MedEntry Paper 5

7/26/2019 MedEntry Paper 5

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Exam 5 - Section 1

Questions 1 - 3

Every person has 2 sets of chromosomes (genetic information), one set from each parent.

Disease A is a recessive genetic disorder. This means that for someone to have the disease

they must have two sets of faulty chromosomes, one set from each parent. Those who only

have one set of faulty chromosomes are termed carriers as they do not have the disorder but

have the potential to pass on the faulty chromosome to their child. Hence both parents must

be carriers for a child to suffer this disorder.

Disease B is a dominant genetic disorder. This means that for someone to have the diseasethey only need one set of faulty chromosomes from either parent. Hence a person with a

dominant genetic disorder must have a parent who is also suffering from this same disorder.

In the case of disease B, if someone was born with two sets of faulty chromosomes, they

would not reach adulthood.

1 Both grandmothers of a child suffer from disease A and one grandfather of the child

suffers from disease B.Choose one answer.

A. The child has a 0.50 chance of having disease A and a 0.25 chance of having disease

B.

B. The child has a 0.25 chance of having disease A and a 0.50 chance of having disease

B.

C. The child has a 0.25 chance of having disease A and a 0.25 chance of having disease

B.

D. The child has a 0.50 chance of having disease A and a 0.50 chance of having disease

B.

A diagram may help. Since both grandmothers suffer from disease A, then both parents will

be carriers. Hence the child has a 1 in 4 chance of having disease A (possible options AA,

Aa, aA, aa). NB: Capital letter denotes faulty chromosome. Since one grandfather has disease

B, one parent has a 1 in 2 chance of suffering from disease B. The other parent does not haveany chance of suffering from disease B. Therefore, there are two scenarios: one of the parent

has the disease and the other not; and both parents not having the disease. In the case of the

parent having the disease, the child then has a 1 in 2 chance of acquiring the disease.

Therefore, the total probability of having disease B is 0.50 x 0.50 = 0.25 (option C).

2 If a foetus (unborn child) is afflicted with both disease A and disease B the mother will

miscarry and the pregnancy will be terminated. A couple, both suffering form both disease A

and disease B are thinking about having a child.

Which statement below is true?



Choose one answer.

A. The foetus will die during pregnancy.

B. If their child is live-born, it will have disease A but is unlikely to have disease B.

C. If their child is live-born, it will have disease A but not disease B.

D. If their child is live-born, it will have disease A and is likely to have disease B.

Option A is false, because it there is a chance the baby will be born with disease A but not

disease B. Disease A is recessive, therefore both parents must have both sets of faulty

chromosomes. This means the baby has a 100% chance of having two sets of faulty

chromosomes and thus having disease A. Disease B is dominant, which means that they

could have Bb or BB chromosomes. If both parents have Bb, then there is a 1 in 4 chance that

the baby will not have the disease (possible options BB, Bb, bB, bb). If a child is born, then

he/she cannot have both disease A and disease B, otherwise it would not be born alive

(options B and D).

3 Another disease (disease C) is also a dominant genetic disorder. But it is symptomless until

much later in life (4th and 5th decades). Currently the prevalence (number of people suffering

from the disorder) of disease B and C are quiet similar.

Which one of the following statements is true?

Choose one answer.

A. In the long run, the prevalence of disease B will reduce compared to disease C.

B. In the long run, the prevalence of disease C will reduce compared to disease B.

C. In the long run, the prevalence of disease B and C will remain similar.

D. There is not enough information provided to predict which disease will be more

prevalent in the future.

To try and predict which disease will be more prevalent, we need to know a little about the

symptoms and severity of each disorder. This would be used to determine whether it would

affect people’s decisions to bear children.

4 In 1959, a plane crashed in the Sahara desert. After the crash, the pilot kept a diary. The

diary with entries for eight days was found attached to the wing of the plane.

Which of the following conclusions is correct?

Choose one answer.

A. The pilot lived for at least eight days after the crash

B. The pilot attached the diary to the wing of the plane so it would be found

C. The diary indicated how the plane had crashed

D. The pilot only lived for four days and the rest was filled out by someone else

None of the options can be concluded with absolute certainty from the passage. However, it

is your task to select the option that can best be concluded. If a diary which was kept ‘after

the crash’ had entries for eight days, it can reasonably be concluded that the pilot was alivefor this period of time (option A). We do not know why the pilot attached it to the wing of the



plane (option B), it could be to protect it from the weather or wild animals for what we know.

It is likely that the pilot would write about the plane crash, but again this cannot be assumed.

The pilot could have written about any number of things (option C). There is nothing in the

passage to suggest there was anyone else in the area except the pilot (option D).

5 Coeliac disease is a long-term inflammatory condition of the intestines caused by aninability to digest gluten, a protein found in wheat. When people with coeliac disease eat

foods that contain this protein, their bodies trigger an allergic response and the inflammation

results in damage to the intestine. The intestines are covered with tiny hairs called villi, which

help absorb nutrients from food. In response to the inflammation of gluten allergy, these hairs

become flattened and unable to perform their function. The reaction to gluten for coeliac

sufferers is similar to food poisoning and it only takes a small amount to trigger an episode.

The exact cause of coeliac disease is not known, but experts agree that both genetic and

environmental factors are involved. Being unaware of the causes makes it difficult to prevent

coeliac disease, but recent research suggests that delaying the introduction of grains to a

baby"s diet may be protective. A University of Colorado study, which involved 1560 childrenat risk for coeliac disease, found that those who were fed gluten in the first three months of

their lives were five times more likely to develop the disease later on than those who wereexposed at 4-6 months. Children fed gluten at seven months or older were also at increased

risk of the disease.

Which of the following can be concluded?

Choose one answer.

A. The longer you take to introduce gluten to a baby at risk of coeliac disease, the less

chance there is of developing the disease.

B. When people who have coeliac disease take something containing gluten, the villi in

their intestines absorb nutrients.

C. Research suggests that there is an optimal time frame in which babies at risk of

coeliac disease should be introduced to gluten-containing foods.

D. Food poisoning is an allergy, like coeliac disease.

The passage states that ‘children fed gluten at seven months or older were at increased risk of

the disease’ than those fed gluten at 4-6 months. Thus option A is incorrect. Option B is

contradicted by the passage. The villi in the intestines actually stop absorbing nutrients when

gluten is consumed. In the passage, food poisoning is compared with coeliac disease in terms

of the reaction produced on the sufferer and the amount needed to trigger the reaction. Wecannot draw from this that food poisoning is actually an allergy. Thus option D cannot be

concluded. Option C is the best answer. Children exposed to gluten at the age of 4-6 monthshad the best chance of not developing coeliac disease. Children fed in the first three months

were five times as likely of developing the disease and those fed gluten at seven months or

older were also at increased risk. Therefore it follows that there is an optimal time frame in

which gluten should be introduced to babies at risk.

6 Art, Bob, Cab and Ida are guards in a museum. Each of Art, Bob, and Cab stands guard on

exactly four days every week. Exactly two persons stand guard together every day. No person

stands guard three days in a row. Here is a partial listing that shows when they stand guard

every week:Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat



Art Cab Ida Art Bob Cab Ida

Bob ? ? ? ? ? ?

Who does not stand guard with Ida? Choose one answer.

A. Art

B. Bob

C. Cab

D. Not possible to determine from the information given

‘Three days in a row’ applies to any sequence of three days, including (a) Friday, Saturday

and Sunday and (b) Saturday, Sunday and Monday.

Let us number the statements:

[1]: Each of Art, Bob, and Cab stands guard on exactly four days every week.

[2]: Exactly two persons stand guard together every day.

[3]: No person stands guard three days in a row.

[4]: Here is a partial listing that shows when they stand guard ever y week…

From [1] and [2], Ida stands guard on only two days each week. Then in [4] Ida is not one of

the unknown guards and either Bob (Case I) or Cab (Case II) stands guard with Art onWednesday.

So, using this information and [3] to complete [4] in each case:

Case I: If Bob stands guard on Wednesday, then Art stands guard on Friday. Then

Cab stands guard on Thursday and Bob stands guard on Saturday. Then Art stands

guard on Monday. Then Cab stands guard on Tuesday.

Case II: If Cab stands guard on Wednesday, then Art stands guard on Thursday. Then

Bob stands guard on Tuesday and Friday. Then Art stands guard on Monday. Then

Cab stands guard on Saturday.

In either case, Art does not stand guard with Ida.

Questions 7 - 12

To investigate the response of a primitive animal to light, a researcher selected the Great

Burmese Beetle (GBB) as a subject. This large, docile insect lacks any capacity to bite or

sting in self-defense. The GBB crawls rapidly enough to complete each experiment within

one or two hours. It has two very prominent eyes that bulge at the sides of its head, so it was

considered likely to be quite sensitive to illumination from different directions. Each of the

following experiments maps the Great Burmese Beetle's movements as seen from above.



Experiment 1 The research began by studying the path of one GBB in a darkened room

illuminated only by a dim red glow to permit tracking the beetle. It was found to crawl in a

reasonably straight line.

Experiment 2 This experiment began in a darkened room. When the beetle had reached point

P, shown in Figure I, the researcher turned on one small white light on the floor to the left ofthe insect's path. The GBB slowly turned toward the light until it was directly facing the light

and then continued straight ahead. In Figure 1, the eyes of the GBB are shown as small open

circles.

Experiment 3

The researcher then used black enamel to paint over one eye on each of two beetles. In Figure

2, the black circles represent the painted eyes, which cannot perceive light. These GBBs were

placed on the floor with one bright light directly overhead. Both beetles crawled in endless

circular patterns. The GBB with its right eye painted always turned to the left, while the GBB

with its left eye painted invariably turned to the right. Several repetitions of this experiment

yielded the same sense of turning for each GBB.

Experiment 4

Finally, the two beetles with painted eyes were studied in the darkened room with dim redillumination. Each GBB tended to move along a straight path.

7 At the moment when the light was turned on in Experiment 2, what was the relative

illumination of the eyes of the GBB?

Choose one answer.

A. The left eye received more light than the right.

B. The right eye received more light than the left.

C. Both eyes were equally illuminated from floor level.

D. Both eyes were equally illuminated from overhead.



The light is on the floor to the left of the beetle, so its left eye received much more light than

its right eye.

8 What is the most likely reason that the GBB in Experiment 2 would not move in a circular

pattern like that of Experiment 3?

Choose one answer.A. The beetle had not yet been trained to crawl along a circular path.

B. Circular motion could occur only when the source of light is overhead.

C. It stops turning as soon as it is facing directly toward the light.

D. Neither eye of the beetle was painted to induce crawling in a circle.

All the experiments show that the beetle turns only if one eye receives more light. As soon as

the beetle in Experiment 2 was facing directly toward the light, the beetle would see equal

amounts of light with both eyes, and it would stop turning.

9 Any change of direction of the GBB may be described as

Choose one answer.

A. Turning away from the eye that receives the most light

B. Turning toward the eye that receives the most light

C. Turning away from the eye that is covered by paint

D. Turning toward the eye that is covered by paint

Experiment 2 showed that the beetle would turn toward the eye that received the most light.

Experiment 4 showed that paint alone would not cause the beetle to turn.

10 According to the experimental results, in a lighted room, the GBB would crawl in a straight

line only if Choose one answer.

A. Its two eyes were equally illuminated.

B. The light bulb was in the center of the room.

C. The light was frequently switched off.

D. Neither of its eyes were covered by paint.

The beetle turns if either eye receives more light, so it would crawl in a straight line only if both eyes received equal amounts of light. The beetle would have to be heading directly

toward any light.

11 What is the most likely reason that the researcher needed to perform Experiment 4?

Choose one answer.

A. To prove that dim red light cannot be perceived by the GBB



B. To prove that the behavior in Experiment 1 was not altered by paint

C. To prove that the turning in Experiment 3 was not due to the paint alone

D. To prove that the GBB does not learn during a series of experiments

The beetle may have turned in Experiment 3 either because of more light going into the openeye or by the paint causing irritation to the other eye. Experiment 4 proved that paint alone

would not cause the beetle to turn.

12 In Experiment 3, it is most likely that a GBB with both eyes covered by paint would

Choose one answer.

A. Stand still

B. Crawl in a straight line

C. Always turn in one direction

D. Turn irregularly in both directionsSince the beetle turns only if one eye receives more light, a beetle with both eyes covered

with paint should crawl in a straight line even if the room contained a lone bright light off to

one side of the beetle’s path.

13 Consider the below statements

I All of these statements are true

II All of these statements are false

III Some, but not all, of these statements are true

IV Some, but not all, of these statements are false

V Some of these statements are not trueVI Some of these statements are not false

Which of the below pairs of statements cannot consist of two statements that are both

false, that is, which pair’s statements would necessarily contradict each other if both

were false? Assume that a statement must be either true or false.Choose one answer.

A. II and I

B. III and VI

C. I and III

D. VI and IV

When answering this question, one must consider each pair of statements individually

rather than taking into account all 6 statements at the same time. Let us first consider the

implications of each statement being false. For I to be false, at least one statement must be

false, which of course could be statement I itself. For II to be false, at least one other

statement must be true. Both III and IV being true require that there is least one true

statement and one false statement. For either statement to be false, either all statements must

be true or all must be false, such that there would not be at least one true and at least one false

statement. Since for statements III and IV to be false requires the statements themselves to befalse, then when statements III and IV are false, all statements must be false. For V to be



false, there must be no false statements, meaning that V cannot be false. For VI to be false,

there must be no true statements, so all statements must be false if VI is false.

The question asks us to consider each of the options A-D when both statements are false.

Statements I, III, IV and VI when false, require all statements to be false, which is the case as

per the question instructions. V cannot be false, and II can only be false if at least one otherstatement is true, which is not the case as per the question. Therefore, since option A is the

only option to have either V or II, A is the correct response.

14 Understanding the effect of clouds on the world's climate is one of today's major scientific

challenges. Clouds help keep the Earth warm by absorbing heat as it escapes from the surface

and re-emitting it back down. Clouds also reflect sunlight straight back into space, which has

a cooling effect. Which effect dominates depends on the type and location of the cloud.

As a rule, the reflective effect dominates with low-level clouds, which tend to cool the planet,

while the opposite is true of high-level clouds. The challenge for climate scientists is

predicting how the mix of high and low clouds will change over time and a small error canmake a big difference. Increasing the amount of high cloud by just a few per cent boosts

global temperatures by 0.3˚C, but the same change in low-level cloud would lower

temperatures by 1.0˚C offsetting the warming expected from increasing carbon dioxide

levels.

From the passage, it can be concluded that

Choose one answer.

A. Small discrepancies are not important when predicting the effect of clouds on

climate.B. High-level clouds tend to cause the space surrounding the Earth to become cooler.

C. High-level clouds always warm the planet.

D. The effect on climate tends to be greater when low-level clouds change than when

high-level clouds change.

Option A is contradicted by the passage, which tells us that ‘a small error can make a big

difference’. Option B confuses the information in the passage. It is low-level (not high-level)

clouds that tend to cause sunlight to be reflected into space. Further, there is no discussion in

the passage about the temperature in space surrounding the Earth. Option C is not entirely

correct, due to use of the word ‘always’. When the passage states, ‘As a rule…’ it implies that

in general high-level clouds absorb heat and warm the planet. Also notice that it says, ‘Whicheffect dominates depends on the type and location of clouds’. The type of cloud also has an

effect. Option D is the best response. It is supported by the temperature changes stated in the

passage.

15 Recent studies into consumer satisfaction show that negative reaction of consumers to a

product or service is not created solely by critical negative assessment of the product's

performance. Despite previous research, it appears that consumers are not merely passive

participants in a material world, but actively judge products and services according to their

preconceptions. These may be created by advertising, word-of-mouth or their assumptions

about the quality of a product or service. The research found that negative reaction is

generated by a perceived gap between consumer expectation and product performance.



Businesses should thus use advertising to adjust consumer expectations to match with their

products' performances.

Which of the following is / are implied by the passage? Choose one answer.

A. If consumer expectations are reduced, then negative consumer reaction to products

will disappear even though product performance remains unchanged

B. If product performance is sufficiently improved, negative consumer reaction to

products will disappear no matter how high expectations remain

C. When consumer expectations about product performance increase, negative consumer

reaction may persist despite improvements in product performance

D. Both A) and C)

This item asks you to draw a further conclusion. You need to make sure that your conclusion

does not go further than the scope of the initial argument. It is unjustified to assume that

negative reactions will 'disappear' if consumer expectations are reduced, as in A. Option B

has a similar flaw, and it also assumes that product performance is the only factor in

consumer reaction and expectations are irrelevant - a conclusion not supported by the

passage. Option C is a logical conclusion to make from the statements.

16 Three men- Fred, Ed and Ted- are married to Joan, Sally and Vickie, but not necessarily in

that order. Joan is Ed's sister. Fred does not have any pets. Ed weighs more than the man who

married Vickie. The man married to Sally breeds Siamese cats as a hobby. Ted and Vickie

have never really got along.

Which of the following accurately matches up the couples? Choose one answer.

A. Fred and Sally; Ted and Vickie; Ed and Joan

B. Fred and Vickie; Ed and Joan; Ted and Sally

C. Ed and Sally; Fred and Vickie; Ted and Joan

D. Ted and Sally; Fred and Joan; Ed and Vickie

The easiest way to solve this problem is by drawing up a table and filling it in with the

appropriate rules. The empty table looks like this:

Joan Sally Vickie

Fred

EdTed

Let's look at the rules one by one and fill in the table. 1. Joan is Ed's sister.

Joan Sally Vickie

Fred

Ed NO

Ted

2. Fred does not have any pets & The man married to Sally breeds Siamese cats as a hobby.



Joan Sally Vickie

Fred NO

Ed NO

Ted

3. Ed weighs more than the man who married Vickie.

Joan Sally Vickie

Fred NO

Ed NO NO

Ted

Ted and Vickie have never really got along.

Joan Sally Vickie

Fred NO

Ed NO NO

Ted NO

At this point, we can say that Vickie must be married to Fred. Furthermore, Sally must be

married to Ed and therefore, Joan must be married to Ted:

Joan Sally Vickie

Fred NO NO YES

Ed NO YES NO

Ted YES NO NO

17 To translate words from English to a language called Bobblish, the following rules apply:

1. If a word begins with a vowel, the word is written backwards

2. Any vowels are replaced with the consonant that follows the vowel in the alphabet

3. Repeating letters (e.g. double letters) are deleted

The rules are applied in the order 1-3. The English word ‘fellow’, when translated to

Bobblish will be written

Choose one answer.

A. wp

B. woef



C. pw

D. wpl

To translate the word, rules 1-3 need to be applied. ‘Fellow’ does not begin with a vowel so

we ignore r ule 1. ‘Fellow’ contains the vowels ‘e’ and ‘o’. In the alphabet, these vowels are

followed by consonants ‘f’ and ‘p’. Therefore by rule 2, we replace the ‘e’ with ‘f’ and ‘o’with ‘p’ to get ‘ffllpw’. Using rule 3, we get rid of any repeating letters, mea ning the double

‘f’ and double ‘l’, leaving pw, option C.

Questions 18 - 21

Australia could face a chronic doctor shortage within five years as a ‘silver tsunami’ of GPs

heads towards retirement, a study shows. Nearly 40 per cent of doctors are aged 55 or more -

in 1999-2000 the figure was 27 per cent. A further 34 per cent are aged between 45 and 54.

Dr Demediuk, who runs a practice in Keysborough, said the shortage could have a

devastating impact within five years. ‘They’re training a lot more medical students but there’sno sign that any more of those are going into general practice yet.’

Half the 1017 doctors surveyed for the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare’s 2005-06

Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) study had been practising for more

than 20 years. Adding to the pressure on the health service is the increase in older patients.

The number of baby boomers (aged 45 to 64) consulting GPs increased by 1.1 million. They

are also claiming more Medicare items, sparking fears of an overburdened healthcare system.

A federal Department of Health spokeswoman said university medical places had increased

by 605, on top of previous increases, and almost 5000 practice nurses were reducing pressureon GPs. But the BEACH study shows that nurses were involved in fewer than 4 per cent of

patient encounters. The findings, based on close to 100,000 consultations, also offer an

insight into the health of the nation. Nearly 57 per cent of patients are overweight or obese,

including three in 10 children. A quarter drink at risky levels and 17 per cent are daily

smokers. Colds and vaccinations were the top reasons for consulting GPs with a new

condition, while hypertension, depression and diabetes were the most common chronic

problems.

18 The number of surveyed doctors aged younger than 45 was closest to

Choose one answer.A. 400

B. 340

C. 160

D. 290

If nearly 40 per cent of doctors are over 55 and 34 per cent aged between 45 and 54, 26 per

cent must be younger than 45. If 1017 doctors were surveyed, around 260 doctors are

younger than 45. Since 290 is closest to this, D is the correct answer.

19 Assuming an even distribution of patients, GPs and nurses, we can deduce that of theconsultations on which the survey was based



Choose one answer.

A. Approximately 15,000 involved obese children.

B. A nurse and a risky drinker were involved in around 1,000.

C. About 10,000 consisted of a daily smoker visiting a GP older than 55.

D. There would have been fewer consultations involving a patient with a cold than those

involving an obese patient visiting a GP younger than 45.

There is no information in the excerpt which gives the percentage of consultations involving

children, so A cannot be deduced. If nurses were involved in 4 per cent of consultations and a

quarter of patients are risky drinkers, then 1 per cent of consultations satisfy B. Since 1,000 is

1 per cent of 100,000, B is correct. Given that 40 per cent of doctors are older than 55 and 17

per cent of patients are daily smokers, 6,800 consultations would have involved daily

smokers seeing GPs older than 55. Even if 17 per cent was approximated with 20 per cent,

this would give 8,000 consultations. Since the 10,000 stated in C is considerably larger than

this, C must be wrong. There is no information on the incidence of patient visits involving

colds, so D cannot be deduced.

20 The excerpt implies that

Choose one answer.

A. GPs aged over 45 would account for less than 15,000 consultations involving

smokers of the consultations used in the survey.

B. If a consultation used in the survey were selected at random it would most likely

involve a patient visiting a GP older than 45 about the patient’s obesity.

C. It is less likely for a nurse to be involved in a consultation than a risky drinker to visit

a GP younger than 45.

D. Close to 17,000 daily smokers were encountered by the researchers.

While A is true for daily smokers using the percentages given, no information is given for

smokers in general, rendering A incorrect. While a random consultation would be more likely

to involve an obese patient than not, we have no information regarding the incidence of such

patients consulting GPs about their obesity, meaning that B is not implied. Nurses are

involved in less than 4 per cent or one twentieth of consultations, while GPs younger than 45

and risky drinkers account for around a quarter of the GP and patient populations

respectively. Since a quarter of a quarter gives one sixteenth, which is more than one

twentieth, C is correct. While 17 per cent of patients were daily smokers and almost 100,000

consultations were used in the survey, we do not know how many different patients were

encountered, as the 100,000 consultations quite likely included return visits. Therefore, D iswrong.

21 From the excerpt it cannot be inferred that

Choose one answer.

A. People who smoke daily are less likely to visit GPs than risky drinkers or obese

patients.

B. Nurses need to be involved in more patient encounters.

C. The Australian healthcare system requires expansion and greater resources.

D. Many of the doctors surveyed by the researchers would by now have already retired.



While daily smokers make up a smaller proportion of patients, according to the survey, than

either of the other two groups, we can not infer anything about how often they visit GPs

compared to other patients. Therefore A is correct as it can not be inferred. That nurses are

only involved in fewer than 4 per cent of patient encounters allows us to infer B, making it

incorrect. Similarly, being told that the healthcare system may soon become overburdened

leads to the inference C, rendering option C wrong. Since the study was done over 2005-06and found almost 40 per cent of GPs to be within 5 years of retirement, D can clearly be

inferred making it an incorrect option.

22 Blue refuses to ride with the car pool only if Red rides. If Blue does not ride with the car

pool, either White or Green asks to sit with Yellow. If Yellow is asked to sit with White or

Green and Blue does not ride, he agrees. If Yellow is asked to sit with White or Green, and

Blue does ride with the car pool, Yellow does not agree.

If Blue refuses to ride with the car pool, which of the following must be true? Choose one answer.

A. White asks to sit with Yellow

B. Yellow does not ride with the car pool

C. Yellow refuses to sit with either White or Green

D. Red rides with the car pool

This is a question which one can answer by reading the first sentence of the passage. We are

told that Blue refuses to ride only if Red rides. Then we are asked, if Blue refuses to ride,

which of the following must be true? The answer is option D, Red rides. Option A can be

eliminated because either White or Green asks to sit with Yellow, and we cannot deduce

which it is. Option C is incorrect because that would happen only if Blue did ride. Option B isnot correct because the passage lists no circumstances under which Yellow will not ride.

Questions 23 - 25

Photosynthesis is a process where plants consume carbon dioxide and water to produce

glucose (a sugar) and oxygen. Plants differ in their ability to photosynthesise and can be

grouped into two main categories: C3 and C4 plants. C3 and C4 plants differ in their leaf

anatomy. C4 plants have vascular bundles and mesophyll cells, both of which are

photosynthetic*. In contrast, only the mesophyll cells are photosynthetic in C3 plants.

Mesophyll cells are located superficially, close to air spaces and the stomata (small holes),

whereas vascular bundles are located deeper within the leaf tissue. Due to this, C4 plants have

a steeper concentration gradient of carbon dioxide outside the leaves to cells within the leaf.

This feature allows C4 plants to pick up and use carbon dioxide more efficiently than C3

plants and to carry out photosynthesis at a much higher rate.

C4 plants thrive in hot, dry habitats, and their stomata may be partly closed for long periods

during the day. C3 plants are major producers in forests and ecosystems in temperate and

polar regions.

* photosynthetic: able to undergo the process of photosynthesis.



23 The passage suggests which of the following?

Choose one answer.

A. C4 plants thrive in hot, dry habitats due solely to their mesophyll cells.

B. C4 plants foster in hot, dry habitats due to the presence of photosynthetic vascular bundles.

C. C3 plant growth is favoured in forests and temperate regions due to photosynthetic

vascular bundles.

D. C3 plants grow well in temperate and polar regions because of the steeper

concentration gradient of carbon dioxide between the air outside the leaf and inside cells

within the leaf.

What differentiates the C3 and C4 plants is the presence of photosynthetic vascular bundles

in C4 plants. The passage suggests this difference causes C4 plants to thrive in hot, dry

habitats (option B). Both C3 and C4 plants have mesophyll cells, therefore it is unlikely that

C4 plants thr ive in such circumstances ‘solely’ due to such cells (option A). Option C is

incorrect for a similar reason. C4 plants have a steeper concentration gradient, not C3 plants,

therefore option D is incorrect.

24 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Choose one answer.

A. C3 plants will always foster in hot, dry habitats due to their photosynthetic mesophyll

cells.

B. C4 plants will photosynthesise as well as C3 plants in forests and temperate regions

due to their greater concentration gradient of carbon dioxide in their leaves.

C. The consumption of carbon dioxide and water will be greater in C4 plants than C3

plants.

D. Photosynthetic mesophyll cells are the main reason why C4 plants grow well in dry

and hot regions.

The passage states that C4 plants have higher photosynthesis rates than C3 plants, and that

photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide and water, therefore these will be consumed at

higher rates in C4 plants (option C). C3 plants do not foster in hot, dry habitats; C4 plants do,

therefore option A is incorrect. Option B is an assumption that is not supported by the

passage. If anything, vascular bundles are the main reason why C4 plants grow well in dry

and hot conditions, therefore option D is not the best answer.

25 Which of the following can be concluded from the passage?Choose one answer.

A. Temperate and polar regions favour high photosynthesis rates.

B. Hot and dry regions favour high photosynthesis rates.

C. Low concentration gradients of carbon dioxide promote high photosynthesis rates.

D. High concentration gradients of carbon dioxide are features of C3 plants.

The passage suggests that plants in hot and dry regions have high photosynthesis rates,

therefore option B can be concluded. Plants in temperate and polar regions, on the other hand,

tend to have lower photosynthesis rates, therefore option A is incorrect. The passage states

that high concentration gradients of carbon dioxide promote high photosynthesis rates,



therefore option C is incorrect. C4, not C3 plants have high concentration gradients, thus

option D is incorrect.

26 To the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land, there are two so-called moieties and

everything in the Yolngu world belongs either to the Dhuwa or Yirritja moiety. A missionary

to the area makes the following observations:

If a child is born to unmarried parents, they belong to the same moiety as their father.

If a marrying couple are each of different moieties they retain these into marriage, but if of

the same moiety, the woman changes her moiety.

A child of married parents will be of the same moiety as their parent of opposite sex.

The father of a child born to unmarried parents will always have been born to unmarried

parents himself.

If an unmarried couple have a child, they always go on to marry.

An 8 year-old Dhuwa boy asks the missionary what the moieties of his grandparents were

after their marriages.

If the missionary remembers marrying his parents 7 years ago, which of the following

responses would be incorrect according to the missionary’s understanding? Choose one answer.

A. Grandmothers: maternal - Yirritja, paternal - Yirritja. Grandfathers: maternal -

Dhuwa, paternal - Dhuwa.B. Grandmothers: maternal - Dhuwa, paternal - Yirritja. Grandfathers: maternal -

Yirritja, paternal - Dhuwa.

C. Grandmothers: maternal - Yirritja, paternal - Dhuwa. Grandfathers: maternal -

Dhuwa, paternal - Yirritja.

D. None of the above

Since the 8 year-old boy’s parents married 7 years ago, he was born to unmarried parents and

must be of the same moiety as his father. As per the missionary’s understanding, his father

must also have been born to unmarried parents and thus must belong to the same moiety as

the boy’s paternal grandfather. Thus C is the correct response as it claims the boy’s paternalgrandfather is Yirritja, which clearly not being the case would render the option wrong to the

missionary. A and B can result in a Dhuwa boy born to unmarried parents but in A, the boy’s

mother must have herself been born to unmarried parents or have changed moiety following

marriage.

Note: While the solution may seem relatively simple, the patrilineal inheritance of moiety is

only immediately apparent to the most astute of observers and so arriving at the solution may

take most readers a while longer.

Questions 27 - 32



Seven paddlers will ride canoes down a river. Three of the paddlers, A, B, and C, are

experienced. Four of the paddlers, Q, R, S, and T, are inexperienced. Each of the paddlers

must ride in exactly one of six canoes, numbered 1 to 6. If any of the paddlers rides in a

canoe, then at least one experienced paddler or two inexperienced paddlers must ride in that

canoe. No more than two paddlers can ride in anyone canoe, and the following restrictions

apply:

Q must ride in either canoe 1 or canoe 2.

If T rides in the same canoe as an experienced paddler, then no paddler can ride in either

canoe 5 or canoe 6.

If S rides in the same canoe as an experienced paddler, then S must ride in the same canoe as

B.

A and Q cannot ride in the same canoe.

C must ride in canoe 3.

R must ride in canoe 4.

27 If S rides in canoe 2 and B rides in canoe 6, which of the following is a canoe in which T

could ride?

Choose one answer.

A. 1

B. 2

C. 4

D. 5

In this game there are seven paddlers to place in six canoes numbered one to six. This is agrouping game. Try drawing a diagram with six columns to represent the six canoes and label

them one to six.

Here you have experienced and inexperienced paddlers. There are one or two people in every

canoe used. Only experienced canoers can be alone, which means inexperienced canoers

must share with one other paddler. However, this does not mean that experienced canoersmust be alone. There are a few conditional statements: If T is with an experienced paddler,

then there is nobody in 5 or 6, and if S is with an experienced paddler, then S must be with B.

The rules create a split: A and Q cannot ride in the same canoe. There are also a few more

firm rules that you should indicate directly on the diagram: Q must be in either 1 or 2, C is in

3, and R is in 4.

Take the time to make deductions. Whenever there are conditional statements you can always

start making deductions by determining the opposites. The rule that says if T is with an

experienced paddler, then there is nobody in 5 or 6, also means that if there are paddlers in

either 5 or 6, then T is not with an experienced paddler. Likewise, the rule that says if S is

with an experienced paddler, then S must be with B also means that if S is not with B, then Sis not with an experienced paddler. Notice that this rule means that S cannot be with either A



or C. Since C must be in canoe 4, S cannot be in canoe 4. While this exhausts the opposites, it

does not exhaust the possible deductions. In grouping games it is often useful to consider the

possible numerical distribution of the items among the groups. In this game there are seven

paddlers. One or two of them must be in every canoe that is used, although you cannot

determine right away how many canoes are used. If as few canoes as possible are used, then

there will be three canoes with two paddlers in them and one canoe with exactly one paddler.This reveals that there must always be at least one paddler alone. Only experienced paddlers

can be alone so there must be at least one experienced paddler alone in one of the canoes.

Furthermore, this also reveals that at least four canoes must be used. On the other hand, if all

three of the experienced paddlers are alone and the four inexperienced paddlers are divided

among two canoes then there will be five canoes. Thus, there must either be four or five

canoes used and there must be at least one experienced paddler alone in one of those canoes.

The rules already made clear that canoes 3 and 4 must be used since C, an experienced

paddler, must be in 3 and R, an inexperienced paddler, must be in canoe 4. Since C is

experienced, he could be alone, but does not have to be. On the other hand, since R is

inexperienced there must be somebody else in canoe 4 with R.

Overall, there must be four or five canoes used and there must be at least one experienced

paddler alone in one of the canoes. If you find out the placement of any of the inexperienced paddlers then you will know that there are two people in that canoe. It will be important to

keep track of which canoes must have two people in them, especially as this information

relates to the total number of canoers. Keep in mind the AQ split, as well as what happens to

T if there is somebody in canoe 5 or 6.

In terms of question 1, this question places S in canoe 2 and B in canoe 6. Since there is a

paddler in canoe 6, T cannot ride in the same canoe as an experienced paddler, which means

T must ride with an inexperienced paddler. Both S and R are inexperienced, so both of them

must be sharing their canoes with one other person. The only people remaining are A, Q, and

T. Q must be in either canoe 1 or 2, so the only people that R could possibly share with are T

and A. But if R shares with A, then you will be left with an inexperienced canoer alone

because S would have to share with either Q or T, leaving the other of Q or T alone. This is

against the rules, so, R must share with T in canoe 4. The correct answer is option C. T could

only ride in canoe 4.

28 If no paddler rides in canoe 2 and B rides in canoe 3, then A must ride in

Choose one answer.

A. canoe 1 or else canoe 4.

B. canoe 2 or else canoe 4.

C. canoe 5 or else canoe 6.

D. canoe 4 , canoe 5 or canoe 6.

If there are no paddlers in canoe 2 and B rides in canoe 3, then you have a CB block in 3.

Since Q must be in either 1 or 2 and no paddlers are in 2, Q must be in canoe 1 with another

paddler. R must also still share canoe 4 with another paddler. This arrangement gives you

three canoes with two people in them, leaving only one paddler. This one remaining paddler

cannot be in canoe 2, so there must be one paddler in either canoe 5 or 6. The only ones that

can be alone are experienced paddlers, and the only experienced paddler left is A so A must

be in canoe 5 or 6. The correct answer is option C.



29 If S rides in canoe 6, which of the following must be true?

Choose one answer.

A. A rides in the same canoe as R.

B. B rides in canoe 5.

C. B rides in the same canoe as S.

D. Q rides in the same canoe as an expert.

This question places S in canoe 6. S is an inexperienced paddler, so S must share his canoe.

Q, an inexperienced paddler, must be in either 1 or 2 and must share his canoe. R must also

share her canoe. This means that six of the seven paddlers will be divided among canoe 1 or

2, canoe 4, and canoe 6. C must ride in canoe 3, so C must be alone in canoe 3. The

remaining paddlers to divide among the canoes that hold Q, R, and S are A, B, and T.

According to the rules, A cannot ride with Q and neither can S, for if S is with an experienced

paddler then S is with B. The only place left for A is with R in canoe 4. Therefore, it must be

true that A rides in the same canoe as R. The correct answer is option A.

30 If at least one inexperienced paddler rides in canoe 3, then each of the following must be

false except Choose one answer.

A. A rides in canoe 1 and S rides in canoe 4.

B. A rides in canoe 2 and T rides in canoe 1.

C. B and S ride in canoe 1.

D. B rides in canoe 5 and S rides in canoe 2.

You know that Q shares canoe 1 or 2 with someone and that R shares canoe 4 with someone.This question says that C, who is in canoe 3, shares as well and that C shares with an

inexperienced paddler. Since Q is in either 1 or 2 and since R is in 4, the only two

inexperienced paddlers left are S and T However, C cannot share with S, for if S shares with

an experienced paddler then S must share with B. Thus, C must share with T. Since T is with

an experienced paddler, there cannot be any paddlers in canoe 5 or 6. There must be at least

four canoes used, so canoes 1 to 4 must all be used. With Q sharing with someone in either 1

or 2, C and T sharing in 3, and R sharing with someone in 4, there must be one canoe with

exactly one person in it and this person must be an experienced paddler. The only paddlers

left unaccounted for are A, B, and S. The lone experienced paddler must either be A or B,

while the other of A or Band S must be split up so that they can share canoes with Q and R.

This is everything you can determine, so now you can go to the answers. Option A is possible.

31 If B rides in canoe 4, which of the following cannot be true?

Choose one answer.

A. No paddlers ride in canoe 2.

B. The three experienced paddlers ride in consecutively numbered canoes.

C. A rides in canoe 1.

D. Q rides in the same canoe as another inexperienced paddler.

This question tells you that B shares canoe 4 with R. You know that Q must share as well, but

the only available people are now A, S, and T. According to the rules, Q cannot be with A, so



Q must share with either S or T. But if you place T with Q, then S must share with either A or

C, who are both experienced, and this is against the rules. So now you know that Q is with S

and T is with either C or A. Since T must be with an experienced paddler, there cannot be

anybody in canoes 5 or 6, which means 1-4 must be used. The correct answer is option A. It

cannot be true that there ar1 no paddlers in canoe 4.

32 If A rides in canoe 6, which of the following is a canoe in which B cannot ride?

Choose one answer.

A. 1

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

If A rides in canoe 6, and you know generally where Q, R and C are, then you know that you

only have S, T and B to work with. Both T and S have to share with someone because they

are inexperienced. You also know that both Q and R must share their canoes with someone

else. It turns out that either S or T must share with either on of Q or R, because putting them

anywhere else would put S with an experienced paddler other than B, or would put T with an

experienced paddler, which is unacceptable because A is in 6. The question asks where B

cannot be. Since Q and R both must share with one of S and T, B cannot be in either of these

positions. So the correct answer is option C.

33 The last supernova in our galaxy visible from Earth was observed only five years before

the telescope was first used for celestial observation in 1609.

Which of the following can be inferred?

Choose one answer.A. Since astronomers began using telescopes, they have observed no supernovas in our

galaxy.

B. The last supernova in our galaxy occurred in 1604.

C. Supernovas can be seen from Earth by the unaided eye.

D. The telescope was invented five years before the last visible supernova occurred.

Option A says that no supernovas were visible from Earth, but astronomers could have

observed supernovas from satellite-based telescopes. It is not the best answer. Option B refers

to when supernovas occurred, while the passage refers to when they were observed. If the last

supernova was observed five years before telescopes were used to explore the night sky, thensupernovas must have been visible to the unaided eye – thus option C is the best answer. The

passage did not say when the telescope was invented, just when it was first used for

astronomical purposes, thus option D is incorrect. Note also that the option refers to the last

supernova visible, while the passage refers to supernovas in our galaxy, which is different.

34 In Jones’ month-long study of black squirrels, the percentage of smaller squirrels that

survived the duration of the study exceeded the percentage of larger squirrels that survived.

However, Jones’ conclusion that size is a determinant of a squirrel’s survival over a month-

long period is probably mistaken, since smaller squirrels are generally younger than larger

one.

Which of the following can be inferred?



Choose one answer.

A. Larger squirrels of a given age are actually more likely to survive over a one-month

period than smaller squirrels of the same age.

B. Among squirrels of the same size, a difference in age probably does not indicate a

difference in the chances of survival over a month-long period.

C. Among squirrels of the same age, a difference in size might not indicate a difference

in chances of survival over a month-long period.

D. With a larger sample of squirrels, the percentage of smaller squirrels that survive a

one-month period would be the same as the percentage of larger squirrels that survive.

The conclusion is that Jones is mistaken in the conclusion that size is a determinant of

survivability. Option A is incorrect because there is no data comparing squirrels of the same

age and different sizes. Option B is incorrect because there is no data comparing squirrels of

the same size and different ages. Option D is incorrect because there is no evidence given

regarding the size of the sample in Jones’ study or what might be found with a larger sample

size.

Questions 35 - 37

Not all victims of crime report incidents to police, resulting in a level of under-reporting of

crime in the community and giving an incomplete picture of total crime. Assault is the most

common form of crime against a person, yet it is the most widely under-reported offence to

police.

A person’s age and sex are factors in reporting assault to police. Those aged 15-19 years havea reporting rate of 21%, increasing to 49% for those aged 65 years and over. Female reporting

to police is much lower for those aged 65 years and over with a rate of 31% compared with

51% for males. Female victims aged 15-19 years have the lowest reporting rates to police

with a rate of 17%.

Marital status appears to impact on the likelihood of a victim reporting an assault to police,

with married people having a higher proportion (37%) than unmarried people (27%). The

difference may actually be driven by age rather than marital status as younger people are

more likely to be unmarried. Despite the propensity of victims to report an assault that

occurred in their own home, victims are less likely to report an assault if the offender is their

partner (17%) than if the offender is not personally known to them (48%) or is a neighbour

(54%).

35 Which of the following can be concluded with the most certainty?

Choose one answer.

A. Older people are more likely to report assault than younger people

B. Males are more likely to report assault than females

C. Marital status may not affect whether a victim reports an assault to police



D. 51% of males aged 65 years and older reported assaults to police

The passage only displays statistics comparing male and female crime in the over 65 age

group and 15-19 year age group. There is no information about the other age groups,

therefore option B cannot be concluded with much certainty. Option A is incorrect for similar

reasons. Option C is supported by the passage, which states ‘the difference may actually be

driven by age rather than marital status as younger people are more likely to be unmarried’.

Option D is a misunderstanding of the statistics. The statistic given in the passage does not

mean that 51% (over half) of all males over 65 years report assaults.

36 In which of the following situations is a person most likely to report an assault?

Choose one answer.

A. If the assault occurred in their own home or in the neighbouring home

B. If the person was unmarried at the time of the assault

C. If the offender was personally known to them

D. If the person was aged 65 years or older

The passage gives no statistics about where the assault occurred, therefore option A cannot be

concluded. The passage simply states that victims have ‘a propensity’ to report assaults

occurring in the home, and provides a statistic about neighbours committing assault (option

A). Unmarried people have a reporting rate of 27% (keep in mind this statistic is somewhat

confounded by age) - option B. The passage states that when the person is not personally

known to them, reporting is at 48%, however there is no information given about when the

person is personally known to them (option C). 49% of people aged 65 and older report

assault (option D). Option D has the highest rate of reporting that can be concluded from the

passage and is thus the best answer.

37 Which one of the following correctly reports the information supplied by the first bar

(black) of Figure 1? Choose one answer.

A. About 38 percent of all offences not reported by victims were offences involving

assault

B. About 38 percent of all victims of assault said they did not report the offence because

they considered it unimportant

C. About 38 people who had been assaulted said they did not report the offence because

they considered it unimportant

D. About 38 percent of assault victims who did not report the offence said they did notreport it because they considered the offence unimportant

It is important here to carefully read the title of the graph and the axis labels. The graph

describes ‘victims who did not report offences to police’ and divides them into why they did

not report the offence and the type of offence committed. It is also important to carefully

scrutinize all responses, since they appear at first glance to be similar. Options A, B and C are

misinterpretations of the graph.

Questions 38 and 39

In the following questions, symbols %, #, @, & and * have the following meanings.



(P # Q) means ‘P is not greater than Q’

(P @ Q) means ‘P is not greater than or equal to Q’

(P % Q) means ‘P is not less than or greater than Q’

(P & Q) means ‘P is not less than or equal to Q’

(P * Q) means ‘P is not less than Q’

38 If (R & S), (S % T) and (T * U), then which of the following relationships is also

necessarily true? Choose one answer.

A. U @ S

B. T # R

C. U # R

D. R & U

Since R > S = T > U, the only relationship that is necessarily true is R > U (option D). Option

A is not always true as U < S. Option B is not true because T is strictly less than R and never

equal to R. Option C is also not true because U is strictly less than R and never equal to R.

39 If (A # B), (C & B) and (D # C), then which of the following relationships is also

necessarily true?

Choose one answer.A. A @ D

B. D & B

C. A @ C

D. C * A

Since A < B < C and D < C, any comparison between A and D or B and D is not possible.

Also, option D is wrong because C is strictly greater than A and never equal to A. therefore,

the only relationship that holds true is A < C (option C).

40 Anyone infected with the G virus will produce antibodies to fight the virus after threemonths. The antibodies will then increase for six months. There is now a test that reliably

indicates how many antibodies are present in a person’s body. If positive, this test can be

used during the first nine months of infection to estimate within a month how long that

person has been infected.

Which of the following can best be concluded? Choose one answer.

A. Anyone infected with the G virus will for a short time fail to exhibit infection if tested

by the antibody test.

B. Antibodies increase in number only until they have defeated the virus.



C. The test will not be effective from six to nine months.

D. People who remain infected with the G virus will eventually have no antibodies intheir system.

The only option that can be concluded is that people infected with the virus would fail toexhibit signs of infection during the first three months of their infection, if tested using the

new procedure. The other options are incorrect because they are arrived at through faulty

reasoning; nothing within the stimulus supports these options.

41 Amos, Bert and Clem are brothers. Amos has exactly two brothers with grey eyes. Bert

has exactly two brothers with grey or hazel eyes. Clem has exactly two brothers who do not

have blue eyes. At least one of the three has hazel eyes and at least one of the three has blue

eyes.

It is possible to determine the eye colour of

Choose one answer.

A. Amos

B. Bert

C. Clem

D. None of the three brothers

The total number of brothers is not given. Make a chart for yourself as follows:

Amos Bert Clem

Write ‘grey’, ‘hazel’ or ‘blue’ in each box in as many ways as possible, c rossing off any

unused boxes, so that no condition is contradicted.

Let us number the statements:

[1]: Amos has exactly two brothers with grey eyes.

[2]: Bert has exactly two brothers with grey or hazel eyes.

[3]: Clem has exactly two brothers who do not have blue eyes.

[4]: At least one of the three has hazel eyes and at least one of the three has blue eyes.



Eye colour of

Amos

Eye colour of Bert Eye colour of Clem

Case I Hazel Blue

Case II Hazel Blue

Case III Blue HazelCase IV Hazel Blue

Case V Blue Hazel

Case VI Blue Hazel

From [1], then, a fourth brother has grey eyes in each case. Then, from [1] and [2], Cases I

and VI are impossible; from [1] and [3], Cases II and IV are impossible; from [1] and [3],

Clem has grey eyes in Case III; and, from [1] and [2], Bert has grey eyes in Case V.

So you know only the colour of Amos’ eyes: they are blue. Any more than four brothers must

also have blue eyes, from [3].

42 Recent advances in technology have accelerated society’s rush into the new era. The result

is that people who are familiar with the new technology will be successful in the future. No

one has questioned whether this rush to new technology is actually beneficial to mankind.

Technology is used by people for what they perceive are their needs, whether it be in the arts

or the sciences.

Which of the following can be concluded?

Choose one answer.

A. We should question whether technology should be allowed to proceed at such a paceand whether the increase in technology is beneficial to mankind

B. People in the fields of art and science will be successful in the new era

C. Only those with a knowledge of the new technology will be able to survive

D. The rush to new technology is not beneficial to man

The passage describes a trend occurring in society, and suggests that we should question this

trend (‘no one has questioned whether this rush… is actually beneficial). Thus option A is a

valid conclusion. The passage states that people who are familiar with new technology will

be successful in the new era, but does not link this concept to people in the fields of arts or

sciences. Therefore option B is not the best answer. The passage discusses ‘success’, but notability to survive (option C). The passage certainly questions the trend, but does not state that

this is not beneficial. Option D cannot be assumed from the passage.

43 Zooplankton is a group of tiny invertebrates that float freely throughout the seas and other

bodies of water. They feed on phytoplankton, which use sunlight as their energy and fuel

source. Phytoplankton can only survive in the photic area of the water (the depth at which

enough sunlight penetrates to keep them alive).

During the day in Lake Constance, the zooplankton D. hyalina departs for the depths of the

lake where food is scarce and the water is cold. D. galeata remains near the warm surface

where food is abundant. Even though D. galeata grows and reproduces much faster, its population is often outnumbered by D. hyalina.



Which of the following, if true, would best explain this phenomenon?

Choose one answer.

A. Predators of zooplankton living at the bottom of the lake is half that of species living

at the surface

B. In order to make the most of scarce food resources, D. hyalina matures more slowly

than D. galeata

C. D. galeata clusters under vegetation during the hottest part of the day to avoid the

sun’s rays

D. D. galeata produces twice as many offspring per individual in any given period of

time as does D. hyalina

It can be helpful to draw a diagram to organise the information. Since D. hyalina resides in

the bottom of the lake and D. galeata at the surface, less predators at the bottom would mean

a greater survival rate of D. hyalina (option A). If D. hyalina were to mature more slowly

(option B), there is likely to be less D. hyalina, which contradicts the findings. Option D also

contradicts the findings. Although option C may be true, no connection is made betweenexposure to the sun’s rays and survival rate.

44 Socrates: Is it raining?

Plato: Yes.

Socrates: Is your response correct?

Plato: No.

Which of the following best describes Plato's responses? Choose one answer.

A. If his first response is true, then his second response is false

B. If his second response is false, then his first response is true

C. If his first response is false, then his second response is true

D. All of the above

All of A, B and C are correct. If the first response is true, then it is raining; so the denial that

is the second response is false (option A). If the denial that is the second response is false,

then the first response must be true (option B). Finally, as for C, if the first response is false,

then it is not raining; so the denial that is the second response is true.



Exam 5 - Section 2

Questions 1 - 3

The following passage is an excerpt from the writings of Rebecca, a woman with depression.

Depression used to consume my life. I lost interest in almost everything that I formerly

enjoyed. I feel ashamed to admit it, but I lost interest in my daughter, something I thought

was impossible. I felt worthless, felt that it must have been something I had done to deserve

these feelings. I began to withdraw more and more, to the point where I avoided seeing my

friends and even family as much as possible. My friend Gemma tried many times to convince

me that something was wrong, but I was extremely defensive and resisted what I saw was

interference from her. She would say something like this, 'You know that you haven't been

feeling yourself lately, do you think maybe it would be an idea to go see your doctor? There

might be something wrong that you are not aware of'. I would reply very defensively and

would basically tell her to stop nagging me. It progressed to the point where I felt completely

hopeless and that I would never get better, never be happy again. Depression is a verydifficult concept to grasp. It makes no logical sense at all, especially to those observing it.

1 Rebecca found that her depression

Choose one answer.

A. Confused her

B. Made her anxious

C. Irritated her

D. Made her feel guilty

In the passage, Rebecca implies that the concept of depression is confusing, not that itconfused her (option A). This is reinforced by the fact that she says depression is especially

hard to understand for 'those observing it'. There is no evidence to suggest that her depression

made her 'anxious' (option B), although this may be the case. It is clear that her depression

was more than simply 'irritating' (option C). In the first section of the passage, Rebecca uses

words like 'ashamed' and 'worthless', and states that at the time she felt she deserved such

feelings. This suggests that the depression made her feel guilty.

2 Rebecca resisted help from her friend because

Choose one answer.

A. She felt that her depression was untreatable, and she could not be helpedB. She did not want to see her friends, let alone gain advice from them

C. She viewed her friend's concern as an attempt to meddle in her life

D. She found her friend annoying

Although Rebecca states that she felt her depression was untreatable (option A), she does not

say this was the cause of her resistance. While she was withdrawn (option B), there is nothing

to suggest that this is what made her resist her friend's help. She labels her friend's attempts to

help her as 'nagging', but this does not necessarily mean that she found her friend 'annoying'.

Rebecca states that she 'resisted what I saw as interference from her', which is captured in

option C, the best answer.



3 The friend's comment, 'You know that you haven't been feeling yourself lately…',

could best be described as Choose one answer.

A. Helpful, since it attempts to encourage the author to consult medical help

B. Inappropriate, because it is not the friend's role to give the author adviceC. Empathetic, since it displays an understanding of the author's situation

D. Frank, since it states how the friend is feeling in clear terms

The statement can be described as helpful, since it encourages Rebecca to seek the help she

requires. It is quite appropriate for the friend to be saying this, since it is important that

Rebecca seek help. The friend does not have to be qualified to suggest such things, and is not

being dogmatic, so option B is incorrect. The statement, in itself, does not display much

empathy (option C). While it is definitely frank (option D), it does not '[state] how the friend

is feeling'.

Questions 4 - 10

In the following excerpt from a novel, Rosemary, an elderly woman, reminisces about her

childhood as she waits for her grandson to wake up.

Rosemary sat at her kitchen table, working a crossword puzzle. Crosswords were nice; they

filled the time, and kept the mind active. She needed just one word to complete this morning's

puzzle; the clue was ‘a Swiss river' and the first of its three letters was ‘A’. Unfortunately,

Rosemary had no idea what the name of the river was, and could not look it up. Her atlas was

on her desk, and the desk was in the guest room, currently being occupied by her grandson

Victor. Looking up over the tops of her bifocals, Rosemary glanced at the kitchen clock: Itwas almost 10 A.M. Land sakes! Did the boy intend to sleep all day? She noticed that the

arthritis in her wrist was throbbing, and put down her pen. At 87 years of age, she was glad

she could still write at all. She had decided long ago that growing old was like slowly turning

to stone; you couldn't take anything for granted, She stood up slowly, painfully, and started

walking to the guest room.

The trip, though only a distance of about ten metres, seemed to take a long while. Late in her

ninth decade now, Rosemary often experienced an expanded sense of time, with present and

past tense intermingling in her mind. One minute she was padding in her slippers across the

living room carpet, the next she was back on the farm where she'd grown up, a sturdy little

girl treading the path behind the barn just before dawn. In her mind's eye, she could still pickher way among the stones in the darkness, more than 70 years later ... Rosemary arrived at

the door to the guest room. It stood slightly ajar, and she peered through the opening. Victor

lay sleeping on his side, his arms bent, his expression slightly pained. Get up, lazy bones, she

wanted to say. Even in childhood, Rosemary had never slept past 4 A.M.; there were too

many chores to do. How different things were for Victor's generation! Her youngest grandson

behaved as if he had never done a chore in his life. Twenty-one years old, he had driven

down to Florida to visit Rosemary in his shiny new car, a gift from his doting parents. Victor

would finish college soon, and his future appeared bright - if he ever got out of bed, that is.

Something Victor had said last night over dinner had disturbed her. Now what was it? Oh

yes; he had been talking about one of his college courses - a ‘gut’, he had called it. When shehad asked him to explain the term, Victor had said it was a course that you took simply



because it was easy to pass. Rosemary, who had not even had a high school education, found

the term repellent. If she had been allowed to continue her studies, she would never have

taken a ‘gut’ ... The memory flooded back then, still painful as an open wound all these years

later. It was the first day of high school. She had graduated from grammar school the

previous year, but her father had forbidden her to go on to high school that fall, saying she

was needed on the farm. After much tearful pleading, she had gotten him to promise that nextyear, she could start high school. She had endured a whole year of chores instead of books,

with animals and rough farmhands for company instead of people her own age. Now, at last,

the glorious day was at hand. She had put on her best dress (she owned two), her heart racing

in anticipation.

But her father was waiting for her as she came downstairs.

"Where do you think you're going?" he asked.

"To high school, Papa."

"No you're not. Take that thing off and get back to work."

"But Papa, you promised!"

"Do as I say!" he thundered.

There was no arguing with Papa when he spoke that way. Tearfully, she had trudged upstairs

to change clothes. Rosemary still wondered what her life would have been like if her father

had not been waiting at the bottom of the stairs that day, or if somehow she had found the

strength to defy him ...

Suddenly, Victor stirred, without waking, and mumbled something unintelligible. Jarred from

her reverie, Rosemary stared at Victor. She wondered if he were having a nightmare.

4 Rosemary's attitude toward the physical afflictions of old age can best be described as

one of Choose one answer.

A. acceptance

B. resentment

C. anxiety

D. optimism

The most interesting thing about this passage is the way it jumps between the present and the

past, by way of Rosemary's wandering mind. Notice the contrast between Victors cavalier

attitude toward his schooling and Rosemary's painful memories of being denied an education.

The last four sentences of paragraph 1 discuss Rosemary's attitude toward old age. Thankful

that she could write at all, she decided that "growing old was like turning to stone: You

couldn't take anything for granted”. The attitude that best sums this up is option A,

acceptance. She is not complaining or worrying, so options B and C are incorrect. Optimism

is too positive. There's no sense that she· believes her life is going to improve, thus option Dis not the best answer.



5 Rosemary's walk to the guest room reveals that she

Choose one answer.

A. feels nostalgia for her family

B. is determined to conquer her ailmentsC. has an elastic perception of time

D. suffers from disorientation

When we read the lines around the lines cited, we see that the trip, though short, "seemed to

take a long while” and that Rosemary "often experienced an expanded sense of time”. Option

C restates this perfectly, since “elastic” means to be able to expand and contract. At this point

in the passage, she is thinking about her life on the farm, not her family (option A). Option B

is tricky: it picks up on the gist of the last question, but she is not thinking about her physical

problems. Option D is too strong, even though it is related to option C. Rosemary's mind is

flooded with memories, but she's not disoriented.

6 “If he ever got out of bed” (end of paragraph 2) suggests that Rosemary thinks Victor

Choose one answer.

A. is ashamed of what he said last night

B. is promising but undisciplined

C. works himself to exhaustion

D. has failed to plan for the future

Rosemary refers to Victor as a "lazy bones" who's been given every advantage by his "doting

parents ... his future appeared bright - if he ever got out of bed, that is”. Option B sums u pthis idea. Option A is out of context - Victors remark is not discussed until paragraph 3.

Option C is almost the exact opposite of what the cited lines say about Rosemary's feelings

toward Victor. Option D sounds right, but it makes an assumption that's not supported in the

passage. Rosemary says his "future appeared bright” Victor may be lazy, but the only things

we know about his future are positive.

7 The reason Rosemary finds Victor's use of the term “gut” repellent is because it

Choose one answer.

A. has unpleasant digestive associations

B. is typical of Victor's disregard for traditional values

C. signifies a disrespect for education

D. implies that Rosemary is lacking in education

Notice the definition of the term "gut": a course you took simply because it was easy to pass”

Rosemary thinks the word is repellent, a very strong word, and believes that "if she had been

allowed to continue her studies, she would never had taken a “gut" Obviously, Rosemary has

different feelings about education than did Victor. Given her respect for education, you can

infer that she is reacting to what she feels is Victor's lack of respect (option C). The term

“gut” is not literal (option A). Option B feels close, but since the passage is concerned only

with education and not things like family, religious beliefs, and society, it's too vague to be



correct. While Rosemary may not have a broad education, Victor was only referring to his

own classes (option D).

8 The end of paragraph 3 indicates that, for Rosemary, the year after she graduated

from grammar school was

Choose one answer.A. marred by illness and hardship

B. filled with travel and adventure

C. spent isolated from her peers

D. difficult because of her father's temper

Go straight to the lines cited: "She had endured a whole year of chores instead of books, with

animals and rough farmhands for company instead of people her own age” (option C).

Working on the farm may have been hard, but illness is never mentioned, so option A is

incorrect. In fact, Rosemary is referred to as "a sturdy little girl.” Since she was on the farm

the whole time, she could not have been traveling and having adventures, as option B claims.

Option D may be tempting, because it is true that her father had a temper. This isn't

mentioned, however, as a reason the year is difficult, so ultimately it is not the best answer.

9 Rosemary's memory of the day she finally prepared to start high school indicates that

she hadChoose one answer.

A. anticipated her father's command to stay home

B. hesitated over her choice of clothes

C. already decided to pursue a career

D. strongly desired to continue her education

The question refers to Rosemary on that "glorious" day when she was going to high school,

which is found near the end of paragraph 3. She gets up, puts on her "best dress… her heart

racing in anticipation”. These facts point to option D. Though you may have expected that

Rosemary's father would stop her from going to school, there's no evidence that Rosemary

anticipated it, so option A is wrong. Rosemary had only two dresses, which makes it unlikely

that she hesitated in her choice (option B). Option C is an assumption.

10 The passage as a whole is most concerned with

Choose one answer.

A. Rosemary's affectionate concern for Victor

B. Rosemary's struggle to suppress painful memories

C. the abusive treatment Rosemary suffered at the hands of her father

D. the interplay in Rosemary's mind between present and past

What is the primary concern of the passage? Though Victor is important in this passage, his

real role is to awaken thoughts in Rosemary about her past. Most of the passage is about

Rosemary and her life. Option D is really the only one that addresses this in a wide enough

way. Option A is too narrow. Option B feels close, but we never get the sense that she's



trying to suppress the unhappy memories. Option C is a distortion; we're told that Rosemary

was forbidden from attending school, out there's no suggestion she was abused by her father.

Questions 11 and 12

The following passage is taken from Night, an account of a boy who spent time in

concentration camps during the Holocaust. The boy writes of his impressions of his first night

in a concentration camp.

Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long

night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall

I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke

beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever.

Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to

live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned mydreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as

God Himself. Never.

11 Which of the following is the boy most likely attempting to convey?

Choose one answer.

A. During his first night in the camp, he was exposed to things he had never imagined he

would ever see.

B. The first night in the camp permanently changed him in many ways.

C. The first night in the camp saw the loss of his faith in God and from that night on, he

no longer had a faith in anything.

D. The fact that the Holocaust was horrible, and that such an event should never happen

again.

Option A is not the main message of the passage. Further, it cannot be assumed that the boy

has never imagined the things he witnessed that night. Option B is the best answer. In the

passage, we see that the camp has had a powerful impact upon the boy and has changed in

him many ways. It ‘turned [his] life into one long night’, ‘consumed’ his faith and ‘murdered’

his God, soul and dreams. The repetition of the word ‘never’ reinforces this concept.

Although the passage states that the night ‘murdered’ his God, it is not necessarily true that

he lost faith in everything. For example, he may have faith in himself or in another loved one.

Further, this is secondary to the main point of the passage - the changes that he went throughon that night, making option B a more appropriate answer. Option D may be tempting,

because before reading the passage, we might assume that this is what the boy wants to

ultimately convey. However, the passage focuses more on the individual experiences of the

boy, and his personal feelings and thoughts, rather than making a wider political statement on

the Holocaust at large.

12 Which of the following is most likely the significance of repetition of the word 'never'

in the passage? Choose one answer.

A. It shows that that night had a permanent impact on his life and regardless of how hard

he may try, he can not forget it.



B. It shows that the boy does not want to let go of his memories.

C. It shows the boy is angry and upset about his experiences, and will not let himselfforget them.

D. It shows that what he experienced that night was so horrific that it is impossible to let

go of or forget the memories.Option A is tempting, but it is important to consider the passage very carefully. It is true that

the night had an immense impact upon his life. However, it is likely that the boy is actively

trying to remember that night, as the passage is written in a determined manner, with the boy

committed to ‘never’ forgetting those memories. He states that he will forever keep those

memories within him, ‘even if [he is] condemned to live as long as God himself’. The boy is

showing determination to keep remembering, rather than being forced to remember. Option D

is not the best answer for a similar reason. Option B is a good answer, but is not as detailed or

insightful as option C.

Questions 13 - 15

Mary: I get these headaches sometimes, especially if I'm upset.Physician: Well, that's true. You have chronic headaches that come from tension in your

neck, which makes your head hurt. How do you think the medicine that we're using works?

Mary: Well, I take it and my headache goes away.

Physician: Do you think it works like aspirin?

Mary: Well, yeah, you know, this is medicine to make the pain go away.

Physician: Well, it doesn't work exactly like an aspirin. This medicine makes it harder for

you to get a headache, but it doesn't take it away if you already have one. It's like insurance.

You pay a little bit every month and then when a big problem comes along, it's already taken

care of. This medicine prevents you from getting a headache. If you stop taking it the

headaches will come back.

Mary: Well, I don't like to take medicine unless I'm sick. I don't want to take too much.

Physician: I also agree it's a good idea to only take as much medicine as you need. What

worries you about taking extra medicine?

Mary: Well, you know, if you take it when you don't need it then it won't work when you

need it to work.

13 From the scenario, it can be inferred that

Choose one answer.

A. Mary now has a thorough understanding of how the medication functions

B. Mary did not fully understand how the medication works

C. Mary was able to understand the physician due to the comparison he made with

insurance

D. Mary has no understanding of how the medication relieves her headaches

Mary's final comment shows she does not entirely understand how the medication works. The

medicine acts in the opposite way - if she does not take it every day, it won't work. This is

why (B) is the best answer, and why options A and C are not correct. It is not appropriate to

suggest that Mary has 'no understanding' of the medication. Her explanation 'I take it and my

headache goes away' is not entirely correct, but shows she has some indication of the purpose

and basic function of the medication.

14 The physician asks Mary 'Do you think it works like aspirin?' to



Choose one answer.

A. Show Mary that she does not understand how the medication works

B. Determine whether Mary understands the purpose of the medication

C. Demonstrate to Mary that he knows more about the function of the medication than

she does

D. Ensure Mary understands the medication by using concepts she can understand

Here it is important to place the question in context, and try to determine what the physician

is trying to do by asking such a question. It is true that the physician is attempting to use

concepts Mary can understand (eg. 'aspirin' vs. 'preventative medicine') as in option D, but

this is not the primary purpose of the statement. The underlying purpose is to determine

whether Mary understands the purpose of the medication (option B). Options A and C

suggest the physician wishes to place himself in a superior position, which is an unfair

judgement to make.

15 In the scenario, the doctor is Choose one answer.

A. Technical, and over-explains concepts

B. Sensitive to Mary's needs

C. Frustrated with Mary's inability to understand

D. Enthusiastic about the treatment

The physician is not technical when he speaks to Mary. This is most clearly evident in his use

of the insurance analogy, and the concept of an 'aspirin' rather than 'preventative medicines'.

While it may appear that he over-explains the concept of the insurance, this is not the case for

Mary since she has not fully understood it. He is clearly sensitive to Mary's needs,

demonstrated in the empathy he displays and his attempt to explain concepts in a way that

Mary can understand. There is no evidence that he is frustrated with Mary (option C), or that

he is enthusiastic about the treatment (option D).

Questions 16 - 22

The following passage is from a novel about coming of age in the suburbs. Harriet writes

about her friend Emma.

She had impeccable timing. Which was not to say that she ever showed up when she said shewould - or even called when she promised - but that she had a knack of knowing when you

were in trouble but didn't know it or, more likely, when it was inconvenient for you to be

required to come to her aid. But despite this character deficiency, or perhaps even because of

it, she gave the impression that life as she lived it was somehow more exciting. This is what

is so attractive about people who are always in trouble. All the commotion and hollering add

up to drama - real and palpable drama - instead of the stuff you see on TV where problems

are tied up neatly at the end of the day.

The first time I got a whiff of what our friendship was going to be like was on a Thursday

afternoon. She called me from home. We were both sixteen at the time, though she had a

driver's license and I had none. Her parents worked about fifty kilometres from her house,and so she was frequently left alone, and that accounted for why she got a car as soon as she



qualified for her license. Her family was also not very poor. I guess they figured all that

money added up to something, and setting her free to care for herself didn't seem like poor

parenting to them, since all of her material needs were met.

Anyway, she called me on the phone, and I was secretly thrilled. Within the school hierarchy

she was someone much more popular than I, though she also had a reputation for being alittle bit wild.

(‘Like, how is she wild?’ I would ask.

‘Like, she just is,’ people would say. ‘Be careful.’

‘Yes, but what does that mean?’ I would persist.

‘You'll find out if you aren't careful.’)

Anyway, I got on the phone and I was surprised to hear how nervous she sounded talking tome.

‘I heard you don't go out on Saturdays,’ she said.

‘Homework,’ I said.

‘You're only young once,’ she insisted. ‘If you don't go out on some Saturdays now, you'll

r egret it your whole life.’

‘I'll regret it if my grades drop.’

‘Your grades won't drop,’ she said. ‘They can't. You're just like that. Your grades are like a

fixed star in the universe. The essence of who you are. But I'm concerned that you don't go

out on Saturdays.’

As it turned out, Saturday turned out to be a pretty tame affair, with lots of driving around

and stopping to talk to boys who had parked by the beach, or by the park, or other areas

where teens were known to congregate. She did all the talking and I watched, and when she

ran out of things to say, she blasted the radio on her car to compensate for lack of chit-chat,

and she still looked pretty cool. Every now and then we would sit at a light beside another car

with a young driver who was also blasting music, and then she would get tense and declarethat she was going to race that driver to the next light. These kinds of declarations thrilled me

and frightened me at the same time. But almost invariably, the kid at the wheel of the other

car would, upon understanding her intentions, turn onto a cross street, thereby avoiding the

whole pressure to race in the first place.

Going out on Saturdays was only a small part of her agenda. I blossomed under her attention.

She showed up at my house on Sunday morning and began to weed through my closet,

throwing away anything that did not have style. Occasionally she would find something in

my closet, and she would declare, ‘I don't understand why I've never seen you wear this.’ The

teachers who told her she was not intelligent should have seen the fast and efficient way that

she worked, running a continuous narrative the whole time. ‘You have to have a lot of shirtsand sweaters. People don't notice when you repeat pants so much. But they notice new tops.



You have to have a huge supply of tops.’

Later she took me to resale shops and thrift stores where we picked for discarded fashionable

items that she paid for with money of her own.

I'll never forget the day she showed up at our house one morning, on another Sunday. I hadsat down to eat brunch with my family - a tradition that we loved even if other families

thought us old-fashioned and quaint - and suddenly there she was in her Mercedes in our

driveway, sheepishly looking through the window. I felt awkward, caught between the

soothing traditions of my wholesome family and her unregulated, untamed energy. But at my

mother's urging, I let her in, and my father immediately began to make extra pancakes for her

while she regaled us with stories about how she had gone out to a golf course the night before

and slid down one of the slopes on an ice block with a bunch of friends. I was a little jealous

that I hadn't been invited, but by then I knew enough to realize that she would never invite me

to something that she knew my parents would not approve of my participating in. But hearing

about the story this way - in which she was the active participant - my parents were amused.

‘Thank you for the pancakes,’ she thanked my father, like a pro. ‘I almost never get to eat this

kind of stuff.’

Later in my room, she begged me to let her take a shower and then to use what small makeup

supply I had. And then it dawned on me.

‘You didn't go home last night,’ I said.

‘All-nighter,’ she confirmed.

‘What happened?’

‘Can you please just help me?’ The sorrowful way she said this made me feel a little bit

proud that when push came to shove, she had come to me and not to anyone else.

Whatever it was, she didn't want to say, but she went back home looking refreshed, as though

nothing terrible had happened, and I thought about how it was that she managed to present

the very best of herself to me, to my parents, and to her parents, and how none of us really

knew what her days and nights were really like.

16 The first paragraph conveys which of the following about Emma?Choose one answer.

A. shallowness

B. disrespect

C. introversion

D. unpredictability

The passage opens by telling us that while Emma has great timing, she also tends to show up

consistently at the wrong time or when she is in need of help. The passage also says, ‘This is

what is so attractive about people who are always in trouble. All the commotion and hollering

add up to drama.’ From this, we get a sense that we will be introduced to a character that is



difficult to pin down, but around whom drama swells. In other words, she will be

unpredictable (option D).

17 The atmosphere on Saturday night is most nearly one of

Choose one answer.

A. danger and excitement

B. aloofness and coolness

C. frivolity that still seems compelling

D. conviviality and pleasure

Harriet tells us, ‘As it turned out, Saturday turned out to be a pretty tame affair, lots of

driving around and stopping to talk to boys who had parked by the beach, or by the park, or

other areas where teens were known to congregate.’ In other words, Saturday night is not

really all that interesting, although Harriet is still drawn into the activities. She is certainly not

bored, but she discovers that not much happens. Note: aloofness means detached; frivolity

means trivial; conviviality means jovial.

18 Occasionally she would find something in my closet, and she would declare, ‘I don’t

understand why I’ve never seen you wear this.’

When Emma goes through Harriet’s closet, it is apparent that Harriet is Choose one answer.

A. happy to have her closet dissected

B. accustomed to going shopping

C. pleased with Emma's advice

D. naturally comfortable with personal style and social settings

This line occurs when Harriet is essentially being given a ‘makeover’ by the mysterious

Emma. From this, we can assume that Emma felt that Harriet needed a makeover – that is,

Harriet is not someone who is naturally comfortable with style or social situations.

19 ‘You have to have a lot of shirts and sweaters. People don't notice when you repeat

pants s o much. But they notice new tops. You have to have a huge supply of tops.’

In the context of the passage, this emphasises Emma’s

Choose one answer.

A. stubborn tenacity

B. overlooked intelligence

C. general disbelief

D. wild incoherence

It is important here to look at the context of the sentence: ‘The teachers who told her she was

not intelligent should have seen the fast and efficient way that she worked, running in a

continuous narrative the whole time. You have to have a lot of shirts and sweaters…’ First,

Harriet tells us that Emma is very intelligent, despite the fact that the teachers in the school

do not seem to think so. The lines that follow are therefore meant to illustrate in what ways





Emma seems on the outside to the rest of the world and how she really feels internally. We

do not know if Harriet is happy with secrecy (option C). While there is a difference between

Emma’s home life and Harriet’s (option A), this contrast is not what is illustrate d at this point

in the passage.

Questions 23 - 25

The two passages below are taken from interviews with people living in the English town of

Purlbridge.

Passage I: Wendy Burgess

When we first came here we invited some neighbours in at Christmas, but my husband

persuaded me to drop that. They’re not our kind of people. We already have our friends, so

there’s no point in inviting people who live in Purlbridge to dinner. We were invited over for

coffee by somebody that we didn’t really know. It was quite nice but we didn’t invite them

back. Then she rang up and asked us over again: it was a bit embarrassing! It was veryembarrassing because of the problem – who do we invite back with her? She wouldn’t fit in

with our friends.

Passage II: Ann Cormack

Moving here has affected my whole life, I’m sure. Maybe we’re just unlucky here, because

there aren’t so many children around, but I feel that, once they’re home from school, they’re

quite cut off from other children. In Westlea [their previous home] I would have tapped on

the wall or gone to the door, someone would have seen me and they would have said: ‘Have a

cup of tea.’ People would go shopping together or look after each other’s children… I don’t

think anyone spoke to me for the first year [here]; it was terrible. Now, if anybody moves in

here I always go over and say hello. I’m afraid the people here must think, ‘There goes that

busybody woman again!’

23 For Wendy Burgess, there’s ‘no point’ in inviting Purlbridge people to dinner

because she Choose one answer.

A. Finds the people unfriendly

B. Prefers casual entertainment

C. Is in awe of their social class

D. Is not interested in making friends locally

It is unlikely that Wendy Burgess would view the people of Purlbridge as unfriendly, since

she was invited for coffee by someone she didn’t really know (option A). There is no

indication that Wendy Burgess ‘prefers casual entertainment’. The reason she does not invite

Purlbridge residents to dinner is because she has her own friends and feels the residents

would not fit in with her friends (option B). Wendy Burgess does not appear to be in awe of

their social class. In fact, there is a subtle indication that Wendy Burgess feels she is superior

to the Purlbridge residents (option C). It is clear that Wendy Burgess is not interested in

making friends locally – she states that they ‘already have our friends’, thus option D is the

best answer.



24 Wendy Burgess’ embarrassment about returning the invitation of her neighbour

suggests that she sees social interaction as Choose one answer.

A. Following a set of rules

B. Tedious and exhaustingC. A new and unusual experience

D. Challenging her natural shyness

Wendy Burgess’ embarrassment stems from the fact that she didn’t return the invitation to the

friendly resident. This suggests that she believes social interaction involves ‘give and take’,

or following a set of rules – this supports option A. There is no indication that Wendy

Burgess finds social interaction ‘tedious and exhausting’, she simply finds it difficult to

interact with Purlbridge residents because ‘they’re not our type of people’ (option B). It is

unlikely that Wendy Burgess finds social interaction ‘new and unusual’ – she already has a

group of friends (option C). There is no reason to believe that Wendy Burgess is shy – there

are other barriers to her interacting with Purlbridge residents (option D).

25 The two passages suggest that

Choose one answer.

A. Wendy would see Anne as a busybody

B. Anne would see Wendy as a busybody

C. Wendy would like to invite Anne for coffee

D. Anne would not like to invite Wendy for coffee

Wendy does not seem to appreciate Purlbridge residents making an effort to interact with her – she finds it awkward and ‘embarrassing’. Anne on the other hand enjoys meeting new

people and interacting with her neighbours. Thus, Wendy is likely to view Anne as a

busybody (option A). The opposite of option B is true. Wendy Burgess expresses a reluctance

to interact with new people; she prefers to stick with her own friends. Thus, she is unlikely to

invite Anne for coffee (option C). Anne enjoys meeting new people, and so would most

likely want to invite Wendy for coffee (option D).

Questions 26 - 27

There was a time in my life when beauty meant something special to me. I guess that would

have been when I was about six or seven years old, just several weeks or maybe a month before the orphanage turned me into an old man.

I would get up every morning at the orphanage, make my bed just like the little soldier that I

had become and then I would get into one of the two straight lines and march to breakfast

with the other twenty or thirty boys who also lived in my dormitory.

After breakfast one Saturday morning I returned to the dormitory and saw the house parent

chasing the beautiful monarch butterflies who lived by the hundreds in the azalea bushes

strewn around the orphanage.

I carefully watched as he caught these beautiful creatures, one after the other, and then tookthem from the net and then stuck straight pins through their head and wings, pinning them



onto a heavy cardboard sheet.

How cruel it was to kill something of such beauty. I had walked many times out into the

bushes, all by myself, just so the butterflies could land on my head, face and hands so I could

look at them up close.

When the telephone rang the house parent laid the large cardboard paper down on the back

cement step and went inside to answer the phone. I walked up to the cardboard and looked at

the one butterfly who he had just pinned to the large paper. It was still moving about so I

reached down and touched it on the wing causing one of the pins to fall out. It started flying

around and around trying to get away but it was still pinned by the one wing with the other

straight pin. Finally its wing broke off and the butterfly fell to the ground and just quivered.

I picked up the torn wing and the butterfly and I spat on its wing and tried to get it to stick

back on so it could fly away and be free before the house parent came back. But it would not

stay on him.

The next thing I knew the house parent came walking back out of the back door by the

garbage room and started yelling at me. I told him that I did not do anything but he did not

believe me. He picked up the cardboard paper and started hitting me on the top of the head.

There were all kinds of butterfly pieces going everywhere. He threw the cardboard down on

the ground and told me to pick it up and put it in the garbage can inside the back room of the

dormitory and then he left.

I sat there in the dirt, by that big old tree, for the longest time trying to fit all the butterfly

pieces back together so I could bury them whole, but it was too hard to do. So I prayed for

them and then I put them in an old torn up shoe box and I buried them in the bottom of the

fort that I had built in the ground, out by the large bamboos, near the blackberry bushes.

Every year when the butterflies would return to the orphanage and try to land on me I would

try and shoo them away because they did not know that the orphanage was a bad place to live

and a very bad place to die.

26 When the author says ‘the orphanage turned me into an old man’ he

Choose one answer.

A. is describing the way he grew up in the orphanage

B. is describing how living in the orphanage changed him

C. shows how the orphanage robbed him of his youth

D. shows how only the innocence of a young child can appreciate beauty

The quotation is metaphorical and is not meant to just show how he grew from a young child

to adulthood in the orphanage, nor is it saying that only young people can appreciate beauty.

It is difficult to say the orphanage ‘robbed him of his youth’ and rather the quotation would

better explain the way the orphanage changed him.

27 The author shoos away the butterflies in the last paragraph because

Choose one answer.

A. he no longer sees beauty in them



B. he fears getting hit again by the house parent

C. they bring back bad memories

D. he feels responsible for killing the butterfly earlier

The first line of the text indicates he can still recognise beauty, however it is no longer‘special’. The description and tone throughout the piece also indicates that the author is

concerned more about the Butterflies themselves rather than himself. There is no indication

that he feels at all responsible for the death of the butterflies, as he didn’t harm them himself

at all. The idea in the first paragraph that the orphanage made him no longer consider beauty

‘special’ and then the description of the incident of the butterflies indicates it is the memories

such as these may have caused him to change.

Questions 28 - 32

In the following passage, George reflects on an incident from his adolescence.

Up on the bandstand, framed by the giant pines that towered over the crumbling barn, the

quartet played provincial songs, ones that were easily recognisable to everyone in the valley.

We had heard them throughout our childhood, tunes that celebrated our land and its people,

in this unique place that had yet to be touched by the strife and growing dangers of the

outside world. The lilting melodies made some of the older women sob softly. They dabbed

their handkerchiefs at the corners of their eyes and looked longingly at their sons. I wondered

if Mother, if she were still with us, would have allowed herself to show such emotion. Her

stoic presence on the farm had always struck my brothers as distant, but I knew she had cared

for us in ways that were deep and inexpressible. The thought passed as quickly as it came,

and my attention turned to the movement of the dancers and the noise of the chatter that bounced between Ralph and Michael. The pair were surveying the moonlit crowd and talking

nervously about a plan Ralph had devised earlier in the week. One of us, he claimed, would

fall in love that night.

We sipped our drinks - sickly sweet lemonade pressed by hand and tainted with heaps of

sugar - and eyed the bourgeois girls who had come in from the city in their opulent motorcars

and garish dresses. So innocent and frightened we were! Michael admitted he did not have

the courage to utter a word to any of the female strangers who stood before us now. But

Ralph was resolute. He had boasted all week that he would find the most beautiful girl who

ventured into his orbit, whisk her onto the matted grass, dance madly with her until she broke

into a smile. The plan was delicious in its simplicity, but the enthusiasm I had felt earlier had

greatly diminished in the face of what seemed like a cruel reality. Who were we to think that

any of these urbane ladies, with their perfumed hair and nimble ankles, would tolerate our

shabby attire and calloused hands?

Like an eel, Ralph weaved through the jostling crowd, now cheery since the band members

had picked up the rhythm and were playing their instruments with vigour. We scurried behind

him, keeping just enough distance between us not to look suspicious. He was navigating

toward a tall, thin angel with blonde curls and tiny hands. When Ralph finally reached her, I

was not ten steps from him, yet his proposal was barely audible over the din of the crowd. He

gestured wildly with his arms, miming what appeared to be a waltz. Although I could nothear her response, it was obvious that she had objected. The blood from Ralph’s face drained



away and he sulked for a moment, perhaps hoping she would relent. When it was clear she

had no intention of waltzing with him, Ralph meandered back toward Michael and Me.

‘She’ll have none of it...’ his voice trailed off. ‘Silly girl. I’m the best dancer in the town!’

Michael and I said nothing. We looked at our shoes and pushed the dirt around in circles as if

to indicate resignation. I found myself thinking of Mother once more. If she were here, hadher health not failed her last winter, she would have introduced me to Sylvia, who was unlike

any of the girls at the dance, with their painted faces and insensible shoes. Mother had always

spoken highly of Sylvia. Her family was of good stock, she said, and according to Mother,

that counted more than wealth or possessions. Yet here I was, standing beneath the pines, the

music of my childhood reaching its crescendo, with only Ralph’s foolish plan and Michael’s

lethargy to guide me. I looked up and saw a cloud appear across the moon, and for a moment,

I felt the distinct chill of autumn descending on the valley.

28 Ralph was most different from the other boys in that he was

Choose one answer.

A. Disappointed in the lack of commitment of the other boys

B. Intimidated by the opulence and beauty of the girls

C. Determined to fulfil the plan for meeting young women

D. More accustomed to socialising with city girls

The passage suggests that Ralph was ‘resolute’ toward the plan (option C). Option A is not

mentioned in the passage. Option B is true of the other boys, not of Ralph. Although Ralph

may have been boastful, the passage does not mention that he is more experienced in

socialising with girls (option D).

29 The phrase ‘perfumed hair and nimble ankles’ suggests

Choose one answer.

A. The young women were more refined than George and his friends

B. The proposed plan among the boys was destined for failure

C. The people at the dance were of lower social class than the boys

D. The population of the valley was generally intolerant of strangers

The description of the girls indicates that they are different from George and his friends.

Option B is too strong - at this point in the passage it is not clear that the plan will fail. Thesuggestion in option C is not mentioned and is the opposite of what the phrase indicates.

Option D is not indicated in the passage.

30 ‘Like an eel, Ralph weaved through the jostling crowd, now cheery…’ (paragraph 3).

Ralph felt Choose one answer.

A. Embarrassed by his appearance

B. Invigorated by the atmosphere

C. Pleased by his own cunning



D. Animated by the large crowd

Put the quote in context: Ralph is described as ‘cheery since the band members had picked up

the rhythm.’ In other words, he is excited by what he hears and sees. This is best expressed in

option B. While the boys are described as appearing ‘shabby’, there is no indication that

Ralph is embarrassed; he is quite confident (option A). Although Ralph is pleased, this is not

because he is cunning (or sly). Since eels could be considered cunning, this is an answer that

might be attractive if we have not read carefully. Option D is incorrect because it is the band,

not the large crowd, that excites Ralph.

31 The last paragraph

Choose one answer.

A. Hints at George's disappointment over his predicament

B. Asserts that the change in weather will adversely affect the valley

C. Illustrates the effect that Sylvia will have on George's childhood

D. Indicates how Ralph feels about his rejection

The paragraph gives examples of George's unease and leads the reader to believe he is

disappointed. Thus option A is the best answer. Although the change in weather is described,

its impact is not discussed or alluded to (option B). Sylvia is mentioned, but the paragraph

does not actually show how she would affect George's childhood (option C). There is no

indication of Ralph’s feelings in the paragraph (option D).

32 The tone of the passage can best be characterised as

Choose one answer.

A. Morose

B. Bittersweet

C. Captivated

D. Resigned

George speaks longingly, with some happiness, regret and nostalgia, i.e. bittersweet (option

B). Option A is extreme - George is not overly sad. Option C is also extreme - George is not

totally captivated. Option D is partly correct. George is somewhat resigned at the end but not

throughout.

Questions 33 - 36

The following is a scene from the movie Margot At The Wedding. The exchange involves two

sisters, Margot and Pauline.

1. Margot: I was going to say, ‘I’d really like some white wine.’

2. Pauline: Oh. Yeah. We have a… Well… I’m glad you changed your mind and came. I

never heard from you after I sent the invite… I even wondered if you got it.

3. Margot (quickly): Well, I’m so pleased we’re here.

4. Pauline: Did you get it?



5. Margot: Yeah.

Pauline waits for an explanation.

6. Margot: I’m sorry you were so angry…

7. Pauline: I wasn’t angry. I was… disappointed.

8. Margot: Uh huh. But you see when you say, ‘disappointed’, it puts me in a crummy

situation. Like I let you down.

9. Pauline: But you did, in a way.

10. Margot: I don’t see it like that.

11. Pauline: Fine. I felt betrayed. Is that word OK?

12. Margot: Again, you’re making me the aggressor.

13. Pauline: You were the aggressor. (pause) Let’s not… I’ve become a really good cook.

33 In comment 3, Margot

Choose one answer.

A. Is not being entirely truthful

B. Tries to change the subject

C. Is anxious to have a glass of wine

D. Believes Pauline is not pleased that she is present

In comment 3, Pauline quickly cuts in and tries to appease Margot by changing the subject

(option B). There is nothing to suggest that her statement is untruthful (option A) or that

Pauline does not wish her to be present (option D). Option C is possible, but does not account

for Margot’s hasty comment.

34 The relationship between Margot and Pauline could best be described as

Choose one answer.

A. Close

B. Distant

C. Strained

D. Disrespectful

It is clear that there is conflict between the sisters, thus option A is not the best answer.

Options B and D are possible, but do not capture the antagonism between the sisters as well

as does option C.



35 The scene is primarily characterized by

Choose one answer.

A. Effective conflict resolution

B. A failure of the sisters to listen to each other

C. Personal attacks and blame

D. Each sister’s attempt to be superior to the other

This is not an example of effective conflict resolution (option A) - the interaction is marred

by passive-aggressive behaviour, personal attacks and avoidance of issues. While it is true

that the sisters do not always seem to listen to each other (option B), option C is a better

description of what is going on in the scene, especially in the second half of the scene. Option

D is true, but does not capture the main issue.

36 By the end of the scene, Margot is likely to

Choose one answer.

A. Respond to Pauline’s comment that she has ‘become a really good cook’

B. Change the topic of the conversation

C. Take issue with the fact that Pauline has labeled her an ‘aggressor’

D. Become very angry with Pauline

Given Margot has objected to Pauline blaming her in the previous few comments, it is likely

that Pauline will again object to Pauline labeling her an aggressor (option C). She is unlikely

to simply accept Pauline’s (quite obvious) change of topic (option A). Equally it is unlikelythat she will again try to change the subject, given Pauline has already attempted to do this

(option B). Rather than overt anger, the conversation is characterized by subtle, passive-

aggressive comments. It is therefore unlikely that Margot will express overt anger (option D).





3 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of

the sequence.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The dotted line moves around 90 degrees clockwise at a time. The solid line moves 45

degrees anticlockwise, then 90 degrees clockwise then 135 degrees anticlockwise then 180

degrees clockwise. The sequence is as follows:


The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of

the sequence.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

This is the correct order:

The bottom line moves around 45 degrees in an anticlockwise direction with each move. The

top line moves around 45 degrees anticlockwise, then 90 degrees anticlockwise then 135

degrees anticlockwise then 180 degrees anticlockwise.




the sequence.

Choose one answer.A. B. C. D. E.



The correct sequence is shown below (The reverse order is also correct)

This is a difficult question. The key is recognising that the position of the white rectangle is

fixed, with the lined-rectangle and black rectangle moving relative to the white one.

The lined-rectangle begins one position to the right of the white rectangle (i.e. immediately to

the right of the white rectangle). It then alternates between moving two positions left and one

unit right. The white rectangle covers the lined-rectangle in D because both are in the same

position.

In comparison, the black rectangle begins two positions to the right of the white rectangle. It

then moves one position to the left each time. Again, the white rectangle covers the black

rectangle in D.

6 Fifth in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the fifth in the series.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The first thing to notice is that the arrows always point to the opposite side of the square towhere the arrow touches the square. Thus, C is incorrect. The line that divides the square

alternates between top-right to bottom-left and top-left to bottom-right. Therefore, in the

answer, the line will be from top-right to bottom-left. Thus B and D are also wrong. This

leaves A and E. The arrow moves around two in an anti-clockwise direction, then one, then

two again (all anticlockwise). Therefore, it will move one in an anticlockwise direction to get

(A).





Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

There are three components. The first one is the ‘cross’ that moves around 45 o at a time.

Thus, in the answer, the cross will be in its original orientation (therefore B is incorrect). The

second components is the diamond which moves around the figure 45 degrees at a time in a

clockwise direction. Therefore A and C are also incorrect. The third component is the small

line which moves anticlockwise 45 degrees, then 90 degrees, then 135 degrees and thus it

will move around 180 degrees in the final movement - making E the correct answer.

8 Fourth in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the fourth in the series.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The first black ball (the one on the left hand side of the circle in the first image) moves to the

opposite side of the circle at each move (left of circle, then right of circle, then left of circle

etc). The other ball moves around in a clockwise direction first one position, then two

positions and finally three positions to get the answer (C).



Choose one answer.

A.

B. C. D. E.





The arrow moves diagonally down towards the right one space each turn. It rotates

anticlockwise, 90o

, then 180o

, then 270o

, thus in the last column it will rotate 360o

resulting inthe arrow pointing towards the left. This eliminates A and C. The triangle moves one space

right each turn and alternates between moving one space up and not moving up a space. In

the last column the triangle will not move up a space and hence should be in the 3rd square.

This eliminates B and D, leaving E as the correct answer. Also note that the triangle rotates

90o clockwise each turn, but this is not needed to answer the question.

12 Missing Segment

Select the segment that would most logically and simply complete the picture.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D.E.

Each row has a small white circle, a triangle and a square. Thus the missing figure must have

a small white square (thus options A, B and D are wrong). Each row has an arrow pointing to

the right, an arrow pointing up and an arrow pointing down. Thus the missing figure must

have an arrow pointing down (thus option E is wrong).

13 Missing Segment

Select the segment (C3) that would most logically and simply complete the picture. Note that

B3 is designed to be empty



Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

Each column has one square with black circles, thus the missing figure must have black

circles (thus options B and C are wrong). Moving across rows in terms of the number of

balls, A - B = C (also going down columns, column 2 - column 1 = column 3). Thus there isgoing to be one ball in the missing square and so (D) and (E) are wrong.



Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

Explanation: the central number for each image is determined by the formula: add 3; subtract

2. ie: 1 (+3) 4 (-2) 2 (+3) 5... therefore, the central number of the answer will be 3. The

number above is the central number squared, ie 9. The right hand number is the top number

plus 3, i.e. 12. The bottom number is the right hand number plus 6, i.e. 18. The left hand

number is the bottom number plus 9, i.e. 27.

15 Missing Segment






The short hand of a clock and the long hand of a clock makes a number (eg 712 in the first

picture). This number is added to the corresponding number in the second clock to make the

sum.

17 This is to That

Select the figure that would make a second pair of figures with the same relationship as the

first pair.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The outside shape becomes the inside shape and it turns blue. Thus C and E are incorrect.

The inside shape becomes bigger and changes colour. Therefore, in the answer, there will be

an upright pentagon that is white. Therefore A is wrong. There is another copy of the inner

shape which is reflected about the horizontal axis, it remains the same colour and it overlaps

the other copy of the inner shape. Therefore, in the answer, the black upside down pentagon

should overlap the white upright pentagon as in (B).

18 Missing Segment


Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

If the shapes take the following composition (the square represents the original figures

whereas the circle represents the transposed images):



Then 1 moves to B, 2 moves to C and 3 moves to A.

19 Missing Segment


Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The original shape does not change so (A) and (C) are wrong. The only relationship that

works for both of the provided translations is that the original shape is divided into a number

of shapes of the same type. The number of shapes it is divided into corresponds to the number

of sides in the original shape (thus options E and B are wrong)



Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

There are two lines that come from the centre of the pentagon and move around it. The first

line (the one that is vertical in the first image) moves around two units anticlockwise at each

move. Therefore, it will be pointing to the bottom left in the answer (thus D and E are

wrong). The other line moves clockwise one unit at each move. Thus it will overlap the other

line in the answer - option A.






the sequence.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The sequence is shown in order below (it could be in the reverse order too).

The black ball moves around the outside of the star (moving one point clockwise each move).

The grey ball moves around two sections of the star each move and it alternates between

moving inside an outer triangle and on the line.




the sequence.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The sequence is shown in order below (it could be in the reverse order too).

The ball moves around the figure anticlockwise; three units each move and alternating

between the inner sections and the outer sections.




the sequence.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.





The first thing to notice is that the minutes are increasing each time, by a multiple of fifteen,

i.e. fifteen minutes, thirty minutes, forty five minutes, and one hour. Secondly, each time the

minutes reach sixty, the hours decrease by two. Thus, the correct answer is A.




the sequence.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The correct sequence is shown below (it could be in the reverse order too):

There are three components that alter throughout the course of this sequence. Firstly, the

black solid segment of the shape moves up one unit (E), and then down two units (B). It then

repeats up one unit (A), followed by down two units (D). The black circle always moves up,

although it alternates between one unit up, and two units up. The squares alternate between

being black and white – if the square is black, it is present in the top segment, if it is white, it

appears in the segment second from the top.



Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The addition of the two bottom numbers equals the square of the top number.





Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The difficulty in this question is that the number of stars and their orientation is irrelevant.

The number of places in which stars touch each other is what must be considered. In each

image in the sequence, the number of places in which stars touch increases by one (none in

the first image, one in the second, two in the third, three in the fourth). Thus, the solution

must have stars touching in four places. The only image which satisfies this is A. Thus A isthe correct answer. There are two points of touch in both B and E, six in C and three in D.

These are thus incorrect.



Choose one answer.

A.B. C. D.

E.

Consider one of the circles to be constant (the bottom one in the first figure). The other circle

moves around the stable circle. It moves 45o anticlockwise in the first move, 90o clockwise in

the second move and 135o anticlockwise in the third move. Thus it will move 180o clockwise

in the final move which leads to (A).



Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.



Each column of each figure has strict number of patterned squares (one in first column, twoin the second, three in the third, two in the fourth and two in the fifth). Therefore, options A,

C and D are wrong. Each column only has one colour / pattern (apart from white) in any one

figure. Furthermore, in each move, the colours change by moving across a column (to the

right) on each move. For example, in the first figure, the column colours from column 1 to

column 5 are black, vertical stripes, black, grey and horizontal stripes. In the next figure, the

column colours from column 1 to column 5 are horizontal stripes, black, vertical stripes,

black and grey (they have all shifted across to the right one column). Therefore, the right

answer is (E).

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MedEntry Paper 5