Measuring Sustainable Development in Pakistan · 2019. 8. 31. · Gul, M., Gul, E. and Mantegazza, I. 2018. Measuring Sustainable Development in Pakistan ... Nottingham: The Green

Measuring Sustainable Development in Pakistan Data Ecosystem for Agenda 2030

Mohsen Gul, Ehsan Gul & Ilaria Mantegazza

Copyright © 2018 by the authors

This introductory report has been authored to supplement monitoring process of Sustainable Development Goals(Agenda 2030) in Pakistan. It is a part of GBox 360 Initiative, mandated by The Green Box. The Green Box is a youth-led global movement for creating routine attitudes, values and actions for sustainable development.

This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 InternationalLicense http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

To cite:Gul, M., Gul, E. and Mantegazza, I. 2018. Measuring Sustainable Development in Pakistan: Data Ecosystem forAgenda 2030. Nottingham: The Green Box.

Back Image: Flickr, Paranday (traditional hair accessories) outside Wazir Khan Mosque, Peshawar, Pakistan. The image is used to show cultural relevance and complexity with the various hues of SDGs colour pallete

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Research Team

Design & LayoutGBox 360 team

For more information please visit: www.greenbox.world

Mohsen GulMohsen is an enterprising researcher- an ideas’ person with a passion forsustainable innovation and integrated stakeholder engagement. He holds amaster’s in environmental management and is currently pursuing his doctoralresearch in environmental geography at the University of Nottingham, UK. Hehas worked in the development sector for over 5 years and has been a part ofover 10 donor/ government funded projects in Pakistan and abroad including inthe UK, Brazil, Thailand, Kenya and European Union. He is the co-founder ofGreen Box, a youth-led global initiative on actions for sustainabledevelopment. Recently, he has been selected as a UNV fellow for UNESCO AsiaPacific Office, Bangkok where he is providing support to various stakeholderengagement initiatives.

Ehsan GulEhsan is a sustainability enthusiast with a masters in Sustainability(Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management) from the University ofNottingham, UK. He holds a Bachelors in Environmental Sciences from Pakistanand has completed an exchange semester at SUNY Plattsburgh USA withmention on the Dean’s list. He has served as a youth member on UNDP’s panelfor development of National Human Development Report 2016 in Pakistan andhas been involved in over six social development projects in Pakistan indifferent capacities during his work at NUR Foundation for 3 years. He currentlyworks as Technical Services Manager at Punjab Public Health Agency, Pakistan.He is also the module convenor for developing minimum viable product courseat Start Up School, MIT Enterprise Forum, Pakistan.

Acknowledgments

Ilaria MantegazzaIlaria is an environmental management professional with interests in ESGGovernance, big data and stakeholder engagement. She currently works asEnvironmental Specialist at Tetra Pak Italy where she deals with and managessustainability projects. She holds a Bachelors in International Science andEuropean Institutions from the University of Milan and a Masters inEnvironmental Management from the University of Nottingham. Her previousprojects include a flood risk insurance design in the UK, a sustainability businessplan for Nottinghamshire Care Homes, a campus recycling qualitative analysisand a critical evaluation of Ferrero’s CSR report.

http://www.greenbox.world/

1

Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ 1

1. Pakistan and Agenda 2030 .............................................................................................. 5

1.1 MDG Transition .................................................................................... 5

1.1.1 Lessons from the Past .......................................................................... 6

1.2 SDG Snapshot ....................................................................................... 9

1.3 Current Support Infrastructure .......................................................... 14

1.3.1 Policy & Legislation ............................................................................ 14

1.3.2 Institutional Apparatus ...................................................................... 18

1.3.3 Balance across SD Dimensions & Potential Stakeholder Linkages .... 23

2. National Statistical System ............................................................................................ 24

2.1 Legal Framework for Statistics and Data ........................................... 25

2.2 The National Statistical Office ............................................................ 25

2.3 Main statistical products .................................................................... 26

2.4 Other national data producers .......................................................... 26

2.5 National Strategy for Development of Statistics ............................... 26

2.6 Statistical capacity .............................................................................. 27

2.7 Open data .......................................................................................... 27

2.8 Snapshot: Statistical Capacity Assessment ........................................ 28

3. SDG Monitoring: Gaps & Challenges......................................................................... 31

3.1 SDG Data Gap Analysis ....................................................................... 31

3.2 Data Challenges ................................................................................. 32

4. Recommendations .................................................................................................... 56

References ........................................................................................................................ 59

Table of Contents

2

Table 1.1: Performance against SDG Indicators (Pakistan) ............................................... 10

Table 1.2: Development Indicators for Pakistan ............................................................... 13

Table 1.3: Interlinkages between Pakistan Vision 2025 and the SDGs ............................. 14

Table 1.4: Template for mapping alignment of existing policies to the SDGs and institutional apparatus ...................................................................................................... 15

Table 1.5: Proposed SDG Priorities for Pakistan (Cho, et al., 2016) ................................. 17

Table 1.6: Outputs & Key Activities of SDG Unit Punjab (PC1, 2015) ............................... 20

Table 2.1: Key Components of National Data Ecosystem (UNDP, 2017) .......................... 27

Table 2.2: Statistical Capacity Assessment of Pakistan ..................................................... 29

Table 3.1: Availability of Data for SDG Indicators in Pakistan (Ahmed, 2017) .................. 31

Table 3.2 SDG Data Gap Analysis (UNSTAT, 2017) ............................................................ 35

Table 4.1: Suggested Checklist for SDG Report-Pakistan .................................................. 58

List of Tables

3

Fig 1.1: Causes of Failure in Achieving the MDGs in Pakistan (Ghaus, et al., 2016) .......... 7

Fig 1.2: Average Performance for 17 SDGs (Pakistan) ........................................................ 9

Fig 1.3 Network of SDG Indicators and System in Pakistan .............................................. 16

Fig 1.4: Trend line for anticipated SDG & Vision 2025 attainment for Pakistan ............... 18

Fig 1.5: Institutional Framework for SDG Support in Pakistan (GoP, 2017) ..................... 19

Fig 1.6: Key Milestones for SDGs at Federal Level ............................................................ 20

Fig 1.7: Preliminary findings of UNDP LG Assessment in KP- priority local needs ............ 22

Fig 2.1 Statistical capacity of countries vs Pakistan (World Bank, 2017) .......................... 27

List of Figures

4

AJK Azad and Jammu Kashmir CSO Civil Society Organisation DAC Development Assistance Committee EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone GB Gilgit Baltistan GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income HDI Human Development Index HR Human Resource KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MDG Millennium Development Goal MPI Multi-dimensional Poverty Index NGO Non-governmental Organisation OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PBS Pakistan Bureau of Statistics RIA Rapid Integrated Assessment SDG Sustainable Development Goal SDSN Sustainable Development Solutions Network SOPs Standard Operating Procedures TC Technical Committee UNDP United Nations Development Programme

Acronyms

Section 1Pakistan & Agenda 2030

People of Pakistan holding SDG plaques. Image Credits: Cover photo, Annual Report 2016, UNDP Pakistan

5

1.1 MDG Transition The Millennium Declaration 2000 unleashed an unprecedented era of global development cooperation (UNDP, 2016). A compact between developed and developing nations, it focused on addressing poverty, hunger, disease and some environmental issues (Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 1–7) in the developing world, while developed countries committed to making the resources (aid, debt relief) and opportunities (trade, technology) available to enable developing countries to achieve those goals (MDG 8).

The foundation for this formulation assumed that large investments in health, education and other social outcomes would unleash a virtuous cycle of growth and development. Achieving the MDGs was not just valuable in itself but also a driver for further development. This framing was informed by the duality between developed and developing countries that dominated perceptions of development cooperation at the turn of the century — and for considerable time before then. It saw development cooperation as a narrow ‘assistance-like’ endeavour, similar to social transfers at the national level, where money flows from those better off to the poor (UNDP, 2016).

In a historic move in September 2015, 193 UN Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Building on the UN Millennium Declaration, the 2030 Agenda commits every country to take action that would not only address the root causes of poverty, but also increase economic growth and prosperity and meet people’s health, education and social needs while protecting the environment (UNDP, 2017).

There are three fundamental differences between the 2030 Development Agenda and the MDGs, which have a bearing on development cooperation (UNDP, 2016). First, the 2030 Development Agenda has a much wider scope, going beyond the ‘social’ goals of the MDGs, taking into full consideration the need for economic, social and environmental sustainability, and thus including a wide range of aspirations, from sustainable modes of production and consumption to peaceful and inclusive societies. Second, it is a much more ambitious agenda, not content with reducing poverty, but pushes towards its elimination, and with more ambitious targets on health, education, the environment and other aspects. Third, it is universal, applying to all countries, to all people, with an implicit recognition that international collective action — beyond national policy-making — is required. The 2030 Agenda represents a transformative global compact for development, evolved through an unprecedented process of stakeholder consultation at national, sub-regional, regional and global levels.

1. Pakistan and Agenda 2030

6

UNESCAP (2017) report on achieving the SDGs in South Asia stresses that it is especially relevant for sub-regional countries like Pakistan to attain SDG targets by the year 2030. Besides the sub region’s economic dynamism and limited achievements of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), South Asia accounts for 36% of the world’s poor and suffers from a number of development and infrastructure gaps. Given its large and growing population, which currently represents nearly a fourth of the world’s population, the sub region has a critical role to play in the global achievement of the SDGs. The success of the 2030 Agenda domestically will require a clear institutional apparatus to lead the coordination and facilitate the implementation and monitoring of the SDGs (UNDP, 2017).

1.1.1 Lessons from the Past In a flagship case study by Centre for Policy Dialogue (Ghaus, et al., 2016) on implications of implementing SDGs in Pakistan, the limited attainment of MDGs has been acknowledged and issues of governance, inter-organisational coordination and ownership confronted by the state institutions have been identified as key barriers. Ministry of Planning, Development, and Reform (2017) also acknowledges that Pakistan was hardly able to achieve any MDG target due to several reasons, among which lack of planning, lack of political will and considering it a donor driven agenda are foremost. A complete snapshot of MDG attainment for Pakistan is provided in Appendix 1.

Ghaus et al. (2016) note that the MDG framework was primarily aimed at drawing attention of human and social development needs, i.e. to address the issues of hunger, poverty and equality. Unfortunately, the framework ignored the two important pillars of accountability and rule of law. Apparently, the Government of Pakistan made its commitment to the international goals without realising the level of commitment that was required at the national level. There were four principal factors that had a major impact on policy decisions and resource allocation in Pakistan. First, in 2001, only a year after the MDGs were endorsed, the global community declared a “war on terror” that was initially aimed at Afghanistan. The impact of this so-called war had spiralling consequences for neighbouring Pakistan which predominantly occupied the government’s attention (SPDC, 2010). Second, the spillover effect of the war on terror, along with the emergence and strengthening of non-state actors (NSAs), caused social and political polarisation that resulted in new security challenges. Third, external and internal threats, along with the urgencies created by low intensity conflict (which posed new threats to societal security), the military expenditures increased manifold, whereas government neglected the social sector (SPDC, 2010). Fourth, since Pakistan passed its 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2010, which had devolved the financial, administrative and political authorities, the development planning should also have been readjusted simultaneously to tune the institutional arrangements; however, the pace of the readjustment continued to be slow.

Inadequate financial resources proved to be a major impediment to achieving the MDGs. For example, in the Sindh province, important policy decisions, such as how much resources would be required to achieve the education targets, have not been adequately undertaken, resulting into problems of reconciling actual spending against targeted

7

spending. In Punjab, the province’s Annual Development Plan (ADP) was aligned with financial investments which enabled it to perform better than the other three provinces in achieving the MDG targets. However, provincial performance on ‘majority of indicators’ remained off track due to lack of financial resources and mismanagement. In Balochistan, for example, the delay in disbursing funds caused major problems in completing development projects on time. In retrospect, it can be said, that the presence of a secretariat, both at the federal and provincial levels could have helped in identifying a proper monitoring and reporting mechanism. This would have helped in monitoring the progress on each of the targets, and would also in maintaining a much- needed linkage between the provinces and the ministries (Ghaus, et al., 2016).

Natural and man-made disasters also constrained achievement of the MDG targets. In 2001, Sindh and Balochistan were affected by droughts. In 2005 a high intensity earthquake hit several areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), leaving 75,000 dead and causing widespread damage to infrastructure, including health facilities and schools. In 2010, extensive floods in parts of the Punjab, KP, and Sindh destroyed economic and social infrastructure, affecting 18 million people socially and financially. These natural disasters have had a negative impact on the economy and also proved to be consequential for the MDGs – particularly their financial repercussions. These major causes have been summarised in Fig 1.1.

Fig 1.1: Causes of Failure in Achieving the MDGs in Pakistan (Ghaus, et al., 2016)

Reporting

Pro-Poor MDGs

Lack of Accountability

Challenges in Monitoring

and

Lack of Capacity Building

Poor Governance

Lack of Political Will / Political Instability

Barriers and

Limitations

MDGs

Natural and Man-made Disasters

Weak Federal- Provincial Linkages

Financial

I

8

At the global level, vast experience gained through the MDG era was synthesized in 2016 by UNDP in the report entitled ‘From the MDGs to Sustainable Development for All: Lessons from 15 Years of Practice’ (UNDP, 2016). This experience was distilled into ten recommendations for SDG implementation as illustrated and summarized below (UNDG, 2017).

Act early and leave no one behind: The time to deliver is already short. Stepped up, early action is needed to get SDGs on track to eradicate extreme poverty, hunger, preventable disease and deliver essential services by 2030.

Set targets that reflect people’s priorities for the future: To get traction, national SDG targets should be agreed through an inclusive national process considered legitimate in all communities.

Empower local change agents: Under the MDGs, change agents in government, civil society and the private sector proved that Global Goals can drive progress when used to re-engender hope in a better future, enable people to find common ground, tie local challenges to global solutions, drive political action and inspire collaboration.

Invite broad engagement: SDG campaigns led by government, parliaments and/or loosely organized coalitions should develop clearly defined outreach objectives. Particular audiences, such as local businesses, community groups, academic institutions and parts of government should be asked to articulate their contributions; track results and advance mutual accountability.

Realize sub-national strategies: The SDGs should be seen as an invitation to improve intra-governmental coordination and accountability and strengthen local capacities. Agreement on a clear division of labour, based on the comparative advantage, role and capacities of local and national governments should guide SDG resource mobilization and monitoring.

Pursue “big picture” strategies: Scenario-building can help governments elaborate and sequence strategies, avoid risks, and find opportunities to close gaps in technology, financing and capacity. It should also empower political leaders with the ability to adjust policy levers in order to advance multiple goals at once, achieving faster, more coherent progress by harnessing synergies.

Prioritize policy accelerators: Prioritization does not imply bypassing relevant SDG targets but rather identifying specific areas that can serve as an entry point for the transformational change sustainable development demands.

Strengthen adaptive capacity: Success at scale is possible when and where local actors can adopt new approaches, analyse and adjust initiatives until they work.

Build a big tent: Solutions to real-life problems generally lie outside the boundaries of individual ministries, tightly focused initiatives or disciplines. It is therefore essential for

9

leaders to find ways of working outside the silos and divisions that make solutions hard to find and even harder to implement.

Use SDG reporting to engage all of society: Ongoing citizen feedback should be fed into regular participatory, public reviews of SDG progress to ensure concerns are heard and responded to. Public Hearings, Social Audits, Citizen Report Cards and Participatory Budgets should be pursued as ways to build trust between government and citizens; improve the responsiveness of public institutions and public services.

Building on these lessons and consultations across the development spectrum, Government of Pakistan has undertaken a spearheaded approach to achieve the mandate of Agenda 2030. The following sections map the current landscape of SDGs attainment and support infrastructure in Pakistan.

1.2 SDG Snapshot In 2017, Pakistan ranked 122nd out of 157 countries with an average index score of 55.6 (regional score: 63.3) (Sachs, et al., 2017). Average score for each SDG is summarised in Fig 1.2.

Fig 1.2: Average Performance for 17 SDGs (Pakistan)

Table 1.1 further summarises the performance of Pakistan for the 17 SDGs and some of the key indicators identified in SDG Index 2017. Traffic Light Rating System has been used to denote progress. Please note orange has been added as an additional colour to further distinguish between higher and lower medium performance.

10

Table 1.1: Performance against SDG Indicators (Pakistan)

Key SDG achievement

Challenge remains

Significant challenge remains

Major challenges

Not Applicable

Indicator Value Rating SDG 1

Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90/day (% population) 4.1 Projected poverty headcount ratio at $1.90/day in 2030 (% population)

0.2

SDG 2 Prevalence of undernourishment (% population) 22 Prevalence of stunting (low height-for-age) in children under 5 years of age (%)

45

Prevalence of wasting in children under 5 years of age (%) 10.5 Prevalence of obesity, BMI ≥ 30 (% adult population) 5.4 Cereal yield (t/ha) 2.7 Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index 1

SDG 3 Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) 178 Neonatal mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 45.5 Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) 81.1 Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) 270 HIV prevalence (per 1,000) 0.1 Age-standardised death rate due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease in populations age 30–70 years, per 100,000 population

20.5

Age-standardised death rate attributable to household air pollution and ambient air pollution, per 100,000 population

12.8

Traffic deaths rate (per 100,000 people) 14.2 Healthy Life Expectancy at birth (years) 57.8 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) 38.3 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 52.1 Percentage of surviving infants who received 2 WHO- recommended vaccines (%)

61

Universal Health Coverage Tracer Index (0-100) 42.4 Subjective Wellbeing (average ladder score, 0-10) 5.5

SDG 4 Net primary enrolment rate (%) 73.8 Expected years of schooling (years) 5.1 Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds, both sexes (%) 73.7

SDG 5 Estimated demand for contraception that is unmet (% women married or in union, ages 15-49)

52.6

Ratio of female to male mean years of schooling of population age 25 and above

56.7

Ratio of female to male labour force participation rate 29.9 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) 20.6

SDG 6 Access to improved water source (% population) 91.4

11

Access to improved sanitation facilities (% population) 63.5 Freshwater withdrawal as % total renewable water resources 74.4 Imported groundwater depletion (m3/year/capita) 1.4

SDG 7 Access to electricity (% population) 97.5 Access to non-solid fuels (% population) 41 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion / electricity output (MtCO2/TWh)

1.4

SDG 8 Adjusted GDP Growth (%) -1.5 Percentage of children 5–14 years old involved in child labour N/A Adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (%)

10.4

Unemployment rate (% total labour force) 5.9 SDG 9

Proportion of the population using the internet (%) 18 Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants) 13 Quality of overall infrastructure (1= extremely underdeveloped; 7= extensive and efficient by international standards)

3.5

Logistics performance index: Quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure (1=low to 5=high)

2.7

QS University Ranking, Average score of top 3 universities (0-100)

22.7

Number of scientific and technical journal articles (per capita) 0 Research and development expenditure (% GDP) 0.3

SDG 10 Gini index (0-100) 30.7

SDG 11 Annual mean concentration of particulate matter of less than 2.5 microns of diameter (PM2.5) in urban areas (µg/m3)

63

Improved water source, piped (% urban population with access) 60.9 SDG 12

Municipal Solid Waste (kg/year/capita) 0.8 E-waste generated (kg/capita) 1.4 Percentage of anthropogenic wastewater that receives treatment (%)

0.1

Production-based SO2 emissions (kg/capita) 5 Net imported SO2 emissions (kg/capita) 0.4 Reactive nitrogen production footprint (kg/capita) 13.1 Net imported emissions of reactive nitrogen (kg/capita) -66.7

SDG 13 Energy-related CO2 emissions per capita (tCO2/capita) 0.8 Imported CO2 emissions, technology-adjusted (tCO2/capita) 0 Climate Change Vulnerability Index 0.1

SDG 14 Mean area that is protected in marine sites important to biodiversity (%)

75.3

Ocean Health Index - Biodiversity (0-100) 76.9 Ocean Health Index - Clean Waters (0-100) 46.3 Ocean Health Index - Fisheries (0-100) 71.7

12

Percentage of Fish Stocks overexploited or collapsed by EEZ (%) 35 SDG 15

Mean area that is protected in terrestrial sites important to biodiversity (%)

40.3

Mean area that is protected in freshwater sites important to biodiversity (%)

38.9

Red List Index of species survival (0-1) 0.9 Annual change in forest area (%) N/A Imported biodiversity impacts (species lost per million people) 0.1

SDG 16 Homicides (per 100,000 people) 7.8 Prison population (per 100,000 people) 39 Proportion of the population who feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where they live (%)

57

Government Efficiency (1-7) 3.1 Property Rights (1-7) 3.5 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age (%)

33.6

Corruption Perception Index (0-100) 32 Transfers of major conventional weapons (exports) (constant 1990 US$ million per 100,000 people)

0

Slavery score (0-100) 0 SDG 17

Government Health and Education spending (% GDP) 5.1 For high-income and all OECD DAC countries: International concessional public finance, including official development assistance (% GNI)

n/a

For all other countries: Tax revenue (% GDP) 10 Tax Haven Score (best 0-5 worst) 0

Based on the UNDP’s Rapid Integrated Assessment (RIA) Tool1 (UNDP, 2017), following indicators for Pakistan and its administrative units are indicative of the current development status, as shown in Table 1.2.

1 Rapid Integrated Assessment Toolkit is a recent UNDP resource to support countries in mainstreaming the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into national and subnational planning, by helping assess their readiness for SDG implementation.

13

Provincial Governments in targeting poverty through improved policy reform and public spending.

Table 1.2: Development Indicators for Pakistan

Pakistan Punjab Sindh Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Gilgit Baltistan

HDI/ Rank2 (2015) 0.524 (147) 0.55 0.51 0.41 0.48 Inequality adjusted HDI3 (2015)

0.380

Nationally established MPI4

0.197 0.152 0.231 0.394 0.250 0.209

Income per capita5 US $ 1,629 GDP per capita growth (2016)

5.28

2 HDI: Human Development Index, Source: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1293170/provinces-human-development/ [Accessed on Jan 02, 2018] 3 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/PAK.pdf 4MPI: Multi-dimensional Poverty Index, Source: http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/ en/home/library/hiv_aids/ Multidimensional-Poverty-in-Pakistan.html [Accessed on Jan 02, 2018] 5 GDP: Gross Domestic Product, Source: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/ overview_2016-17.pdf

LENS: Multi-dimensional Poverty Index in Pakistan Source: Planning Commission of Pakistan,

Development Insight, Volume 1 Issue 2.

Government of Pakistan recognizes poverty alleviation as its biggest challenge. Improving living standards and quality of life for people is essential for reviving the economy and promoting sustainable development. To achieve these goals, the Planning Commission, keeping in line with the Vision 2025 document, is striving to improve the education and health sectors of Pakistan as well. Multiple projects have been undertaken to identify the particular needs of the people so that targeted policies can be designed to achieve desired results. The introduction of the Multidimensional Poverty Index, in collaboration with UNDP, is such an initiative. Through this report, policymakers of Pakistan will be able to highlight the policy sectors in need of attention and a district level policy analysis and tailored projects will soon be initiated to fight poverty. This report provides a detailed description of these results and disaggregates Pakistan's MPI by indicators, geographical regions and sub-groups. While the report closes with a series of specific recommendations, all of the findings are provided with the intention to help the Federal and

http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/%20overview_2016-17.pdf

http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/%20overview_2016-17.pdf

http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/%20en/home/library/hiv_aids/%20Multidimensional-Poverty-in-Pakistan.html

http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/PAK.pdf

https://tribune.com.pk/story/1293170/provinces-human-development/

https://tribune.com.pk/story/1293170/provinces-human-development/

http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/%20en/home/library/hiv_aids/%20Multidimensional-Poverty-in-Pakistan.html

14

1.3 Current Support Infrastructure 1.3.1 Policy & Legislation Pakistan has embraced the SDGs with a strong political will and a convincing development strategy, manifested in the Vision 2025 planning document that has been endorsed by both federal and provincial legislatures (Ministry of Planning Development & Reform, 2017). After an extensive process of consultation with parliamentarians, federal ministries, provincial governments, business leaders, international institutions, universities, think tanks, and NGOs that concluded in a national conference on 22 November 2013, the Government of Pakistan compiled its Vision 2025 (Pakistan, 2014). This aspirational document puts together the consensus views of national and international stakeholders regarding the future direction of the country. It provides a conceptual platform for the achievement of sustainable and inclusive growth for the benefit of all the citizens of Pakistan, thus offering a national approach for meeting globally agreed goals and targets, such as the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Cho et al. (2016). Vision 2025 includes five enablers and seven pillars, with many pillars overlapping with the sustainable development goals contained in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. As such, this document provides a national roadmap for achieving the SDGs. Table 1.3. shows interlinkages between Pakistan Vision 2025 and SDGs.

Table 1.3: Interlinkages between Pakistan Vision 2025 and the SDGs

Pakistan Vision 2025 Sustainable Development Goals Enablers and pillars Goals

Enabler I: Shared national vision

SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

Enabler II: Political stability and continuity of policies Enabler III: Peace and security

Enabler IV: Rule of Law

Enabler V: Social Justice

Pillar I: Putting people first - developing human and social capital

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

SDG 3: Good health and well-being SDG 4: Quality education SDG 5: Gender equality SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation

Pillar II: Achieving sustained, indigenous and inclusive growth

8, 9, 10, 11

SDG 1: No poverty SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth SDG 10: Reduced inequalities SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

Pillar III: Governance, institutional reform and modernization of the public sector

12 SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong

institutions

Pillar IV: Energy, water and food security 13, 14, 15, 16

SDG 2: Zero hunger SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy

15

Pillar V: Private sector-led growth 17, 18, 19 SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth

Pillar VI: Developing a competitive knowledge economy through value addition

20, 21, 22, 23

SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Pillar VII: Modernizing transportation infrastructure and greater regional connectivity

24, 25 SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and

Infrastructure

UNDP (2017) identifies Vision 2025 and 12th 5-year Plan (2019-2023) as national vision document and national development plan respectively. Government of Pakistan is in process of developing the 12th 5-year plan (2019-2023) which is set to be released by July 2018. In the third meeting of the steering committee on the 12th Five-Year Plan held on 3rd January 2018, Planning Commission’s Deputy Chairman, Sartaj Aziz acknowledged the need for inclusion of an operational strategy for the SDGs in the upcoming plan. UNDP RIA (2017) Tools 1 & 2 on detailed mapping of SDG targets in Vision 2025 and upcoming 5-year plan can be used to identify priority actions and generate SDG profile card for Pakistan. Table 1.4. is a template for SDG mapping across national policies in Pakistan6.

Table 1.4: Template for mapping alignment of existing policies to the SDGs and institutional apparatus

Goals/ Targets SDGs

Thematic area/ sector, as identified in key government planning documents

Vision 2025 (Long-term vision document)

12th Five Year Plans (Medium-term national/ subnational development plan)

Is domestic/ national goal/ target aligned with SDG goal/ target?

Institution responsible for implementation

Goal 1

Goal 2

Goal 3 :

Goal 17

Cho et al. (2016) have undertaken a complex quantitative analysis of Pakistan and other countries in the region to identify policy priorities for Pakistan to effectively achieve targets of Agenda 2030 and Vision 2025. Fig 1.3 shows the network of SDG indicators or equivalently the SDG system for Pakistan. The green nodes stand for the indicators in which Pakistan is doing better than the average of lower middle-income countries, while the grey nodes are for those in which Pakistan is doing poorly relatively to the average.

6 Detailed RIA Tools 1& 2 Mapping is beyond the scope of this introductory report. 12th 5-year plan was not available at the drafting stage of this report. It is highly recommended that Government of Pakistan should undertake this vital exercise and share the findings with key stakeholders.

16

The thickness of the lines connecting two nodes signifies the proximity of those two indicators, and the size of the nodes represents the number of shortest paths from all nodes to all others that pass through that node (called a “betweenness centrality” in technical terms).

Fig 1.3 Network of SDG Indicators and System in Pakistan

Initial high attainment (2015)

Predicted high attainment

(2030)

17

Based on this network analysis for UNESCAP, Table 1.5. enlists the suggested priority SDGs for each of the three distinct phases of attainment. Table 1.5: Proposed SDG Priorities for Pakistan (Cho, et al., 2016)

First phase (2017-2020)

SDG Indicator Priority level (%)

5. Gender equality Gender inequality (health, empowerment and labour) 16.4

9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Internet users 16.4


Fixed-telephone users 12.6

2. Zero hunger Food supply 11.3 8. Decent work and economic growth

Commercial banking 11.3


Air transportation 8.0

2. Zero hunger Agriculture value added 5.5 Other 18.4

Second phase (2021-2025)


10. Reduced inequalities Human inequality (health, education and income) 27.6

4. Quality education Secondary education 21.2 9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure



Internet users 7.4

2. Zero hunger Food supply 5.4 9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Air transportation 4.9

5. Gender equality Gender inequality (health, empowerment and labour)

4.9

2. Zero hunger Agriculture value added 4.4


Trade and transport- related infrastructure

4.4

Other 12.3 Third phase (2026-2030)


4. Quality education Education index (years of schooling) 39.7 4. Quality education Secondary education 9.1

18

5. Gender equality Gender inequality (health, empowerment and labour)

7.2


Internet users 5.7

2. Zero hunger Food supply 4.8


Trade and transport-related infrastructure

4.8



2. Zero hunger Agriculture value added 3.8

8. Decent work and economic growth

Ease of doing business index (regulations)

3.8

Other 16.8 If these SDGs and related indicators are followed in the optimal path suggested by UNESCAP (Cho, et al., 2016), Fig 1.4 shows the anticipated SDGs attainment trajectory for Pakistan. Fig 1.4: Trend line for anticipated SDG & Vision 2025 attainment for Pakistan

1.3.2 Institutional Apparatus 1.3.2.1 National Level The SDGs have been declared as the 'national development agenda' instead of as global development goals (Ministry of Planning Development & Reform, 2017). The federal and provincial assemblies have also recognized the critical role that SDGs can play in transforming lives, particularly those of the most marginalized and disadvantaged. Pakistan was the first country to adopt SDGs 2030 agenda through a unanimous resolution of parliament (UNDESA, 2016). The role of parliament in Pakistan is critical for SDG implementation through its legislative, budgetary and oversight functions. This

2013 Lower middle-income average

19

localization of the SDGs is key, since a lack of national ownership was one of the biggest reasons why the MDGs failed dismally in the country.

To take the 2030 Agenda forward, UNDP Pakistan, the Planning Commission and Provincial Planning and Development Departments have launched a national initiative on SDGs focusing on the following four outputs:

• Plans, policies and resource allocation are aligned to the 2030 Agenda • Monitoring, reporting and evaluation capacities are strengthened • Innovative approaches to accelerate progress on priority SDGs • Financing flows are increasingly aligned with the 2030 Agenda

Under the project, SDG Support Units are being established at the Planning Commission and Planning & Development Departments of all provinces and regions, including FATA, GB & Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) committing US$15.5 million. Fig 1.5 summarises the vertical and horizontal institutional framework for SDG support in Pakistan.

Fig 1.5: Institutional Framework for SDG Support in Pakistan (GoP, 2017)

We believe that SDGs agenda for development isn’t an international agenda; it is our own agenda. Pakistan remains the first country to unanimously endorse the

SDGs in its Parliament as part of its national agenda. Whilst most of the SDGs related sectors have been devolved to the provinces after the 18thconstitutional

amendment, nonetheless, the federal government remains committed to serve in a coordinating and supporting role to bring all stakeholders together so that better

outcomes may be achieved. Prof. Ahsan Iqbal, Federal Minister for Planning, Development and Reforms

National Coordination Committee

Provincial Coordination (across provinces)

Sector Specific & Thematic Coordination

National SDGs Support Unit

(Planning Commission)

Provincial SDGs Support Unit (in each Planning &

Development Dept.)

Vert

ical

Pol

icy

Cohe

renc

e: In

stitu

tiona

l coo

rdin

atin

g m

echa

nism

s to

fost

er p

artn

ersh

ips a

nd c

oord

inat

ion

acro

ss le

vels

Horizontal Policy Coherence: formal partnerships and coordination across sectoral line ministries and agencies

Federal Cabinet Committee

Provincial Cabinet Committee

Parliamentary Secretariat on SDGs

20

At Federal Level, three separate SDG units have been created — one at Prime Minister Office, another at parliament led by Speaker and yet another at the Planning Commission. The three do not have an internal interface for policy coordination (Dawn Special Report, 2017). Limited information is available on official websites of Planning Commission of Pakistan and UNDP Pakistan to help further identify the recent actions undertaken by these units. There is a dire need to coordinate efforts and knowledge in this regard. Key Milestones achieved at federal level are shown in Fig 1.6.

Fig 1.6: Key Milestones for SDGs at Federal Level

1.3.2.2 Provincial Level The response at provincial levels (other than Punjab and lately Sindh) has been slow, despite the fact that the provinces are responsible for implementing and monitoring the progress of the SDGs. After national endorsement of SDGs, provincial launches and consultative workshops were held in Sindh and Punjab with a view to raising awareness of the SDGs at the subnational level. However, limited online information is available to map the extent of implementation and monitoring efforts of SDG Units at provincial levels in Pakistan. The only available strategic vision document for SDG Units is that of Punjab (Planning Commission (PC)-1, approved September 2015). Table 1.6 outlines the key outputs and activities for SDG Unit in Punjab. This allows to capture the scope and mandate of SDG Units across Pakistan.

Table 1.6: Outputs & Key Activities of SDG Unit Punjab (PC1, 2015)

Output Key Activities

Undertake SDGs mapping and prioritization for goals and targets at the provincial level.

UNDP led Country consultation on Post 2015 Development

Agenda (2012-2014)

SDGs embedded in 7 pillars of Vision 2025

(Aug 2014)

National Launch of SDGs as Pakistan

Development Goals (Oct 2015)

Pakistan's Parliament adopts SDGs (Feb 2016)

Minister Planning nominated as UNDP's Champion to promote

SDGs (Feb 2016)

Sun-national SDGs Launch (Dec 2015)

Launched a 5 year national initiative on Agenda 2030 (2016)

2017

21


Mainstreaming SDGs in local development plans and strategies clearly delineating the resource requirements

Develop and implementation of provincial action plan with baseline, KPI and targets for Punjab Province

Design and incorporate SDGs localization strategies at the district level

Financing gap assessment for SDGs and develop strategies for resource mobilization

Identify and assessing institutional and human capacity development need and develop capacity development plan

Conduct orientation sessions for government officials, CSO etc. at the provincial and district level on SDGs in the local context and their role to support implementation and track progress.

Design and print awareness and advocacy material on SDGs i.e. posters, infographics, fast facts, diaries etc.

Raising awareness among general public extending the “know your goals” campaign at the local level encouraging citizens’ active engagement for SD

Strengthening coordination, reporting and monitoring mechanisms for SDGs

Establishing coordination mechanism through thematic working groups convened around each SDG involving relevant stakeholders

Identification of gaps and improve statistical capacities for collection of data in line in SDGs indicators

Setting up standard data protocols and developing coordination mechanisms b/w fed and provincial statistical bureaus

Annual reporting on the provincial status of SDGs (infographics)

Develop an online dashboard for monitoring of progress on KPI developed as part of the provincial action plan on SDGs

Develop framework for public-private partnership to engage private sector for sustainable development

Supporting integrated and innovative approaches to accelerate progress on SDGs on priority areas

Using MPI, deconstructed by districts and dimension to target resources and design policies and interventions more effectively targeting those with intense poverty

Implement pilot project to support SDGs localization at district level

Data analysis to inform progress on implementation on the provincial action plan on SDGs

Innovation facility launched to promote innovative approaches to accelerate progress on SDGs

Policy support, research and analysis and knowledge

Undertake research and analysis for evidence-based public policy and decision making

Use of tools such as MPI for poverty targeting for informed policy making and development interventions

22


management for SDGs

Establish Community of Practice for knowledge generation, undertaking research and analysis involving diverse stakeholders

Public expenditure tracking for social sector in Punjab as tool for social audit to monitor progress

There is no progress report available against these activities for SDG Support Unit Punjab. However, a progress report has been released by SDG Unit Sindh which highlights infrastructural development of the unit (Snapshot-Appendix 2).

1.3.2.3 Local Government Level Localising SDGs beyond the sub-national level is most critical element for an effective implementation mechanism for SDGs (UNDP Pakistan, 2017). In Pakistan, the mission for SDG implementation has been taken to the grass roots level via the local government (LG) system — for bottom up engagement and implementation of targets as majority coverage areas stand devolved to the provinces — and onwards to the district level. Hence, recently elected local governments will play a major role in accelerating progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (Ministry of Planning Development & Reform, 2017). Representatives of the LGs at the district level were engaged through a national conference in March 2017 where they were given a chance to express their priorities. Most referred to education, health, water and unemployment as top issues. Interestingly, sanitation and climate missed their radars, perhaps because of lack of general awareness (Dawn Special Report, 2017). To provide decision makers a picture of social development indicators and resource allocations, UNDP Pakistan piloted a LG assessment to facilitate SDG prioritisation & planning in KP. It used three mapping tools with 1) provincial LG administration; 2) district administration, elected councillors, youth, women & minorities and 3) locals through citizen perception survey. Preliminary findings for SDGs and local needs of people are shown in Fig 1.7 (UNDP Pakistan, 2017). UNDP aims to integrate these findings in local plans and budgets with LG Department KP.

Fig 1.7: Preliminary findings of UNDP LG Assessment in KP- priority local needs

23

1.3.3 Balance across SD Dimensions & Potential Stakeholder Linkages The key institutional responsibilities and SDG interlinkages for horizontal and vertical coordination have been identified using UNDP RIA Tool 3 (Identification of balance across SD dimensions, mapping of potential interlinkages across targets, and determining the relationship between targets in Pakistan). The analysis is attached as Appendix 3.

Section 2National Statistical System

Census staff collecting data for 4th Population and Housing Census, 2017. Image Credits: Media Beam US News

24

2. National Statistical System

LENS: MAPS Approach & Data

The UN Development Group (UNDG)has adopted a common approach to frame support for SDG implementation, called MAPS. It consists of three main pillars of intervention: - Mainstreaming: Land and contextualize the global development agenda at national and sub-national levels; - Acceleration: Identify bottlenecks, synergies and trade-offs across sectors, for targeted policy interventions and resources allocation; and - Policy Support: Pooled, coordinated and coherent response across different UN entities to countries’ requests of policy support.

The following section assesses the Data Ecosystem for Pakistan based Guidance Note on data for monitoring Agenda 2030 developed using MAPS Approach (UNDP, 2017). The report of the Secretary-General SG’s Independent Expert Advisory Group on Data Revolution for Sustainable Development, titled A World that Counts (2014), took note of the unprecedented technology progress and exponential increase in volume, level of detail, and speed of data available on societies, the economy and the environment. New and traditional data sources are being integrated to produce high-quality, detailed, timely and relevant information to foster and monitor sustainable development. Through greater transparency and openness, the usefulness of data can be increased while respecting privacy and human rights.

The Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) recognizes the central role of national statistical systems supported by the private sector, civil society and academia, and calls for strengthening national capacities, ensuring access to tools, making data standards interoperable, and increasing global data literacy. It also notes that high quality data is essential for smart and transparent decision-making, and can improve policy-making analysis, monitoring and reporting of progress at all levels.

Building on and going further than the Millennium Declaration, the 2030 Agenda enshrines the principle of monitoring development results and the importance of data and statistics for sustainable development. SDG target 17.18 aims to “increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts”, while target 17.19 calls for new measures of sustainable development progress beyond GDP.

The next section is based on Integrated MAPS mission template for background note on data systems in a country.

25

2.1 Legal Framework for Statistics and Data General Statistics Act of 1975 and its successor General Statistics (Reorganization) Act of 2011 are the key legal frameworks for organisational infrastructure and mandate in Pakistan. The new Act was promulgated and enacted to collect the reliable, authentic, timely and transparent data/ statistics by ensuring protection of privacy of respondents and to minimize the reporting burden on respondents, eliminate the duplication of statistical activities and to ensure consolidation of statistical system. Above all, this Act aims at providing legal protection and support to the Statistical Activities in the country (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics , 2013).

2.2 The National Statistical Office After independence of Pakistan, Central Statistical Office (CSO) was setup by the Government of Pakistan in 1950 as an attached department of Economic Affairs Division (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2017). Since then statistical system was reviewed from time to time by both local and foreign consultants. In 1972, on the recommendation of IBRD Mission, Central Statistical Office (CSO) was upgraded to a full-fledged Statistics Division. The Division was re-organized in 1981 and its technical wing (the then CSO) was converted into Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) as one of its attached departments. As a step forward Government of Pakistan has established Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), by merging Federal Bureau of Statistics, the Population Census Organization, The Agriculture Census Organization and the Technical wing of Statistics Division. At provincial level, the Bureaus of Statistics are functioning as attached departments of respective Planning and Development Departments. On the decentralized side, statistical cells, both at federal and provincial levels, are also functioning in different Government departments and line ministries to cope with their specific statistical needs. Headquarter of PBS and Statistics Division is located at Islamabad.

Key functions include:

• Collection, compilation and analysis of statistical data relating to various sectors of economy

• Publication of statistical data • Supply of statistical information to Federal Ministries, Provincial Governments

and other organizations • Research with a view of improving statistics • Exchange of statistical information with foreign countries • Technical advice and statistical coordination with other departments • Evaluation and introduction of standard concepts, definition and classifications

pertaining to national statistical series • Clearance of statistical projects undertaken by different organizations • Evaluation of efficient computation methods for statistical estimation • Implementation of policy laid down by the Statistics Division by suitably adopting

the Statistical System of Pakistan to conform with the policy • Undertaking the National censuses and surveys

26

2.3 Main statistical products Collection and compilation of statistical data relating to various socio-economic sectors through primary, secondary sources and administrative records of the government:

a) Based on primary data

• Price Statistics • Labour Force Statistics • Demographic Statistics • Household Income & Expenditure Statistics • Statistics on Social & Economic status of household • Private Building Construction Statistics • Population & Housing Census • Agriculture & Livestock Census

b) Based on secondary data

• Statistics of Manufacturing Industries • Social Statistics like Education, Health, Sports and Culture • Mining and Electricity Undertakings Statistics • Business and Communication

c) Based on administrative records

• Foreign Trade Statistics • Public Finance Statistics • Publication of Statistical data • Supply of Statistical information to Federal Ministries, Provincial Governments

and other National & International Organizations • To provide advice in technical matters like sample designing and preparation of

questionnaires to other agencies/departments • Evaluation and introduction of standard concepts, definitions and classifications

pertaining to national statistical series • Evaluation of statistical methods for estimation • On job training to the working statisticians of various Federal/Provincial

organizations • Preparation of National Accounts

2.4 Other national data producers International and national development partners including World Bank, UN Bodies, NGOs, CSOs, and Academic Institutions provide valuable data for development indicators but no coherent knowledge management system is available to share and collate the data.

2.5 National Strategy for Development of Statistics There is no national strategy for development of statistics available in Pakistan. However, PBS undertook a need assessment in 2017 in collaboration with development partners for strengthening its capacity to meet the challenges posed by Data Revolution. There is a

27

need to develop a holistic statistical capacity development plan for national, provincial and local government levels. The key components of a National Data Ecosystem (Table 2.1) are provided in UNDP’s report on data ecosystem for Agenda 2030 (UNDP, 2017).

Table 2.1: Key Components of National Data Ecosystem (UNDP, 2017)

Stakeholders Data producers Data users Data funders Infomediaries Capacities Statistical capacity Analytical capacity Data literacy Leadership

Processes Monitoring, Accountability, Transparency

Development planning

Policy-making Knowledge sharing

Policies Laws, Privacy, Security

Enabling regulations

Copyrights International obligations

Infrastructure Telecoms, Data centers

Data analytics, visualisation

Data standards Inter-operability

2.6 Statistical capacity According to World Bank (2017), Pakistan score 75.58% on statistical capacity as compared to regional score of 74.87%. The score is based on three key components, i.e. methodology, source data and periodicity. Fig 2.1 shows a colour map of statistical capacity of Pakistan compared with other countries in the world.

Fig 2.1 Statistical capacity of countries vs Pakistan (World Bank, 2017)

2.7 Open data Pakistan ranks 77th out of 94 countries (with 19% score) on Open Data Index 2015 (Open Knowledge International, 2016). More and more entities, organizations and individuals alike are voicing their support for easing the restrictions on public data. A number of

28

initiatives have also started with the purpose of providing an open source of data collected from all the relevant sources in that area (Open Knowledge Pakistan, 2015).

An example is the Pakistan Data Portal which is a project of Alif Ailaan and Sustainable Development Policy Institute. This data portal is an online tool for the sharing and dissemination of all data on education in Pakistan. It is a collection of information on education in Pakistan and assembles datasets from public and private organizations on topics including infrastructure, finance, enrollment and performance. This portal provides single point of access for tracking change in education in Pakistan over the years. Policy Makers, Teachers, Parents, Journalists and Politicians can browse relevant data and form a clear picture for further improvements.

Another similar type of project has been started by pakreport.org which strives to provide data open for the general public in miscellaneous categories. It was founded in 2010 when it created a map to report flood information for effectively utilizing incoming aid efforts and since then it has progressed to win recognition locally and internationally.

Government of Punjab ‘s Open Data Initiative is aimed at making information accessible by the public in open formats so as to create an effective system of government responsibility and accountability. The initiative has been started in collaboration with the World Bank and Information Technology University Lahore. At present, datasets related to the Education, Population and Development Schemes of the Government of Punjab have been uploaded while the work on other datasets is in progress.

2.8 Snapshot: Statistical Capacity Assessment Table 2.2 provides a snapshot of capacity assessment of national, legal and institutional capacity of developing a better data ecosystem in Pakistan. There is an evident need to enhance financial and human resource bases for statistical capacity development in Pakistan as this is the cornerstone of achieving the SDGs.

29

Table 2.2: Statistical Capacity Assessment of Pakistan

Factor Capacity Element Rating* (Traffic Light Rating System)

Comments (Author’s own elaboration)

Assessing the legal and institutional framework

Statistical legislation and degree to which the system is independent

• Existence and implementation of the statistical law or act Well drafted legal documentation available/ Need for holistic national strategy for statistical development

• Degree of political autonomy of the NSO: who approves statistical outputs and indicators

• Degree of functional autonomy of the NSO: who approves the work program and annual budget

• Degree of technical autonomy of the NSO or other government data providers: who decides on methodological issues

• Basic rules of data collection: voluntary and statutory data collection, any penalties for non-compliance with compulsory data collection and capability to enforce them, incentives for respondents (individuals, households, enterprises) to answer

• Individual statistical data confidentiality protection: how well-developed and practiced are the rules to prevent disclosure of individual data

No public SOPs/ Code of conduct available

• Institutional arrangements or agreements between the NSO and line ministries for regular data transfers, data compilation and publication

Limited implementation/ knowledge management setups required

• Organizational structure of the NSO and efficiency in terms of data flows Limited Assessing the national statistical capabilities

Financial resources

• Government statistics budget SDG focussed budgetary allocations needed • Current budget spending on statistics

• Budget distribution by public and private, central and regional, sectors Public-private partnerships in data ecosystem further required

• Budget distribution by type of activity: data collection instruments to monitor the SDGs (includes overhead for human resource investments and policy and legislative reform), research, training

Limited. Efforts in place for HR and technological capacity building

• Budget distribution for modernization Limited Human resources and technical training

• Adequacy of the number of technical staff within the NSO and the line ministries

Limited

30

• Average wages in statistical system as compared to average wages in government, and to private sector

Market competitive packages to attract more talent

• Statistical training and retraining facilities Limited

Equipment and physical resources

• Adequacy of office space at central and regional level Limited • Availability of field equipment, such as vehicles and GPS Limited • Adequacy of statistical infrastructure (registers, database structures, GIS,

and IT) Limited

• Adequacy of IT hardware (installation, maintenance, and upgrade) and software (including training and documentation)

Limited

• Adequacy of the physical and virtual security of the statistical system Limited Assessing the performance of the statistical system

Data collection and processing

• Current methods of data collection: design, conduct, frequency, coverage and comparability of censuses and surveys

Limited

• Collection and compilation of statistics based on administrative records Limited • Timeliness and periodicity of statistics Limited • Challenges in the collection of data (disaggregated), including availability

of data for ‘new’ areas of the SDGs Further planning required at all levels

• Gaps and overlaps in data collection Limited • Data processing arrangements and level of decentralization Limited • Data validation: organization and procedures of functional data capture,

checking, imputation and validation Limited

Some of the criteria in the checklist to assess monitoring capacity is drawn from the World Bank paper ‘Building Statistical Capacity for Poverty Reduction’

Section 3SDG Monitoring

Country Director UNDP Pakistan Ignacio Artaza speaking at the Inaugural Ceremony of SDG Support Unit at Planning Commission of Pakistan. Image Credits: Twitter

31

3.1 SDG Data Gap Analysis According to UNDG’s report on stories of country’s implementation of SDGs (2016), Pakistan was able to produce regular data for 33 of the 60 MDG indicators, while the SDGs have 244 indicators7. Based on the available 241 indicators (total) in July 2017, Ahmed (2017) provides a snapshot of data availability of reporting indicators for SDGs in Pakistan (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1: Availability of Data for SDG Indicators in Pakistan (Ahmed, 2017)

Sr. No.

Availability of data Suggested Reported Level of Indicator Total Indicators Global National Provincial District

1 Data available on regular basis and standards are available

45 14 33 92

2 Data available but not on regular basis, however standards are available

5 10 9 24

3 Data not regularly produced and standards need to be developed

10 25 77 112

4 Indicator is not reported at this level

0 0 0 0

Total Indicators 13 60 49 119 241

UNDG (2016) notes that the initial assessment portrays a dismal picture of the availability of data at federal level for SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), SDG 14 (life below water), SDG 15 (life on land) and SDG 16 (peace, justice and strong institutions). Also, the data gaps widen as the analysis moves from the national to the district level. The findings show that data for most of the indicators for SDGs 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure), 10 (reduced inequalities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 15 (life on land) are not available at district level. District-level data are costlier and require greater effort to collect and analyse because of the larger sample size and disaggregation required.

A major challenge for the planning commission appeared to be the data gap reporting analysis. It was noted that of the 232 indicators, reporting of data on 14 overlapped to

7 The list includes 232 indicators on which general agreement has been reached. Please note that the total number of indicators listed in the global indicator framework of SDG indicators is 244. However, since nine indicators repeat under two or three different targets (see below), the actual total number of individual indicators in the list is 232. Indicators in the global indicator framework that repeat are the following: 8.4.1/12.2.1, 8.4.2/12.2.2, 10.3.1/16.b.1, 10.6.1/16.8.1, 15.7.1/15.c.1, 15.a.1/15.b.1, 1.5.1/11.5.1/13.1.1, 1.5.3/11.b.1/13.1.2, 1.5.4/11.b.2/13.1.3

3. SDG Monitoring: Gaps & Challenges

32

where either data was not being reported at all or was being reported on the sidelines. Reporting on around 45% variables was available but was not being computed. The remaining 55% variables are of a serious nature. The Planning Commission is committed to replicate these goals as national development goals and be made part of the 12th 5-year plan 2019-23— prioritising education, health, economic wellbeing, water, peace and security and affordable energy, in that order. The detailed findings of gap analysis are not available on office websites of federal or provincial institutions. Based on UNSTAT Global Database (Last Updated: 30th November 2017), this report provides a detailed map of current availability and type of data sources for each of the 17 SDGs (Table 3.2).

3.2 Data Challenges Akhtar (2016) discusses the institutional and data challenges based on the ten SDSN principles for global monitoring indicators pointed out in the SDG Indicator Framework (listed below).

1. Limited in number and globally harmonized 2. Simple, single-variable indicators, with straightforward policy implications 3. Allow for high frequency monitoring 4. Consensus based, in line with international standards and system-based information 5. Constructed from well-established data sources 6. Disaggregated 7. Universal 8. Mainly outcome-focused 9. Science-based and forward-looking 10. A proxy for broader issues or conditions

He notes that four technical committees (TC)8 were constituted by PBS whose aims included synchronisation of structure and content of surveys and census with SDG indicators and help move towards an integrated statistical system. While many of the SDSN 10 principles shown above remain common to national indicators, and are meant to be a guide for committees to review and monitor SDG indicators in Pakistan, two of the key emerging issues are construction of data from well-established data sources and data disaggregation. Some of the key challenges are as follows (Akhtar, 2017; SDSN, 2015):

• Structure, content and length of existing household surveys should not be radically changed for post-2015 era. Loss of comparability and ‘respondent fatigue” are the main constraints. There is a need to rely on tweaking existing questionnaires with addition of 1 or 2 small modules.

• Documentation and dissemination of new modified data series remains a challenge and capacity building in this regard needs to be done.

• SDGs are inherently ‘Quality conscious’ as compared to MDGs which were ‘quantity conscious’. This is an important guiding element for design of indicators monitoring

8 The TCs are i) Poverty, Inequality, Labour and employment, (SDG 1,2,8 &10) ii) Education (SDG 4), iii) Health (SDG 2,3) and iv) Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6).

33

to ensure no one is left behind and context-based data is collected. There is a need to critically analyse datasets and the meta-data available to define indicators and associated terms at national, provincial and district levels in Pakistan, and acknowledge contextual issues with terms like ‘basic vs improved’ & ‘proximity vs access’. This will help generate realistic data for the indicators, contrary to what Satterthwaite (2003) terms as ‘non-sense statistics’. Example: measuring ‘proficiency” in education and assessing ‘safely managed water’ in Water and Sanitation.

• SDSN (2015) report on data disaggregation notes that countries need to ensure clear levels of disaggregation for relevant SDG indicators, and develop a set of indicators that specifically reflect inequalities that are not captured by disaggregation of other indicators. Recommended dimensions for disaggregation include the following: Sex and gender, Age, Income quintiles/deciles, Location or spatial disaggregation (e.g. by metropolitan areas, urban/rural, or districts), Disability Ethnicity and indigenous status, to the extent possible, Economic activity, Migrant status, to the extent possible. The identification of stratification variables can pose major analytical and operational challenges. Data collected through survey instruments or other tools must collect all stratification variables for each household. In particular, problems arise when detailed responses are required for each member of a household, which causes the number questions to increase by a multiple of the number of respondents. The length of each survey and the need to maintain confidentiality for the collection of sensitive data (e.g. on ethnicity) may constrain opportunities for stratifying socioeconomic and other data. In addition, to maintain statistical accuracy, larger sample sizes are necessary for small populations, for example when we want to disaggregate results to subnational areas, or for smaller groups like migrants, income groups, or people with disabilities. The unavoidable effect is a larger, more expensive survey. Similar constraints may apply on the monitoring side due to the limited capacities of the national, provincial and district level statistical offices. Example 1: Assessment of poverty incidence by age and sex in SDG 1 will require a complete re-structuring of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey to capture intra-household consumption behaviour. Similar is the case for coverage of population by social protection floors/systems. Example 2: The disaggregation of parity indices in SDG 4 (Education) will also pose a challenge. In the spirit of ‘Leave no one behind’ the indicator is broken down by vulnerability attributes such as disability status, indigenous people and conflict affected. The last attribute is difficult to capture as usually household surveys are not conducted in conflict areas due to security reasons. In general terms, data on health, education, and select aspects of wellbeing can already be disaggregated by sex, age, location, and income (by quintile/decile) using international household surveys such as the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS),

34

Multi-Indicator Cluster surveys (MICS), and Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS). Information can also be gleaned from national census and vital registration information. However, data collection is patchy (DHS is only collected every 5.88 years), coverage is limited, and often data produced by these different surveys is non-comparable. Hassan (2016) points out that at district level, Data for 18 indicators can be made available by adding few questions to existing tools while additional 37 indicators will require adding new modules to existing tools. He further notes that new surveys may need to be introduced such as general social surveys (e.g. MyWorld) and climate/ natural resource to reduce gaps further. Substantive investment in national statistical capacity is therefore required to ensure standardised collection of data relating to all of the above-defined dimensions, including investments in geospatial data infrastructures to enable spatial disaggregation. Big data, remote sensing and new methodological approaches should also be considered to provide an extra overlay of information and/or to reduce the costs of current methods.

35

Table 3.2 SDG Data Gap Analysis (UNSTAT, 2017)

Data Availability for SDG Indicators (Pakistan) Based on UNSTAT Global Database (Last Updated: 30th November 2017) Data Type Key: Global Monitoring Data Country Data Country Adjusted Modeled Estimated Other

Goal Target

Indicator Ref Indicator Description Frequency Location Unit Data Type

1 1.1 1.1.1 Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location (urban/rural) Annual Total (national level) Percent

Global Monitoring Data

1 1.1 1.1.1 Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location (urban/rural) Annual Total (national level) Percent Modeled








1 1.1 1.1.1 Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location (urban/rural) Annual Total (national level) Percent

Country Adjusted

1 1.2 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age Annual Rural Percent Country Adjusted

1 1.2 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Adjusted

1 1.2 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age Annual Urban Percent Estimated

1 1.3 1.3.1

Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable Annual Total (national level) Percent

36

1 1.3 1.3.1


1 1.3 1.3.1


1 1.3 1.3.1


1 1.3 1.3.1

Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated

1 1.3 1.3.1

Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated

1 1.5 1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population Annual Total (national level) Number Country Data


1 1.5 1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population Annual Total (national level) Number Estimated

1 1.5 1.5.2 Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) Annual Total (national level) USD Country Data

1 1.5 1.5.3 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 Annual Total (national level) Number Estimated

2 2.1 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Adjusted

2 2.2 2.2.1

Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age Annual Total (national level) Percent

Country Adjusted

2 2.2 2.2.2

Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) Annual Total (national level) Percent

Country Adjusted

2 2.2 2.2.2

Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

2 2.5 2.5.1 Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long-term conservation facilities Annual Total (national level) Number

37

2 2.5 2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction Annual Total (national level) Percent

2 2.5 2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction Annual Total (national level) Number


2 2.5 2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction Annual Total (national level) Number


2 2.5 2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction Annual Total (national level) Number Country Data

2 2.a 2.a.1 The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures Annual Total (national level) Not applicable

2 2.a 2.a.2 Total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector Annual Total (national level) Constant USD Estimated

3 3.1 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 live births Estimated

3 3.1 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 live births Estimated

3 3.1 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 live births Country Data

3 3.1 3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated

3 3.2 3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate Annual Total (national level) Per 1,000 live births Estimated

3 3.2 3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate Annual Total (national level) Number Estimated

3 3.2 3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate Annual Total (national level) Per 1,000 live births Estimated

3 3.2 3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate Annual Total (national level) Number Estimated

3 3.2 3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate Annual Total (national level) Per 1,000 live births Estimated

3 3.2 3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate Annual Total (national level) Number Estimated

3 3.3 3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populations Annual Total (national level)

Per 1,000 uninfected population Estimated

38















3 3.3 3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 population Estimated



3 3.3 3.3.3 Malaria incidence per 1,000 population Annual Total (national level) Per 1,000 population

Country Adjusted

3 3.3 3.3.5 Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases Annual Total (national level) Number Modeled

3 3.4 3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease Annual Total (national level) Number Modeled




39









3 3.4 3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease Annual Total (national level) Probability Modeled



3 3.4 3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 population Modeled



3 3.4 3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate Annual Total (national level) Number Modeled



3 3.5 3.5.2 Harmful use of alcohol, defined according to the national context as alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol Annual Total (national level) Litres pure alcohol Estimated

3 3.6 3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 population Estimated

3 3.7 3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

40

3 3.9 3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 population Estimated




3 3.9 3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services) Annual Total (national level)

Per 100,000 population Estimated

3 3.9 3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 population Modeled



3 3.a 3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older Annual Total (national level) Percent

3 3.a 3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older Annual Total (national level) Percent

3 3.a 3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

3 3.b 3.b.2 Total net official development assistance to medical research and basic health sectors Annual Total (national level) Constant USD Country Data

3 3.b 3.b.2 Total net official development assistance to medical research and basic health sectors Annual Total (national level) Constant USD Country Data

3 3.c 3.c.1 Health worker density and distribution Annual Total (national level) Per 1,000 population Country Data

3 3.c 3.c.1 Health worker density and distribution Annual Total (national level) Per 1,000 population



3 3.d 3.d.1 International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health emergency preparedness Annual Total (national level) Index

4 4.5 4.5.1

Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated Annual Total (national level) Ratio Country Data

41

4 4.5 4.5.1

Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated Annual Total (national level) Ratio Country Data

4 4.b 4.b.1 Volume of official development assistance flows for scholarships by sector and type of study Annual Total (national level) Constant USD Country Data

4 4.c 4.c.1

Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

4 4.c 4.c.1


4 4.c 4.c.1


4 4.c 4.c.1


4 4.c 4.c.1


4 4.c 4.c.1

Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country Annual Total (national level) Percent

5 5.3 5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18 Annual Total (national level) Percent

5 5.3 5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18 Annual Total (national level) Percent

5 5.4 5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location Annual Total (national level) Percent



5 5.4 5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

42



5 5.5 5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments Annual Total (national level) Percent

5 5.5 5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments Annual Total (national level) Number Estimated

5 5.5 5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments Annual Total (national level) Number Estimated

5 5.5 5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated

6 6.1 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services Annual Rural Percent Estimated

6 6.1 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated

6 6.1 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services Annual Urban Percent Estimated

6 6.2 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water Annual Rural Percent Estimated

6 6.2 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water Annual Urban Percent Estimated

6 6.2 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated

6 6.2 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated

6 6.2 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water Annual Urban Percent

6 6.2 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water Annual Rural Percent

6 6.4 6.4.2 Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources Annual Total (national level) Percent

6 6.5 6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100) Annual Total (national level) Not applicable





6 6.5 6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100) Annual Total (national level) Number


43


6 6.a 6.a.1 Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan Annual Total (national level) Constant USD

6 6.b 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Annual Rural Not applicable Country Data

6 6.b 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Annual Urban Not applicable Country Data













6 6.b 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Annual Total (national level) Not applicable Country Data



44


















6 6.b 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Annual Rural Not applicable Modeled

6 6.b 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Annual Total (national level) Not applicable Modeled

45


6 6.b 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Annual Total (national level) Not applicable Estimated

6 6.b 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Annual Total (national level) Not applicable

6 6.b 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Annual Total (national level) Not applicable Estimated

6 6.b 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Annual Total (national level) Not applicable

Country Adjusted


7 7.1 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity Annual Rural Percent Country Data

7 7.1 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

7 7.1 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity Annual Urban Percent Country Data

7 7.1 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

7 7.2 7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

7 7.3 7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP Annual Total (national level)

Megajoules per USD constant 2011 PPP GDP Country Data

8 8.1 8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

8 8.2 8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

8 8.3 8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data



8 8.4 8.4.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP Annual Total (national level) Metric Tons Country Data

8 8.4 8.4.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP Annual Total (national level) Kilograms Country Data


8 8.4 8.4.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP Annual Total (national level) Metric Tons Country Data

8 8.4 8.4.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP Annual Total (national level) Kilograms Country Data

46


8 8.5 8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age and persons with disabilities Annual Total (national level) Local currency Country Data






8 8.5 8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data









8 8.6 8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment or training Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data



8 8.7 8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labour, by sex and age Annual Total (national level) Percent

Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted

47


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted

8 8.7 8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labour, by sex and age Annual Total (national level) Number

Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted


Country Adjusted

8 8.8 8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries, by sex and migrant status Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 employees

8 8.8 8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries, by sex and migrant status Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 employees

8 8.1 8.10.1 (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults Annual Total (national level)

Per 100,000 population Country Data

8 8.1 8.10.1 (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults Annual Total (national level)

Per 100,000 population Country Data

48

8 8.1 8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider Annual Total (national level) Percent

8 8.a 8.a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements Annual Total (national level) Constant USD

8 8.a 8.a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements Annual Total (national level) Constant USD

9 9.1 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport Annual Total (national level) Tonne kilometres Modeled

9 9.1 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport Annual Total (national level) Kilometres Modeled

9 9.1 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport Annual Total (national level) Tonne kilometres Modeled

9 9.1 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport Annual Total (national level) Kilometres Modeled

9 9.1 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport Annual Total (national level) Metric Tons

9 9.1 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport Annual Total (national level) Tonne kilometres

9 9.1 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport Annual Total (national level) Tonne kilometres

9 9.1 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport Annual Total (national level) Number

9 9.1 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport Annual Total (national level) Kilometres

9 9.2 9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita Annual Total (national level) Percent Modeled

9 9.2 9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita Annual Total (national level) Constant USD Modeled

9 9.2 9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment Annual Total (national level) Percent

9 9.4 9.4.1 CO2 emission per unit of value added Annual Total (national level) Metric Tons Country Data

9 9.4 9.4.1 CO2 emission per unit of value added Annual Total (national level)

kg CO2 equivalent per USD1 constant 2005 PPP GDP Country Data

9 9.4 9.4.1 CO2 emission per unit of value added Annual Total (national level) Kilograms per constant USD Modeled

9 9.5 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

9 9.5 9.5.2 Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants Annual Total (national level) Per million population Country Data

9 9.a 9.a.1 Total official international support (official development assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructure Annual Total (national level) Constant USD

9 9.b 9.b.1 Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added Annual Total (national level) Percent Modeled

9 9.c 9.c.1 Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology Annual Total (national level) Percent

49



10 10.1 10.1.1 Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population and the total population Annual Total (national level) Percent


10 10.1 10.1.1 Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population and the total population Annual Total (national level) Percent


10 10.6 10.6.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations Annual Total (national level) Percent




















50









10 10.b 10.b.1 Total resource flows for development, by recipient and donor countries and type of flow (e.g. official development assistance, foreign direct investment and other flows) Annual Total (national level) USD

11 11.1 11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing Annual Total (national level) Percent Modeled

11 11.1 11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing Annual Total (national level) Number Modeled




11 11.5 11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters Annual Total (national level) Per 1,000 USD Estimated

11 11.5 11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters Annual Total (national level) USD Estimated

11 11.5 11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters Annual Total (national level) Number

11 11.5 11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters Annual Total (national level) Number

11 11.5 11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters Annual Total (national level) USD Estimated

11 11.6 11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted) Annual Total (national level)

Micrograms per cubic meter Estimated

11 11.6 11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted) Annual Urban

Micrograms per cubic meter Estimated

51

11 11.b 11.b.1 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 Annual Total (national level) Number Country Data


12 12.2 12.2.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP Annual Total (national level) Kilograms Country Data



12 12.2 12.2.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP Annual Total (national level) Kilograms Country Data


12 12.4 12.4.1

Number of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous waste, and other chemicals that meet their commitments and obligations in transmitting information as required by each relevant agreement Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

12 12.4 12.4.1


12 12.4 12.4.1


12 12.4 12.4.1





13 13.1 13.1.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 Annual Total (national level) Number Country Data

14 14.5 14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas Annual Total (national level) Percent

14 14.5 14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas Annual Total (national level) Square kilometers

14 14.5 14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas Annual Total (national level) Square kilometers

15 15.1 15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated

52

15 15.1 15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area Annual Total (national level) Hectares Estimated

15 15.1 15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area Annual Total (national level) Metric Tons Estimated

15 15.1 15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data






15 15.2 15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest management Annual Total (national level) Metric Tons Estimated

15 15.2 15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest management Annual Total (national level) Tonnes per hectare Estimated

15 15.2 15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest management Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated

15 15.4 15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data



15 15.4 15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index Annual Total (national level) Square kilometers

15 15.4 15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index Annual Total (national level) Percent

15 15.4 15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index Annual Total (national level) Square kilometers

15 15.5 15.5.1 Red List Index Annual Total (national level) Not applicable Estimated



15 15.6 15.6.1 Number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits Annual Total (national level) Not applicable


53



15 15.6 15.6.1 Number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits Annual Total (national level) Number

15 15.a 15.a.1 Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems Annual Total (national level) USD

15 15.b 15.b.1 Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems Annual Total (national level) USD

16 16.1 16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age Annual Total (national level) Per 100,000 population Country Data

16 16.1 16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age Annual Total (national level) Number Country Data

16 16.3 16.3.2 Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

16 16.5 16.5.2

Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 months Annual Total (national level) Percent Estimated















54















16 16.9 16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age Annual Total (national level) Percent Country Data

16 16.1 16.10.1

Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months Annual Total (national level) Number


16 16.1 16.10.1



16 16.1 16.10.1



16 16.1 16.10.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information Annual Total (national level) Not applicable

16 16.a 16.a.1 Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles Annual Total (national level) Not applicable Country Data

17 17.3 17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in United States dollars) as a proportion of total GDP Annual Total (national level) Percent

17 17.4 17.4.1 Debt service as a proportion of exports of goods and services Annual Total (national level) Percent

55

17 17.6 17.6.2 Fixed Internet broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed Annual Total (national level) Percent

17 17.6 17.6.2 Fixed Internet broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed Annual Total (national level) Number







17 17.8 17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet Annual Total (national level) Percent

17 17.9 17.9.1 Dollar value of financial and technical assistance (including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation) committed to developing countries Annual Total (national level) Constant USD

17 17.15 17.15.1 Extent of use of country-owned results frameworks and planning tools by providers of development cooperation Annual Total (national level) Percent



17 17.16 17.16.1

Number of countries reporting progress in multi-stakeholder development effectiveness monitoring frameworks that support the achievement of the sustainable development goals Annual Total (national level) Not applicable

17 17.18 17.18.3 Number of countries with a national statistical plan that is fully funded and under implementation, by source of funding Annual Total (national level) Number


17 17.19 17.19.1 Dollar value of all resources made available to strengthen statistical capacity in developing countries Annual Total (national level) USD


Section 4Recommendations

The screen shows Punjab IT Board’s Initiative on Smart Monitoring of Development Projects in Punjab. Image Credits: PITB Facebook Page

56

Pakistan has to report its progress on SDGS to the UN in 2018

While effort has been made to identify policy and institutional gaps, and recommend actions for data ecosystem development in Pakistan, this section provides recommendations for the national reporting on SDGs which is due by the end of this year. UNDG (2017)’s guidelines to support country reporting on SDGs provide a set of recommendations for national review and report drafting.

Effective national review exercises entail: • Inclusive national policy dialogue

Inclusive, open and transparent national and subnational dialogues on SDG implementation can develop common understanding of sustainable development challenges, help contextualize and prioritize the SDGs given national circumstances, define integrated policies and implementation strategies, and determine evaluation criteria and modalities. Inclusive dialogues should be an integral part of national SDG report preparations, covering conceptualization, validation and dissemination. By enhancing a common understanding of challenges and the integrated nature of the SDGs, such dialogues help break the silo mentality of policy makers and enhance cooperation among ministries and government agencies.

• Mutual accountability

The accountability of various stakeholders—governments, citizens, businesses and development partners—will define the success of the SDGs. Multi-stakeholder, transparent, open and participatory national and sub-regional review processes can contribute significantly to mutual accountability. Accountability is particularly critical for the means of implementation, e.g., through finance, trade and access to technology as well as the domestic and global policy environment. Drawing lessons from the MDG Taskforce Report on Goal 8 (The MDG 8 Gap Report), international organizations in collaboration with the national government may wish to produce a similar report to complement the national SDG report. Ideally, however, SDG 17 on the means of implementation should be an integral part of the comprehensive national report analysing successes and failures as well as challenges and obstacles to all of the goals.

• Cooperation and collaboration among government agencies and ministries Given the integrated nature of the SDGs, policies, implementation strategies and reviews must be holistic and multisectoral. This requires a high degree of cooperation and coordination among and within government agencies and ministries. Participatory, open and transparent multi-stakeholder national and subnational review processes can enhance such cooperation and coordination as

4. Recommendations

57

people discuss, review and analyse issues at the same fora. Such reviews go a long way in creating common understanding and appreciation of possible tradeoffs and synergies.

• Coordination by the national statistical office

Heterogeneity in national (official and unofficial) sources and the rapidity at which data are now available heighten the need for the national statistical office to validate data from different sources for consistency, accuracy and reliability. Overall, the national statistical office’s role is to ensure that appropriate guidelines are in place to assure the quality of data being collected and disseminated. A holistic national level statistical capacity development strategy can help Pakistan develop its statistical system for 2030 and beyond.

• Opportunities for capacity development and facilitating comparability across

and within countries A SDG country report should highlight progress, nationally and/or subnationally, but also identify bottlenecks, and analyse policies and strategies to ensure no one is left behind. Possible methodologies to identify bottlenecks and analyse underlying causal relationships needed for policy evaluation and recommendations are presented in below:

A suggested checklist for SDG report for Pakistan is provided in Table 4.1.

Analytical narratives Trend analysis Focus Group discussions

Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) and Benefit Incidence

Analysis (BIA)

MicrosimulationsSDG Acceleration

Framework and similar approaches

Growth Diagnostic approaches

Systems and Economy-wide modelling

Environment Impact Assessment

Assessment of Inequalities and Discrimination

Budget Analysis

58

Table 4.1: Suggested Checklist for SDG Report-Pakistan

Steps Actions 1. Getting started □ Government’s decision to produce a SDGR communicated to the UNRC Office

□ Estimation of cost of preparing, producing and disseminating the SDGR □ Identification of funding and resource mobilisation □ Establishment of institutional arrangements – government-led process in

partnerships with civil society, including employers’ and workers’ organizations, the private sector and donors, with facilitation from the UN Country Team

□ In close collaboration with national offices of statistics, identification of data sources and assessment of quality

2. Consulting with key stakeholders

□ Consultations with government to engage them in the process □ Selection of coordinator and drafting team, based on qualification, experience,

credibility and impartiality □ Appointment of small Advisory Group led by government and integrated

by civil society, media, UN Country Team and other relevant partners □ Broad public debate about tailoring the targets to country-specific circumstances □ Drafting of preliminary outline □ Decision on numerical targets, intermediate targets and their

contextualisation within the specific situation of the country □ Decisions on length and structure □ Formulation of work plan and agreement on timeframe □ Strategic consultations with all stakeholders

3. Drafting process □ Review of inputs and identification of main messages – especially with members of drafting team and Advisory Group

□ Agreement on relevant material – including boxes, maps, charts, photos, and success stories

□ Draw on existing UN Thematic Groups or national working groups for specific sectoral inputs (It may be necessary to realign existing thematic groups around the SDGs)

□ Drafting of report/review □ Highlighting of key indicators, trends and findings with proper reference

4. Review process □ Quality control and technical review □ Sharing of draft with relevant colleagues in government and civil society

and relevant UN Agency Headquarters □ Review for coherence of content and style □ Qualitative and quantitative review of boxes and stories □ Quality check of data and statistics, including full references and assessment of

data quality □ Technical editing

59

5. Communicating □ Identify key target audiences □ Draft a plan to reach the media □ Plan/hold outreach events: campaigns, seminars, workshops, data hackathon

etc. □ Plan/hold pre-launch activities □ Plan launch □ Consultation with selected stakeholders on main messages □ Incorporation of various comments and suggestions □ Translation in main local language(s) (if different than official language) □ Press kits and dissemination material □ Printing and publishing □ Media launch and other presentations for information and debate □ Decision on the dissemination □ Dissemination of report/review, including media launch □ Production of visual materials (brochures, posters, etc) to help draw public

attention to the SDGs

A detailed list of sources, guidance and tools available to support SDG reporting for each goal is provided in Appendix 4.

60

Ahmed, A., 2017. Assessment Report on Pakistan’s National Action Plan related to SDG and Capacity in Science, Engineering, Technology and Innovative to Support SDG, Islamabad: Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources.

Akhtar, S., 2016. Role of NSSs in the Implementation of SDGs Indicator Framework: A Preview of Initiatives by Pakistan, Islamabad: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .

Cho, J., Isgut, A. & Tateno, Y., 2016. Pathways for adapting the sustainable development goals to the national context: the case of Pakistan, Bangkok: UNESCAP.

Dawn Special Report, 2017. Sustainable Development: How far has Pakistan come and how far do we have to go?. [Online] Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1360165 [Accessed 1 January 2018].

Ghaus, K. et al., 2016. Implications of Implementing SDG at the National Level: A Case of Pakistan, Dhaka: Southern Voice.

Hassan, Z. u., 2016. Presentation on Localising SDGs in Pakistan (Chief, Poverty Alleviation & SDG Section), Islamabad: Ministry of Planning, Development & Reform.

Ministry of Planning Development & Reform, 2017. Local Government Summit on Sustainable Development Goals , Islamabad: Government of Pakistan.

Open Knowledge International, 2016. Open Data Index- Pakistan. [Online] Available at: https://index.okfn.org/place/ [Accessed 3 January 2018].

Open Knowledge Pakistan, 2015. The state of open data in Pakistan. [Online] Available at: https://pk.okfn.org/2015/03/17/the-state-of-open-data-in-pakistan/ [Accessed 2 Janaury 2018].

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics , 2013. Year Book 2012-13, http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/YEAR%20BOOK_2012_13.pdf: Government of Pakistan.

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2017. About Us. [Online] Available at: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/about-us [Accessed 3 January 2018].

Sachs, J. et al., 2017. SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2017, New York: Bertelsmann Stiftung and Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN).

References

61

Satterthwaite, D., 2003. The Millennium Development Goals and urban poverty reduction: great expectations and nonsense statistics. Environment and Urbanisation, 15(2), pp. 179-190.

SDSN, 2015. Leaving No One Behind: Disaggregating Indicators for the SDGs. [Online] Available at: http://unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/151026-Leaving-No-One-Behind-Disaggregation-Briefing-for-IAEG-SDG.pdf [Accessed 3 January 2018].

SPDC, 2010. Social Impact of the Security Crisis, Karachi: Social Policy and Development Centre.

UNDESA, 2016. Overview of Institutional arrangraments for implementing the 2030 Agenda at national level, New York: UNDESA.

UNDG, 2017. Mainstreaming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Reference Guide to UN Country Teams, New York: UNDG.

UNDP Pakistan, 2017. Implementation of SDGs in Pakistan. [Online] Available at: http://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/meetTheSDGs/PPT_Pakistan%20preliminary%20findings.pdf [Accessed 06 Janaury 2018].

UNDP, 2016. From the MDGs to Sustainable Development for All: Lessons from 15 Years of Practice, New York: UNDP.

UNDP, 2016. UNDP Policy and Programme Brief: UNDP Support to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, New York: UNDP.

UNDP, 2017. Data ecosystem for sustainable development: an assessment of six pilot countries , New York: UNDP.

UNDP, 2017. Guidance Note: Data for Implementation and Monitoring of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, New York: UNDP.

UNDP, 2017. Institutional and Coordination Mechanisms: Guidance Note on Facilitating Integration and Coherence for SDG Implementation, New York : UNDP.

UNDP, 2017. Rapid Integrated Assessment (RIA): To facilitate mainstreaming of SDGs into national and local plans , New York: UNDP.

UNESCAP, 2017. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in South Asia , Bangkok: UNESCAP.

World Bank, 2017. Statistical Capacity- Pakistan. [Online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.SCI.OVRL?end=2017&locations=PK&start=2004

62

&view=chart [Accessed 5 January 2018].

63

Appendix 1: MDGs Snapshot

64

65

Appendix 2: Snapshot of Progress Update of SDG Unit (Sindh)

66

Appendix 3: Identification of balance across SD dimensions, mapping of potential interlinkages across targets, and determining the relationship between targets in Pakistan

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social, environmental,

economic)

Potential Line Ministers (Responsible Institutional

Apparatus to be defined as per country context)

SDGs Potential Interlinkages

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

Economic Social

Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 2 Food 2.1 Goal 4 Education 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.6 Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.1 Goal 10 Inequality 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.7

1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

Economic Social


Goal 2 Food 2.1 Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.1 Goal 10 Inequality 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.7

1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

Economic Social

Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 2 Food 2.1, 2.2 Goal 3 Health 3.8 Goal 10 Inequality 10.2, 10.4 Goal 11 Cities 11.1

1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance

Economic Social


Goal 2 Food 2.3, 2.5 Goal 3 Health 3.8 Goal 4 Education 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 Goal 5 Gender 5.5 Goal 7 Energy 7.1 Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.3, 8.10 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1, 9.3 Goal 10 Inequality 10.2, 10.4 Goal 15 Ecosystems and Biodiversity 15.6

1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters

Economic Social

Environmental

Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Goal 11 Cities 11.5, 11.b, 11.c Goal 13 Climate 13.1, 13.3 Goal 14 Oceans 14.2

67

SDGs Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,

environmental, economic)




1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions

Economic Social

Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs

Goal 3 Health and well-being 3.b Goal 4 Quality education 4.1 Goal 7 Affordable and Clean energy 7.a Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.1 Goal 10 Reduce inequalities 10.1, 10.4

1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions

Economic Social

Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 3 Health and well-being 3.b Goal 5 Gender equality 5.a Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals 17.3

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round

Social Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination Ministry of Industries and Production

Goal 1 Poverty 1.5 Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.1 Goal 10 Inequality 10.1 Goal 12 SCP 12.3

2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons

Social Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination Ministry of Industries and Production

Goal 3 Health 3.2 Goal 12 SCP 12.3

2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non- farm employment

Economic Social

Ministry of Industries and Production

Goal 1 Poverty 1.4 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 5 Gender 5.5 Goal 6 Water 6.1 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.3 Goal 10 Inequality 10.2, 10.4

2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality

Economic Social


Goal 1 Poverty 1.5 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 6 Water 6.1 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.3 Goal 12 SCP 12.3 Goal 13 Climate 13.1 Goal 14 Oceans 14.4 Goal Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1, 15.2

68

SDGs Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed

Economic Social


Goal 15 Life on Land 15.6

2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries

Economic Social

Ministry of Industries and Production Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 9.b Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals 17.3

2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round

Economic


Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals 17.4

2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility

Economic Social


Goal 12 Responsible Consumption and Production 12.2

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

Social Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination

Goal 2 Food 2.2 Goal 5 Gender 5.6

3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births


Goal 2 Food 2.1, 2.2 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 5 Gender 5.6

3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases


Goal 6 Water 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

69

3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non- communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being


Goal 1 No Poverty 1. 4

3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol


Goal 16 Peace and Strong Institutions 16.1

3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic

accidents


Goal 11 Cities 11.2

3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes


Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 5 Gender 5.6 Goal 16 Peace and Effective institutions 16.6

3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all


Goal 1 Poverty 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Goal 10 Inequality 10.2, 10.4

3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

Social Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection

Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 6 Water 6.3 Goal 7 Energy 7.2 Goal 12 Consumption and Production 12.4 Goal 14 Oceans 14.1 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.3

3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate

Social Economic

Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 9.1

3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all

Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination

Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 9.5

70

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social, environmental,

economic)




3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States

Economic Social


Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training

Goal 4 Quality Education 4.7, 4.b Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 9.1

3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks

Social Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training


Goal 4 Quality Education 4.7

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes


Goal 1 Poverty 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 10 Inequality 10.2, 10.4

4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education


Goal 3 Health 3.8 Goal 5 Gender 5.1

4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university


Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.6 Goal 16 Peace and Effective Institutions 16.6

4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship



Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.3 Goal 8 Economic Growth and Employment 8.6

71

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations


Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.6 Goal 10 Inequality 10.2

4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy


Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 16 Peace and Effective Institutions 16.6

4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development


Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments

Goal 2 Food 2.3 Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.6 Goal 12 SCP 12.8

4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all

Social Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training Ministry of Human Rights

Goal 5 Gender Equality 5.1 Goal 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions 16.1

4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries

Social Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals 17.4, 17.6

4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States

Social Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals 17.6

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

Social Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 1 Poverty 1.2, 1.4 Goal 2 Food 2.3 Goal 10 Inequality 10.2, 10.3

72

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

Social Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Law and Justice

Goal 3 Health 3.1, 3.7 Goal 16 Peace and Effective Institutions 16.1

5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

Social Ministry of Social Development Ministry of Law and Justice

Goal 3 Health 3.7, 3.8

5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate


Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.8

5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic and public life


Goal 2 Food 2.3 Goal 4 Education 4.5 Goal 10 Inequality 10.2 Goal 16 Effective Institutions 16.6, 16.7

5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

Social Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination

Goal 3 Health 3.7

5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws


Ministry of Human Rights

Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 9.b, 9.c Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals 17.6

5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women


Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 9.b, 9.c Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals 17.6

5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

Social Ministry of Human Rights Goal 4 Quality education 4.5

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

Environmental Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments

Goal 1 Poverty 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Goal 2 Food 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 Goal 3 Health 3.2, 3.3 Goal 7 Energy 7.1 Goal 12 SCP 12.2

73

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

Environmental Social


Goal 1 Poverty 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Goal 3 Health 3.3 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 5 Gender 5.1

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally


Goal 3 Health 3.3 Goal 7 Energy 7.2 Goal 12 SCP 12.4, 12.5 Goal 14 Oceans 14.1 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1

6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water- use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity


Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.2 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1, 9.4 Goal 12 SCP 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1

6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate


Goal 7 Energy 7.1 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Goal 12 SCP 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1, 13.2

6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water- related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes


Goal 12 SCP 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1 Goal 14 Oceans 14.2 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1

6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies


Goal 17 Partnership 17.6, 17.17 Goal 14 Oceans 14.4

6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management


Goal 17 Partnership 17.17

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

Environmental Social

Ministry of Energy Goal 1 Poverty 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 Goal 2 Food 2.3, 2.4 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Goal 12 SCP 12.2

Goal 13 Climate Change 13.2

74

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

Environmental Economic

Ministry of Energy Goal 2 Food 2.3, 2.4 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1, 9.5 Goal 12 SCP 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.2 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1, 15.2

7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency


Ministry of Energy Goal 2 Food 2.3, 2.4 Goal 8 Decent work and Economic Growth 8.4 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1, 9.4 Goal 12 SCP 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.2

7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology


Ministry of Energy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs

Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.5, 9.b Goal 10 Reduce inequalities 10.b Goal 12 SCP 12.a Goal 17 Partnership 17.6, 17.7

7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support



Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.2, 8.3 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.5, 9.b Goal 10 Reduce inequalities 10.b Goal 17 Partnership 17.3, 17.6

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries

Economic Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 2 Food 2.1, 2.2 Goal 10 Inequality 10.1

8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors


Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.4 Goal 12 SCP 12.6

8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium- sized enterprises, including through access to financial services

Economic Social


Goal 4 Education 4.4, 4.5 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.3

75

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead


Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 7 Energy 7.2 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.4 Goal 12 SCP 12.1, 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.2 Goal 14 Oceans 14.4 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1, 15.2, 15.5

8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value

Economic Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Human Rights

Goal 1 Poverty 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 Goal 4 Education 4.4, 4.5 Goal 5 Gender 5.1, 5.5 Goal 10 Inequality 10.3, 10.4

8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training


Goal 4 Education 4.3, 4.4, 4.6 Goal 10 Inequality 10.3, 10.4

8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms

Social Ministry of Human Rights Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 10 Inequality 10.4, 10.7

8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment

Social Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Human Rights

Goal 3 Health 3.7 Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 10 Inequality 10.7 Goal 16 Peace and Effective Institutions 16.6, 16.10

8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products


Goal 12 SCP 12.b Goal 14 Oceans 14.7

8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all

Economic Social


Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.3 Goal 10 Inequality 10.6

8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade- Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries


Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.4 Goal 10 Inequality 10.6 Goal 17 Partnership 17.4

8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization

Economic Social

Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training

Goal 4 Education 4.3, 4.7 Goal 17 Partnership 17.16

76

Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all

Economic Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Railways Ministry of States and Frontier Regions

Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 6 Water 6.5 Goal 7 Energy 7.3 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1

9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries


Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.2

9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets

Economic Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs

Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.3

9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities

Economic Environmental

Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments

Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 6 Water 6.3, 6.4 Goal 7 Energy 7.2, 7.3 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.2, 8.4 Goal 12 SCP 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.6 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1, 15.2

9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending

Economic Social

Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Science and Technology

Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.2 Goal 12 SCP 12.1, 12.2, 12.4, 12.6

9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States

Economic Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Science and Technology

Goal 4 Education 4.7, 4.b Goal 17 Partnership 17.7, 17.8

77

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020

Economic Social

Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication

Goal 3 Health and Well-being 3.d Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.2, 8.4 Goal 10 Inequality 10.1 Goal 11 Sustainable cities 11.3

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average

Economic Social


Goal 1 Poverty 1.1, 1.2 Goal 2 Food 2.1, 2.2 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic growth 8.1, 8.5

10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status

Economic Social


Goal 1 Poverty 1.4 Goal 2 Food 2.3 Goal 4 Education 4.5 Goal 5 Gender 5.1

10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard

Economic Social


Goal 2 Food 2.3 Goal 4 Education 4.5 Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.5

10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality

Economic Social


Goal 1 Poverty 1.3 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.5

10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations

Economic Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.10 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.3

10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision- making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions

Economic

Social

Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 16 Peace and Effective Institutions 16.7, 16.8

10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well- managed migration policies

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 16 Peace and Effective Institutions 16.3, 16.10, 16.a

9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities

Economic Social


Goal 4 Education 4.7, 4.b Goal 12 SCP 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

78

10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements

Economic Social

Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs


SDGs Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes

Economic Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs

Goal 10 Inequality 10.1, 10.2 Goal 17 Partnership 17.1, 17.5

10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent

Economic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Law and Justice


Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums


Goal 1 Poverty 1.2, 1.4 Goal 3 Health 3.3, 3.4, 3.9 Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 6 Water 6.1, 6.2 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Goal 10 Inequality 10.2

11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons


Goal 1 Poverty 1.4 Goal 2 Food 2.1, 2.2 Goal 3 Health 3.6 Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 7 Energy 7.2, 7.3 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Goal 10 Inequality 10.7

11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries


Goal 16 Peace and Effective Institutions 16.6

11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage

Social Ministry of Information, Broadcasting, National History and Literary Heritage

Goal 14 Oceans 14.7 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1

79

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

Social Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments

Goal 2 Food 2.1 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1, 13.2

SDGs Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

Social Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 7 Energy 7.2, 7.3 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Goal 12 SCP 12.4 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1

11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities

Social Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 5 Gender 5.1 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1

11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri- urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning


Goal 7 Energy Goal 9 Infrastructure

11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- 2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels

Social Environmental


Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1, 9.3, 9.a Goal 10 Inequalities 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.2 Goal 17 Partnership 17.17

11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

Economic Social


Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.a, 13.b Goal 17 Partnership 17.1

Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

80

12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries

Economic Social

Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs

Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.4

81

SDGs Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources

Economic Social

Environmental


Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 6 Water 6.5 Goal 8 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.4 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.4 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1 Goal 14 Oceans 14.2, 14.4 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1

12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses

Economic Social

Environmental


Goal 2 Food 2.1, 2.4 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1

12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment



Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 3 Health 3.9 Goal 6 Water 6.3 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.4 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.4 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1

12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse



Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 3 Health 3.9 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.4

12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle



Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 3 Health 3.9 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.4 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.2, 9.4 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.3

12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities




12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature

Social Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training

Goal 4 Education 4.7

12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production



Goal 3 Health 3.b Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.4 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.2, 9.4


82

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products



Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.9 Goal 13 Climate change 13.2

12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities



Goal 7 Energy 7.a Goal 13 Climate change 13.1, 13.2, 13.b

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

Environmental Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 1 Poverty 1.5 Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 3 Health 3.8 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 6 Water 6.4 Goal 7 Energy 7.2, 7.3 Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.4 Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Goal 12 SCP 12.2, 12.4, 12.5, 12.8 Goal 14 Oceans 14.1, 14.3, 14.5 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1

13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning


Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.4 Goal 11 Sustainable cities 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 Goal 14 Oceans 14.1, 14.2, 14.3

13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning

Environmental Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training

Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 12 SCP 12.8

83

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible



13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities 1


Goal 10 Inequality 10.3,10.4 Goal 11 Sustainable cities 11.3 Goal 17 Partnership 17.14

Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution


Goal 2 Food 2.3, 2.4 Goal 3 Health 3.3 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 6 Water 6.3 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.4 Goal 12 SCP 12.2, 12.4, 12.5 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1

14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans


Goal 2 Food 2.3, 2.4 Goal 12 SCP 12.2, 12.4, 12.5 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1

14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels


Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1, 13.2

14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics



Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.4 Goal 12 SCP 12.2

84

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information


Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 15 Life on Land 15.1

14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation



Goal 12 SCP 12.2

14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism.


Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 6 Water 6.4 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.9 Goal 12 SCP 12.2

14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries


Goal 17 Partnership 17.6, 17.16, 17.17

14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets

Economic Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments

Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.3 Goal 10 Inequality 10.4

14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want



85

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements


Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 6 Water 6.6 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.4 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1 Goal 14 Oceans 14.2, 14.6

15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally


Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 12 SCP 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1

15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world


Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 3 Health 3.9 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 12 SCP 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1

15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development


Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 6 Water 6.6 Goal 12 SCP 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1

15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species


Goal 2 Food 2.4 Goal 12 SCP 12.2 Goal 13 Climate Change 13.1

15.6 Ensure fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources


Goal 2 Food 2.5

15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products


Goal 12 SCP 12.2

86

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species



15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts



15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems



Goal 14 Oceans 14.a Goal 17 Partnership 17.3

15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation


Goal Partnership 17.3

15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities

Ministry of Climate Change/ Provincial Environment Protection Departments Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.a Goal 16 Peace 16.b

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 3 Health 3 .2, 3.5, 3.6 Goal 4 Education 4.7 Goal 5 Gender 5.2

16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 3 Health 3.2 Goal 4 Education 4.5 Goal 5 Gender 5.3 Goal 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 8.7

16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 5 Gender equality Goal 10 Inequality 10.2, 10.3, 10.4

87

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 15 Life On Land 15.7

16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 15 Life On Land 15.c

16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 10 Inequality 10.3

16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision- making at all levels

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 2 Food 2.3 Goal 4 Education 4.3, 4.5, 4.7 Goal 5 Gender 5.5 Goal 10 Inequality 10.6 Goal 11 Cities 11.3

16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 10 Inequality 10.6

16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 10 Inequality 10.2, 10.4

16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Goal 10 Inequality 10.3

16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 10 Inequality 10.7

16.b Promote and enforce non- discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development

Social Ministry of Law and Justice Goal 15 Life on Land 15.c

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

Finance

17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection


Goal 1 No poverty 1.4, 1.a Goal 2 Zero hunger 2.3 Goal 4 Education 4.7

88

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries


Goal 1 No poverty 1.4, 1.a Goal 2 Zero hunger 2.3 Goal 4 Education 4.7

17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources

Economic Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 1 No poverty 1.b Goal 2 Zero hunger 2.a Goal 7 Energy 7.b Goal 15 Life on Land 15.a, 15.b

17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress

Economic Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 2 Zero hunger 2.b Goal 4 Quality education 4.b Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.a

17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries

Economic Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 10 Inequality 10.b, 10.c

Technology

17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism

Economic Social

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 4 Quality education 4.b, 4.c Goal 5 Gender equality 5.a, 5.b Goal 6 Clean water 6.a Goal 7 Energy 7.a, 7.b Goal 14 Oceans 14.a

17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed

Environmental Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 7 Energy 7.a Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.a Goal 12 SCP 12.a

89

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,





17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology

Economic Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform

Goal 9 Infrastructure 9.a

Capacity-building

17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation

Economic Social


Goal 4 Education 4.b, 4.c Goal 14 Oceans 14.3 Goal 16 Peace 16.a

Trade

17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda

Economic Ministry of Law and Justice Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Goal 5 Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.9, 8.a, 8.b Goal Inequality 10.6, 10.b Goal 16 Peace 16.6, 16.7

17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020


Goal 2 Zero hunger 2.b

17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access Systemic issues Policy and institutional coherence


Goal 10 Inequality 10.6, 10.a Goal 16 Peace 16.8

Policy and institutional coherence

17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence


Goal 16 Peace 16.8

17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development

Economic Social


Goal 16 Peace 16.8 Goal 13 Climate change 13.2, 13.b

90

[1] Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

[2] Taking into account ongoing World Trade Organization negotiations, the Doha Development Agenda and the Hong Kong ministerial mandate.

SDGs

Goals/Targets

SD focus (social,


Potential Line Ministers

(Responsible Institutional

Apparatus to be defined as per country

context)


17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development

Economic Social

Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform Ministry of Intern

Goal 1 No poverty 1.1, 1.2, 1.a Goal 16 peace 16.4, 16.5

Multi-stakeholder partnership

17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries

Economic Social

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Goal 8 Decent work and Economic growth 8.b Goal 10 Inequality 10.a Goal 13 Climate change 13.a Goal 14 Oceans 14.a

17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships

Economic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Goal 6 Clean water 6.a, 6.b Goal 11 Sustainable cities 11.b Goal 14Oceans 14.a

Data, monitoring and accountability

17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts

Economic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs

Goal 6 Clean water 6.5 Goal 7 Energy 7.a Goal 16 Peace 16.a

17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries


Goal 16 peace 16.b

91

Appendix 4: Sources, guidance and tools available to support SDG reporting

SDGs Tool Name Tool Description Agencies

SDG 1. No poverty

Human Development Reports

As the international community moves toward implementing and monitoring the 2030 agenda, the human development approach remains useful to articulating the objectives of development and improving people’s wellbeing by ensuring an equitable, sustainable and stable planet.

UNDP

The End to Poverty Initiative: The ILO and the 2030 Agenda

Report examines the responsibilities and opportunities of the ILO and its constituents in the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

ILO

World Employment and Social Outlook 2016 – Transforming Jobs to End Poverty

The report also examines how decent work can contribute to the goal of ending poverty.

ILO

SDG 2. Zero hunger

Achieving Zero Hunger

The report specifically considers how poverty and hunger can be eliminated through a combination of investment in social protection and targeted pro-poor investments in productive activities.

FAO

Monitoring Food Security and Nutrition in Support of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development S Taking stock and looking ahead

This information note reports on the state of food security and nutrition at the beginning of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It identifies key measurement challenges for monitoring progress towards the second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2), which aims to end hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. It also identifies the most important linkages both across the elements comprised under SDG 2 and between SDG 2 and other SDGs and lays out the challenges in monitoring progress towards improved food security and nutrition and sustainable agricultural systems.

FAO, IFAD, WFP

SDG 3. Good

Indicator and Monitoring Framework for the Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health (2016S 2030)

This report presents the indicator and monitoring framework for the Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health, (2016S 2030) focusing on its Survive, Thrive and Transform objectives and 17 targets.

WHO

92

health and well- being

World Health Statistics 2016

World Health Statistics 2016 focuses on the proposed health and health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and associated targets. It represents an initial effort to bring together available data on SDG health and health-related indicators.

WHO


SDG 4. Quality education

Sustainable Development Data Digest

Contributes to monitoring of SDG 4 and to address gaps in education data and monitoring. The Digest presents a global strategy for improving measurement of education quality and equity.

UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)

Global Education Monitoring Report

The GEM Report is the mechanism for monitoring and reporting on SDG4 and on education in the other SDGs, with due regard to the global mechanism to be established to monitor and review the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

UNESCO

Monitoring gender This position paper sets out UN Women’s suggestions for global indicators to effectively monitor how the SDGs are being implemented for women and girls.

equality and the empowerment of women

and girls in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable UN Women

Development:

SDG 5. Gender equality

Opportunities and challenges

data2x

Data2X works with UN agencies, governments, civil society, academics, and the private sector to close gender data gaps, promote expanded and unbiased gender data collection, and use gender data to improve policies, strategies, and decision-making. We are also a gender data lead within the new Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data.

United Nations Foundation

93

SDG 6. Clean

Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation

The mission of the JMP is to be the trusted source of global, regional and national data on sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, for use by governments, donors, international organizations and civil society.

UNICEF and WHO

water and

sanitation Integrated Monitoring This guide is in two parts: Part A covers the methodology for wastewater generated by

Guide for SDG 6 S Step by step monitoring

households (in common with Indicator 6.2.1) and Part B covers the methodology for hazardous economic activities (industrial wastewater) pre-treated at source before WHO

methodology for 6.3.1 discharge to either the sewer for further treatment or directly to the environment.

SDGs Tool Name Tool Description Agencies Global Analysis and

Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS)

The report monitors the inputs required to extend and sustain water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems and services.

UN Water

Integrated Monitoring Guide for SDG 6 Targets and global indicators

The initiative’s focus is to integrate and expand existing monitoring efforts on wastewater treatment and water quality, water use and use-efficiency, integrated water resources

Integrated Monitoring of Water and Sanitation Related SDG Targets – GEMI is an inter-agency initiative composed of the UNEP, UN

Metadata on Suggested Indicators for Global Monitoring of SDG 6 on Water and Sanitation

94

Monitoring Water and Sanitation in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development – An introduction

management and water-related ecosystems (SDG targets 6.3 to 6.6, and 6.a and 6.b). Habitat, UNICEF, FAO, UNESCO, WHO and WMO, operating under the umbrella of UN Water.

SDG 7. Affordable and clean energy

Sustainable Energy for All: the gender dimensions

Prepared specifically for the regional and country offices of UN Women and UNIDO, the Note aims to provide guidance for UN programming and work with policy makers around sustainable energy that integrates the gender dimensions.

UNIDO, UN Women

SDG 8. Productive employment and economic growth

World Employment and Social Outlook 2016 – Transforming Jobs to End Poverty

The report also examines how decent work can contribute to the goal of ending poverty.

ILO

SDG 9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure

Monitoring Framework Forthcoming

ICAO Secretary General Dr. Fang Liu confirmed that the UN specialized agency for civil aviation will be contributing important data to help monitor progress towards the achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9, which specifies the need for resilient infrastructure to be developed in order to promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

ICAO


Progress of the World’s Women 2015-16 Transforming Economies, Realizing Rights

This Report focuses on the economic and social dimensions of gender equality, including the right of all women to a good job, with fair pay and safe working conditions, to an adequate pension in older age, to health care and to safe water without discrimination based on factors such as socio-economic status, geographic location and race or ethnicity.

UN Women

95

SDG 10. Reduced inequalities

2016 Human Rights Based Approach to Data: Leaving No One Behind in the 2030 Development Agenda

Guidance note on a Human Rights Based Approach to Data (HRBAD), consistent with the Fundamental Principles of Statistics. It aims to provide general guidance and common understanding on a HRBAD, with a focus on issues of data disaggregation and collection. An HRBAD is expected to bringing together relevant data stakeholders and develop communities of practice to improve the quality, relevance and use of data and statistics consistently with international human rights norms and principles.

OHCHR

SDG 11. Sustainable cities and communities

SDG Goal 11 Monitoring Framework

A guide to assist National and Local governments to monitor and report on SDG Goal 11 indicators

UN Habitat

World Cities Report 2016

The Report unequivocally demonstrates that the current urbanization model is unsustainable in many respects. It conveys a clear message that the pattern of urbanization needs to change in order to better respond to the challenges of our time, to address issues such as inequality, climate change, informality, insecurity, and the unsustainable forms of urban expansion.

UN Habitat

Getting Started with the SDGs in Cities – A Guide for Local Stakeholders

Jointly developed by SDSN and the German government, “Getting Started with the SDGs in Cities” outlines how cities can get started with implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in cities and human settlements.

Sustainable Development Solutions Network, a Global Initiative for the UN

SDG 12. Responsible consumption production

SDG 13. Climate action

SDG 14. Life

The United Nations Environment Programme and the 2030 Agenda Global Action for People and the Planet

A document that entails UNEP’s approach for the implementation and monitoring of SDGs, as about half of the SDGs are directly environmental in focus or address the sustainability of natural resources: poverty, health, food and agriculture, water and sanitation, human settlements, energy, climate change, sustainable consumption and production, oceans, and terrestrial ecosystems.

UNEP

96

below water

SDG 15. Life on land

Global Environment Outlook

UNEP’s flagship report that is published every five to six years.

UNEP


Indicator Reporting Information System (IRIS)

Online tool, the Indicator Reporting Information System (IRIS), that facilitates national level data management, data sharing amongst Ministries, indicator level visualizations and reporting on Multilateral Environmental Agreements, SDGs or national obligations.

UNEP

SDG 16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions

SDG+1 Series This series will focus on various aspects of a new monitoring tool designed to measure impact and hold governments to account.

UN University

SDG 17. Partnerships for global development

Indicators and a Monitoring Framework

Through this web platform, you can easily view the list of Global Monitoring Indicators (GMI) by goal and by target, as outlined in Tables 1 and 2 of the report.


Monitoring of the Effective Development Co-operation (Global Partnership monitoring framework)

The tool/framework consists of (1) a set of indicators and measurement methodology that tracks progress on effectiveness of cooperation and enabling environment for multi- stakeholder partnerships; (2) guidance note for country-led monitoring; (3) biennial global progress report (2016 report is available with data and analysis from 81 developing countries); and (4) 81 monitoring profiles that that summarize country and territory-level progress, opportunities and challenges in implementing the effective development co-operation principles, taking into account country context and typology. It can help to identify progress and challenges in countries and territories’ efforts to create or strengthen policy or institutional frameworks; develop or improve country-level co-ordination mechanisms for more inclusive partnerships; and spark multi-stakeholder conversation to maximise development impact.

UNDP, OECD, UN Women (for monitoring of gender responsive financing)

97

Relevant for SDG 1S17

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016

This inaugural report analyses selected indicators from the global indicator framework for which data are available as examples to highlight some critical gaps and challenges.

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), a division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)

Report of the Secretary- General on Follow up and Review of the 2030 Agenda, A/70/684

This report explores how to put in place a coherent, efficient and inclusive follow-up and review system at the global level, within the mandates outlined in the 2030 Agenda.

UN Secretariat


Human Development Reports

As the international community moves toward implementing and monitoring the 2030 agenda, the human development approach remains useful to articulating the objectives of development and improving people’s wellbeing by ensuring an equitable, sustainable and stable planet.

UNDP

World Development Indicators Database

The primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized international sources. It presents the most current and accurate global development data available, and includes national, regional and global estimates.

World Bank

Indicators and a Monitoring Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals

This report is offered as a contribution to the multi-stakeholder debate in support of the SDGs. It outlines how a comprehensive indicator framework might be established to support the goals and targets proposed by the Open Working Group on the SDGs (OWG).


98

UNEP Live

UNEP Live provides data access to both the public and policy makers using distributed networks, cloud computing, big data and improved search functions. It also supports the streamlining of national monitoring, reporting and verification of data for global and regional environmental goals, including the postS2015 agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals.

UNEP

SDG Compass S The guide for business action on the SDGs

The SDG Compass explains how the SDGs affect your business – offering you the tools and knowledge to put sustainability at the heart of your strategy.

GRI, UN Global Compact, WBCSD

The Sustainable Development Goals Are Coming to Life – Stories of Country Implementation and UN Support

This publication provides a glimpse into the early efforts of 16 countries to bring the global SDGs to life, and the role United Nations Country Teams (UNCTs) play in the process. It illustrates how these countries are beginning to integrate the 2030 Agenda into visions, strategies and plans at the national, subnational and local levels. The country efforts include raising public awareness, seeking engagement of different stakeholders, adapting the SDGs to national and local contexts, increasing coherence across policy areas and between levels of government, assessing risk and strengthening monitoring and accountability mechanisms.

United Nations Development Group

This report is part of GBox 360 Initiative, mandated by The Green Box. The Green Box is a youth-led global movement for creating routine attitudes, values and actions for sustainable development.

Documents

Measuring Sustainable Development in Pakistan · 2019. 8. 31. · Gul, M., Gul, E. and Mantegazza, I. 2018. Measuring Sustainable Development in Pakistan ... Nottingham: The Green