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Mechanical Energy Storage
Mechanical Energy Storage
Created by Nick StroudCreated by Nick Stroud
Three Types of Storage
Three Types of Storage
• Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS)
• Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
• Flywheels
• Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS)
• Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
• Flywheels
Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS)
Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS)
• Used for load balancing of energy
• Water is pumped up in elevation during time of low demand
• Water flows back down during times of high demand
• Turbines recapture the energy.
• Used for load balancing of energy
• Water is pumped up in elevation during time of low demand
• Water flows back down during times of high demand
• Turbines recapture the energy.
Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS)
Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS)
• 70-85% of electrical energy is recovered
• Energy loss due to evaporation and Pump/generator inefficiency
• Currently the most cost effective way to store large amounts of electricity
• Low energy density calls for large bodies of water
• Never used in portable technology
• 1000 kg at 100 ft = .272 kWh
• 70-85% of electrical energy is recovered
• Energy loss due to evaporation and Pump/generator inefficiency
• Currently the most cost effective way to store large amounts of electricity
• Low energy density calls for large bodies of water
• Never used in portable technology
• 1000 kg at 100 ft = .272 kWh
Pumps: On the GridPumps: On the Grid
• The Us has 19.5 gigawatts capacity
• 2.5% of baseload• Technology is in use
world wide• Hundreds of plants
around the world• Man made reservoirs
as well as natural reservoirs
• The Us has 19.5 gigawatts capacity
• 2.5% of baseload• Technology is in use
world wide• Hundreds of plants
around the world• Man made reservoirs
as well as natural reservoirs
Future Of PHS Future Of PHS
• This energy storage can be used to level the grid for renewable energy
• Wind power and solar power are not constantly on
• Using salt mines to increase energy density
• This energy storage can be used to level the grid for renewable energy
• Wind power and solar power are not constantly on
• Using salt mines to increase energy density
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
• Large tank is buried underground
• During times of low demand electricity compresses air
• During times of peak demand compressed air is heated and released
• Large tank is buried underground
• During times of low demand electricity compresses air
• During times of peak demand compressed air is heated and released
http://www.sandia.gov/media/NewsRel/NR2001/norton.htm
Types Of CAES Types Of CAES
• Adiabatic storage• Heat from compression is captured and stored in a solid or liquid
• Hot Oil 3000C• Molten Salt 6000C• Heat is reincorporated during release
• Close to 100% efficiency
• No utility scale plants
• Adiabatic storage• Heat from compression is captured and stored in a solid or liquid
• Hot Oil 3000C• Molten Salt 6000C• Heat is reincorporated during release
• Close to 100% efficiency
• No utility scale plants
• Diabatic storage• Heat is lost through cooling
• Natural gas is burned to reheat compressed air
• Very inefficient 38-68%
• Uses 1/2 gas of an all gas plant
• Diabatic storage• Heat is lost through cooling
• Natural gas is burned to reheat compressed air
• Very inefficient 38-68%
• Uses 1/2 gas of an all gas plant
More about CAES More about CAES
• Can use sandstone layer to hold compressed air
• USA has good ground for this type of storage
• Can be used to level load from wind and solar
• 200-300 MW Plants
• Can use sandstone layer to hold compressed air
• USA has good ground for this type of storage
• Can be used to level load from wind and solar
• 200-300 MW Plants
Compressed air in Cars
Compressed air in Cars
• Zero pollution Motors • Stores air at around
300atm• Under 35 mph it is zero
emissions• Over 35 mph uses
combustion engine to compress air
• Runs on many different types of fuel
• 1 air tank + 8 gal gas= 848 miles
• Zero pollution Motors • Stores air at around
300atm• Under 35 mph it is zero
emissions• Over 35 mph uses
combustion engine to compress air
• Runs on many different types of fuel
• 1 air tank + 8 gal gas= 848 miles
Fueling/RefuelingFueling/Refueling
• Flex engine runs off of gas, diesel, alcohol, possibly even vegetable oil
• Refueling air tank at refuel station about 3 minutes
• Home refuel unit takes 4 hours, electrical cost $2
• 3 cents per mile
• Flex engine runs off of gas, diesel, alcohol, possibly even vegetable oil
• Refueling air tank at refuel station about 3 minutes
• Home refuel unit takes 4 hours, electrical cost $2
• 3 cents per mile
FlowAir FlowAir
• After 35 mph only 1/2 the CO2 emissions of Prius
• Takes advantage of light engine and light frame to be efficient
• Uses fiberglass frame filled with foam
• May lose efficiency in cold weather
• After 35 mph only 1/2 the CO2 emissions of Prius
• Takes advantage of light engine and light frame to be efficient
• Uses fiberglass frame filled with foam
• May lose efficiency in cold weather
Future of Air Vehicles
Future of Air Vehicles
• Flowair- release in 2010
• First needs to pass US safety ratings
• 6 seats• 106 mpg• 800-1000 mile range• Top speed 96 mph• $17500
• Flowair- release in 2010
• First needs to pass US safety ratings
• 6 seats• 106 mpg• 800-1000 mile range• Top speed 96 mph• $17500
FlywheelsFlywheels
• Captures energy in a rotating Mass
• Flywheel is charged using electric motor
• Electric generator extracts energy
• Captures energy in a rotating Mass
• Flywheel is charged using electric motor
• Electric generator extracts energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:G2_front2.jpg#filehistory
Operation Of Flywheel
Operation Of Flywheel
• Energy held in Spinning Rotor (Steel or Carbon composite)
• Steel rotors can spin at several thousand rpm
• Carbon composite spin up to 60k rpm
• Kinetic Energy 1/2mv2
• Energy held in Spinning Rotor (Steel or Carbon composite)
• Steel rotors can spin at several thousand rpm
• Carbon composite spin up to 60k rpm
• Kinetic Energy 1/2mv2
http://www.aretepower.us/images/Composite%20Flywheel%20Rotor.jpg
BearingsBearings
• Mechanical bearings not practical• Friction is directly proportional to speed
• Magnetic bearings used to minimize friction
• Rotor is suspended- state of levitation
• Operates in a Vacuum
• Mechanical bearings not practical• Friction is directly proportional to speed
• Magnetic bearings used to minimize friction
• Rotor is suspended- state of levitation
• Operates in a Vacuum
SuperconductorsSuperconductors
• New technology uses high temperature superconductors (HTSC)
• HTSC operate at -1960C or -3210F• Diamagnetism- creates a field of opposition to a magnetic field
• Hybrid systems use conventional magnets to levitate and superconductors to stabilize
• New technology uses high temperature superconductors (HTSC)
• HTSC operate at -1960C or -3210F• Diamagnetism- creates a field of opposition to a magnetic field
• Hybrid systems use conventional magnets to levitate and superconductors to stabilize
Flywheels Vs. Batteries
Flywheels Vs. Batteries
• Not effected by temperature changes
• No Memory Effect• Made more environmentally friendly
• Easy energy content identification
• Not effected by temperature changes
• No Memory Effect• Made more environmentally friendly
• Easy energy content identification
Pros
• Shattering due to overload
• Safety devices add lots of mass
• Gyroscope (duel FES systems)
• Shattering due to overload
• Safety devices add lots of mass
• Gyroscope (duel FES systems)
Cons
Energy StatsEnergy Stats
Composite Flywheel Li-ion Battery
Cycles 100,000 to 10 million
Around 1200
Energy Density 130 Wh/kg 160 Wh/kg
Capacity Range from 3 kWh to Max of 133 KWh
Equal to 13,825 18650 Li-ionOver 4 times what is used to power the Tesla
Charge Time 15 min Several Hours
Self discharge time
“0 run down time”- Years
10-20 months
Energy Exchange
Limited by generator
Limited by chemical process
•Flywheels have High volumetric density
Flywheel ProjectsFlywheel Projects
• Gyrobuses- used in 1950s in Switzerland
• Buses run off of Flywheels
• Never gained economic foothold
• Low fuel costs compared to electricity
• Gyrobuses- used in 1950s in Switzerland
• Buses run off of Flywheels
• Never gained economic foothold
• Low fuel costs compared to electricity
Flywheel ProjectsFlywheel Projects
• Flywheels used in electric trains to carry over gaps and regenerative breaking
• Some car models tried (Rosen Motors)
• Formula 1 competition • Used on systems that
need Uninterrupted power supply. (maintenance 1/2 cost of battery)
• Testing of fuses
• Flywheels used in electric trains to carry over gaps and regenerative breaking
• Some car models tried (Rosen Motors)
• Formula 1 competition • Used on systems that
need Uninterrupted power supply. (maintenance 1/2 cost of battery)
• Testing of fuses
SourcesSources
• http://photo.proaktiva.eu/digest/2008_gyrobus.html• http://eco-energy.info/asp/index.asp?uc=&k=3165• http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/
fta_flywheel.pdf• http://www.vyconenergy.com/pages/flywheeltech.htm• http://www.isepa.com/about_isep.asp• http://finance.yahoo.com/family-home/article/106040/
Air-Cars:-A-New-Wind-for-America's-Roads• http://gas2.org/2008/07/15/an-air-car-you-could-see-
in-2009-zpms-106-mpg-compressed-air-hybrid/
• http://zeropollutionmotors.us/
• http://photo.proaktiva.eu/digest/2008_gyrobus.html• http://eco-energy.info/asp/index.asp?uc=&k=3165• http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/
fta_flywheel.pdf• http://www.vyconenergy.com/pages/flywheeltech.htm• http://www.isepa.com/about_isep.asp• http://finance.yahoo.com/family-home/article/106040/
Air-Cars:-A-New-Wind-for-America's-Roads• http://gas2.org/2008/07/15/an-air-car-you-could-see-
in-2009-zpms-106-mpg-compressed-air-hybrid/
• http://zeropollutionmotors.us/