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CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

DEVELOPMENT BOARD (CIDB)

FINAL REPORT: PHASE 1

MECHANISATION, AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN

CONSTRUCTION

JULY 2012

Table of Contents

No. Contents Page

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Objective of Study 3

3.0 Methodology and Milestone 4

4.0 Definition and Categorisation 6

5.0 Onsite Mechanisation 6

6.0 Offsite Mechanisation 9

7.0 The Benefits of Mechanisation Implementation 16

8.0 The Present State of Mechanisation in Malaysia 18

9.0 Factors that Inhibits the Adoption of Mechanisation 19

10.0 Reducing the Barriers and Opportunities for Implementation 24

11.0 Policy and Incentives to Encourage Mechanisation 30

12.0 The Use of Robotics in Construction 31

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13.0 Business Opportunities Available for the Construction

Industry in Mechanisation

32

14.0 Training Needs in Mechanisation 32

15.0 Global Policy on Mechanisation 33

16.0 Conclusion 38

17.0 Recommendation and The Way Forward 40

List of References 43

List of Figure

No. Contents Page

Figure 1 : Degree of Industrialisation 10

Figure 2 : Industrialisation Value Creation 16

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List of Appendix

No. Contents Page

Appendix 1 : Mapping up Mechanisation 44

Appendix 2 : Objective of Study 46

Appendix 3 : Factors that Inhibit Mechanisation 47

Appendix 4 : SWOT Analysis on Mechanisation 48

Appendix 5 : Advantage of the use of Modern Machineries 49

Appendix 6 : Methodology 50

Appendix 7 : Mechanisation Characteristic, Application and Machinery 51

Appendix 8 : Action Plan towards Mechanisation 52

Appendix 9 : Cadangan Mengurangkan Duti Import dan Cukai Jualan

ke atas Jentera, Mesin dan Peralatan Berat Pembinaan

kepada Sektor Pembinaan

© July 2012 Construction Research Institute of Malaysia

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Editorial

1. Ir. NorainiBahri

2. Mr. Rofizlan Ahmad 3. Miss Nurul Hayati Khalil 4. Ir. Dr. Zuhairi Abd Hamid 5. Dr. Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar 6. Mr. Mohd Rahimi Abd Rahman 7. Mr. Franky Ambon 8. Mrs. Maria Zura Mohd Zain

9. Mr. Khairolden Ghani 10. Mr. Ahmad Hazim Abd Rahim 11. Mr. Helmi Aizat Fuad

12. Miss Natasha Dzulkalnin

FINAL REPORT: PHASE 1

MECHANISATION, AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN CONSTRUCTION

Inception by:

Prepared by:

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MECHANISATION, AUTOMATION AND

ROBOTICS IN CONSTRUCTION (PHASE 1)

1.0 Introduction

1.1 The use of modern machineries (adoption of mechanisation,

automation and robotics) in the construction industry has been

emphasize by YAB Dato' Seri Najib Tun Razak during the opening

of the International Construction Week (ICW) 2012. Labour

intensive industries such as the construction industry must shed

their traditional dependency on labour and focus on alternative

production inputs that can boost productivity.

1.2 Potential and advantages of the use of modern machineries to

construction contractors in Malaysia are as follows:

1.2.1 Implementation of government mega projects under the

Entry Points Projects (EPPs), under the Economic

Transformation Programme (ETP) may be performed with

optimal cost in a shorter period of time;

1.2.2 Reduction of dependency on foreign workers;

1.2.3 With the implementation of the minimum wage limit, the

construction industry can no longer rely on cheap labour.

Continuation to prosper and grow, the construction

industry has to improve productivity through the use of

machinery; and

1.2.4 The Government is committed to the implementation of

free market policies through liberalise regional economic

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agreement. The use of plant and machinery will increase

the competitiveness of local contractors to compete for

projects at locally and globally.

1.3 To encourage the use of machinery by the contractors in

Malaysia, better incentives such as tax breaks, duty on

machinery and loan facilities should be offered and provided by

the government. The selection of the right incentives is very

important to prevent abuse and dependence in the long term

incentives. Incentives should be given to systems/machinery and

equipment that provide high value-added applications such as

robotics or automation and production of modular components.

1.4 However, CIDB cannot ensure the current level of mechanisation

practice and the readiness of the industry to adopt

mechanisation. The definition, scope and limitation of

mechanisation are also unclear.

1.5 Accordingly, an in-depth and comprehensive study to define

mechanisation and to identify factors that inhibits the adoption of

mechanisation is required. The result from the study will be used

by the CIDB to chart the way forward towards the total adoption

of mechanisation in the construction industry.

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2.0 Objective of Study

2.1 This study is to define mechanisation and to map up issue on

mechanisation adoption in the construction industry. This aim of

study is supported by five objectives, which are:

2.1.1 To develop the Malaysian definition, scope and

boundaries on mechanisation;

2.1.2 To map up issues surrounding mechanisation, automation

and robotics in construction;

2.1.3 To identify barriers and challenges of machineries usage;

2.1.4 To predict the future trends and opportunities for the

implementation of automation and robotics in the

construction;

2.1.5 To establish an understanding of the principals of

mechanisation, automation and robotics as applicable to

construction;

2.1.6 To develop strategy to encourage industry using

machineries; and

2.1.7 To develop a policy - incentive for mechanisation.

2.2 By identifying the barriers to mechanisation and investigating

ways in which to overcome them, contributions can be made in

terms of better understanding and facilitating, where relevant,

greater use of these technology in the construction industry.

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3.0 Methodology and Milestone

3.1 The report are based on data captured by the following

methodologies:

3.1.1 Review of the literature through the data available, such as

reports, journals and other information. Among the most

important literature that shaped up the report are:

i. Academic papers by Prof. Roger Bruno Richard;

ii. Academic papers by Asoc. Prof. Sr. Dr. Rohana Mahbub;

iii. Academic papers by Ir. Dr. Zuhairi Abd Hamid and Dr.

Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar;

iv. Industrial reports by ManuBuild Consortium and CIB

(International Council for Research and Innovation in

Building and Construction);

v. Paper proceedings of international conference organised by

International Association for Automation and Robotics in

Construction (IAARC) 2003-2011;

vi. Industry reports by Building Construction Authorities (BCA),

Singapore;

vii. Official reports from Malaysian Investment Development

Authorities (MIDA); and

viii. Official reports from Construction Industry Development

Board (CIDB) Malaysia.

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3.1.2 Develop, distribute and analyse questionnaires for the purpose of

data collection as focused to target respondent which practically

involve in construction industry process. The details of the survey

are as follows:

i. The survey was conducted on February 2012. Random

sampling was used in the survey to capture data from the

respondents; and

ii. About 88 respondents participated in the survey. Majority of

the respondents (55%) were contractors. The second highest

group of respondents (26%) were manufacturers, material

suppliers, and material system providers. Representatives

from the government agencies consisted of 12% of the total

respondents while 4% and 3% of the respondents consist of

consultants and property developers respectively.

3.1.3 Conduct Business Lab (workshop) with the industry

i. Industry consultancy workshop was conducted on 27th March

2012 at Cyberview Resorts and Spa, Cyberjaya. This

workshop involved 15 strong participations from industry

players as well as academician. Delphi method was used to

capture and analyse data from the workshop.

ii. Workshop to develop mechanisation policy and incentives

was conducted on 4th May 2012 at Makmal Kerja Raya

Malaysia (MKRM). This workshop was conducted to discuss

among the expert panel from IBS Centre, CIDB and CREAM

about the potential policy and incentives to encourage the

industry player to adapt the mechanisation concept in

construction project.

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4.0 Definition and Categorisation

4.1 Mechanisation is the process of doing work with machinery, plant

and equipment in carrying out a task. It is also defined as the act

of implementing the control of equipment with advanced

technology, usually involving electronic hardware. The main

objective of mechanisation is productivity improvement.

4.2 In general, mechanisation can be divided into two categories:

4.2.1 Onsite mechanisation

4.2.2 Offsite mechanisation (industrialisation)

5.0 Onsite Mechanisation

5.1 Onsite mechanisation is the usage of mechanical and electrical

equipment and machineries onsite in aiding construction activities

undertaken by labour to improve the construction process.

5.2 Common machineries and equipment which are used onsite are

as follows:

5.2.1 Mobile cranes;

5.2.2 Poker vibrators;

5.2.3 Excavators and other earth moving equipment;

5.2.4 Roller compactors;

5.2.5 Fork lift;

5.2.6 Backhoe;

5.2.7 Hauling equipment;

5.2.8 Hoisting equipment;

5.2.9 Aggregate and concrete production equipment;

5.2.10 Pile diving equipment;

5.2.11 Tunnelling and rock drilling equipment;

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5.2.12 Pumping and de-watering equipment

5.3 Level of mechanisation for onsite mechanisation are:

5.3.1 Simple and non-complex machinery – The use of simple

and traditional construction machines and equipment in

aiding construction activities undertaken by labour and to

improve the construction process.

5.3.2 Enhancement to existing construction plant and

equipment – The enhancement can be done through the

attachment of sensors and navigation aids, so as to

provide improved feedback from the machines to the

operative. The performance of traditional construction

equipment over entirely manual controlled methods can

be significantly enhanced. Laser control, Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) and ultrasound are commonly used.

5.3.3 Task specific, dedicated machine – Most of construction

machines and robots have been developed in Japan

construction “big five” company; Shimazu, Obayashi,

Takaneka, Taisei and Kajima. They can be categorised

into:

i. Machines and robots for structural work, such as

concrete placing and power floating and steelwork

lifting and positioning

ii. Machines and robots for finishing or completion of

work such as exterior wall spraying, wall and ceiling

panel handling, positioning and installation

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iii. Machines and robots for inspection work, for example

window and ceiling clearing. Task specific, dedicated

robot generally under tele-operation and program

control. The operative control is positioned outside

the immediate vicinity of the machine, with the

instructions transmitted to the machine via controller

5.3.4 Intelligent (or cognitive) machine – This category is a

combination or hybrid of category 2 and category 3. This

hybrid type of mechanisation and robotics application will

be distinctively construction oriented, supported by a high

degree of autonomy and knowledge base, in which to

resolve the wide range of construction problems

Table 1: Level of mechanisation (onsite)

Level of mechanisation Description

Simple and non-complex

machinery

The use of simple and traditional

construction machines and equipment

i.e. Fork lift, backhoe, hauling equipment

and hoisting equipment

Enhancement to existing

construction plant and

equipment

The enhancement can be done through

the attachment of sensors and navigation

aids.

Laser control, Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) and ultrasound

Task specific, dedicated

machine

Task specific and dedicated robots to do

construction work.

Controlled by human

Robots for structural work, finishing or

completion of work and inspection work

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Intelligent (or cognitive)

machine

Construction oriented machines and

robots

Supported by a high degree of autonomy

and knowledge base

Artificial intelligence in which to resolve

the wide range of construction problems

Source: International Association of Automation and Robotics in Construction

(2004)

6.0 Offsite Mechanisation

6.1 Offsite mechanisation can be defined as the production of

prefabrication and industrialised components and the use of IBS.

Although the large numbers of components in construction

projects are to be fabricated under IBS, the construction is still

forever site-intensive handicraft. Therefore, to move towards

labour reduction, the degree of industrialisation should be an

indicator to measure the level of IBS adoption in construction.

The indicator represents the maturity of industrialisation

adoption.

6.2 Offsite mechanisation can be measured using the degree of

industrialisation by extrapolating from what is going on in other

industries such as manufacturing and automotive. They are

merely recycling the traditional processes, switching the tasks

from the craftsman to the machine. The degree of

industrialisation is shown in Figure 1:

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Figure 1: Degree of Industrialisation (Richard,2005)

6.2.1 Prefabrication is a manufacturing process that generally takes

place at a specialized facility, in which various materials are

joined to form a component part of the final installation. Pre -

fabrication means production of building components "before"

and/or "elsewhere". In the building industry, it generally implies

building in a factory components or full modules similar to the

ones done on a traditional construction site, and in most cases

using the same processes. Still for the following reasons,

prefabrication can very often bring the construction costs down,

as much as 15% in some instances. Characteristics of

prefabrication are:

i. Rationalisation of the tasks along a production line;

ii. Specialised tooling and handling equipment;

iii. Semi-skilled labour;

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iv. Climatic protection; and

v. Bulk purchasing due to the single delivery point

6.2.2 Mechanisation comes in whenever machinery is employed to ease

the workload of the labourer. Usually the case whenever there is

large scale prefabrication. It is a condition of having a highly

technical implementation or the act of implementing the control

of equipment with advanced technology, usually involving

electronic hardware, automation replaces human workers by

machines.

i. The characteristics of mechanisation includes:

a. Machineries operate by operators;

b. Related to systematic flow process of production;

c. Reduce tradesmen and improve productivity,

efficiency and profitability (results);

d. Implement product standardisation;

e. High product quality and standard;

f. Ease and fast production;

g. Optimum use of material, manpower and finance;

h. Mass production; and

i. Better working condition

ii. The following construction activities required extensive

application of mechanisation:

a. Steel structure fabrication;

b. Roof trusses fabrication & assembly;

c. Block, bricks tiles (Roof, floor and wall tiles);

d. Pavers, wall panels, slab panels;

e. Manual job at site including; concreting and

bricklaying;

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f. Plastering;

g. Shell structure (involving reinforcement, formwork

and concreting), also foundation

iii. Common machinery and equipment use in mechanisation

are:

a. Overhead crane;

b. Gantry cranes (lifting machines);

c. Concrete mixer & Batching plants;

d. Concrete vibrators;

e. Bending and cutting machines;

f. Welding machines;

g. Air compressor/ pressing machine etc;

h. Machine related to producing precast element,

concrete block/ bricks (extruder, slipper); and

i. Hydraulic equipment

6.2.3 Automation is defined as a self-regulating process performed by

using programmable machines to carry out series of tasks.

Automation is also a situation when the tooling (machine)

completely takes over the tasks performed by the labourer.

Although the tooling is taking over, the foreman is still around,

and the engineer and the programmer are not far. A study about

Swedish wood-frame panels assembled by automation indicates

an economy up to 27% compared with traditional construction

methods. Nonetheless, the old focus on using automation simply

to increase productivity and reduce costs was seen to be short-

sighted, because it is also necessary to provide a skilled

workforce who can make repairs and manage the machinery.

Moreover, the initial costs of automation were high and often

could not be recovered by the time entirely new manufacturing

processes replaced the old.

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6.2.4 Robotics is a discipline overlapping artificial intelligence and

mechanical engineering. Robotics comprises the ability of the

same tooling which has the multi-axis flexibility to perform

diversified tasks by itself.

6.2.5 Reproduction implies that the research and development of

innovative processes are truly capable of simplifying the

production process. Reproduction is innovation intensive:

simplifying the production of complex goods by introducing a

different technology, and therefore achieving more substantial

economies than mechanizing, automating or robotising around

the traditional construction methods. Reproduction is meeting

directly the purpose of industrialisation where quantity justifies an

investment to simplify production.

i. The following are already in the market products

produced using the concept of reproduction:

a. Hollow core slab: Extrusion of concrete along a line

of pre-stressed cables; rather than building (and

dismantling) formwork, installing the reinforcing,

delivering and pouring the concrete on the site; the

cheapest way to produce a structural slab

b. Multifunctional lightweight precast panel: Casting or

pressing or moulding a monolithic panel integrating

thermal & acoustical insulation, air & vapor barrier,

structural or bracing capacity, cladding and texture

as well as the jointing geometry; then spraying a

coating to achieve waterproofing; rather than

putting up a stud wall with insulating blankets, air

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and vapor barrier membranes, exterior sheeting

and cladding as well as interior finish.

c. Toilet pod / modular toilet system: incorporating all

the components (bath/washbasin/shower/even

toilet bowl) and facilitating the maintenance (round

corners and no tile joints) in composite, through

deep-drawing, covering or even centrifugation;

rather than laying & grouting tiles on a waterproof

backing. Or producing the same shell in metal

through electro-deposition

Table 1: Level of Industrialisation (offsite)

Level of Industrialisation Characteristics

Conventional Wet trade

On-site construction

Prefabrication Prefabrication is a manufacturing process that

generally takes place at a specialized facility

(factory)

Small scale production

Use large number of semi-skilled labour along

production line

Small number of machines and equipment

Non-complex machines and equipment

Mechanisation Large scale production

Extensive usage of mechanical and electrical

equipment and machineries in aiding

prefabrication activities

Use of complex machines and equipment

Machines substantially reduce the need of

manpower as compared to prefabrication

Machine is still controlled by labour

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Automation Tooling (machine) completely takes over the

tasks performed by the labourer

Although the tooling is taking over, the

foreman is still around, and the engineer and

the programmer are not far.

Robotic Ability of the same tooling which has the

multi-axis flexibility (robot arm) to perform

diversified tasks by itself

Consist of using high technology machine

with total control of machines using artificial

intelligent capability

Reproduction Innovative processes are truly capable of

simplifying the production process or complex

goods by introducing a different technology

6.3 The first four degrees are still more under the influence of the

traditional methods of building. Prefabrication aims rather at the

location of the production where the next three degrees

(mechanisation, automation and robotics) aim at substituting

labour with machineries. Reproduction, on the other hand, is a

concept borrowed from the printing industry and it is an

innovation capable of simplifying the multiplier of complex goods

and delivering affordable, quality building to the vast majority of

people.

6.4 More recently industrialised construction has been defined into

contents and value creation based on the level of complexity and

industrialisation. Figure 2 shows the value creation of

industrialised construction versus the type of systems used, as

well as the level of standardisation. Industrialisation in

construction can create the most value when the product

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undergoes individuality, integration and less standardisation in

the form of modular construction and integrated elements.

6.5 Increasing the individuality, content and spatiality of modules

results in a reduction of the series sizes, while, on the other

hand, increasing content and spatiality adds more monetary

value due to rationalization effects in the factory. Therefore, the

value creation of industrialisation can only be established using

robotized and automated manufacturing process which is

different from current conventional practices.

Figure 2: Industrialisation Value Creation

7.0 The Benefits of Mechanisation Implementation

7.1 In any industry, any product done in a craftsmanship fashion is

bound to be luxury. Yet, there is still a lot of craftsmanship in the

building industry today and the old saying is still true: if a car

was produced the way a building is delivered, very few people

would be able to own one; if an electronic calculator was

produced the way a building is delivered, it would cost a fortune.

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7.2 Shortage of labour is one of the factors behind the drive in many

countries to mechanise production in order to increase

productivity by replacing labour with machines. The more to

mechanisation and prefabrication make sense in economies

where full employement is creating upward preasure on wages,

or where labour shortages are acute

7.3 Mechanisation, automation and robotics have the potential to

improve the industry in term of productivity, safety and quality.

The capability to generate higher output at lower unit cost, which

better quality product could in turn improve global

competitiveness.

7.4 The construction site could theoretically, be contained in safer

environment, with more efficient execution of work, greater

consistency of the outcome and higher control over production

process.

7.5 Mechanising is necessary in order to reduce production times

and costs, improve working conditions, avoid dangerous work,

allow work to be performed that people cannot do and

increase performance. Usually large scale prefabrication will be

accompanied by some mechanisation (pneumatic hammer and

gantry crane).

7.6 Data for the survey (February 2012) showed that the benefits of

mechanisation are:

7.6.1 Improve working condition

7.6.2 Quality improvement

7.6.3 Safety promotion

7.6.4 Improve in overall project performance

7.6.5 Labour saving

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8.0 The Present State of Mechanisation in Malaysia

8.1 Prefabrication is current applied. Mechanisation and semi-

machineries are used in prefabrication factories. The machineries

is still need to use human to operate and in production process

8.2 Use of machine is extensive but can be improved more in the

future

8.2.1 Efficient use of machineries – low level

8.2.2 Extent of using machineries – moderate level

8.2.3 50% IBS construction (factory & site) and 50%

conventional

8.3 Machineries mostly used for preliminary site works (levelling,

excavating) and lifting of components

8.4 Based on the questionnaire survey (March 2012), the majority of

the industry has a moderate level of knowledge on mechanisation

in building construction (54%). 35% of the respondents have a

good level of knowledge regarding mechanisation while 11%

respondents claim that they have a little or poor level of

knowledge in mechanisation

8.5 Based on the questionnaire survey (March 2012) 69% of the

respondents agree that the industry is ready to transform and

moving forward from prefabrication towards mechanisation

implementation in the construction.

8.6 Corporate leadership, business strategy, procurement/contract,

project management, technology selection, supply chain, design

management and integration, skill and competency, training and

education, IT and continuous improvement are the important

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critical success factor in implementing the mechanisation in

construction.

9.0 Factors that Inhibits the Adoption of Mechanisation

9.1 However, industrialisation is based on quantity, on volume: to

justify with an important market the investment in a technology

capable in return of simplifying the production of complex goods.

That is the very nature of industrialisation: a quantity will divide

the investment into small (eventually infinitesimal) fractions,

thereby reducing the production costs down to derisive amounts

and making (if the economy is transferred to the pricing) the

product available to a large audience.

9.2 The fragmentary nature and the size of the construction industry

make it unreceptive to revolutionary change. For mechanisation

to work there is a need for compatibility with existing design,

management capabilities, labour practices and site operation.

Furthermore, the multi-point responsibility, where different

organisations are responsible for the different places of

construction, makes it difficult for mechanisation application to be

effective. For these technologies to work in construction there is a

need for higher degrease of integration within phases.

9.3 One of the most obvious barriers is the high cost incurred and the

need for substantial financial commitment for the required

investment in R&D and implementation for the required

investment in R&D and implementation of these technologies in

real terms. The investments are high risk and finding firms willing

to invest in these technologies is a problem. There is also the

high cost of owning and using these technologies on site, and

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because some of the machines are still not fully developed,

keeping up with the advance in technology can prove costly. The

construction industry is often not willing to put in high risk and

costly investment into the technology.

9.4 Ideally, the large number of units to produce (quantity)

distributes the cost of a process into very small fractions. In

return, this process reduces the number of operations, simplifies

them and brings more precision. The result is better quality at a

lower cost, exactly like what happened in most of the other

industries.

9.5 Construction Product and Work Processes

Nearly every construction product is unique i.e. custom designed

and constructed and is built to last for a long time. The work

processes is also complex and non-repetitive, generally

performed over a large area or site and the work performed is

peculiar to that site i.e. each project is site specific. As work is

closely related to the site, its execution is influenced by locational

conditions such as weather, labour supply and local building

codes; and the project also requires a long time to complete. The

complexity and non-standardisation of the construction product is

an inhibitor to greater automation and robotics applications. The

difficulty in control and maintenance if these technologies are

used in the “open” and unstructured environment of the

construction site, such as uncertain terrains in which the

machines have to work, also mitigate against greater automation.

According to the PATH group, (Partnership for Advancing Housing

Technology, 2003) barriers to robots in construction are

propagated by the nature of the construction industry.

Construction is a diverse industry and one that has to cope with

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an almost unique set of circumstances on each project and site.

The unstructured, dynamic nature of the construction site, the

hazards and difficulties presented by temporary works, weather,

and, sometimes, the sheer scale of activity create barriers to the

adoption of automation. The construction industry is also not

willing to put in the high risk and costly investment into the

technology.

For automation and robotics to work in construction, it is

necessary to adapt the work processes by redesigning and by

converting ill-structured to well- structured working conditions.

The “culture of the building site” is usually the antithesis of good

organisation and seldom provides an environment conducive to

the achievement of high quality, or the operation of sensitive

electronic equipment (Brown, 1989).

9.6 Technology

Developments of construction robots are technologically difficult

because of the nature of the construction work process itself. The

cheapest option is usually to adapt these technologies from other

industries, but the obvious differences between work processes

across the industries form a crucial barrier. To work in

construction, the robots need to be robust, flexible, with high

mobility and versatility.

Stein, Gotts and Lahidji (2000) listed the different attributes of

the construction robots as compared to those in other industries.

Construction robots must move about the site because buildings

are stationary and of a large size, and these robots require

engines, batteries, or motors and drive for mobility.

Constructions robots are also faced with changing sites and must

be programmed with each new condition; and therefore require

digital control with manipulators using coordinate systems to

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direct three-dimensional motion. Playback control found in most

industrial robots does not suffice for construction applications.

Construction robots also have to handle large loads of variable

sizes, function under adverse weather conditions and are

constantly-exposed to dust and dirt on site, creating different

demands as compared to conventional industrial robots. To

overcome this, there is a need to look at how construction tasks

are performed to encourage repetition, and the construction sites

need to be re-configured to provide a more structured and

controlled operating environment.

9.7 Culture and Human Factor

The different work cultures between countries also play an

important role as barriers to implementation. In some countries

there are institutional barriers as well as active workers unions

that look upon these technologies as a way from the industry has

pushed forward the technologies (Obayashi, 1999). Construction

robots can take considerable time to set up and need to be

constantly monitored by skilled workers. Therefore, for robots to

become more commonplace on the work site, a new based of

workers is needed; who has a strong academic background with

special training in areas of robotics engineering and control.

To maintain a high utilisation rate for construction automation

and robotics, there is a need to ensure an adequate supply of

appropriately skilled operators to operate the sophisticated

machinery. Training needs to be provided, for formal learning of

new skills (such as programming) and onsite upgrading of skills.

However, other than the cost factors to be considered in re-

training, there is also the consideration of workers not willing to

participate, possibly the older generations, who might not be

interested or might not have the aptitude to learn the necessary

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skills to handle sophisticated equipment. In countries where the

workforce depends on migrants to meet the demand of the

market, there is also the possibility of communication barriers or

unwillingness of employers to spend money on re-training of

these workers.

9.8 Based on the data from the workshop (March 2012) the following

barriers and challenges to mechanisation have been identified:

9.8.1 Design varies;

9.8.2 Quantity not sufficient;

9.8.3 Too many trades involved;

9.8.4 Integrated supply chain is not present;

9.8.5 Skilled & semi skill do not come under one single

organisation and difficult to new changes;

9.8.6 Lack of experience, lack of technical knowledge and lack

of skilled labour are important barriers to adopt

mechanisation;

9.8.7 Poor works integration of work interface;

9.8.8 Lack of commitment towards improvement from sub-

contractor;

9.8.9 Materials used is still limited and need to explore new

material;

9.8.10 Construction project based practice is hinder the

mechanisation;

9.8.11 Need to re-access and review the construction process

itself;

9.8.12 Fragmentation of the technological operations that leads

to long breaks, making the investment unbeneficial; and

9.8.13 Variable and extended locations.

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9.9 Based on the result from questionnaire survey (February 2012)

the following barriers and challenges have been identified

(according to ranking):

9.9.1 High cost of investment;

9.9.2 Ignorance and reluctant to change attitude;

9.9.3 Availability of cheap labour;

9.9.4 Lack of skilled workers; and

9.9.5 Low standardisation of components.

10.0 Reducing the Barriers and Opportunities for Implementation

The following areas are is identified have an opportunity in reducing

barriers for mechanisation, automation and robotics implementation:

10.1 Economic and Cost

For the construction industry, the primary motivation in adopting new

technologies is the prospect of gaining a competitive advantage through

lower input costs. The willingness for construction firms to invest in R&D

and implementation of these technologies in real terms will only happen if

they feel that there are greater economic advantages to be gained by

using these technologies. These will differ according to the construction

industry climate and practices in different countries. In terms of diffusing

the costs of acquiring and maintaining these technologies, large

international construction companies may have the economic capacity for

taking these technologies on board.

With fewer jobs available locally, the bigger construction companies are

trapping the overseas market. As such, globalisation and participation in

international projects is a niche with which the construction industry can

take further advantage of automation and robotics technologies, as these

technologies might be a worthwhile investment if there is a need to gain

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the competitive edge by operating more efficiently while reducing

construction time. The economies of scale that can be gained through the

widening of the operating market and repetitive use of the technologies

will enable higher investments to be made in acquiring the technologies.

Advantages in the use of construction automation and robotics

technologies include higher productivity, in that higher output can be

produced at a lower unit cost; process improvement, in that the work can

be better executed; and product improvement; in that there is greater

consistency in the outcome of the work, and thus higher quality. All these

advantages will improve competitiveness of the construction firm,

especially internationally and this will in turn make the firm move willing

to incur the high cost and substantial financial commitment in taking the

technologies on board.

10.2 Structure and Organisation of the Construction Industry

The fragmentary nature and the size of the construction industry make it

unreceptive to revolutionary changes. In construction, the responsibility

and control is split between different parties and since no one

organisation is in charge, this hinders the innovation process. According

to IAARC (2004), one of that main reasons why construction automation

and robotics is so prevalent in Japan is that the large Japanese

construction companies exemplify the principle of single point of

responsibility. By exercising control over much of the process and its

many different contributors, they are able to undertake R&D at lower risk

and with a higher expectation that the results will have worthwhile

application on their construction sites. Additionally, the construction

companies are more inclined to collaborate outside their own

specialisation and to fund and manage R&D jointly with others (IAARC,

2004). In other countries, where single point responsibility is not the

norm for most construction firms, investments in automation and robotics

technologies maybe taken up by large conglomerate firms operating

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globally. For these firms, responsibility and control over the firm’ projects

and profits are usually under one roof.

There are also opportunities for greater implementation of automation

and robotics technologies within specific areas of construction, such as

design or specialist sub-contracting work. Automation of the design

process through CAD is quite commonplace in the construction industry

nowadays as design software and products are readily available with high

capacity-to-cost ratio; thus providing designers with the tools needed to

produce designs economically and efficiently. The use of automation and

robotics technologies may be more applicable if emphasis is placed on

the assembly and installation of components. As mentioned before, the

types that would be most relevant that could be adopted by specialist

sub-contractors are category one, enhancements to existing construction

plant and equipment; and to a lesser extent, category two, task-specific,

dedicated robots.

10.3 Construction Product and Work Processes

The product is unique in construction as compared to other industries, in

that it is usually a one-off design where there is no continuity in

production. Greater implementation of automation and robotics

technologies may be possible where repetitious or common designs is

employed, such as for council housing, simple community halls or small

regional train or bus stations, where a design is repeated again and again

in different locations. This is more prevalent in some countries compared

to others. In Malaysia, a common feature of residential construction is its

degree of repetitiveness, especially for low cost housing, as the same

designs and features are used repetitively but in different locations. An

example of this Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor’s (Selangor State

Development Corporation) provision of low cost housing in the Selangor

State, where single storey terraced houses or 5-storey flats are built for

the poor in different locations of the state, but using the same design.

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This type of project may gain from a greater application of automation

and robotics technologies, especially if the designs and components are

standardised for ease of assembly.

Another area of construction that may be relevant to automation and

robotics technologies is civil engineering and infrastructure works.

Infrastructure works such as the construction of roads and rail, embrace

fully the concept of repetitive work processes, and again, this type of

work can and have benefited from the greater use of automation

technologies and mechanisation of the construction works. Greater use of

automation and robotics technologies may be possible in these instance

as one of the main criteria for effective use of these technologies is the

need for repetitive and standardised work processes and a structure

environment.

The construction is “open” and unstructured with exposure to weather

and uncertain terrains in which machines have to work mitigating against

greater automation. There are major differences between the

construction and manufacturing industry where automation usage is the

norm, and these differences can be categorised mainly in terms of

location and work area, product life, degree of standardisation,

complexity of the work process, the workforce and the ergonomics of the

work environment. In construction, work is usually dispersed over a wide

work area and location changes from project to project. The product life

is long, with little standardisation as most building design are unique.

Construction workers usually need to be mobile and work a large number

of manual tasks, and it is quite common for these workers to change jobs

frequently between projects. The work place is not well adjusted to

automation a need in that is rugged and unpredictable.

To make automation work in this instance, there is a need to rethink the

whole process of construction and make drastic changes to construction

technology itself. This is a more difficult approach, and can only be done

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in moderation. Automation technologies may therefore work best in

certain areas of the construction process, such as in prefabrication and

assembly or steelwork positioning, but not applied to the whole

construction phase. This would mean that automated machines or robots

would be brought in at the later stages of construction, where the

environment is less hostile.

10.4 Technology

Developments of construction robots are technologically difficult because

of the nature of the construction work processes itself. TO work in

construction, the robots need to be robust, flexible, with high mobility

and versatility. To overcome this, there is a need to look at how

construction task are performed to encourage repetition, and the

construction environments need to be much more structured and

controlled. Technology is therefore very much related to the structure

and work process in the construction industry. That is why in areas of

construction where repetition is prevalent, such as concreting, steelwork

positioning, masonry and finishing, automation and robotic is more highly

used to other areas.

There are other areas in construction that have the potential to change in

terms of making the work process more repetitious and standardised,

and we need to identify and modify these areas to encourage greater

automation. This may include the use of modular, standardised

construction products and greater off-site prefabrication. Integrated

construction automation systems-which effectively turn construction sites

into covered factories – appear to be the way forward. The Obayashi

Corporation’s ABCS system, for example, has cut construction schedules

for 40-storey buildings by 6 months and its “Big Canopy” system has

reduce labour forces on in-situ reinforced concrete buildings by 75%

(Taylor, Wamuziri and Smith, 2003)

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Although the majority of the technologies currently in use in most

countries are more towards one end of the spectrum, that is,

mechanisation rather than a fully robotised construction system, it is

encouraging to note that the industry is moving in the right direction in

terms of adopting these technologies. There is also the consideration that

for some countries, full utilisation might be unnecessary due to adequate

supply of cheap labour, or minimising cost is of main priority, especially

for developing countries.

10.5 Culture and Human Factor

The culture and human factor may be the most difficult barrier to

overcome. This would be different from one country to another, but

factors to consider include institutional barriers, government labour

policies, labour and safety regulations and workers union. In most

developed countries, the workers union from a very strong and effective

barrier towards automation, as there is resistance from the work force

themselves, with general unwillingness to replace their work skills with

machines. According to Brown (1989), in Australia, any attempt to

introduce robots on to a construction must be based on three-way

negotiations between the men, management and the union. Above all

else, building union representatives must be convinced that the use of

robots will not threaten their membership levels, or the jobs of their

members. If prior agreement are not reached about the use of robots on

sites, there is a danger that attempts to introduce them may get caught

up in the adversarial form of industrial relations that currently operate in

industry.

In most developing countries, labour-intensive practices are still

commonplace because of the cost factor, i.e. it is cheaper to hire man

rather than invest in a machine. The large number of small-scale

contractors operating in these countries may also be another reason

impeding the infiltration of advanced technologies, as these contractors

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usually operate on a relatively small turnover and would not have the

revenue to invest in major cost expenditure, such as acquiring the

relatively expensive machineries.

Government policies on labour charter and certain Local Authority

regulations can also hinder automation implementation. These can be

overcome by changing the mind-set of the government and construction

industry players alike regarding automation, which can be very difficult to

do. Only when it is universally accepted in the construction community

that automation is an asset and will not threaten jobs or work culture and

ethics, will automation be readily accepted.

11.0 Policy and Incentives to Encourage Mechanisation

11.1 Based on the output from industry consultancy workshop (March

2012), the following policies and incentives to encourage

mechanisation have been recommended:

11.1.1 Tax holiday;

11.1.2 Training fund and incentive (for operator);

11.1.3 Financial subsidies and discount (on purchase);

11.1.4 Financial incentives – R&D on use of machineries in

construction (create machine);

11.1.5 Framework and guidelines on suppliers. Availability, costs

of machineries etc. so that buyers could be easily acquire

the required technology (registered suppliers/one stop

centre);

11.1.6 Tax relief on imported machineries (time line);

11.1.7 Fast track approved of project;

11.1.8 Technology acquisition funds–incentive;

11.1.9 Skills training on equipment and machinery handling;

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11.1.10 Policy to encourage reduction of wet construction on site

to support the sustainability agenda;

11.1.11 All contractors must their own basic of machineries and

equipment per construction during tendering process

(pre-qualification).

11.2 Based on the output from questionnaire survey with the industry

(February 2012), the following policies and incentives to

encourage mechanisation has been derived:

11.2.1 Financial incentive;

11.2.2 Mandatory policy and enforcement;

11.2.3 Assistant in selection of machine and equipment;

11.2.4 Consultancy;

11.2.5 Industry planning; and

11.2.6 Standardisation.

12.0 The Use of Robotics in Construction

12.1 The use of robotics is feasible but the technology must be

available. At present state, there is no valid reason not to use

human capital while it is available in abundance and at very

cheap price.

12.2 Within a certain limited scope of construction works and maybe

more applicable in certain countries compared to others due to

the industry’s individual country’s characteristics, cultural factors

etc.

12.3 Robotic use in construction industry more suitable to manufacture

(like IBS manufacture) but unlike to be used at construction site.

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12.4 Robotics can be used extensively in manufacturing of

construction material/component, such as manufacturing of steel

bars/mesh, steel roof trusses, etc. it is hardly use in construction

sites.

13.0 Business Opportunities Available for the Construction Industry in

Mechanisation

13.1 Lease and ranting the machineries;

13.2 Total solution providers from design manufacturing and

construction;

13.3 Reviewing and accessing labour intensive construction activities

and looking at how much mechanisation can improve

performance in these fields;

13.4 Manufacturing of IBS precast component;

13.5 Speed on construction/completion;

13.6 Quality inspection and quality audit;

13.7 Technology consultants; and

13.8 Research and Development (R&D)

14.0 Training Needs in Mechanisation

14.1 Based on the output from the workshop (March 2012), the

following training is needed to encourage mechanisation:

14.1.1 Project simulation/demonstration based apprenticeship;

14.1.2 Training in manufacturing process/systems;

14.1.3 Special training on specific skill to produce skill labour on

their area;

14.1.4 Safety requirement on mechanisation and equipment;

14.1.5 Practical knowledge in the equipment/machineries;

14.1.6 Discipline and dedication training (behaviour);

14.1.7 Multi – tasking operation;

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14.1.8 Training to operate the machineries (hi-tech machines)

such as Boring machine, Directional Drilling Machine,

Launchers Box-Girder, these training might be critical

compares to low-tech machineries such as

crane/excavators/etc.; and

14.1.9 Integrated Project Delivery system, especially in handling

interface issues

15.0 Global Policy on Mechanisation

15.1 China

15.1.1 In 1992, the Ministry of Construction launched a 10-year,

long-term programme on Technological Development of

Construction Enterprises and Outlines to provide

guidelines to construction enterprises in the development

and promotion of construction technologies. Through the

plan special funds was available that focus on:

i. Equipment leasing in order to leverage demand and

supply of equipment among enterprises to increase

the utilisation rate of equipment;

ii. Building or revamping concrete mixing plants;

iii. Upgrading equipment owned by construction

enterprises and developing equipment leasing

businesses;

iv. The use of advanced and applicable technology and

equipment;

v. Execution and organization of construction in a

scientific way;

vi. Assignment of construction work to specialized

companies;

vii. Improvement in industrialisation;

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viii. Reduction in heavy and complex manual operation;

and

ix. Conversion of labour-intensive and extensive

operations to a higher level.

15.1.2 In 1997, the Ministry of Construction rolled out Policy on

Construction Technologies 1996-2010. This policy focused

on the followings:

i. A variety of large construction machinery to be

developed that should be multi-functional and

environmentally friendly to improve

mechanisation and industrialisation of the sector,

and to improve the quality of the equipment

available to construction enterprises;

ii. During upgrading, advanced machinery should

gradually replace outdated, low quality, poorly

performing, heavily polluting machinery, as well

as those that use high energy consumption;

iii. Modern technologies, such as micro-electronics,

laser technology, microwave, ultrasonic wave or

infrared rays should be extensively used in the

application of engineering testing and control;

iv. Important work processes, heavy work or

dangerous work should be increasingly performed

by robots.

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15.2 Singapore

15.2.1 The Mechanisation Credit (MechC) scheme helps to defray

the cost incurred in technology adoption by companies to

improve productivity for their construction projects. The

Mechanisation Credit scheme defrays the cost of

technology adoption purchasing or leasing equipment -

that improves productivity by at least 20%. The Scheme

is targeted at construction firms (especially

subcontractors) who are looking to using machines and

equipment to improve work processes. Total amount of

funding under this scheme is $250 million.

15.2.2 Equipment that can directly improve productivity in the

construction work, such as vibratory screed leveller,

power float machine, concrete pump, spray paint

equipment, boom lift, scissor lift, will be favourably

considered.

15.2.3 Equipment which is not used directly to carry out the

construction work, such as generator, passenger hoists,

lighting tower, noise meter, security system, thermal

fogger machine, water pump, weighbridges, computers

hardware and software, will not be supported under

Mechanisation Credit (MechC) scheme. Other equipment

that is already commonly used in construction such as

cranes and piling equipment used for foundation works

will not be supported.

15.2.4 The applications will be evaluated based on the potential

productivity improvement that it could bring about. The

project should yield a man-power savings or an

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improvement to the productivity of a specific process by

at least 20%.

15.2.5 Depending on the impact to the project and the

productivity improvement, the funding support is as

shown below:

15.2.6 Investment Allowance Scheme (IAS) - Singapore-

registered companies on new construction related

equipment is eligible for investment allowance at a

support level of 50%. The equipment must bring about at

least 20% improvement to the project or work trade. The

proposed project where the equipment/machinery or tool

will be utilised must fall in at least one of the following

categories; Construction IT; Buildability; and Quality,

environment and safety on a case-by-case basis

15.3 India

15.3.1 The followings are incentives for construction

manufactures that use extensive machineries and

equipment:

Cost of Equipment Funding Cap

Purchase

Equipment with cost <

$100k

Up to 50% support

level cap at $20k

Equipment with cost >

$100k

Up to 20% support

level cap at $100k

Leasing

Equipment with cost <

$30k

Up to 50% support

level cap at $6k

Equipment with cost>

$100k

Up to 20% support

level cap at $30k

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i. Exemption from obtaining an industrial

license

ii. Reduction in import duties reduced to

encourage imports

iii. 100 per cent (Foreign Direct Investment) FDI

allowed in manufacturing projects

15.4 Japan

15.4.1 The policy on mechanisation was not in the state of

encouragement to their industry to implement

mechanisation, as their construction industry is already

mechanise and they become as a one of main country

who supply a heavy machine for construction throughout

the world. Currently, their policy and incentive is to

encourage their industry to produce machines that are

friendly to the environment such as less pollution and less

noise.

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16.0 Conclusion

16.1 Mechanisation can be divided into two categories:

16.1.1 Onsite mechanisation

16.1.2 Offsite mechanisation (industrialisation)

16.2 Onsite mechanisation is the usage of mechanical and electrical

equipment and machineries in aiding construction activities

undertaken by labour to improve the construction process.

16.3 Offsite mechanisation can be defined as the production of

prefabrication and industrialised components and the use of IBS.

It can be measured through the level of industrialisation from

conventional to reproduction. Increment in the level of

industrialisation will ensure labour reduction and improvement in

the whole quality of construction.

16.4 Based on the study, 69% of the industry is ready towards the

implementation of mechanisation in the construction industry.

16.5 The level of knowledge on mechanisation in building construction

is still moderate among the industry players.

16.6 Construction trade such as bricklaying, carpentry, concreting and

plastering tend to demand for high labour consumptions in

construction, thus requires mechanisation adoption as compared

to other trades such as tiling, painting, M&E and plumbing that

slightly less demand in labour consumptions.

16.7 High cost of investment was found to be the main barriers for

mechanisation adoption in industry. Since the Asian financial

crisis in 1997 and global recession in 2008, it becomes apparent

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that large investments in central production plants are

uneconomical. Relatively, high transport and overhead costs

virtually eliminates the potential gain achieved through

industrialisation. With the current low demand and low

standardisation of construction components, undoubtedly the

initial usage of prefabrication of components will increase the

total material costs of the projects even though ultimately it

lowers the total construction costs in the longer term

16.8 Perhaps, the fragmentation of the technological operations that

leads to long breaks, making the investment on mechanisation

unbeneficial

16.9 The availability of cheap foreign labour which offsets the cost

benefit of using mechanisation perhaps could be the root cause of

slow adoption in the future. As long as it is easy for the industry

to find foreign workers, labour rates will remain low and builders

will find it unattractive to change into simplified solutions using

machineries. The cost of using machineries and equipment

exceeds the conventional methods of construction, especially

given the ease of securing relatively cheap foreign labour

16.10 It was found that financial incentive by government, consultation

and training, collaboration and strategic alliance with foreign

technology, standardisation, technology selection, industry

planning and promotion, policy and enforcement factors may

drive mechanisation adoption by the industry player.

16.11 Mechanisation can be flourished if the industry has access to

technologies and has sufficient demand. With the expendable of

technology, the realistic target are; 3 to 5 years from now more

towards mechanisation and 5 to 10 years or more to automation

and robotic

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17.0 Recommendation and The Way Forward

17.1 Roadmap and systematic action plan to drive the way forward in

adopting mechanisation in construction need to be formulated

and implemented. The roadmap should aim the followings:

17.1.1 Increasing mechanised equipment ownership and usage

in the construction industry.

17.1.2 Expanding the construction machinery manufacturing

industry

17.1.3 Developing capacity and capability

17.1.4 Strengthening research, development and

commercialisation

17.2 A computerised registration system will be developed to facilitate

the review and auditing of construction machinery

17.3 An endowment fund need to be set up to enable small contractors

or entrepreneurs to own machinery and equipment.

17.4 The mass construction workforce, especially the locals, needs to

upgrade their skills to be involved in mechanisation, automation

and robotics. The policy on labour focuses on encouraging

personnel to acquire skills in more than single trade. This would

add more value by providing a more skilled workforce in which

would ultimately enhance the competitive advantage of the

industry.

17.5 One of the quick gains to encourage the use of mechanisation

and higher level of industrialisation is through the reduction of

construction levy for the implementers. Currently there is an

exemption to the Malaysian construction levy (CIDB levy - 0.125

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% of the total cost of the project according to Article 520) on

contractors that have used IBS in 50% of the building

components in residential buildings.

17.6 Since the purchasing of machineries involves extensive capital

investment, a leasing model should be developed to encourage

the use of machineries onsite and at manufacturing site.

17.7 Financial assistant or tax exemption is still important to

encourage mechanisation adoption (similar case with Singapore)

17.8 Policy and scope of future policies and roadmap on mechanisation

must be very clear. Policy must be relevance and fair to big

industry and SMEs. The mechanisation strategy and incentive

should be cover and benefit to all level of contractor that active in

construction work, so that all was not only monopoly by big

players.

17.9 The introduction of technology into construction worksite, should

not be considered only in term of a fully fledge

mechanisation/robotics system, but considered in term of a lower

spectrum technology as well such as semi-automation machines

for earthwork.

17.10 As most of the machinery and heavy equipment are not produced

locally, it was suggested that the reduction on duty import and

sales tax for machinery and heavy equipment used in major

construction works such as off highway trucks, articulated trucks,

truck type tractor, motor graders, bulldozers and other. The

following option was suggested in this report are:

17.10.1 Loan by commercial banks/MIDF/EXIM Bank (CIDB as

secretariat or panel to vet through the application)

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17.10.2 Reduce 50% of CIDB’s levy subject to certain condition

17.10.3 Create or allocate specific fund (hire purchase) grant

on mechanisation joint venture CIDB with SME

Corporation/MATRADE

17.10.4 Reduce tax or increase incentives from MIDA and

LHDN

17.11 Successful companies that use innovation and extensive

machineries in construction should be recognise under Malaysian

Construction Industry Excellence Award (MCIEA).

17.12 CIDB through CREAM should strengthen research and innovation

in mechanisation

17.13 Finally, CIDB should launch a forum on a regular basis of

academics and associated practitioners active in mechanisation

and supply of equipment and robotics for exchange of information

and experience, development of new techniques and advice on

promotion. An online portal was also suggested to disseminate

international trends, products and processes associated with the

mechanisation, automation and robotics.

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List of References

Abdul Samad Kazi, Matti Hannus, Samir Boudjabeur, Andrian Malone 2007, Open

Building Manufacturing, Core Concepts and Industrial Requirements, VTT-

Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland

Brown, M.A. (1989), “The Application of Robotics and Advanced Automation to

the Construction Industry”, CIOB Occasional Paper No 30: 1-44

Building and Construction Authority (BCA) (2012), “Enhancement of Construction

Productivity & Capability Fund,Singapore,” http://www.bca.gov.sg/CPCf/cpcf.html

CIMP (2007) Construction Industry Master Plan 2006 – 2015 (CIMP 2006 –

2015), Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB), December

2007,

Hamid, Z., Kamar, K. A .M. Zain, M., Ghani, K., and Rahim, A. H. A. (2008)

Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia: The Current State and R&D

Initiatives, Malaysia Construction Research Journal (MCRJ), Vol. 2 (1), pp 1-13

Obayashi(2003),“AnnualReport2003”,http://www.obayashi.co.jp/english/ir/annua

l/pdf/ar_03.pdf

Obayashi, S. (1999), “Construction Robot Systems Catalogue in Japan:

Foreword”, Council for Construction Robotic Research Report: 1-3

Partnership for Advancing Housing Technology (2003), “Emerging Scanning

Results: Construction Robotics”, http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=7542

Qian Xiaoying, Zhao Hui (2004) The Construction Sector in the People’s Republic

of China Policy Analysis on Sectoral Development and Employment Challenges,

Employment-Intensive Investment Branch, International labour Office, Geneva

2004.

Rohana Mahbub (2011) Readiness of a Developing Nation in Implementing

Automation and Robotics Technologies in Construction: A Case Study of Malaysia.

Sixth International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century (CITCVI

2011) July 5-7, 2011, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ShimizuCorporation (2004), “Official Website”,http://www.shimz.co.jp/index.html

Stein, J.J., V. and Lahidji. B (2002), “Construction Robotics”,

http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~tscott/EECFG/ROBOTS.PDF

Takenaka Corporation (2004), “Official Website”, http://www.takenaka.co.jp

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Appendix 1

Mapping up Mechanisation

Mechanisation in construction

Onsite Mechanisation Offsite Mechanisation

Prefabrication

Mechanisation

Automation

Robotics

Reproduction

Simple and non-complex machinery

Task specific, dedicated machine

Intelligent (or cognitive) machine

Enhancement to existing plant and equipment

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Level of mechanisation Description

Simple and non-complex

machinery

The use of simple and traditional

construction machines and equipment

i.e. Fork lift, backhoe, hauling

equipment and hoisting equipment

Enhancement to existing

construction plant and

equipment

The enhancement can be done

through the attachment of sensors

and navigation aids.

Laser control, Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) and ultrasound

Task specific, dedicated machine Task specific and dedicated robots to

do construction work.

Controlled by human

Robots for structural work, finishing

or completion of work and inspection

work

Intelligent (or cognitive)

machine

Construction oriented machines and

robots

Supported by a high degree of

autonomy and knowledge base

Artificial intelligence with which to

resolve the wide range of

construction problems

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Appendix 2

Objective of Study

(1)

To develop the Malaysian definition, scope and

boundaries on mechanisation

(3)

To map up issues surrounding mechanisation, automation and robotics in construction

(2)

To identify barriers and challenges of the use of

machineries

(5)

To develop strategy to encourage industry to use

machineries

(4)

To develop a policy - incentive for mechanisation

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Appendix 3

Factors that Inhibits Mechanisation

Factors Sub-factors

Construction Process Design varies

Integrated supply chain is not present

Poor works integration of work interface

Industry Quantity and demand is not sufficient

To many trades involved in construction

Construction project based practice is hinder the

mechanisation

Construction is heavy process

Variable and extended locations

Availability of cheap labour

People (Capacity and

Capability)

Skilled & semi skill do not come under one single

organization

Lack of experience, lack of technical

knowledge and lack of skilled labour are

important barriers to adopt mechanisation

Lack of commitment towards improvement from

sub-contractor

Ignorance and reluctant to change attitude

Financial, Technology

and Material

Fragmentation of the technological operations

that leads to long breaks, making the investment

unbeneficial

Lack of technology

High cost of investment

Low standardisation of components

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Appendix 4

SWOT Analysis on Mechanisation

Strength Strong support from the government

Maturity of current IBS industry

Demand under EPPs projects

Demand on quality and sustainability

Weakness Lack of technology

High cost of investment

Construction is heavy process

Variable and extended locations

All machines are imported.

Opportunities Liberalisation (Opportunities of Technology

Transfer)

Creating local producer of machinery and

equipment

Create other business opportunities i.e.

specialist precast manufacturers, lease and

ranting agents and technology consultants

Threat Lack of experience, lack of technical

knowledge and lack of skilled labour to adopt

mechanisation

Lack of R&D and innovation on machinery

Dependent on imported technology

Page 49

49

Appendix 5

Advantage of the use of Modern Machineries

Advantage of the use of

Modern Machineries

Implementation of government mega projects

Reduction of dependency on foreign workers

Minimum wage limit

Liberalisation regional

economic agreement

Page 50

50

APPENDIX 6

Methodology

Methodology

Literature Review

Survey

Business Lab

- Academic papers

- Industrial reports

- Paper proceedings

- Random sampling

- Respondents are contractor,

manufacturers, suppliers,

material system provider and

government agencies

-Industry consultancy

workshop

-Workshop to develop

mechanisation policy and

incentives

Page 51

51

APPENDIX 7

Mechanisation Characteristic, Application and Machinery

MECHANISATION

CHARACTERISTIC EXTENSIVE

APPLICATION MACHINERY /

EQUIPMENT

1. Machineries operate by

operators

2. Related to systematic flow

process of production

3. Reduce tradesmen and

improve productivity,

efficiency and

profitability (results)

4. Implement product

standardisation

5. High product quality and

standard

6. Ease and fast production

7. Optimum use of material,

manpower and finance

8. Mass production

9. Better working condition

1. Steel structure

fabrication

2. Roof trusses fabrication

& assembly

3. Block, bricks tiles

(Roof, floor and wall

tiles)

4. Pavers, wall panels, slab

panels

5. Manual job at site

including concreting

and bricklaying

6. Plastering

7. Shell structure

(involving

reinforcement,

formwork and

concreting), also

foundation

1. Overhead crane

2. Gantry cranes (lifting

machines)

3. Concrete mixer &

Batching plants

4. Concrete vibrators

5. Bending and cutting

machines

6. Welding machines

7. Air compressor/ pressing

machine etc.

8. Machine related to

producing precast element,

concrete block/ bricks

(extruder, slipper)

9. Hydraulic equipment

Page 52

52

APPENDIX 8 Action Plan

Action Description Responsibility

Develop Roadmap and systematic action plan

Increasing mechanised equipment ownership and usage in the construction industry.

Expanding the construction machinery

manufacturing industry Developing capacity and

capability Strengthening research,

development and commercialisation

CIDB

A computerised registration system and database for machinery

To facilitate the review and auditing of construction machinery

CIDB (IT Division)

Training and Education The mass construction

workforce, especially the locals, needs to upgrade their skills to be involved in mechanisation, automation and robotics.

The policy on labour focuses on encouraging

personnel to acquire skills in more than single trade.

CIDB (Industrial

Training Division)

To facilitate loan approval provided by commercial banks/MIDF/EXIM Bank

CIDB as secretariat or panel to vet through the application

CIDB (Technology Division)

Research and Innovation Strengthening R&D Produce local machines

CREAM

APPENDIX 9

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4. Pihak industri pembinaan mencadangkan supaya pengurangan

duti import dan cukai jualan bagi jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat

utama yang digunakan dalam kerja-kerja pembinaan seperti off-

highway truck, articulated truck, truck type tractor, motor graders,

bulldozer dan sebagainya. Sehingga kini, cadangan tersebut masih

belum mendapat pertimbangan positif dari pihak Kerajaan.

Kebanyakan jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat berkenaan tidak

dikeluarkan dalam negara.

5. Sebahagian besar daripada jentera, mesin dan peralatan import

berkenaan disenaraikan di bawah kepala kod tarif kastam HS 8426,

8429, 8430, 8479, 8701, 8704, 8705 dan 8905 dengan duti importnya

antara 0% hingga 30% dan cukai jualannya pula antara 0% hingga

10%.

ASAS-ASAS PERTIMBANGAN

6. Kerajaan sangat menggalakkan transformasi sektor pembinaan

daripada kaedah konvensional kepada kaedah pembinaan moden

dengan memekanikalkan proses kerja pembinaan yang banyak

melibatkan penggunaan jentera berat, mesin dan peralatan. Langkah-

langkah ini dapat:

i. Meningkatkan produktiviti dengan mempercepatkan

proses pembinaan; dan

ii. Meringankan dan memudahkan proses pembinaan akan

menggalakkan lebih banyak kerja pembinaan

dilaksanakan.

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7. Kerajaan sedang giat menggalakkan amalan Sistem Pembinaan

Berindustri (IBS) bagi mengurangkan penglibatan pekerja

terutamanya pekerja asing. Proses pembinaan secara IBS adalah

berintensifkan jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat yang kebanyakan

operator atau pengendalinya terdiri daripada pekerja tempatan

mempunyai kemahiran dan kompeten. Penglibatan lebih ramai

pekerja binaan tempatan yang berkemahiran dan kompeten ini akan

melonjakkan sektor pembinaan ke arah ekonomi berpendapatan tinggi

dan produktif.

8. Secara amnya, duti import dan cukai jualan yang dikenakan ke

atas jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat seberti bulldozer, roller, piling

dan truck kegunaan khas boleh dianggap tinggi antara 10% hingga

30%. Malah kadar yang dikenakan oleh Malaysia adalah lebih tinggi

berbanding negara-negara ASEAN lain seperti Thailand, Indonesia,

Filipina, Vietnam dan Singapura (Rujuk Lampiran 1). Dengan kadar

duti dan cukai tersebut, kebanyakan kontraktor lebih cenderung

mengimport jentera, mesin dan peralatan terpakai di pasaran

antarabangsa bagi menampung peningkatan pelaksanaan projek

pembinaan dalam negara. Ada di antara jentera, mesin dan peralatan

terpakai ini telah melampaui usia guna sepatutnya. Ini adalah kerana

kontraktor tidak mampu membeli jentera, mesin dan peralatan baru

yang harganya tinggi. Penggunaan jentera, mesin dan pralatan berat

terpakai mempunyai risiko keselamatan yang tinggi. Tahap

keselamatan pekerjaan tidak dapat dinilaikan kerana kekurangan

dokumen penting seperti dokumen prosidur kerja selamat, jadual

penyelenggaraan, manual senggaraan dan sebagainya.

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9. Menurut Laporan Tahunan Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial

(PERKESO) 2009, terdapat 922 kemalangan yang disebabkan oleh

penggunaan jentera, mesin dan peralatan. Antara punca utama

kemalangan berlaku adalah kerana :

i. kerosakan brek;

ii. kerosakan klaj;

iii. penggunaan jentera, mesin dan peralatan telah melebihi

jangka hayat;

iv. masalah pendawaian yang tidak dapat diperbaiki

menyebabkan litar pintas dan kebakaran; dan

v. kurang penyelenggaraan atas sebab kos membaik-pulih

yang tinggi.

Jadual 1: Bilangan Kemalangan Penggunaan Jentera tahun 2009

Punca

Kemalangan

Kemalangan dilaporkan pada tahun 2009

Lelaki Perempuan Jumlah

Traktor 92 3 95

Lori 699 14 713

Trak 112 2 114

Jumlah Kemalangan 922

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10. Sektor pembinaan adalah sektor penting sebagai penyedia dan

pemangkin pembangunan sektor-sektor ekonomi lain. Nilai projek

pembinaan (melebihi RM500,000.00) yang dilaksanakan setiap tahun

adalah tinggi dan sumbangannya kepada KDNK kecil kerana sektor

ini berintensifkan buruh.

Jadual 2: Nilai Projek Pembinaan dan Sumbangannya Kepada

KDNK

Tahun Nilai Projek

Pembinaan

Pertumbuhan

KDNK Sektor

Pembinaan

Sumbangan

KDNK Sektor

Pembinaan

2008 RM87.2 bilion 4.2% 2.9%

2009 RM74.1 bilion 5.9% 3.3%

2010 RM85.2 bilion 5.1% 3.3%

Unjuran

2011 RM85.0 bilion 3.4% 3.3%

Unjuran

2012 RM90.0 bilion 7.0% 3.4%

11. Secara purata, sektor pembinaan menggajikan 6% tenaga kerja

negara dan menggunakan seramai hampir 300,000 pekerja binaan

asing yang sah. Sumbangan sektor pembinaan kepada KDNK boleh

dipertingkatkan dengan penerapan secara giat penggunaan jentera.

Sektor ini juga merupakan penggerak terpantas dengan

menggunakan 86 komoditi sebagai input pengeluaran daripada

pelbagai industri melalui forward dan backward linkage.

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12. Pengurangan duti import dan cukai jualan ini akan

menggalakkan penggunaan jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat dalam

aktiviti pembinaan yang seterusnya akan membantu pembentukan

modal dalam model baru jentera, mesin dan peralatan yang lebih

cekap serta berteknologi maju dan hijau. Di samping itu, ia boleh

meningkatkan kadar upah operator / pengendali berikutan penglibatan

operator / pengendali berkemahiran dan berpengetahuan tinggi dalam

mengendalikan jentera berat yang moden serta berkeupayaan tinggi.

13. Sejajar dengan kepentingan dan keperluan transformasinya

menjadi penyumbang pertumbuhan baru KDNK dan memastikan

kemampanannya di era liberalisasi, sewajarnya sektor pembinaan

diberi sokongan agar pengurangan duti import dan cukai ke atas

jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat kerja pembinaan disamping,

aksesori dan alat gantinya.

14. Dengan pengurangan duti import dan cukai jualan dilaksanakan,

kontraktor diharapkan akan berupaya membeli jentera, mesin dan

peralatan baru. Antara kelebihan penggunaan jentera, mesin dan

peralatan baru adalah:

i. Jangka hayat penggunaan yang lebih lama;

ii. Lebih mudah dikendalikan dengan teknologi terkini;

iii. Dilengkapi dengan prosedur kerja selamat;

iv. Dilengkapi dengan buku log penyelenggaraan dan manual

pengendalian;

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v. Mempunyai tempoh jaminan;

vi. Pembekal / penjual biasanya memberikan latihan

pengendalian secara percuma termasuk khidmat jurutera

untuk latihan berkaitan pengunaan jentera dan juga perihal

kemajuan penyelidikan (R & D);

vii. Membolehkan pemaju mempunyai modal untuk

menjalankan lebih banyak program keselamatan dan

kesihatan serta program pengendalian jentera pekerjanya.

Penganjuran program-program ini akan melahirkan

operator yang mahir dan berpengalaman;

viii. Mempunyai enjin yang memenuhi piawaian pembebasan

karbon di Eropah. Pengurangan pembebasan karbon

selaras dengan halatuju kerajaan untuk mengurangkan

pembebasan karbon sebanyak 40% berbanding tahun

2005 di mana sektor pembinaan merupakan penyumbang

terbesar; dan

ix. Meningkatkan kapasiti dan keupayaan kontraktor untuk

bersaing dengan kontraktor asing.

15. Permintaan tinggi terhadap jentera, mesin dan peralatan import

ini juga akan menggalakkan pengeluar di luar negara menubuhkan

pejabat cawangannya di Malaysia. Antara kelebihan penubuhan

pejabat cawangan syarikat pengeluar jentera, mesin dan peralatan

dari luar negara di Malaysia adalah membolehkan perkhidmatan

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selepas jualan diadakan, berpeluang melatih rakyat tempatan

mempelajari teknologi baru dan menjadi pakar dalam

penyelenggaraan jentera, memudahkan penukaran alat ganti,

mewujudkan industri baik pulih jentera recon dan meningkatkan

penggunaan IBS di tapak bina.

IMPLIKASI KEWANGAN

16. Berdasarkan data import daripada Jabatan Perangkaan

Malaysia (DOSM), nilai import (CIF) jentera berat yang berkenaan

dianggarkan bernilai RM 1.04 bilion setahun dengan anggaran hasil

duti dan cukai sebanyak RM65.0 juta setahun (Rujuk Lampiran 2).

Sekiranya duti import dan cukai jualan dapat dikurangkan kepada

tidak melebihi 5%, dianggarkan Kerajaan akan kekurangan hasil

sebanyak 63% daripada kutipan semasa (kepada RM 25.0 juta

setahun). Walaubagaimanapun, dijangkakan tidak banyak syarikat

atau kontraktor pembinaan yang akan mengimportnya. Mereka lebih

berminat untuk memajak atau menyewanya daripada syarikat yang

memberikan perkhidmatan pajakan dan penyewaan jentera. Jentera-

jentera yang dinyatakan turut digunakan oleh industri perlombongan,

kuari, perhutanan dan pertanian. Sekiranya kebanyakan syarikat

pembinaan besar mengimport jentera-jentera tersebut, diramalkan

Kerajaan akan kehilangan hasil tidak melebihi 50% daripada nilai hasil

sepatutnya.

17. Dengan mengambil kira nilai projek pembinaan dilaksanakan

pada tahun-tahun akan datang yang diunjurkan akan mencapai nilai

RM90.0 bilion setahun, penggunaan jentera berpotensi menjadikan

penyumbang pertumbuhan baru. Penerapan teknologi akan memberi

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manfaat dan impaknya dalam ekonomi melalui pengurangan

penggunaan pekerja asing serta berupaya menggerakkan input

backward serta forward linkages, maka kehilangan hasil duti dan

cukai ini dianggap berbaloi (worth-it).

KESIMPULAN

18. Seiring dengan program tranformasi ekonomi negara, sektor

pembinaan perlu ditransformasikan daripada industri berorientasi

buruh kepada industri berintensifkan jentera. Jentera, mesin dan

peralatan berat bukan merupakan barangan mewah. Pengurangan

duti dan cukai jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat kepada sektor

pembinaan akan menggalakkan penggunaan jentera, mesin dan

peralatan baru yang lebih selamat, produktif, mempercepatkan proses

pembinaan, meningkatkan pendapatan serta nilai ditambah, menjamin

kualiti pembinaan serta mengurangkan kebergantungan kepada

tenaga kerja asing. Penglibatan pekerja berkemahiran dan kompeten

akan meningkatkan nilai ditambah yang akan meningkatkan

sumbangan sektor pembinaan kepada Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar

(KDNK). Selain itu, kadar kemalangan perusahaan akibat

pengendalian jentera, mesin dan peralatan berat terpakai dapat

dikurangkan. Kesan faedah pengurangan duti dan cukai ini dapat

dirasai dalam jangka panjang dengan kewujudan operator tempatan

terlatih dan perkembangan industri penyelenggaraan jentera. Ia juga

dapat menggalakkan industri sampingan dan sokongan seperti

perniagaan perkhidmatan selepas jualan dan kemungkinan

menjadikan negara sebagai pusat jualan jentera recon.

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PENUTUP

18. Kertas ini dikemukakan bagi mendapatkan pertimbangan dan

kelulusan Kerajaan supaya duti import dan cukai jualan jentera, mesin

dan peralatan berat pembinaan disamping aksesori dan alat gantinya

kerja-kerja pembinaan dapat dikurangkan kepada tidak melebihi 5%

sebagai menggalakkan pemodenan, meningkatkan nilai tambah dan

produktiviti industri pembinaan Malaysia.

Bahagian Ekonomi dan Sumber

Sektor Pembangunan Persekitaran Bisnes Binaan

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan (CIDB) Malaysia

17 November 2011

Lampiran 1

Duti Import dan Cukai Jualan Jentera Berat Kerja Pembinaan di Malaysia Berbanding Negara-negara ASEAN

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

84.13

8413.40 000 - Concrete pump - - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8426.20 000 - Tower cranes 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8426.30 000 - Portal or pedestal jib cranes - - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% 5% 5% - 7%

84.27

8427.10 000 - 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8427.20 000 - Other self-propeled trucks 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8427.90 000 - Other trucks 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

84.29

- Bulldozers and angledozers :

8429.11 000 -- Track laying 20% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8429.19 000 -- Other 20% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8429.20 000 - Grader and levellers 20% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8429.30 000 - Scrapers 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8429.40 - Tamping machines and road rollers:

Road rollers:

110 vibratory 25% 10% - 7% 10% 10% - 12% 5% 5% - 7%

190 other 5% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% t.d t.d - 7%

- - 12%

8429.51 000 -- Front-end shovel loaders 10% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8429.59 000 -- Other 10% - - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

84.30

8430.10 000 - Pile-drivers and pile extractor 20% - - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

Fork-lift truck; other works trucks fitted with lifting or handling

equipment.

Kepala / Sub

Kepala Kod

Tarif

Keterangan

Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Singapura

Pumps for liquids, wheather or not fitted with a measuring device;

84.26 Ships' derricks; cranes, including cable crane; mobile lifting

frame, straddle carries and works trucks fitted with a crane.

Indonesia Filipina

Self-propelled trucks powered by an electric motor

Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers,

scrapers, mechanical shovels, excavators, shovel loaders,

tamping machine and road rollers.

Mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders:

Other moving, grading, leveling, scraping, excavating, tamping,

compacting, extracting or boring machinery, for earth, minerals

or ores; pile-drivers and pile-extractors; snow-ploughs and snow-

blowers.

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Duti

Import

Cukai

Jualan

Kepala / Sub

Kepala Kod

Tarif

Keterangan

Malaysia Thailand Vietnam SingapuraIndonesia Filipina

87.04

8704.10 -Completely build-up:

g.v.w not exceeding 38 tonnes:

211 new 30% 10% - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%212 old 30% 10% - 7% 40% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

g.v.w exceeding 38 tonnes:

311 new 10% 10% - 7% 10% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%312 old 30% 10% - 7% 40% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

87.05

8705.10 000 - Crane lorries 30% 10% - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8705.20 000 - Mobile drilling derricks 30% 10% - 7% 5% 10% - 12% - 5% - 7%

8705.40 000 - Concrete-mixer lorries 30% 10% - 7% 5% 10% - 12% 10% 5% - 7%

8705.90 000 - Other 30% 10% - 7% 5% 10% - 12% 5% 5% - 7%

Sumber : The Malaysian Trade Classification and Customes Duties Order,

MATRADE Thailand, MATRADE Filipina, MATRADE Indonesia

www.customs.gov.vn (Kastam Vietnam), www.customs.gov.sg (Kastam Singapura)

Nota :

t.d - Tiada Data

Special purpose motor vehicles, other than those principally

designed for the transport of persons or goods.

Senarai merupakan sebahagian daripada jentera berat yang digunakan dalam kerja pembinaan.

Motor vehicles for the trasport of goods

Dumpers designed for off-highway use:

Lampiran 2

Nilai CIF

(RM)

Nilai CIF

(RM)

Nilai CIF

(RM)

Hasil Duti

Import

Hasil Cukai

Jualan

Hasil Cukai

Kerajaan

a b c(a+b+c)/3 =

de f dxe = g (d+g) x f = h g + h

Tower crane 8426.20 000 49 15,396,197 156 29,867,331 120 30,000,000 25,087,843 5% - 1,254,392 - 1,254,392 5% - 1,254,392 - 1,254,392

Crawler crane 8426.30 000 20 13,072,606 10 556,033 60 30,000,000 14,542,880 - - - - - - - - -

Truck crane 8426.41 000 215 39,616,202 285 49,080,616 350 45,000,000 44,565,606 5% - 2,228,280 - 2,228,280 5% - 2,228,280 - 2,228,280

Rough terrain crane

Floating crane 8905.20 000 255 730,146,507 - - 20 170,000,000 450,073,254 - - - - - - - - -

Kerja Tanah Bulldozer 8429.11 000 71 18,860,599 183 62,896,614 210 50,000,000 43,919,071 20% - 8,783,814 - 8,783,814 5% - 2,195,954 - 2,195,954

Angledozer

Dozer shovel

Wheel dozer 8429.19 000 134 18,290,102 104 5,541,439 170 11,000,000 11,610,514 20% - 2,322,103 - 2,322,103 5% - 580,526 - 580,526

Motor grader 8429.20 000 123 16,396,378 128 17,832,718 160 11,000,000 15,076,365 20% - 3,015,273 - 3,015,273 5% - 753,818 - 753,818

Scraper 8429.30 000 12 423,745 71 690,746 20 600,000 571,497 5% - 28,575 - 28,575 5% - 28,575 - 28,575

Track excavator 8429.51 000 644 64,620,145 1,050 94,530,213 2,140 80,000,000 79,716,786 10% - 7,971,679 - 7,971,679 5% - 3,985,839 - 3,985,839

Wheel excavator

Backhoe excavator

Shovel loader

Mini excavator 8429.59 000 1,808 127,734,376 2,485 142,589,447 2,340 90,000,000 120,107,941 10% - 12,010,794 - 12,010,794 5% - 6,005,397 - 6,005,397

Skid steer loader

Kerja Jalan Vibratory soil compactor 8429.40 110 156 9496537 269 32,901,626 320 20,000,000 20,799,388 25% 10% 5,199,847 2,599,923 7,799,770 5% 5% 1,039,969 1,091,968 2,131,937

Vibratory asphalt

compactorSoil compactor 8429.40 190 362 8,827,606 419 14,789,038 270 5,000,000 9,538,881 5% - 476,944 - 476,944 5% - 476,944 - 476,944

Landfill compactor

Miling machine 8479.10 000 1,223 60,169,543 971 51,768,394 980 40,000,000 50,645,979 - - - - - - - - - -

Power broom

Paver machine

Asphalt paver machine

Kerbmaker

Kerja Piling Pile-driving maching 8430.10 000 29 2,434,390 28 1,449,269 50 3,000,000 2,294,553 20% - 458,911 - 458,911 5% - 114,728 - 114,728

Piling machine (static) 8430.39 000 8 1,689,527 13 3,033,134 40 4,000,000 2,907,554 20% - 581,511 - 581,511 5% - 145,378 - 145,378

Boring piling machine

Bored pile machine

Kerja BangunanConcrete mixing machine 8479.82 000 4,499 99,845,454 6,648 120,124,999 5,300 90,000,000 103,323,484 - - - - - - - - - -

Concrete truck pump 8705.90 000 222 22,765,255 245 13,959,285 290 4,000,000 13,574,847 30% 10% 4,072,454 1,764,730 5,837,184 5% 5% 678,742 712,679 1,391,422

Pengurang

an Duti

Import

Pengurang

an Cukai

Jualan Hasil Duti

Import

Pengangkat

Kerja Berat

Pengiraan Duti dan CukaiTahun 2011

(Anggaran)Purata Nilai

CIF (RM)

Duti

Import

Sediada

Cukai

Jualan

Sediada

Pengiraan Duti dan Cukai

Bilangan

Unit

Diimport

Hasil Cukai

Jualan

Hasil Cukai

Kerajaan

Bilangan Unit Jentera Berat Kegunaan Pembinaan Yang Diimport dan Nilai CIF

Jenis Kerja Jenis Jentera Berat

Kepala / Sub

Kepala Kod

Tarif

Tahun 2009 Tahun 2010

Bilangan

Unit

Diimport

Bilangan

Unit

Diimport

Nilai CIF

(RM)

Nilai CIF

(RM)

Nilai CIF

(RM)

Hasil Duti

Import

Hasil Cukai

Jualan

Hasil Cukai

Kerajaan

a b c(a+b+c)/3 =

de f dxe = g (d+g) x f = h g + h

Pengurang

an Duti

Import

Pengurang

an Cukai

Jualan Hasil Duti

Import

Pengiraan Duti dan CukaiTahun 2011

(Anggaran)Purata Nilai

CIF (RM)

Duti

Import

Sediada

Cukai

Jualan

Sediada

Pengiraan Duti dan Cukai

Bilangan

Unit

Diimport

Hasil Cukai

Jualan

Hasil Cukai

Kerajaan

Jenis Kerja Jenis Jentera Berat

Kepala / Sub

Kepala Kod

Tarif

Tahun 2009 Tahun 2010

Bilangan

Unit

Diimport

Bilangan

Unit

Diimport

Articulated truck, not

exceeding 38 tonnes,

new

8704.10 211 119 598,484 200 1,279,480 10 300,000 725,988 30% 10% 217,796 94,378 312,175 5% 5% 36,299 38,114 74,414

Articulated truck, not

exceeding 38 tonnes, old

8704.10 212 46 1,520,134 92 4,428,205 70 2,000,000 2,649,446 30% 10% 794,834 344,428 1,139,262 5% 5% 132,472 139,096 271,568

Off-highway lorries,

exceeding 38 tonnes,

new

8704.10 311 8 6,705,296 6 2,056,368 30 3,000,000 3,920,555 10% 10% 392,055 431,261 823,316 5% 5% 196,028 205,829 401,857

Off-highway lorries,

exceeding 38 tonnes, old

8704.10 312 10 925,405 4 522,854 20 3,000,000 1,482,753 30% 10% 444,826 192,758 637,584 5% 5% 74,138 77,845 151,982

Crane lorries 8705.10 000 68 5,841,748 206 14,621,460 230 7,000,000 9,154,403 30% 10% 2,746,321 1,190,072 3,936,393 5% 5% 457,720 480,606 938,326

Mobile drilling derrick 8705.20 000 3 38,182 21 367,761 30 5,000,000 1,801,981 30% 10% 540,594 234,258 774,852 5% 5% 90,099 94,604 184,703

Concrete mixer lorries 8705.40 000 184 4,874,612 345 10,128,413 410 16,000,000 10,334,342 30% 10% 3,100,303 1,343,464 4,443,767 5% 5% 516,717 542,553 1,059,270

= RM 64,836,579 = RM 24,375,310

Sumber : Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.Nota :

Jumlah hasil dan cukai kerajaan terhadap sebahagian jentera berat digunakan pembinaan merupakan anggaran.

Pengangkut

Kerja Berat

Senarai merupakan sebahagian daripada jentera berat yang digunakan dalam kerja pembinaan.

ANGGARAN JUMLAH

HASIL DUTI IMPORT

DAN CUKAI JUALAN

KERAJAAN SEDIADA

ANGGARAN JUMLAH

HASIL KERAJAAN JIKA

DUTI IMPORT DAN CUKAI

JUALAN DIKURANGKAN

KEPADA 5%