

Qigo ng e xe rc is e h as b ee n s hown by rhe oe nc ep ha lo gr ap hyt o in cr ea se b lo od flow t o th e b ra in .v " F or 1 58 s ub je cts w it h c er e-b ra l arterio sc le ro sis w ho p rac tice d q ig on g fo r 1 to 6 m on th s,imp ro vem en ts w er e n ot ed in s ymp tom s s uc h a s m emo ry , d iz zi -ness, insom nia, tinnitus, num bness of lim bs, and vertigoh ead ach e (n ote 4 ). D urin g th ese stu die s, a d ec rea se in p lasm acholes te rol wa s a ls o no ted .R a pid a nd L a rg e C h an ges inAltitude

S tu di es h av e b ee n c on du cte d t o d et erm in e wh et he r q ig on ge xe rc is ewou ld p ro te ct p il ot s' f r om a lt it ud e s tr es s wh en t he y f lewr ap id ly f rom low a lt it ud es t ot he T ib et an h ig hl an ds .

Ca r d i a c f u n c t io n . Bef or e e nte rin g t he T ib eta n h ig hl an d, 6 6y ou ng m en w ere d iv id ed in to tw o g ro up s: a g ro up o f 3 2 , w ho d idQ iy ua n q ig on g e xerc ise fo r 4 w eek s, an d a co ntro l g ro up o f 3 4,w ho e xerc ise d to rad io m usic." T he tw o g ro up s flew su dd en lyin to th e h ig hla nd s f rom a low er a lt it ud e. B ef or e a n d a fte r e nt er -ing the high lands, m easurem en ts w ere m ade of sym ptom s ofa lt it ud e s ic kn es s a nd p hy si ol og ic al c ha ng es . T h e q lg on g g ro u psu ff er ed l es s a lt it ud e s tr ess t ha n d id t he c on tr ol g ro up , a s m e a-s ur ed b y b lo od p re ss ur e, h ea rt r at e, o x yg en c on sump ti on , m i cr o-circulation on the apex of the tongue and nail fold, andtem pe ratu re at th e L ao go ng p oin t (P 8) o f th e lef t h an d (P


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p ra ct iti on er s a re b ec om in g a cti ve i n a lte rn at iv e m e di ca l p ra c-tices. A ltho ugh only one in surance co mpany (N ation wid eI ns ur an ce ) i s k n own to h av e p aid f or q ig on g t he ra py , HMOs a nds ta te a nd f ed er al ly f un de d med ic al p ro gr ams wou ld b en ef it f romp ay in g f or t hi s t he ra py b ec au se i t is e ff ec tiv e a nd in ex pe ns iv e.P h armac eu ti ca l c omp a ni es , wh ic h a re e xp lo ri ng d ev el opment o fm an y h erb s, c ou ld b en efit fro m re sea rc h in to th e sy ne rg istice f fe c ts b e tween q igong and d rug s .

The O ffice of A lternative M edicine of the N ationalI ns ti tu te s o f H ea lth is w o rk in g to d ev el op a b as is f or e va lu ati ngthe m erits of alternativ e therapies. In 1 994 it fund ed a g ran tinvolving qigong," Th e J ap an es e Min is tr y o fI nt er na ti on al T r ad ea nd I nd ustr y is r ep orted to b e tak in g a p ra gm atic a pp ro ach toa lt er na ti ve t he ra pi es b y e nc ou ra gi ng t he d ev el opment o f i nd us -t ri al a pp li ca ti on s o f t he ra pi es s uc h a s a cu p un ct ur e a nd q ig on g .

T he re are m an y m ed ica l ap plic atio ns o f q ig on g." S om e o ft he mo s t p rom is in g f or We s te rn h ea lt hc ar e a re f or c hr on ic p ro b-l ems s uc h a s h yp er te ns io n, c ar di ov as cu la r d is ea se , a gi ng , a st h-ma , a ll er gi es , n eu romu sc ul ar p ro b lems, a nd c an ce r. T h es e a re aso f pub lic h ealth deserve co nsideration by W estern m ed icale sta bl ishm en ts . I n t hi s r eg ar d, o ur i ns ti tu te i s tr yi ng t o d ev elo pco op era tiv e re sea rc h o n h yp erten sio n b etw ee n g ro up s in th eUn it ed S ta te s a nd Ch in a.

C ha ng e d oes n ot c om e e asily ; it ta ke s c urio sity , v isio n,courage , and de te rmina tion. The subjec t o f med ica l appl ic a tionso f q i g on g i swo r th y o f t h e c ha ll en g e.

Notes1. Qigong Database"; S an F ra nc isc o, C alif: Q ig on g In stitu te , E ast W est A ca de myo f H e alin g A rts , 4 50 S utte r S tre et, S uite 2 10 4, S an F ra nc is co , C A 9 41 08 .2 . Probabil i ty (P) value states the probability that a result could have been pro-duced by chance. The sm aller the num ber, the greater the probability that there su lt w as n ot p ro du ce d b y c ha nc e.3 . W ang C , Xu D , Q ian Y , S hi W , B ao Y , K uang A. B eneficial effec ts of qigong onth e v en tric ula r fu nc tio n a nd m ic ro circ ula tio n o f d efic ie nc y in h ea rt-e ne rg y h yp er-te ns iv e p atie nts . W ritte n c om m un ic atio n, S ep te mb er 1 99 3.4. uo Y . W r itte n c om mu nic atio n; S ep te mb er 1 99 3.5 . W a ng C , X u D . W ritten co mm unicatio n, Jan uary 19 94.

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