Measuring Digital Skills

  • Upload
    nuxm

  • View
    221

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    1/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- %.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-#

    5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    "#$%&'($) *+"+,+ -&' .$/)0$'1 2##$' *+ 3$#04$)

    &'( 5$6$77& 28'9'

    9:;

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    2/50

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    3/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- ./(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    =>#) ?&0,()* ,>(% '#70', 7-#$%# &%# ,># @0--0A()* '#@#'#)6#B

    C$) +#&'%#)D EFGFEF"FD H#-%7#'D IFGF J IK)0)D LF M9:;#-%7#'W-%#F$6F&.

    =#4 >,,7BQQAAAF-%#F$6F&.Q1#S($W-%#QA>0%=>0QE6$S#1(62,$@@QI--#)H#-%7#'F$%7P

    U0''#%70)S#)6# L#4#66$ IK)0)

    IV1$(- L#4#66$FIK)0)W0((F0PF$6F&.

    =#4 >,,7BQQAAAF0((F0PF$6F&.Q7#07-#Q#K)0)Q

    E6.)0A-#S*#1#),% 3># $&,>0'% $'# *'$,#@&- @0' @()$)6($- %&770', @0' ,>(% 7'08#6, @'01 ,># G0>)

    /#-- /&)S MX)(O#'%(,K 0@ 5P@0'SND ,># +#7$',1#), 0@ "#S($ $)S

    U011&)(6$,(0)% MY0)S0) 26>00- 0@ I60)01(6% $)S ,># +#7$',1#), 0@

    U011&)(6$,(0) %6(#)6# MX)(O#'%(,K 0@ 3A#),#N

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    4/50

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    5/50

    "#$%& '( )'*"&*"+

    3$4-#% $)S /(*&'#% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Z

    ;F [\3L5+XU3[5\ FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ]

    9F Y[3ILE3XLI 5CILC[I=FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

    9F; U0)6#7,&$-(_$,(0) 0@ [),#')#, %.(--% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

    9F9 "#,>0S% #17-0K#S ,0 1#$%&'# [),#')#, %.(--% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;:

    9F` 26$-#% &%#S ,0 1#$%&'# [),#')#, %.(--% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;;

    9F< "#$%&'()* [),#')#, %.(--% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;9

    `F U5a\[3[CI [\3ILC[I=2 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;b

    `F; c'06#S&'# FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;b

    `F9 L#%&-,% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;b

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    6/50

    "#$%&+ #*, (-./0&+

    3$4-# ;FU0)6#7,&$-(%#S [),#')#, %.(--% (,#1% 4$%#S 0) ,>#0'#,(6$- @'$1#A0'. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;9

    3$4-# 9F +#10*'$7>(6 7'0@(-# Xf $)S \Y [),#')#, &%#'% 7(-0, %$17-# FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;]

    3$4-# F /&-- %6$-# 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;e

    3$4-# 0', %6$-# 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;e

    3$4-# bF U0''#-$,(0)% 4#,A##) @&-- %6$-#% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;^

    3$4-# ZF U>(V%?&$'# S(@@#'#)6#% MS@T;N @0' 7$('#S 60)%,'&6, ,#%, FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 9b

    3$4-# ]F /$6,0'($- ()O$'($)6# ,#%,%

    M57#'$,(0)$-D [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0)D 206($- $)S U'#$,(O# %6$-#%N FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 9b

    3$4-# eF "0S#- @(, 0) U/E @0' ,># ()S(O(S&$- @$6,0'% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 9b3$4-# F +#10*'$7>(6 7'0@(-# +&,6> [),#')#, &%#' %$17-# FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 9]

    3$4-# ;:F 26$-# 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% () +&,6> [),#')#, &%#' 707&-$,(0)FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 9e

    3$4-# ;;F U/E @(, @0' -0)* $)S %>0', %6$-#% () ,># +&,6> 707&-$,(0) FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 9e

    3$4-# ;9F 2>0', %6$-# 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% () ,># +&,6> 707&-$,(0) FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 9^

    3$4-# ;`F /$6,0' 60''#-$,(0) $)S ECI9M0) S($*0)$-N FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ;

    3$4-# ;'## (,#1 "04(-# %.(--% %6$-# FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 9:

    /(*&'# `F I(*>, (,#1 [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) %.(--% %6$-# FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 9;

    /(*&'#

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    7/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g ]

    12 -*"0',/)"-'*

    E% ,># [),#')#, 4#601#% 7$', 0@ #O#'KS$K -(@#D 70-(6K 1$.#'% >$O# S#O#-07#S $ '$)*# 0@ ()(,($,(O#% ,0

    ,'K ,0 #)%&'# ,>$, $-- ()S(O(S&$-% >$O# [),#')#, $66#%% ,0 4#)#@(, @'01 $ A(S# '$)*# 0@ 0)-()# -#$')()*D

    #17-0K1#),D )#,A0'.()*D $)S ()@0'1$,(0)$- 0770',&)(,(#%F 2(1&-,$)#0&%-KD $6$S#1(6 '#%#$'6> (),>(% @(#-S >$% 7'0-(@#'$,#S '$7(S-KD $)S A# )0A >$O# $ *'#$, S#$- 0@ '#%#$'6> ,>$, S#10)%,'$,#% ,>#

    6017-#P(,K 0@ @$6,0'% ,>$, >#-7 &% &)S#'%,$)S >0A $)S A>K 7#07-# &%# ,># [),#')#,F H0A#O#'D ,>#'#

    (% '#60*)(,(0) $10)*%, '#%#$'6>#'% () ,>(% @(#-S ,>$, ,># 1#$%&'#% ,K7(6$--K &%#S () #17('(6$- A0'. $'#

    )0, %&@@(6(#),-K )&$)6#SF 3>#K S0 )0, @&--K '#@-#6, 6&''#), ,>#0'#,(6$- ,>().()* $40&, S(*(,$- ()6-&%(0)

    $)S >$O# )0, .#7, &7 A(,> ,># 6>$)*#% () ,># A$K% ,>$, 7#07-# &%# $)S &)S#'%,$)S ,># [),#')#,F

    [) 9:;# $&,>0'% 0@ ,>(% '#70', %,$',#S $ 7'08#6, A(,> ,># 1$() 048#6,(O# ,0 S#O#-07 $) ()%,'&1#),

    ,>$, @0--0A% ,># ,>#0'#,(6$- 10S#- 7'070%#S 4K H#-%7#' M9:;9NF 3>(% 10S#- >K70,>#%(%#% ,>$, ,>#

    S(*(,$- $)S %06($- $'# '#-$,#S @0' %(1(-$' M#60)01(6D 6&-,&'$-D %06($- $)S 7#'%0)$-N ,K7#% 0@ @(#-S%F 3>#()@-)6# 0@ 0@@-()# #P6-&%(0) 0) #)*$*#1#), A(,> S(*(,$- $6,(O(,(#% (% 1#S($,#S 4K $66#%%D %.(--% $)S

    $,,(,&S()$- 0' 10,(O$,(0)$- $%7#6,%h $)S ,># '#-#O$)6#D ?&$-(,KD 0A)#'%>(7 $)S %&%,$()$4(-(,K 0@

    engagement with these activities is said to mediate their influence on offline outcomes. The projects

    048#6,(O# was to develop measures that allow for testing of the models suggested paths from social

    ,0 S(*(,$- ()6-&%(0) $)S O(6# O#'%$ 4K 60)%,'&6,()* ()S(6$,0'% @0' S(*(,$- #)*$*#1#), $)S 0&,601#%

    $)S $ %#, 0@ S(*(,$- %.(--% ,>$, ()@-)6#% ,>#%# -().%F

    3># @06&% 0@ ,>(% '#70', (% ,0 7'070%# $ %#, 0@ )#A 1#$%&'#% 0@ [),#')#, %.(--%F [),#')#, %.(--% @0'1 $

    .#K 7$', 0@ S(*(,$- ()6-&%(0)F d#, $, 7'#%#), @#A 1#$%&'#% >$O# 4##) S#O#-07#S ,>$, #P$1()# %.(--%

    A(,>() $ A(S#' @'$1#A0'. ,>$, 1$.#% ,>#0'#,(6$- -().% 4#,ween individuals skills, types of

    #)*$*#1#), A(,> 0)-()# %#'O(6#% $)S $6,(O(,(#%D $)S ,># ,$)*(4-# 0&,601#% $6>(#O#S @'01 ,>(%

    #)*$*#1#),F 5&' @06&% 0) ,>(% 10'# >0-(%,(6 O(#AD >$% -#S ,0 $ %#$'6> @0' ()%,'&1#),% ,>$, $'#

    6$7$4-# 0@ 1#$%&'()* A>(6> %.(--% 7#07-# >$O#D >0A ,>#%# $'# '#-$,#S ,0 6#',$() ,K7#% 0@ #)*$*#1#),

    $)S >0A ,>#%# %&4%#?),-K 1(*>, (17$6, %7#6(@(6 $%7#6,% 0@ #O#'KS$K -(@#F 2&6> 1#$%&'#% $'#

    #%%#),($- () 0'S#' ,0 7'07#'-K ,'$6. A>0 (% 0' A>0 (% )0, S(*(,$--K ()6-&S#SD ,0 $%%#%% ,># #@@#6,(O#)#%%

    0@ (),#'O#),(0)% S#%(*)#S ,0 %&770', S(*(,$- ()6-&%(0) $)S ,0 7'0O(S# 4#,,#' 10S#-% 0@ ,>#

    '#-$,(0)%>(7% 4#,A##) [),#')#, %.(--%D #)*$*#1#), $)S 0&,601#%F [) ,>(% '#70',D A# @06&% 0)

    1#$%&'#1#),% @0' [),#')#, %.(--%F /&',>#' 0&,7&,%D 4$%#S 0) 1#$%&'#% 0@ #)*$*#1#),% $)S

    0&,601#%D A(-- @0--0A -$,#' () 9:;# 1$() '#%#$'6> ?%,(0) (%B

    "#$% &' %#( )('% '(% *+ ,(-&$)-( .($'/,(' *+ 01%(,1(% '2&--' +*, /'( &1 ,('($,3#4 5,$3%&3$-4 $16

    5*-&37 &.5$3% (8$-/$%&*1 '(%%&19':

    =>(-# )$,(0)$--K '#7'#%#),$,(O# %&'O#K% $'# 0)# 0@ ,># 10%, $77'07'($,# A$K% ,0 60--#6, S$,$ 0)

    [),#')#, %.(--% A>#) ,#%,()* *#)#'$-(_$4-# 10S#-% 0@ S(*(,$- ()6-&%(0)D A# >$O# @0&)S @0&' .#K

    6>$--#)*#% A(,> ,># 6&''#), 1#$%&'#% $O$(-$4-#B ;N ()6017-#,#)#%% 0@,#) 0)-K %01# %.(--% $'#

    1#$%&'#S $)S S(*(,$- %.(--% '#-$,#S ,0 10'# '#6#), A#4 9F: $6,(O(,(#% $'# )0, $-A$K% @&--K #P7-0'#Sh 9N

    60)6#7,&$--K 4-&''#S $% %.(--% ?%,(0)% 6$) 4# 6-0%#-K -().#S ,0 [),#')#, &%# M#F*F $'# K0& *00S $,4-0**()* Q >0A 0@,#) S0 K0& 4-0*Nh `N 0O#'V%(17-(@(#S $% [),#')#, %.(--% $'# 0@,#) 1#$%&'#S $% $

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    8/50

    e g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    %()*-# S(1#)%(0)h $)S $, $'# 60),#P, S#7#)S#), $)S 70%(,(O#-K

    4($%#SF

    3># $(1 0@ ,>(% %,&SK (% ,0 7'070%# $ 10'# #-$40'$,# 60)6#7,&$-(_$,(0) 0@ [),#')#, %.(--% ,>$, $(1% ,0

    0O#'601# ,>#%# 6>$--#)*#%D A>(-# ,$.()* (),0 $660&), ,># '0-# %.(--% 7-$K () $ 4'0$S#' 10S#- 0@ S(*(,$-

    ()6-&%(0)D $)S ,#%, ,># 7'070%#S %6$-#% @0' '#-($4(-(,K $)S O$-(S(,KF [) 0'S#' ,0 60)%,'&6, %&6> $)

    ()%,'&1#),D A# ,00. %#O#'$- %,#7%F /('%,D A# 60)S&6,#S $ %K%,#1$,(6 -(,#'$,&'# '#O(#A 0@ %.(--% '#-$,#S

    %,&S(#%D $)S S#O#-07#S 0&' [),#')#, %.(--% @'$1#A0'. $)S $%%06($,#S ()%,'&1#), 4$%#S 0) ,>(% A0'.

    M%&11$'(%#S () %#6,(0) 9NF 3>#)D A# ,#%,#S ,>(% ()%,'&1#), () ,>'## %,$*#%B 60*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A% >#-S

    () ,># Xf $)S ,># \#,>#'-$)S% ,0 '#@()# ,># %6$-#% M%#6,(0) `Nh 0)-()# %&'O#K 7(-0, ,#%,% 0@ ,>#

    ()%,'&1#), () ,># Xf $)S () ,># \#,>#'-$)S%D ,0 ,#%, ,># (),#')$- O$-(S(,K 0@ ,># %6$-#% ,>'0&*> 40,>

    #P7-0'$,0'K $)S 60)@('1$,(O# @$6,0' $)$-K%(% M%#6,(0) # %.(--% @'$1#A0'. @0' 40,> (),#')$- $)S #P,#')$- O$-(S(,K M%#6,(0) bNF 3>#

    60)6-&S()* %#6,(0) M%#6,(0) ZN 7'070%#% ,A0 ,K7#% 0@ ()%,'&1#),% @0' [),#')#, %.(--%B $ %>0', O#'%(0)

    $)S $ 10'# #P,#)%(O# O#'%(0) ,>$, 60&-S 4# &%#S () @&,&'# %&'O#K%F 3># @06&% 0) ,A0 60&),'(#%D ,>#

    Xf $)S ,># \#,>#'-$)S% #)$4-#S ,># '#%#$'6> ,#$1 ,0 4#*() ,0 #P7-0'# ,># 6'0%%V6&-,&'$- O$-(S(,K 0@

    0&' 7'070%#S %6$-#F

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    9/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g ^

    32 %-"&0#"/0& '4&04-&5

    3># @06&% 0@ ,>(% '#70', (% 0) ,># 6'#$,(0) 0@ $ %#, 0@ '#-($4-# 1#$%&'#% 0@ [),#')#, %.(--% $10)* ,>#

    707&-$,(0) $, -$'*#F /'01 0&' '#O(#AD (, %##1% ,>$, #17('(6$- %,&S(#% 60)6#')()* [),#')#, %.(--% ,>$,

    60)%(S#' $ 4'0$S 7#'%7#6,(O# M)0, 8&%, #S&6$,(0)$- %#,,()*%N $'# %6$'6#F 2,&S(#% ,>$, S0 #P(%,D 0@,#)$77-K ()$S#?&$,# 1#,>0S% () ,#'1% 0@ O$-(S(,K $)S '#-($4(-(,KF 3>'## $%7#6,% )##S ,0 4# $660&),#S @0'

    A>#) 6'#$,()* $) [),#')#, %.(-- %#,B 3># 60)6#7,&$-(_$,(0) 0@ [),#')#, %.(--%D 1#,>0S% #17-0K#S ,0

    1#$%&'# [),#')#, %.(--%D $)S ,># %6$-#% &%#SF

    321 )6789:;?@=;?67 6A -7;9B79; CD?>>C

    2#O#'$- 0@ ,># #P(%,()* [),#')#, %.(-- 1#$%&'#1#),% @06&% 1#'#-K 0) ,># ,#6>)(6$-(,(#% 0@ [),#')#, &%#

    M#F*FD i&)_D U&''K J C00)D 9::]h H$'*(,,$( J H%(#>D 9:;9h f'*#'D 9::Zh c0,0%.KD 9::]NF 3>#%#

    ,#6>)(6$-(,(#% $'# 0@,#) '#@#''#S ,0 $% %0Vcalled button knowledge. However, it is now widely

    $6.)0A-#S*#S ,>$, [),#')#, %.(--% $'# $ 10'# #-$40'$,# 60)6#7,F 2#O#'$- 60)6#7,&$-(_$,(0)% %,'#%%

    ,>$, A>#) 1#$%&'()* [),#')#, %.(--%D 40,> 4$%(6 %.(--% )#6#%%$'K ,0 &%# ,># [),#')#,D $)S %.(--% '#?&('#S

    ,0 6017'#>#)S $)S &%# 0)-()# 60),#), %>0&-S 4# $660&),#S @0' Mi$AS#)D 9::eh i'$)S,A#()#'D

    +0)$, J f#'%6>4$&1D 9:;:h I%>#,VE-.$-$( J E1(6>$(VH$14&'*#'D 9::$O# 4'0.#) [),#')#, %.(-- (),0 10'# %7#6(@(6 %.(--%D K#, 10%,(),#'7'#,$,(0)% $'# %,(-- -(1(,#S () ,># %#)%# ,>$, 7'(1$'(-K $SS %.(--% '#-$,#S ,0 ()@0'1$,(0) %#$'6>()*

    ,0 ,#6>)(6$- $%7#6,% 0@ &%#F E-,>0&*> ,>(% (% $ O$-&$4-# $SS(,(0) ,0 ,># 60)6#7, (,%#-@D %#O#'$- %6>0-$'%

    %,'#%% ,>$, 1#$%&'#% %>0&-S $-%0 ()60'70'$,# ,># 6011&)(6$,(0) $)S %06(0V#10,(0)$- %.(--% '#?&('#S

    @0' ,># &%# 0@ %06($- 1#S($ MU$-O$)(D /()(D L$)(#'( J c(66(D 9:;9h I%>#,VE-.$-$(D 9::0'),>A$(,#D

    9::]h H#-%7#' J IK)0)D 9:;`h G#).()%D c&'&%>0,1$D =#(*#-D U-(),0) J L04()%0)D 9::^h Y(,,D 9:;9h C$)

    +#&'%#)D U0&',0(% J C$) +(8.D 9:;)(6$--K 0'(#),#Sh 4$%#S 0) ,># )&14#' 0@ S#O(6#% &%#S @0'

    0)-()# 6011&)(6$,(0)F U0),#), U'#$,(0) (% 60)%(S#'#S $% ,># %.(-- ,0 7'0S&6# 60),#), () S(@@#'#),

    @0'1$,%D 7-$,@0'1%D $)S #)O('0)1#),%F H#-%7#' $)S IK)0) M9:;`N S#@()#S @0&' 4'0$S %.(-- 6$,#*0'(#%h

    3#6>)(6$-D 206($-D U'(,(6$-D $)S U'#$,(O# %.(--%F 3>(% 6-$%%(@(6$,(0) (% 4$%#S 0) 1#S($ -(,#'$6K '#%#$'6>

    A>(6> %&**#%,% ,>$, %.(--% %>0&-S 4# 1#$%&'#S 4#K0)S ,># 4$%(6 ,#6>)(6$- -#O#- $)S () '#-$,(0) ,0 ,>#

    $4(-(,K ,0 A0'. A(,> 6011&)(6$,(0) ,#6>)0-0*(#% @0' %06($- 7&'70%#%F C$) +#&'%#) $)S C$) +(8.

    M9::^$D 9::^4D 9:;:N 1#$%&'#S [),#')#, %.(-- &%()* ,># @0--0A()* S01$()%B 57#'$,(0)$-D the ski--% ,0

    operate digital media; Formal, the skills to handle the special structures of digital media %&6> $%menus and hyperlinks; Information, the skills to search, select and evaluate information in digital

    media; and 2trategic, the skills to#17-0K ,># ()@0'1$,(0) 60),$()#S () S(*(,$- 1#S($ $% $ 1#$)% ,0

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    10/50

    ;: g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    '#$6> $ 7$',(6&-$' 7#'%0)$- 0' 7'0@#%%(0)$- *0$-F L#6#),-KD C$) +(8. $)S C$) +#&'%#) M9:;(% @'$1#A0'. 4K $SS()* 40,> U011&)(6$,(0) $)S U0),#), 6'#$,(0) %.(--%F 3>#K S#@()#S

    U011&)(6$,(0) [),#')#, %.(--% $% ,># $4(-(,K ,0 #)60S# $)S S#60S# 1#%%$*#% ,0 60)%,'&6,D

    &)S#'%,$)SD $)S #P6>$)*# 1#$)()* A(,> 0,>#' >&1$)% &%()* 1#%%$*# %K%,#1% %&6> $% #V1$(-D 6>$,

    40P#%D 0' ()%,$), 1#%%$*()*F 3>(% #),$(-% %#$'6>()*D %#-#6,()*D #O$-&$,()*D $)S $6,()* &70) 60),$6,%

    0)-()#D #)60S()*D S#60S()*D $)S #P6>$)*()* 1#%%$*#% 0)-()#D $,,'$6,()* $,,#),(0) 0)-()#D 7'0@(-()*D

    ,># 6$7$6(,K 0@ 0)-()# #P7#'(1#),$,(0) @0' 4#,,#' S#6(%(0)V1$.()*D ,># %06($- $4(-(,K ,0 700-

    .)0A-#S*# $)S #P6>$)*# 1#$)()* A(,> 0,>#'% () 7##'V,0V7##' )#,A0'.()* $)S ,># $4(-(,K ,0

    #P6>$)*# 1#$)()* ,0 '#$6> S#6(%(0)% $)S '#$-(_# ,'$)%$6,(0)% A>(-# &)S#'%,$)S()* ,># 1#$)()*% 0@

    0,>#'%Q7$',)#'%F 3># 60)6#7, *#)#'$--K 1$,6>#% A(,> ,># #-$40'$,# 60)6#7, 0@ U011&)(6$,(0) %.(--%

    7'070%#S 4K 27(,_4#'* M9::ZND A>0 60)%(S#'#S 600'S()$,(0)D $,,#),(O#)#%%D #P7'#%%(O#)#%%D

    60170%&'#D %#-#6,(O(,KD $77'07'($,#)#%%D #@@#6,(O#)#%%D 6-$'(,KD %$,(%@$6,(0)D $,,'$6,(O#)#%%D

    #@@(6(#)6KQ7'0S&6,(O(,K $)S *#)#'$- &%$*#Q#P7#'(#)6#F C$) +(8. $)S C$) +#&'%#) M9:;# %.(--% ,0 6'#$,# 60),#), 0@ $66#7,$4-# ?&$-(,K ,0 4# 7&4-(%>#S 0) ,>#

    [),#')#,F [, (% $40&, ,#P,&$-D 1&%(6 $)S O(S#0D 7>0,0 0' (1$*#D 1&-,(1#S($ $)S '#1(P#S 60),#),F

    +#'(O#S @'01 ,># @'$1#A0'. 0@ C$) +(8. $)S C$) +#&'%#) M9:; @()S()*% 0@ %#O#'$- 0@ ,># 1#),(0)#S %,&S(#%D A# 7'070%# $ @'$1#A0'. 60)%(%,()* 0@ @(O#

    S(@@#'#), ,K7#% 0@ [),#')#, %.(--%F 3>#%# $'# -(%,#S () ,$4-# ; () %#6,(0) 9F6I9G ;6 H9=C>C

    5O#'$--D ,>'## 4$%(6 1#,>0S% $'# #17-0K#S ,0 ()O#%,(*$,# -#O#-% 0@ [),#')#, %.(--%B

    ;F 2&'O#K% A(,> ?%,(0)% ,>$, $%. @0' ,># &%# 0@ ,># [),#')#, 0' ,># $77-(6$,(0)% #)*$*#S ()D

    A>(6> $'# $%%&1#S ,0 S#-(O#' ()S('#6, #O(S#)6# @0' ,># 6011$)S 0@ %.(--%F =>#) $) ()S(O(S&$-

    &%#% $) $77-(6$,(0) ,>$, (% 60)6#(O#S ,0 4# S(@@(6&-, ,0 &%#D ,>(% (% >#-S ,0 4# $) ()S(6$,(0) 0@ $

    >(*> -#O#- 0@ %.(--%F

    9F 2&'O#K% A(,> ?%,(0)% ,>$, '#?%, %#-@V$%%#%%1#),% 0@ %.(--%F 3>(% (% ,># 10%, 60110)-K

    &%#S 1#,>0SF

    `F c#'@0'1$)6# ,#%,% () $ -$40'$,0'K 0' 0,>#' 60),'0--#S #)O('0)1#),% ,>$, 7'0O(S# %&48#6,%

    A(,> 7$',(6&-$' $%%(*)1#),% ,0 04%#'O# ,>#(' 6011$)S 0@ [),#')#, %.(--%F

    3># 1$() 7'04-#1 A(,> ,># @('%, 1#,>0S (% ,>$, ,># '#-$,(0) 4#,A##) &%# 0@ ,># [),#')#, $)S [),#')#,

    %.(--% (% &)6-#$' MC$) +#&'%#) J C$) +(8.D 9:;:NF H0A#O#'D ,>(% 1#,>0S (% 60110) () -$'*#4#)6>1$'.% %&6> $% I&'0%,$,F 2()6# ,># $(1 0@ ,>(% '#70', (% 7$', 0@ $ -$'*#' 7'08#6, () A>(6> %.(--%D

    &%#D $)S [),#')#, 0&,601#% $'# 60)%(S#'#SD (, (% )0, @#$%(4-# ,0 7&, &%# 0) 7$' A(,> %.(--%F E@,#' $--D A#

    $'# (),#'#%,#S () 6-$'(@K()* >0A S(@@#'#), %.(--% '#-$,# ,0 S(@@#'#), ,K7#% 0@ #)*$*#1#), $)S S(@@#'#),

    0&,601#% 0@ [),#')#, &%#F

    3># %#60)S 1#,>0S $-%0 >$% 7'04-#1%F 2#-@V$%%#%%1#),% -#$S ,0 0O#''$,()* $)S &)S#''$,()* 0@ ,>#

    %.(--% 70%%#%%#S MH$'*(,,$(D 9::bh "#''(,D 21(,> J L#)_0D 9::bh C$) +#&'%#) J C$) +(8.D 9:;:h 3$-8$D

    9::bNF H0A#O#'D ,>#K $'# 0)# 0@ ,># 10%, 7'#O$-#), A$K% 0@ 1#$%&'()* [),#')#, %.(--%F 3># 1$()

    $SO$),$*#% $'# 4#()* $4-# ,0 7'#%#), $ -$'*# )&14#' 0@ ?%,(0)% 0) $ A(S# '$)*# 0@ %.(--% () $

    '#-$,(O#-K %>0', ,(1#D %(17-# %60'()*D @$%, 7'06#%%()*D $)S 60%, #@@#6,(O#)#%% Mf&>-#1#(#' J H#1.#'D9::]NF 3>&%D %()6# 0&' *0$- (% ,0 6'#$,# (,#1% ,>$, 6$) 4# '#&%#S () 1$)K 60),#P,%D >#'# A# 7'070%#

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    11/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g ;;

    (,#1% ,>$, &%# %#-@V$%%#%%1#),%D $-,>0&*> %#O#'$- 0@ ,># (,#1% &%#S $'# S#'(O#S @'01 7'0PKV(,#1%

    4$%#S 0) $6,&$- 7#'@0'1$)6#% MC$) +#&'%#)D C$) +(8. J c#,#'%D 9:;9NF /&',>#'10'#D A# ,'K ,0 -(1(,

    ,># 7'04-#1% A(,> %#-@V$%%#%%1#),% 4K &%()* O#'K 6$'#@&--K A0'S#S (,#1% $)S 60''#%70)S()*-K

    $77'07'($,# %6$-#% @0' 1#$%&'()* [),#')#, %.(--%F

    5@ ,># ,>'## 1#,>0S%D ,># @()$- ,K7#D (F#F 7#'@0'1$)6# ,#%,%D %>0A ,># 10%, (),#')$- O$-(S(,K $

    7'#'#?&(%(,# ,0 S#O#-07 1#$%&'#1#),% 0@ %.(--F H$'*(,,$( M9::9N A$% ,># @('%, ,0 60)S&6, %&6>

    #P7#'(1#),% @'01 $ %06(0-0*(6$- 70(), 0@ O(#A () ,># X2EF i$%#S 0) >#' 1#,>0S%D C$) +#&'%#) $)S

    C$) +(8. M9::^$D 9::^4D 9:;:D 9:;;$D 9:;;4D 9:;9N 60)S&6,#S %&6> ,#%,% $10)* -$'*# %$17-#% 0@ ,>#

    +&,6> 707&-$,(0) 4#,A##) 9::e $)S 9:;;F 5O#' `:: 7#07-# ,00. 7$', () ,># ,#%,%F 3># ,#%,% '#O#$-#S

    ,># %,$,&% ?&0 () [),#')#, %.(--% $)S ,># 7'04-#1% 7#07-# #P7#'(#)6#SF H0A#O#'D 7#'@0'1$)6# ,#%,()*

    (% $-%0 O#'K 60%,-K $)S ,(1#V60)%&1()* A>(6> 1$.#% (, -#%% %&(,$4-# @0' -$'*#V%6$-# 707&-$,(0)VA(S#

    %&'O#K%F 3># 4#%, $-,#')$,(O# @0' 7#'@0'1$)6# ,#%,% $'# ?%,(0)% ,>$, >$O# 4##) O$-(S$,#S 4K &%()*

    $6,&$- 7#'@0'1$)6#% $% 4#)6>1$'.%F C$) +#&'%#)D C$) +(8. J c#,#'% M9:;9ND @0' #P$17-#D 7'070%#S

    7'0PK ?%,(0)% ,>$, '#@-#6, 57#'$,(0)$-D /0'1$-D [)@0'1$,(0)D $)S 2,'$,#*(6 [),#')#, %.(--%F 3># (,#1%&%#S ,0 1#$%&'# ,>#%# %.(--% A#'# S#'(O#S @'01 ,># 7#'@0'1$)6# ,#%,% 60)S&6,#S () ,># \#,>#'-$)S%

    $)S A# ()60'70'$,#S ,>#%# (),0 ,># 1#$%&'#1#), ()%,'&1#), A# ,#%,#SF

    32J +8=>9C C

    2,&S(#% &%()* %#-@V'#70',% ,0 1#$%&'# [),#')#, %.(--% &%# $ O$'(#,K 0@ %6$-#%F IP$17-#% 0@ %6$-#% &%#S

    $'# M@0' $ 10'# 6017-#,# 0O#'O(#AD %## Y(,,D 9:;9NB

    2#-@V'#70',#S %.(--%D '#%70)%# (,#1% '$)*()* from very poor to excellent

    2#-@V'#70',#S %.(--%D '#%70)%# (,#1% beginnerD averageD advanced or expert 2#-@V'#70',#S $*'##1#), 0) %.(-- (,#1%D '#%70)%#% ranging from not agree to agree

    2#-@V'#70',#S @$1(-($'(,K A(,> %.(--%D 'esponse items ranging from very familiar or

    somewhat familiar

    2#-@Vreported Do you know how toV(,#1%D A(,> '#%70)%#% d#%$)S \0

    2#-@V'#70',#S ,'&,> $40&, %.(-- -#O#-%D '#%70)%#% (,#1% ranging from )0, $, $-- ,' 0@ 1# to

    verytrue of me

    2#-@V'#70',#S @'#?)6K 0@ %.(-- '#-$,#S $6,(0)%D '#%70)%# (,#1% ranging from never to

    %#O#'$- ,(1#% 7#' S$K

    [) ,># 6&''#), %,&SKD A# S#6(S#S ,0 &%# ,># Y(.#',V,K7# @0'1$, ,0 $--0A %&48#6,% 10'# @-#P(4(-(,KF

    /&',>#'10'#D A# 6>00%# ,0 &%# '#%70)%# (,#1% &%()* ,'&,> 6-$(1%F 27(,_4#'* M9::ZN $77-(#S ,># %6$-#%

    \0, $, $-- ,' 0@ 1#, \0, O#'K ,' 0@ 1#, \#(,>#' ,' )0' &),' 0@ 1#, "0%,-K ,' 0@ 1#,

    and V#'K ,' 0@ 1#D() ,#'1% 0@ the respondents 4#>$O(0&' '#-$,#S ,0 [),#')#, %.(--%F c$',(6(7$),%

    ()S(6$,#S ,># #P,#), ,0 A>(6> ,>#K 4#-(#O#S #$6> (,#1 ,0 4# ,' 0@ ,>#1F i$%#S 0) 7'(0' #P7#'(#)6#%

    0@ 60*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A%D A# %&**#%, ,>$, ,># A0'S()* 0@ ,>(% %6$-#D ()O(,#% $ 10'# )#&,'$- $)S

    048#6,(O# '#%70)%# @'01 7$',(6(7$),%D 6017$'#S ,0 %6$-#% A>(6> &%#S 10'# #10,(O# $)S 7#'%0)$-

    discourse like poorF[, $-%0 #)60&'$*#% ,># '#%70)S#), ,0 '#@-#6, 0) ,>#1%#-O#%D '$,>#' ,>$) &%()*

    ,#'1% ,>$, 10'# #$%(-K #O0.# 6017$'(%0) A(,> 0,>#'% M#F*FD expert ). /()$--KD A# S#6(S#S ,0 ,$.# ,>#

    1#$) 0@ ,># (,#1% ,>$, 1$.# &7 0)# [),#')#, %.(--F 3>(% 7'06#S&'# (% 10%, 60110)D $)S %()6# A# S0

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    12/50

    ;9 g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    )0, >$O# ,># #P$6, %$1# )&14#' 0@ (,#1% () #$6> [),#')#, %.(-- 60)%,'&6,D %&11()* %60'#% S0#% )0,

    7'0O(S# $ 6017$'$4-# %6$-# ()V4#,A##) [),#')#, %.(-- ,K7#%F

    32K E9=C>C

    /0' #$6> 0@ ,># @(O# %.(-- $'#$% () ,># @'$1#A0'.D A# &%#SD $S$7,#S $)S S#'(O#S (,#1% @'01 7'#O(0&%

    '#%#$'6> 4K C$) +#&'%#)D C$) +(8. $)S c#,#'% M9:;9ND H#-%7#' $)S IK)0) M9:;`ND 20)6.D Y(O()*%,0)#D

    f&(7#' $)S +# H$$) M9:;;ND $)S "$6>#'0)( $)S 5-$@@%0) M9:;(-# $, ,># %$1# ,(1#D S#%(*)()*

    (,#1% ,>$, 1#, ,># 048#6,(O# 0@ ,># -$'*#' 7'08#6,D )$1#-K '#-$,()* 0)-()# $)S 0@@-()# #)*$*#1#), ,0

    S(@@#'#)6#% () &%$*# $)S ,># %.(--% A# )##S @0' ,>(% &%$*#F 5&' 0'(*()$- %#, 0@ (,#1% A$% ,>#) '#@()#S

    $% $ '#%&-, 0@ ,># 60*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A% M%## %#6,(0) `NF 3># @()$- %#, 0@ (,#1% (% 0&,-()#S () ,$4-# ;F

    2#O#'$- 0@ ,># 7'070%#S (,#1% () ,$4-# ; 60''#%70)S A(,> #$'-(#' 7'070%#S 57#'$,(0)$-D /0'1$- $)S

    [)@0'1$,(0) %.(--% 7'0PK (,#1% ,>$, %>0A#S >(*> 60''#-$,(0)% A(,> $6,&$- 7#'@0'1$)6#% MC$) +#&'%#)D

    C$) +(8. J c#,#'%D 9:;9NF

    0$1-# 23 45)6#7,&$-(%#8 9),#')#, %/(--% (,#:% 1$%#8 5) ,;#5'#,(6$- 0A ,0 60))#6, ,0 $ =[/[ )#,A0'.

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S0A)-0$S $77% ,0 1K 104(-# S#O(6#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 ,&') 1K 104(-# 7>0)# 0@@

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 .##7 ,'$6. 0@ ,># 60%,% 0@ 104(-# $77 &%#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 ()%,$-- $77% 0) $ 104(-# S#O(6#

    ;5(,$%&19 %#( 01%(,1(% (18&,*1.(1%

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 07#) $ )#A ,$4 () 1K 4'0A%#'

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 *0 ,0 ,># 7'#O(0&% 7$*# A>#) 4'0A%()* ,># [),#')#,[ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# ,># '#@'#%> @&)6,(0)

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# %>0',6&, .#K% M#F*F U3LYVU @0' 607KD U3LYV2 @0' %$O#N

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 400.1$'. $ A#4%(,#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S0A)-0$S @(-#%

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &7-0$S @(-#%

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 $S8&%, 7'(O$6K %#,,()*%

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S0A)-0$SQ%$O# $ 7>0,0 [ @0&)S 0)-()#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 07#) S0A)-0$S#S @(-#%

    [ .)0A A>(6> $77%Q%0@,A$'# $'# %$@# ,0 S0A)-0$S

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 1$.# 707V&7% 0' $S% S(%$77#$'

    [ .)0A %01# *00S A$K% ,0 $O0(S 6017&,#' O('&%#%

    [@ $ ,#6>)(6$- 7'04-#1 066&'% A>(-# [ $1 &%()* ,># [),#')#,D [ &%&$--K .)0A >0A ,0 @(P ,>#7'04-#1

    ;5(,$%&19 01%(,1(% #)*()# -(.# a00*-#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 6017-#,# 0)-()# @0'1%

    /0'1$- [),#')#,2.(--%

    [ ,#)S ,0 >$O# )0 7'04-#1% @()S()* 1K A$K $'0&)S $ A#4%(,#

    [ .)0A A>#'# ,0 6-(6. ,0 *0 ,0 $ S(@@#'#), A#47$*#

    [ @()S (, >$'S ,0 @()S $ A#4%(,# [ O(%(,#S 4#@0'#

    201#,(1#% [ #)S &7 0) A#4%(,#% A(,>0&, .)0A()* >0A [ *0, ,>#'#

    E-- ,># S(@@#'#), A#4%(,# -$K0&,% 1$.# A0'.()* A(,> ,># [),#')#, S(@@(6&-, @0' 1#

    [ @()S ,># A$K () A>(6> 1$)K A#4%(,#% $'# S#%(*)#S 60)@&%()*

    [ *#, ,('#S A>#) -00.()* @0' ()@0'1$,(0) 0)-()#

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    13/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g ;`

    0$1-# >3 45),)83

    B9'()* @0' ()@0'1$,(0)

    [ @()S (, >$'S ,0 S#6(S# A>$, ,># 4#%, .#KA0'S% $'# ,0 &%# @0' 0)-()# %#$'6>#%[ $1 60)@(S#), %#-#6,()* %#$'6> '#%&-,%

    [ )0'1$--K -00. $, 10'# ,>$) ,># ,07 ,>'## %#$'6> '#%&-,%

    201#,(1#% [ @()S (, >$'S ,0 O#'(@K ()@0'1$,(0) [ >$O# '#,'(#O#S

    [ @##- 60)@(S#), () 1K #O$-&$,(0) 0@ A>#,>#' $ A#4%(,# 6$) 4# ,'&%,#S

    [ *#)#'$--K 6017$'# S(@@#'#), A#4%(,#% ,0 S#6(S# (@ ()@0'1$,(0) (% ,'

    [ 6$'#@&--K 60)%(S#' ,># ()@0'1$,(0) [ @()S 0)-()#

    U011&)(6$,(0)$-[),#')#, 2.(--%

    I know when I should and shouldnt share information online

    [ $1 6$'#@&- ,0 1$.# 1K 6011#),% $)S 4#>$O(0'% $77'07'($,# ,0 ,># %(,&$,(0) [ @()S1K%#-@ () 0)-()#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 6>$)*# A>0 [ %>$'# 60),#), A(,> M#F*F @'(#)S%D @'(#)S% 0@ @'(#)S% 0'7&4-(6N

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 '#10O# @'(#)S% @'01 1K 60),$6, -(%,%

    [ $1 60)@(S#), $40&, A'(,()* $ 6011#), 0) $ 4-0*D A#4%(,# 0' @0'&1

    [ @##- 601@0',$4-# S#6(S()* A>0 ,0 @0--0A 0)-()# M#F*F 0) %#'O(6#% -(.# 3A(,,#' 0' 3&14-'N

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# #10,(60)% M#F*F %1(-#K%D #108(% 0' ,#P, %7#$.N

    I know which information I should and shouldnt share online

    U0),#), U'#$,(0)[),#')#, 2.(--%

    [ A0&-S @##- 60)@(S#), 7&,,()* O(S#0 60),#), [ >$O# 6'#$,#S 0)-()#

    [ A0&-S @##- 60)@(S#), A'(,()* $)S 6011#),()* 0)-()#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 6'#$,# %01#,>()* )#A @'01 #P(%,()* 0)-()# (1$*#%D 1&%(6 0' O(S#0

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 1$.# 4$%(6 6>$)*#% ,0 ,># 60),#), ,>$, 0,>#'% >$O# 7'0S&6#S

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S#%(*) $ A#4%(,#

    [ .)0A A>(6> S(@@#'#), ,K7#% 0@ -(6#)6#% $77-K ,0 0)-()# 60),#),

    /0' '#$%0)% S#%6'(4#S () %#6,(0) 9F`D #$6> (,#1 (% %60'#S 0) $ @(O# 70(), Y(.#', %6$-# A(,> %#-@V'#70',#S

    ,'&,> '#%70)%# (,#1%B

    ;N \0, $, $-- ,' 0@ 1#

    9N \0, O#'K ,' 0@ 1#

    `N \#(,>#' ,' )0' &),' 0@ 1#

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    14/50

    ;< g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    15/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g ;b

    J2 )'.*-"-4& -*"&04-&5+

    J21 MB689G# 7'070%#S [),#')#, %.(-- ?%,(0)%D ,>'## %,#7% A#'# @0--0A#SF 3># @('%, %,#7 A$% ,># &%# 0@

    60*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A% ,0 S#,#6, (,#1% ,>$, A#'# )0, &)S#'%,00S 4K '#%70)S#),% $% (),#)S#S 4K ,>#

    %&'O#K S#O#-07#'%F U0*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A% A#'# 60)S&6,#S () 40,> ,># Xf $)S () ,># \#,>#'-$)S% A(,>

    9b 7$',(6(7$),%F 3># (),#'O(#A% ,00. 7-$6# () \0O#14#' 9:;`VG$)&$'K 9:;# *'0&7 0@ 9b

    7$',(6(7$),% () 40,> 60&),'(#% 60),$()#S O$'K()* $*#% $)S -#O#-% 0@ #S&6$,(0)D $)S 40,> 1#) $)S

    A01#)F 3># (),#'O(#A% >#-7#S &% () #O$-&$,()* A>#,>#' ,># (,#1% 7'070%#S ()S##S 1#$%&'#S ,>#

    %.(-- 60)%,'&6,% A# (),#)S#SF =# 6>#6.#S A>#,>#' '#%70)S#),% A(,> S(@@#'#), %06(0VS#10*'$7>(6

    4$6.*'0&)S% &)S#'%,00S ,># ?%,(0)D @0&)S ,># ?%,(0) '#-#O$),D $)S A#'# $4-# ,0 @0'1&-$,# $)

    $)%A#' () ,># 7'0O(S#S $)%A#' ,'&,>V%6$-#%F 5'(*()$--KD $-- ?%,(0)% A#'# @0'1&-$,#S () I)*-(%>F 3A0

    0@ ,># '#%#$'6>#'% $'# +&,6> $)S ()S#7#)S#),-K ,'$)%-$,#S ,># ?%,(0))$('# (),0 ,>#(' 10,>#'

    ,0)* @0' ,># +&,6> 7(-0, %,&SKF

    J23 09C;C

    3># '#%&-,% 0@ ,># 60*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A% A#'# &%#S () ,A0 A$K%F /('%,D A# 1$S# %&'# ,>$, $-- 7'04-#1%

    '#*$'S()* &)S#'%,$)S()* $)S $)%A#' @0'1&-$,(0) A#'# 60''#6,#S 4#@0'# ,># %&'O#K 7(-0, ,#%,%

    MS(%6&%%#S () ,># )#P, %#6,(0)N %,$',#SF i#@0'# @(#-S()* ,># 7(-0, ,#%,%D A# &%#S ,># 60--#6,#S S$,$ ,0

    #O$-&$,# $)S $S8&%, ?%,(0)% ,>$, %&'@$6#S $% 7'04-#1$,(6 () ,># 60*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A%F 2#O#'$-

    %7#--()* 1(%,$.#% A#'# 60''#6,#SF 5O#'$--D (,#1% ,>$, $77#$'#S S(@@(6&-, ,0 (),#'7'#, () ,># I)*-(%>

    O#'%(0) A#'# $-%0 S(@@(6&-, () ,># +&,6> O#'%(0)F

    For example, in some cases, questions were changed to better capture someones knowledge of

    S0()* %01#,>()* '$,>#' ,>$) A>#,>#' ,>#K >$S S0)# (, 0' )0,F /0' #P$17-#D () 07#'$,()* 104(-#

    [),#'net devices the original item, [, (% S(@@(6&-, @0' me to turn off my mobile phoneA$% 6>$)*#S ,0D

    [ .)0A >ow to turn my mobile phone off. As participant 5 explained, A >'9C D9C (% A$% .#K ,0 0&'

    $77'0$6>D $)S #6>0#S 4K $ )&14#' 0@ 0&' (),#'O(#A##% A>0 ,0-S &% ,>#K .)#A >0A ,0 S0 1$)K 0@

    ,># ,$%.% '#@#'#)6#S () ,>#%# %#6,(0)% 4&, 8&%, S(S )0, S0 ,>#1F

    [) 0,>#' (,#1%D A# $SS#S #P$17-#% 0' 60),#P, $% ,>(% $%%(%,#S A(,> 7$',(6(7$),% &)S#'%,$)S()* 0@ ,>#

    ?%,(0)F /0' #P$17-#D () 07#'$,()* $) [),#'net browser, the original item I know how to use

    shortcut keys was changed to [ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# %>0',6&, .#K% M#F*F U3LYVU @0' 607KD U3LYV2 @0'

    %$O#N.

    c$',(6&-$'-K A(,>() 60),#),V'#-$,#S %.(--%D A# >$S ,0 '#O(%# %01# 0@ ,># A0'S()* 0@ (,#1% ,0 1$.# ,>#

    ?%,(0)% #$%(#' ,0 &)S#'%,$)SF /0' #P$17-#D A(,>() ()@0'1$,(0)$- [),#')#, %.(--%D our original item [

    $1 6'(,(6$- $40&, ,># ()@0'1$,(0) I find online was changed to [ 6$'#@&--K 60)%(S#' ,># ()@0'1$,(0) [

    find online$% ,># A0'S 6'(,(6$- A$% 0@,#) 60)%(S#'#S 1(%-#$S()* $% 7#07-# &)S#'%,00S ,># ,#'1 $%

    $40&, 8&S*()* $ %0&'6# )#*$,(O#-K $% 0770%#S ,0 ,># 8&S*#1#), 0@ $ %0&'6#F 2(1(-$'-KD ()

    6011&)(6$,(0) %.(--%D [ $1 60)@(S#), $40&, 7&4-(%>()* $ 6011ent on a blog, website or forumA$%changed to [ $1 60)@(S#), $40&, A'(,()* $ 6011ent on a blog, website or forumas publishing

    A$% )0, 6-#$' $)S %01# 7$',(6(7$),% @#-,, :< 79/#( 6$ 0:?4#$)F

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    16/50

    ;Z g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    5,>#' (,#1% A#'# '#O(%#S $% ,>#K %(17-K A#'# )0, 6-#$'F /0' #P$17-#D 0)# 6011&)(6$,(0) '#-$,#S

    skills item, [ .)0A A>0 ,0 @0--0A () 0)-()# ()@0'1$,(0) %>$'()* 7-$6#% M#F*F -(.# 3A(,,#' 0' 3umblr)

    was changed to [ @##- 601@0',$4-# S#6(S()* A>0 ,0 @0--0A 0)-()# M#F*F -(.# 3A(,,#' 0' 3&14-'N $%

    7#07-# @#-, ,># @('%, ?%,(0) A$% %(17-K $%.()* $40&, 7#'%0)$- 6>0(6#F As participant 5 asked, &)$

    there people on Twitter that you shouldnt follow? Thats a personal choice, surely. A >'9C CD9 $)*#% ()6-&S#SB #)%&'()* ,>$, 0)-K 0)# %.(-- A$% $%.#S $40&, $, 0)# ,(1#D

    S#-#,()* (,#1% ,>$, 7$',(6(7$),% @#-, A#'# '#7#$,% 0@ A>$, ,>#K >$S $-'#$SK 4##) $%.#S M#O#) A>#)

    A# @#-, ,>#K A#'# %&4,-K S(@@#'#), $% (, 6$&%#S &))#6#%%$'K @'&%,'$,(0)ND $)S $SS'#%%()* 7'04-#1% 0@

    60*)(,(O# -0$S 0@ 10O()* 4#,A##) 70%(,(O# $)S )#*$,(O# %,$,#1#),%F

    2#60)SD $@,#' $)$-K%()* ,># S$,$ *$,>#'#S () ,># %&'O#K 7(-0, ,#%,%D A# 6>#6.#S ,># (,#1% ,>$,

    %&'@$6#S $% 7'04-#1$,(6 4K -00.()* $, ,># 60*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A '#%&-,%F [@ ,># (,#1% ,>$, 4#>$O#S

    S(@@#'#),-K ,>$) A# #P7#6,#S $77#$'#S 7'04-#1$,(6 () ,># (),#'O(#A '#%&-,%D A# &%#S ,>#%# '#%&-,% ,0

    '#O(%# ,># (,#1D 0' '#7-$6# (, A(,> $ )#A-K S#O#-07#S 0)#F

    [) ,># Xf (),#'O(#A%D %01# 0@ ,># ()@0'1$,(0)$- (,#1% ,>$, A#'# '#,$()#S 4&, 7'04-#1$,(6 M%##

    4#-0AN S(S 6$&%# $ @#A 7'04-#1% @0' %01# 7$',(6(7$),%D %(17-K 4#6$&%# ,>#(' ()@0'1$,(0) %##.()*

    %,'$,#*(#% A#'# ?&(,# 60),#P, S#7#)S#),D $)S %0 ,>#(' '#%70)%#% ,0 ,>#%# ?%,(0)% O$'(#S

    S#7#)S()* 0) A>(6> 60),#P, ,>#K A#'# ,>().()* $40&,F /0' #P$17-#D 7$',(6(7$), ] %$(S, B&)$E/##8

    consider the information I find online? () Depending what mood Im in ( )9) D9C :?49)#' 4#-0AD 60),#P, 0@,#) 1$,,#'%F =>#) $)%A#'()* ,># (,#1 [ .)0A

    >0A ,0 '#10ve friends from my contact lists participant 11 told us, =9 09?$

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    17/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g ;]

    K2 +/04&N M-%'" "&+" 0&+/%"+

    i0,> () ,># Xf $)S () ,># \#,>#'-$)S% A# 60)S&6,#S 7(-0, ,#%,% () "$K 9:;# $(1 0@ ,># 7(-0,%

    A$% ,#%,()* ,># '#-($4(-(,K 0@ ,># 60)%,'&6,#S %6$-#%D $)S ,0 6>#6. A>#,>#' ,># 7(-0,% () 40,> 60&),'(#%

    '#%&-, () %(1(-$' @$6,0' %0-&,(0)%F [) ,># Xf 7(-0,D `9< '#%70)S#),% 6017-#,#S ,># 0)-()# %&'O#KD $)S (),># +&,6> 7(-0, `:Z '#%70)S#),%F 3># @(#-SA0'. A$% S0)# 4K 30-&)$D $ 1$'.#,()* '#%#$'6>

    0'*$)(_$,(0) A>0 &%#S $) 0)-()# %$17-# 7$)#- '#6'&(,#S 0@@-()# ,0 '#7'#%#), ,># *#)#'$- 707&-$,(0)F

    3># '#%70)S#),% '#7'#%#),#S $ '$)S01 %$17-# 0@ [),#')#, &%#'% () 40,> 60&),'(#%F

    0$1-# ?3 +#:5*'$7;(6 7'5# @$6,0' %0-&,(0)% 0) ,># )&14#' 0@ @$6,0'% A(,>#(*#)O$-% ,>$, #P6##S ;F:D 0) ,># 7#'6#),$*# 0@ O$'($)6# $660&),#S @0' 4K ,># @$6,0'%D $)S 0) ,>#

    60>#%(O#)#%% 0@ ,># %.(-- (,#1% A(,>() ,># (S#),(@(#S @$6,0'%F =# &%#S O$'(1$P '0,$,(0) 4#6$&%# A#

    .)#A @'01 7'#O(0&% '#%#$'6> ,>$, S(*(,$- %.(--% $'# '#-$,#S $)S A#D ,>#'#@0'#D #P7#6,#S $14(*&(,K ()

    70%(,(0)()* %01# 0@ ,># (,#1% A>(6> 1(*>, 1$.# ,>#1 -0$S 0) 10'# ,>$) 0)# @$6,0'F /$6,0' -0$S()*%

    0@ F#'-$)S%N '#%&-,#S () $ %0-&,(0) A(,> #(*>, @$6,0'%

    A(,> #(*#)O$-% 0O#' ;F:D ,0*#,>#' #P7-$()()* Zej 0@ ,># O$'($)6#F H0A#O#'D ,A0 @$6,0'% 0@ ,>(%

    #(*>, @0-S %,'&6,&'# S(S )0, 60),$() $)K (,#1% A(,> -0$S()*% 0O#' F#'#@0'# '#7#$,#S ,>#

    1$P(1&1 -(.#-(>00S $)$-K%(% A(,> O$'(1$P '0,$,(0) $)S @0'6#S $ %(PVS(1#)%(0)$- %0-&,(0)F 3>(%

    '#%&-,#S () ,># (S#),(@(6$,(0) 0@ %(P 60)6#7,&$--K S(%,()6, @$6,0'% ,>$, ,0*#,>#' $660&),#S @0' Z

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    18/50

    ;e g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    ,># O$'($)6# M*00S)#%% 0@ @(,B 9T`bb]Fe9D S@T;:9^D 7kF::;NF =# ,>#) '#7#$,#S ,># %(P @$6,0' %0-&,(0)

    $)$-K%#% @0' 40,> ,># Xf MZ`j #P7-$()#S O$'($)6#D *00S)#%% 0@ @(,B 9T9;`^FZbD S@T;:9^D 7kF::;N $)S

    ,># \#,>#'-$)S% MZ^j #P7-$()#S O$'($)6#D *00S)#%% 0@ @(,B 9T9]eZF;ZD S@T;:9^D 7kF::;NF 3># @$6,0'

    -0$S()*% $'# 7'#%#),#S () E77#)S(P E;F

    3># &-,(1$,# *0$- A$% ,0 6'#$,# #$%KV,0V&%# %6$-#% A(,> )0 10'# ,>$) ,#) (,#1% @0' #$6> 60)%,'&6,F

    3>#%# %6$-#% %>0&-S 4# '#-($4-# $)S O$-(S $)S ,>&% )0, 60),$() (,#1% A>(6> A#'# #(,>#' ,>#0'#,(6$--K

    0' #17('(6$--K ()60)%(%,#), 0' $14(*&0&%F =# &%#S ,># @0--0A()* 7'06#S&'# ,0 S#6(S# 0) ,># (,#1%

    ,>$, A0&-S 4# &%#S ,0 60)%,'&6, ,># %6$-#B

    =# &%#S ,># #P7-0'$,0'K @$6,0' $)$-K%(% 0@ ,># 1#'*#S S$,$%#, ,0 601# &7 A(,>

    60)6#7,&$-(%$,(0)% @0' ,># %(P @$6,0'% $)S -$4#--#S ,>#%# 57#'$,(0)$-D \$O(*$,(0)$-D "04(-#D

    [)@0'1$,(0)$-D 206($-D $)S U'#$,(O#F 3>#K '#7'#%#),#S ,># 7'070%#S ,>#0'#,(6$- @'$1#A0'.F

    [@ ,>#'# A#'# (,#1% ,>$, A#'# $14(*&0&%D ,>$, (% ,>#K -0$S#S 0) $ S(@@#'#), @$6,0' ,>$)

    #P7#6,#SD A# S#-#,#S ,>#1F =# -00.#S $, ,># @$6,0' -0$S()*% () ,># Xf $)S ,># \#,>#'-$)S% $)S (@ ,>#'# A#'# (,#1% ,>$,

    -0$S#S 0) S(@@#'#), @$6,0'% () ,># Xf ,>$) () ,># \#,>#'-$)S% A# 1$S# $ S#6(%(0) 4$%#S 0)

    ,>#0'K ,0 S#-#,# ,>#1 (@ ,>#%# A#'# S(@@(6&-, ,0 '#60)6(-# A(,> ,># A$K A# >$S ,>#0'(%#S ,>#

    60)6#7,%F

    3># 60)@(*&'$,(0) $)S 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% 0@ ,># @(O# @()$- %6$-#% M,># )$O(*$,(0)$- %.(--% %6$-# A$% S'077#S

    %## S#-#,#S (,#1% %#6,(0)N $'# S(%6&%%#S () S#,$(- 4#-0A $% A#-- $% ,># S#6(%(0)% 1$S# ,0 ()6-&S# 0'

    '#10O# 6#',$() (,#1% @'01 $ 7$',(6&-$' %6$-#F

    3># '#-($4(-(,K %60'#% @0' ,>#%# @(O# %.(-- @$6,0'% $'# >(*> $)S ,># 1#$)% S0 )0, S(@@#' %(*)(@(6$),-K4#,A##) ,># \#,>#'-$)S% $)S ,># Xf M%## ,$4-# `NF

    0$1-# D3 E&-- %6$-# 6;$'$6,#'(%,(6%

    5O#'$-- Xf \Y

    2.(-- ,K7# " 2+ " 2+ " 2+

    57#'$,(0)$- :F^9

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    19/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g ;^

    =# $-%0 6'#$,#S %>0', %6$-#% @0' #$6> 0@ ,>#%# %6$-#% 0@ @(O# (,#1% M#P6#7, ,># "04(-# %.(--% %6$-# %()6#

    (, >$S 0)-K ` (,#1%NF E-- ,># %>0', %6$-#% $-%0 %>0A#S *00S '#-($4(-(,K $)S )0 %(*)(@(6$), S(@@#'#)6#%

    4#,A##) ,># \#,>#'-$)S% $)S ,># XfF 2## ,$4-# # @$6,0'% A#'# %(*)(@(6$),-K 60''#-$,#S ()S(6$,()* ,>$, ,>0%# A>0

    $'# *00S () 0)# %.(-- $'#$ $'# $-%0 *00S () $)0,>#' $'#$ M%## ,$4-# bNF 3># 60''#-$,(0)% A(,> ,>#

    [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) %.(--% A#'# ,># -0A#%,D () ,># 6$%# 0@ ,># 60''#-$,(0) A(,> U'#$,(O# %.(--% ,>(%

    A$% () @$6, O#'K -0AF 3>(% 60)@('1% #$'-(#' '#%#$'6> 4K H#-%7#' $)S IK)0) M9:;`N A>(6> $-%0 @0&)S

    ,>$, ()@0'1$,(0)$- %.(--% 6$) 4# 6-#$'-K (S#),(@(#S $% $ %#7$'$,# 60)6#7,F

    0$1-# G3 45''#-$,(5)% 1#,=##)

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    20/50

    9: g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    3># @(O# >(*>#%, -0$S()* (,#1% 0) ,>(% %6$-# M() S$'. 4- () @(*&'# ;N A>(6> %>0&-S 4# &%#S ,0 6'#$,# $

    0D9)< 07$A#'#B

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 07#) S0A)-0$S#S @(-#% MTF]9`N

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S0A)-0$SQ%$O# $ 7>0,0 [ @0&)S 0)-()# MTFZ^ZN

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# %>0',6&, .#K% M#F*F U3LYVCN MTFZZ^N [ .)0A >0A ,0 07#) $ )#A ,$4 () 1K 4'0A%#' MTFZZ]N

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 400.1$'. $ A#4%(,# MTFZZ$, -0$S#S 0) ,>(% @$6,0' () ,># 6014()#S S$,$%#, 0@ ,># \#,>#'-$)S% $)S ,>#

    XfD A# S#6(S#S ,0 '#10O# the item I know how to turn my mobile phone off since it did not fit well

    A(,> ,># 0,>#' (,#1% 60)6#7,&$--K $)S S(S )0, -0$S A(,> ,># 104(-# S#O(6# (,#1% $% A# #P7#6,#S (, ,0F

    Furthermore, we decided to remove two items (I know how to make a popVup disappear and If a

    technical problem occurs while I am using the Internet, I usually know how to fix the problem)

    4#6$&%#D A>(-# ,>#0'#,(6$--K ,>#K @$-- 0) ,>(% %6$-#D #17('(6$--K ,>#K *'0&7#S A(,> ,># U'#$,(O# %.(--%

    (,#1%F

    K2123 E6P?>9 -7;9B79; CD?>>C

    /(*&'# 9 %>0A% ,>$, ,># "04(-# %.(--% %6$-# -0$S#S 6-#$'-K A(,> ,>'## (,#1% () ,># \#,>#'-$)S%D Xf $)S

    ,># 1#'*#S S$,$%#,F 2()6# (, >$% 0)-K ,>'## (,#1% ,>#'# A$% )0 )##S ,0 6'#$,# $ %>0',#' %6$-#F

    E(*&'# >3 0;'## (,#: "51(-# %/(--% %6$-#

    \TZ9: (doesnt include those who answered I dont know what this means)\0,#F E-- ?%,(0)% >$S '#%70)%# 07,(0)% '$)*()* @'01 ; \0, $, $-- ,' 0@ 1#,0 b O#'K ,' 0@ 1#

    [170',$), ,0 )0,# (% ,>$, ,># 104(-# %.(--% 6$&%#S ,># 10%, 7'04-#1% () ,># #P7-0'$,0'K @$6,0'

    $)$-K%(%D ,>#K -0$S#S >#$O(-K 0) U'#$,(O# %.(--%F [) ,># \#,>#'-$)S% ,>#K *'0&7#S A(,> 07#'$,(0)$- $)S

    )$O(*$,(0)$- (,#1%F =# S#6(S#S ,0 .##7 ,>(% $% $ %#7$'$,# %6$-# %()6# (, (% '#-$,#S ,0 $ )#A#'

    $77-(6$,(0) $)S ,>#'# (% $ -0, 0@ 6&''#), S#%('# ,0 &)S#'%,$)S ,># (170',$)6# 0@ $)S S(%,'(4&,(0) 0@

    %.(--% () &%()* 104(-# S#O(6#%F

    K212J -7A6BH=;?67 7=Q?L=;?67 CD?>>C

    3># @0'1$- $)S ()@0'1$,(0)$- %.(-- (,#1% %##1 ,0 60''#%70)S ,0 $ %(1(-$' @$6,0'D A>(6> 6$) 4#

    #P7-$()#S 4K ,># @$6, ,>$, )$O(*$,(0)$- (%%% 7'(1$'(-K '(%# A>#) -00.()* @0' ()@0'1$,(0)F =#,>#'#@0'# -$4#--#S ,>(% @$6,0' A'E9)?&:##0+ 3>(% @$6,0' 60)%(%,% ,># #(*>, (,#1%

    7'#%#),#S () @(*&'# `F

    "04(-#[ .)0A >0A ,0 ()%,$--

    $77% 0) $ 104(-# S#O(6#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S0A)-0$S$77% ,0 1K 104(-# S#O(6#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 .##7 ,'$6.0@ ,># 60%,% 0@ 104(-# $77

    &%#

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    21/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g 9;

    E(*&'# ?3 I(*;, (,#: 9)(6> 6$) 4# &%#S ,0 6'#$,# $

    0D9)< 07$A#'#B

    [ @()S (, >$'S ,0 S#6(S# A>$, ,># 4#%, .#KA0'S% $'# ,0 &%# @0' 0)-()# %#$'6>#% (=.840)

    I find it hard to find a website I visited before (=.806)

    I get tired when looking for information online (=.803)

    Sometimes I end up on websites without knowing how I got there (=.788)

    [ @()S ,># A$K () A>(6> 1$)K A#4%(,#% $'# S#%(*)#S confusing (=.775)

    E% '#*$'S% ,># ()@0'1$,(0) )$O(*$,(0) (,#1%D (, (% (170',$), ,0 )0,# ,>$, ,>#K $'# $-- )#*$,(O#-K

    @0'1&-$,#SF 3>(% 7>'$%()* A$% 4$%#S 0) #P,#')$- O$-(S(,K ,#%,()* ,>'0&*> 7#'@0'1$)6# ,#%, () ,>#

    \#,>#'-$)S%F =# '#6011#)S ,>$, @&,&'# '#%#$'6> &%# 70%(,(O#-K @0'1&-$,#S (,#1% 1#$%&'()* ,>#

    %$1# %.(--%F

    3>#'# A#'# $ )&14#' 0@ ()@0'1$,(0) %#$'6>()* (,#1% ,>$, S(S )0, -0$S >(*> #)0&*> 0) ,>(% %6$-# ,0

    4# ()6-&S#S 4&, A>(6> ,>#0'#,(6$--K A# 1(*>, >$O# #P7#6,#S ,0 4# $ 7$', 0@ ,>(% %6$-#B

    [ @##- 60)@(S#), () 1K #O$-&$,(0) 0@ A>#,>#' $ A#4%(,# 6$) 4# ,'&%,#S

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# $ A(S# '$)*# 0@ %,'$,#*(#% A>#) %#$'6>()* @0' ()@0'1$,(0)

    [ *#)#'$--K 6017$'# S(@@#'#), A#4%(,#% ,0 S#6(S# (@ ()@0'1$,(0) (% ,'

    [ 6$'#@&--K 60)%(S#' ,># ()@0'1$,(0) [ @()S 0)-()#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 07#) $ =#4 $SS'#%% S('#6,-K A(,>0&, &%()* $ %#$'6> #)*()# -(.# a00*-#

    [ ,#)S ,0 >$O# )0 7'04-#1% @()S()* 1K A$K $'0&)S $ A#4%(,#

    [ $1 60)@(S#), () %#-#6,()* %#$'6> '#%&-,% [ )0'1$--K -00. $, 10'# ,>$) ,># ,07 ,>'## %#$'6> '#%&-,%

    [)@0'1$,(0)\$O(*$,(0)

    E-- ,># S(@@#'#),A#4%(,# -$K0&,% 1$.#

    A0'.()* A(,> ,>#[),#')#, S(@@(6&-, @0'

    1#

    [ @()S ,># A$K ()A>(6> 1$)K A#4%(,#%

    $'# S#%(*)#S60)@&%()*

    [ @()S (, >$'S ,0 @()S $A#4%(,# [ O(%(,#S

    4#@0'#

    [ @()S (, >$'S ,0S#6(S# A>$, ,># 4#%,

    .#KA0'S% $'# ,0 &%#@0' 0)-()# %#$'6>#%

    201#,(1#% [ #)S &70) A#4%(,#% A(,>0&,.)0A()* >0A [ *0,

    ,>#'#

    [ *#, ,('#S A>#)-00.()* @0'

    ()@0'1$,(0) 0)-()#

    [ %>0&-S ,$.# $60&'%# 0) @()S()*

    ()@0'1$,(0) 0)-()#

    201#,(1#% [ @()S (,>$'S ,0 O#'(@K

    ()@0'1$,(0) [ >$O#'#,'(#O#S

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    22/50

    99 g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    201# 0@ ,>#%# (,#1% 60&-S 4# $'*S ,0 %(*)(@K 6'(,(6$- %.(--% A>(6> A#'# >(*>-(*>,#S $% 7'04-#1$,(6 ()

    ,># 60*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A% $% ,>#K '#-$,# ,0 contextual issues. For example, I generally compare

    S(@@#'#), A#4%(,#% ,0 S#6(S# (@ ()@0'1$,(0) (% ,'FE% )0,#S () %#6,(0) `D $ )&14#' 0@ (),#'O(#A##%

    70(),#S 0&, ,>$, ,># #P,#), ,0 A>(6> ,>#K A#'# 6'(,(6$- S#7#)S#S 0) ,># )$,&'# 0@ ,># ()@0'1$,(0)

    4#()* %0&*>, $)S ,># '#-$,(O# (170',$)6# 0@ ,>$, ()@0'1$,(0)F /0' #P$17-#D 1$.()* $ ?&(6. %#$'6> ,0

    >#-7 ()@0'1 $ -(*>, >#$',#S S(%6&%%(0) $40&, $ 6#-#4'(,K A$% &)S#',$.#) () $ O#'K S(@@#'#), A$K ,0

    %#$'6>()* @0' ()@0'1$,(0) @0' $ >#$-,> 7'04-#1 0' @0' 60--#*# A0'.F 5O#'$--D (,#1% ,>$, ,'K $)S

    1#$%&'# 1#,$60*)(,(O# 7'06#%%#% 7'0O# ,0 4# 7'04-#1$,(6F [) $SS(,(0)D (tems such as I am confident

    in selecting search results easily lead ,0 0O#'#%,(1$,(0) 0@ ,># '#%70)S#),F /&',>#'10'#D %01# 0@

    ,>#%# (,#1%D @0' #P$17-#D [ )0'1$--K -00. $, 10'# ,>$) ,># ,07 ,>'## %#$'6> '#%&-,%D S0 )0,

    )#6#%%$'(-K '#@-#6, $ %.(-- -#O#-F [@ %01#0)# &%#% A#-- ,>0&*>,V,>'0&*> %#$'6> ?'(#%D (, 1(*>, )0, 4#

    )#6#%%$'(-K ,0 -00. $, 10'# ,>$) ,># @('%, ,>'## '#%&-,%F 20 $-- 0@ ,># (,#1% -(%,#S $40O# $'# )0,

    ()6-&S#S () ,># @()$- %6$-#F H0A#O#'D *(O#) ,># (170',$)6# 0@ 6'(,(6$- %.(--%D A# '#6011#)S ,>$, ,>#K

    $'# ()6-&S#S () @&,&'# '#%#$'6> (@ ,>#'# (% %7$6# () ,># %&'O#K ()%,'&1#), $)S @&',>#' A0'. )##S% ,0

    4# 6$''(#S 0&, ,0 S#,#'1()# $ %,'0)* %#, 0@ 10'# 60),#P,&$--K %7#6(@(6 (,#1%F

    K212K +68?=> CD?>>C

    "0'# '#6#), '#%#$'6> >$% #17>$%(%#S ,># (170',$)6# 0@ %06($- $)S 6011&)(6$,(O# S(*(,$- %.(--% @0'

    1$)K 0@ ,># $6,(O(,(#% ,>$, ,$.# 7-$6# 0) S(*(,$- 7-$,@0'1%F 3># @$6,0' $)$-K%(% %>0A#S %(P (,#1%

    6-#$'-K -0$S()* 0) ,>(% ,K7# 0@ %6$-# () 40,> ,># \#,>#'-$)S% $)S ,># Xf M%## /(*&'# 6$) 4# &%#S ,0 6'#$,# $

    0D9)< 07$A#'#B

    I know which information I should and shouldnt share online ( =.725)

    I know when I should and shouldnt share information online (=.689)

    [ $1 6$'#@&- ,0 1$.# 1K 6011#),% $)S 4#>$O(0&'% $77'07'($,# ,0 ,># %(,&$,(0) [ @()S 1K%#-@() 0)-()# (=.677)

    206($-[ .)0A >0A ,0 6>$)*# A>0 [

    %>$'# 60),#), A(,>[ @##- 601@0',$4-# S#6(S()* A>0

    ,0 @0--0A 0)-()#

    [ .)0A A>#) [ %>0&-S $)S

    shouldnt share information0)-()#

    [ .)0A A>(6> ()@0'1$,(0) [should and shouldnt share

    0)-()#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 '#10O# @'(#)S%@'01 1K 60),$6, -(%,%

    [ $1 6$'#@&- ,0 1$.# 1K

    6011#),% $)S 4#>$O(0&'%$77'07'($,# ,0 ,># %(,&$,(0) [@()S 1K%#-@ () 0)-()#

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    23/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g 9`

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 6>$)*# A>0 [ %>$'# 60),#), A(,> M#F*F @'(#)S%D @'(#)S% 0@ @'(#)S% 0' 7&4-(6

    (=.569)

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 '#10O# @'(#)S% @'01 1K 60),$6, -(%,% (=.553)

    We removed two items (I know how to use a wide range of strategies wh #) %#$'6>()* @0'information and I feel confident in my evaluation of whether a website can be trusted) be 6$&%#

    A>(-# ,>#K -0$S#S 0) ,># 206($- @$6,0' () ,># Xf ,>#K -0$S#S 0) ,># U'#$,(O# @$6,0' () ,># \#,>#'-$)S%

    $)S ,>#0'#,(6$--K A# #P7#6,#S ,>#1 ,0 -0$S 0) ,># ()@0'1$,(0) %.(--% %6$-#F

    K212R )B9=;?Q9 CD?>>C

    3># #P7-0'$,0'K @$6,0' $)$-K%(% $-%0 4'0&*>, &7 $) #(*>, (,#1 U'#$,(O# %.(--% %6$-# M%## @(*&'# bNF

    E(*&'# F3 I(*;, (,#: 4'#$,(J# %/(--% %6$-#

    N=621 (doesnt include those who answered I dont know what this means) \0,#F E-- ?%,(0)% >$S '#%70)%# 07,(0)% '$)*()* @'01 ; \0, $, $-- ,' 0@ 1#,0 b O#'K ,' 0@ 1#

    3># @(O# >(*>#%, -0$S()* (,#1% 0) ,>(% %6$-# M() S$'. '#S () @(*&'# bN A>(6> 6$) 4# &%#S ,0 6'#$,# $

    0D9)< 07$A#'#B

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 create something new from existing online images, music or video (=.816)

    I know how to make basic changes to the content that others have produced (=.803)

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S#%(*) $ A#4%(te (=.744)

    I know which different types of licences apply to online content (=.697)

    [ A0&-S @##- 60)@(S#), 7&,,()* O(S#0 60),#), [ >$O# 6'#$,#S 0)-()# (=.693)

    3>#'# A#'# ,A0 (,#1% ,>$, -0$S#S 0) ,># U'#$,(O# @$6,0' 4&, A>(6> ,>#0'#,(6$--K A# >$S #P7#6,#S ,0

    4# 0) ,># 57#'$,(0)$- %6$-#B

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 1$.# 707V&7% S(%$77#$'

    U'#$,(O#[ A0&-S @##-

    60)@(S#), A'(,()*$)S 6011#),()*

    0)-()#

    [ $1 60)@(S#), $40&,A'(,()* $ 6011#), 0) $4-0*D A#4%(,# 0' @0'&1

    [ .)0A A>(6>$77%Q%0@,A$'# $'#%$@# ,0 S0A)-0$S

    [ .)0A >0A ,0S#%(*) $ A#4%(,#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 1$.#4$%(6 6>$)*#% ,0 ,>#60),#), ,>$, 0,>#'%

    >$O# 7'0S&6#S

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 6'#$,#%01#,>()* )#A @'01

    #P(%,()* 0)-()#(1$*#%D 1&%(6 0'

    O(S#0

    [ .)0A A>(6>S(@@#'#), ,K7#% 0@-(6#)6#% $77-K ,00)-()# 60),#),

    [ A0&-S @##- 60)@(S#),

    7&,,()* O(S#0 60),#),[ >$O# 6'#$,#S 0)-()#

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    24/50

    9< g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    [@ $ ,#6>)(6$- 7'04-#1 066&'% A>(-# [ $1 &%()* ,># [),#')#,D [ &%&$--K .)0A >0A ,0 @(P ,>#

    7'04-#1

    =# S#6(S#S )0, ,0 ()6-&S# ,>#%# 4&, (, 60&-S 4# $'*S ,>$, ,>#K $'# $40&, 6'#$,()* $ 7#'%0)$-D

    601@0',$4-# ,#6>)0-0*(6$- #)O('0)1#), '$,>#' ,>$) 60),#),F Y$,#' 7&4-(6$,(0)% A(-- #P7-0'# ,>(%

    (%%F

    K212S -;9HC ;F=; T9B9 GB6::9G

    5&' 7'06#%% 0@ %#-#6,(0) -#S ,0 ,># S#-#,(0) 0@ ,>'## (,#1% ,>$, 60&-S 4# -$4#--#S $% \$O(*$,(0)$- ()

    ,># %(P @$6,0' %0-&,(0) 0@ ,># 1#'*#S S$,$%#,F [) ,># Xf $)S ,># \#,>#'-$)S% #(,>#' ,># 57#'$,(0)$-

    %.(--% %6$-# 0' ,># [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) %6$-# %>0A#S >(*> -0$S()*% @0' ,>#%# (,#1%F [) )#(,>#'

    60&),'K 60&-S ,>#%# '#$--K 4# (S#),(@(#S $% $ %#7$'$,# %6$-#F 3>(% $14(*&(,K -#S &% ,0 S#6(S# ,0 -#$O#

    0&, ,># @0--0A()* ,>'## (,#1% ,>$, -0$S#S 0) ,># \$O(*$,(0)$- %6$-# () ,># 1#'*#S S$,$%#,;B

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 *0 ,0 ,># 7'#O(0&% 7$*# A>#) 4'0A%()* ,># [),#')#,

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# ,># '#@'#%> @&)6,(0)

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S0A)-0$S @(-#%

    E% 6$) 4# %##) () E77#)S(P E9D %#O#'$- 0@ ,># (,#1% S(S )0, -0$S 0) ,># #P7#6,#S %.(-- @$6,0'D 0'

    -0$S#S 0) S(@@#'#), @$6,0'% () ,># \Y $% 6017$'#S ,0 ,># XfF i$%#S 0) ,>#%# '#%&-,% A# 1$S# ,>#

    S#6(%(0) ,0 @&',>#' '#10O# ,># @0--0A()* (,#1%B

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# #10,(60)%

    [ .)0A %01# *00S A$K% ,0 $O0(S 6017&,#' O('&%#%

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 *0 ,0 ,># 7'#O(0&% 7$*# A>#) 4'0A%()* ,># [),#')#,

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# ,># '#@'#%> @&)6,(0)

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S0A)-0$S @(-#%

    [, (% #$%K @0' 1# ,0 @()S ()@0'1$,(0)

    K23 ,?C8B?H?7=7; Q=>?G?;I

    30 ,#%, A>#,>#' ,># @$6,0'% 1#$%&'#S ,'&-K S(@@#'#), 60)%,'&6,% $ %(17-# S(%6'(1()$), $)$-K%(% A$%

    7#'@0'1#S 4K S0()* $ U>(V%?&$'# S(@@#'#)6# 0' 7$('#S 60)%,'&6, ,#%, ME)S#'%0) J a#'4()* ;^eeh

    2#*$'S%D ;^^]NF

    3>(% ,#%, 6017$'#% ,># 6>(V%?&$'# %60'#% 0@ $ U0)@('1$,0'K /$6,0' E)$-K%(% MU/EN

    10S#- A>#'# ,A0 @$6,0'% $'# 60''#-$,#S A(,> ,>0%# 0@ $ U/E 10S#- A>#'# ,># %$1# ,A0 @$6,0'% $'#)0, 60''#-$,#SD (@ ,># 6>(V%?&$'# S(@@#'#)6# (% %(*)(@(6$), ,># @$6,0'% 6$) 4# 60)%(S#'#S ,0 #P>(4(,

    S(%6'(1()$), O$-(S(,KF

    E-- 0@ ,># 6>(V%?&$'# S(@@#'#)6#% A#'# %(*)(@(6$), $, 7kF::; #P6#7, ,># S(@@#'#)6#% 4#,A##)

    [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) $)S U'#$,(0) %.(--% $)S 4#,A##) [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) $)S "04(-# %.(--%

    A>(6> A#'# %(*)(@(6$), $, 7kF:; M%## ,$4-# ZNF 3>(% 1#$)% ,>$, $-- ,># @$6,0'% 6$) 4# (S#),(@(#S $%

    %#7$'$,# 60)%,'&6,%F

    ;3># @('%, ,A0 (,#1% >$O# 40,> $14(*&(,K $)S -0$S()* (%%% $6'0%% 60&),'(#%F =# ,>#'#@0'# A0&-S )0,

    '#6011#)S &%()* ,>#1F

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    25/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g 9b

    0$1-# L3>8(# @$6,0' %,'&6,&'#% 7'070%#S () ,># 7'#O(0&% %#6,(0) M# 7&'70%#% 0@ %6$-# 60)%,'&6,(0) A# A#'# (),#'#%,#S 10%,-K () 60)@(*&'$- $)S

    1#,'(6 ()O$'($)6# 4#6$&%# A# )##S#SD $, ,># O#'K -#$%,D ,># %$1# @$6,0'% ,0 4# (S#),(@($4-# A(,>() ,>#\#,>#'-$)S% $)S ,># Xf $)S @0' ,># (,#1% ,0 -0$S %(1(-$'-K 0) ,>#%# S(@@#'#), 60)%,'&6,%F

    3># @&-- 10S#- ()6-&S()* $-- @$6,0' %,'&6,&'#% M%## E77#)S(P i; @0' 60#@@(6(#),% $)S i9 @0' 60O$'($)6#%

    $)S 60''#-$,(0)%N >$% $ 10S#'$,# ,0 *00S @(,`@0' 6017-#P 10S#- ()S(6$,0'% 0) ,># 1#'*#S S$,$4$%#

    M9Mb;:NT;ZZ]F^`D m9QS@T`F9]h U/[TF^`h L"2IETF:Z M6(F :F:b]V:F:Z`Nh E[UT;^]]F^`NF

    0$1-# P3 E$6,5'($- ()J$'($)6# ,#%,% MH7#'$,(5)$-Q 9)(% (% )0, %&'7'(%()* %()6# ,># @$6,0'($- 10S#- (% ?&(,# 6017-#PF

    3># '#%&-,% () ,$4-# ] %>0A ,>$, ,># 7'070%#S @$6,0' %,'&6,&'# M%## E77#)S(P iN @(, %(1(-$'-K () ,>#

    \#,>#'-$)S% $)S ,># Xf () ,#'1% 0@ 60)@(*&'$- $)S 1#,'(6 ()O$'($)6# 0) ,># U/[ $)S L"2IE ()S(6$,0'%

    A>(6> ,$.# ,># 6017-#P(,K 0@ ,># 10S#- (),0 $660&),F 3># %$1# $)$-K%(% A$% 7#'@0'1#S @0' #$6>

    ()S(O(S&$- @$6,0'F 3># @(, 0@ ,># 10S#-% () ,># 1#'*#S S$,$%#, A$% *00S @0' $-- @$6,0'% M%## ,$4-# eNF

    0$1-# R3 "58#- # %$1# @$6,0' -0$S()*%D26$-$' ()O$'($)6# ()S(6$,#% ,># %$1# (,#1 (),#'6#7,%D X)(?)#%% ()S(6$,#% ,># %$1# &)(? #''0' ,#'1%F`"0S#'$,# ,0 *00S @(, 6'(,#'($

    9QS@n`h U/[nF^:hL"2IE kF:e M6( kF;:NF IP6#--#), @(, U/[nF^bh L"2IE kF:b M6( kF;:NF

    Mf-()#D 9::bN

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    26/50

    9Z g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    3># '#%&-,% 0@ ,># ()O$'($)6# 6017$'(%0) @0' ()S(O(S&$- @$6,0'% ()S(6$,#S #P6#--#), ()O$'($)6# @0'

    6017$'(%0)% 0) 9QS@ $)S U/[ ()S(6$,0'% $)S 10S#'$,# ,0 *00S ()O$'($)6# 0) L"2IE @0' 60)@(*&'$-

    ()O$'($)6# A(,> ,># #P6#7,(0) 0@ 206($- %.(--%B

    J4$)&$, @(O# ,0 %(P S(*(,$- %.(--% 6$) 4# '#$%0)$4-K (S#),(@(#S ,$.()* '#-($4(-(,KD

    (),#')$- O$-(S(,K $)S 6'0%%V)$,(0)$- ()O$'($)6# (),0 $660&),F 3>#%# @(O# %.(--% '#@-#6, #$'-(#' ,>().()*

    $40&, S(*(,$- %.(--% 4&, $-%0 6>$)*# ,># 7#'%7#6,(O# 0) >0A A# 07#'$,(0)$-(%# $)S ,>#0'(%# $40&,

    %.(--% ,0 $ 6#',$() #P,#),F 3># ,A0 1$() ,>#0'#,(6$- @'$1#A0'.% A# %,$',#S 0&, A(,> A#'# C$) +(8.

    $)S C$) Deursens (9:;0A ,>$, S(*(,$- %.(--% $'# 7$',-K $40&, 1$)$*()* ,># ,#6>)0-0*K M(F#F 57#'$,(0)$- %.(--% $%

    (S#),(@(#S 4K C$) +#&'%#) $)S C$) +(8.N $)S 7$',-K $40&, S(@@#'#), %&4%,$),($- $'#$% '#-$,#S ,0S(@@#'#), ,K7#% 0@ 60),#), $)S $6,(O(,(#% M1#'*()* C$) +#&'%#) J C$) +(8.D $)S IK)0) J Helspers

    $77'0$6>NF =# S(S )0, @()S #O(S#)6# 0@ $ %#7$'$,# ,K7# 0@ @0'1$- %.(--% 4&, S(S @()S 60)%(%,#),

    #P(%,#)6# 0@ 57#'$,(0)$- %.(--%F 3># /0'1$- %.(--% A#'# #14#SS#S ,0 %01# #P,#), () ,># 0,>#'

    %&4%,$),($- %.(--%D #%7#6($--K () %.(--% '#-$,#S ,0 8&S*()* $)S @()S()* ()@0'1$,(0) A>(6> A# -$4#--#S

    [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0)F

    =# S(S @()S #O(S#)6#D 60&),#' ,0 0&' #P7#6,$,(0)%D ,>$, ,>#'# A#'# %7#6(@(6 7-$,@0'1 %.(--% '#-$,#S ,0

    104(-# ,#6>)0-0*(#%F =# 6$&,(0) $*$()%, $%%&1()* ,>$, ,>(% %.(-- (% ()S##S 6017-#,#-K %#7$'$,# $)S

    %&**#%,#S ,>$, 7-$,@0'1 %7#6(@(6 %.(--% 1(*>, 4# 04%#'O#S A>#) $ 6#',$() ,#6>)0-0*K >$% 0)-K '#6#),-K@0&)S A(S#%7'#$S S(@@&%(0)D %&6> $% A$% ,># 6$%# @0' 104(-# 7-$,@0'1% %&6> $% ,$4-#,% $)S

    %1$',7>0)#% $, ,># ,(1# 0@ 0&' '#%#$'6>F

    =# %#,,-#S 0) $ @()$- ,>#0'#,(6$-D #17('(6$--K $)S 6'0%% )$,(0)$--K 60)%(%,#), @'$1#A0'. 0@ @(O# %.(--%B

    H7#'$,(5)$-Q 9)# -#$%, ,>#0'#,(6$--K *'0&)S#SN 60)%(%,#S 0@ 0)-K ,>'## (,#1%F

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    27/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g 9]

    R2 M'M/%#"-'* +/04&N "&+" 0&+/%"+

    3>(% %#6,(0) -00.% $, A>#,>#' ,># %6$-#% 60)%,'&6,#S S&'()* ,># 7(-0, '#%#$'6> %>0A '#-($4(-(,KD

    (),#')$-D $)S #P,#')$- O$-(S(,K $6'0%% S(@@#'#), %&4%$17-#% 0@ ,># 707&-$,(0) 0@ [),#')#, &%#'% () ,>#

    \#,>#'-$)S% ,>$, 60)%(%,% 0@ 0O#' ;:eD::: 7#07-#F 3>(% 7$)#- (% 4#-(#O#S ,0 4# $ -$'*#-K '#7'#%#),$,(O#

    %$17-# 0@ ,># +&,6> 707&-$,(0)F "#14#'% '#6#(O# $ O#'K %1$-- ()6#),(O# 0@ $ @#A 6#),% @0' #O#'K

    %&'O#K ?%,(0) ,>#K $)%A#'F [)O(,$,(0)% A#'# %#), 0&, () ,>'## A$O#% ,0 #)%&'# ,>$, ,># @()$- %$17-#

    '#7'#%#),#S ,># +&,6> 707&-$,(0)D () *#)S#'D $*#D $)S #S&6$,(0)F [) ,0,$-D A# 04,$()#S 6017-#,#

    '#%70)%#% @'01 ;D;:] ()S(O(S&$-% M'#%70)%# '$,# 9]jNF +&'()* ,># S$,$ 60--#6,(0)D $1#)S1#),% A#'#

    1$S# ,0 #)%&'# ,>$, ,># +&,6> 707&-$,(0) A$% '#7'#%#),#S () ,># @()$- %$17-#F =# &%#S #P,#')$-

    $**'#*$,# S$,$ M(F#FD ,># )$,(0)$- 707&-$,(0) 6#)%&%N ,0 #%,(1$,# 6$-(4'$,(0) A#(*>,% 4$%#S 0) $*#D

    *#)S#'D $)S #S&6$,(0)F 3># ,(1# '#?&('#S ,0 $)%A#' ,># %&'O#K ?%,(0)% A$% $77'0P(1$,#-K 9b

    1()&,#% M$% ,># %&'O#K $-%0 $%.#S @0' ,K7#% 0@ &%$*# $)S [),#')#, 0&,601#%NF 3$4-# ^ %&11$'(_#% ,>#

    S#10*'$7>(6 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% 0@ ,># '#%70)S#),%F

    0$1-# 2T3 +#:5*'$7;(6 7'5

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    28/50

    9e g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    R23 )67A?BH=;6BI A=8;6B =7=>IC?C

    30 ,#%, A>#,>#' ,># %6$-#% $% 60)%,'&6,#S () ,># 7(-0, %>0A >(*> '#-($4(-(,K $)S *00S @(, A# ,#%,#S ,>#

    @$6,0' %,'&6,&'#% 0) ,># +&,6> 707&-$,(0) %&'O#KF E %(17-# %6$-# '#-($4(-(,K $)$-K%(% %>0A% ,>$, $-- ,>#

    S(@@#'#), %6$-#% $'# $-%0 $ *00S @(, () ,># *#)#'$- +&,6> [),#')#, X%#' 707&-$,(0) %$17-#F

    0$1-# 223 .6$-# 6;$'$6,#'(%,(6% () +&,6; 9),#')#, &%#' 757&-$,(5)

    2.(--% %6$-# "#$) "()(1&1 "$P(1&1 C$'($)6# short%6$-#

    57#'$,(0)$- M;:N 3 4ES # *#)#'$- 707&-$,(0) S$,$ #P6#--#),-K 0) ()S(6$,0'% @0'

    6017-#P 10S#-% @0' $-- #P6#7, ,># 206($- %.(--% %6$-#bF 3># 206($- %.(--% %6$-# %>0A% #P6#--#), @(, 0) ,>#

    U/[ ()S(6$,0' 4&, 700' @(, @0' ,># -0)* %6$-# $)S 0)-K 10S#'$,# @(, @0' ,># %>0', %6$-#F 3># 6014()#S

    %>0', %6$-#% A(,> 60O$'($)6# 4#,A##) ,># S(@@#'#), @$6,0'% $-%0 %>0A#S #P6#--#), @(,F

    b"0S#'$,# ,0 *00S @(, 6'(,#'($ U/[nF^:h L"2IE kF:e M6( kF;:NF IP6#--#), @(, U/[nF^bh L"2IE kF:b M6( kF;:N Mf-()#D

    9::bN

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    29/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g 9^

    R2J &O;9B7=> Q=>?G?;I

    30 -00. $, #P,#')$- O$-(S(,KD ,>$, (% A>#,>#' ,># %6$-#% >$O# %(1(-$' 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% ()S#7#)S#), 0@ ,>#

    60),#P, 0' ,># 707&-$,(0) ,>#K $'# ()D A# ,$.# $ ,>'##V@0-S $77'0$6>F /('%,D ,>#'# (% S#%6'(7,(O#

    ()@0'1$,(0) 0) ,># $O#'$*#% $6'0%% ,># %6$-#% @0' S(@@#'#), %06(0VS#10*'$7>(6 *'0&7% MbF`F;NF

    2#60)SD A# ,#%, @0' 60)O#'*#), $)S S(%6'(1()$), O$-(S(,K 0@ ,># %6$-#% MbF`F9NF E)SD ,>('SD A# -00. $,A>#,>#' ,># %6$-# 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% $'# 60)%(%,#), ,>'0&*> '$)S01 '#%$17-#% 0@ ,># 707&-$,(0) &%()*

    ,># 400,%,'$77()* ,#6>)(? $)S A>#,>#' ,>#K '#-$,# %(1(-$'-K @0' S(@@#'#), %06(0VS#10*'$7>(6

    *'0&7% MbF`F`NF [) ,>(% %#6,(0) A# &%# ,># %>0', %6$-#% %()6# ,>#K >$O# 4##) %>0A) ,0 >$O# *00S

    '#-($4(-(,K $)S @(, ,0 ,># S$,$F 3># -0)*#' %6$-#% $'# O#'K -(.#-K ,0 >$O# #O#) 4#,,#' 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6%F

    3># 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% 0@ ,># %6$-#% () ,># *#)#'$- 707&-$,(0) ()S(6$,# ,>$, 7#07-# $'# 10%, 60)@(S#),

    $40&, ,>#(' 57#'$,(0)$- %.(--%D @0--0A#S 4K ,>#(' 206($- %.(--%D ,>#(' "04(-# %.(--%D ,>#(' [)@0'1$,(0)

    \$O(*$,(0) %.(--% $)S -$%, 601# ,># U'#$,(O# %.(--% M%## ,$4-# ;9NF

    0$1-# 2?3 .;5', %6$-# 6;$'$6,#'(%,(6% () ,;# +&,6; 757&-$,(5)

    "#$) 2+

    57#'$,(0)$- %.(--%

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    30/50

    `: g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    [) S(*(,$- ()6-&%(0) -(,#'$,&'# $ @#A .#K 7'#S(6,0'% >$O# 4##) S#%6'(4#S @0' ,># -#O#- 0@ %.(-- $)

    ()S(O(S&$- 7'0@#%%#% ,0 >$O#F [) ,>(% %#6,(0) A# -00. $, >0A ,>#%# $'# '#-$,#S ,0 ,># @(O# S(@@#'#),

    %.(--% 1#$%&'#% 6'#$,#S $)S ,#%,#S @0' ,>(% '#70',F =# -00. $, $*#D *#)S#'D #S&6$,(0)D $)S 066&7$,(0)

    M#F*FD H$'*(,,$(D 9::9hH#-%7#'D 9:;:h C$) +#&'%#) J C$) +(8.D 9:;# S(@@#'#), $*# *'0&7%F E--

    S(@@#'#)6#% A#'# %(*)(@(6$),D #P6#7, ,>$, 0@ [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) %.(--%F [) $SS(,(0)D ,># S(@@#'#)6#%

    A#'# () ,># S('#6,(0) ,>$, 1(*>, 4# #P7#6,#S 4K ,># -(,#'$,&'#D ,>$, (%D 1#) #%,(1$,# ,>#(' 0A) %.(--%

    >(*>#' ,>$) A01#) $)S ,># K0&)*#' *#)#'$,(0)% #%,(1$,# ,>#(' %.(--% >(*>#' ,>$) ,># 0-S#'

    *#)#'$,(0)%F

    E(*&'# L3 ./(-- $J#'$*#% # S(@@#'#)6#% 4#,A##) #S&6$,(0)$- *'0&7% A#'# $-%0 $% 7'#S(6,#S 4K ,># -(,#'$,&'# M%## @(*&'# ]NF

    3>$, (%D ,>0%# A(,> >(*>#' #S&6$,(0)$- -#O#-% A#'# %(*)(@(6$),-K 10'# 60)@(S#), @0' $-- %.(--%D ()6-&S()*

    ,># [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) %.(--%F

    3># S#%6'(7,(O# $)$-K%(% 0@ 066&7$,(0)$- *'0&7% 10%,-K 60)@('1% ,># -(,#'$,&'# $'0&)S ()#?&$-(,(#% ()

    %.(-- -#O#-% M%## @(*&'# eNF /0' $-- %.(--%D ,># @&-- ,(1# #17-0K#S $)S %,&S#),% ()S(6$,# >$O()* ,># >(*>#%,

    %.(-- -#O#-%D A(,> ,># #P6#7,(0) 0@ [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) %.(--% A>#'# S(@@#'#)6#% A#'# )0, %(*)(@(6$),F

    H0A#O#'D (, %>0&-S 4# )0,#S ,>$, ,>#'# (% -(,,-# S(@@#'#)6# 4#,A##) ,>0%# A>0 A0'. 7$',V,(1# $)S,>0%# A>0 $'# &)#17-0K#S $)S ,># '#,('#S 707&-$,(0) ()S(6$,#% -0A#' %.(-- -#O#-% ,>$) ,>0%# A>0 $'#

    &)$4-# ,0 A0'.F 3>(% 1$K4# 60&-S 4# S ,0 ,># 6&''#), #60)01(6 6-(1$,# A>#'# 1$)K 7#07-# A0'.

    7$',V,(1# 0&, 0@ )#6#%%(,K $)S )0, 6>0(6# $)S 1$)K 7$',V,(1# 804% $'# &)S#'7$(SF [, (% (170',$), ,0

    )0,# ,>$, %#7$'$,# $)$-K%(% M)0, S#7(6,#SN %>0A#S ,>$, S(%$4-#S 7#07-# 0)-K S(@@#' %(*)(@(6$),-K @'01

    )0)VS(%$4-#S 7#07-# 0) ,># 57#'$,(0)$- $)S "04(-# %.(--%F

    3>#%# $)$-K%#% ()S(6$,# ,>$, ,># %6$-#% %>0A 60)%(%,#)6K A(,> 7'#O(0&% *#)#'$- '#%#$'6> $)S

    ,>#0'#,(6$- ,>().()* $'0&)S >0A S(*(,$- %.(--% '#-$,# ,0 ()#?&$-(,(#% $)S S(@@#'#)6#% 4#,A##) %06(0V

    6&-,&'$- *'0&7%F

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    31/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g `;

    E(*&'# P3 ./(--% $J#'$*#% 1V 566&7$,(5)$- *'5&7

    i$%#F +&,6> [),#')#, X%#'%F \T;D``e MA#(*>,#SNl+(@@#'#)6#% %(*)(@(6$), $, 7kF:;

    R2J23 )67Q9BL97; =7G G?C8B?H?7=7; Q=>?G?;I

    30 &)S#'%,$)S A>#,>#' () ,># @&-- 707&-$,(0) ,># @$6,0' 10S#-% @(, $% ,>#K S(S () ,># 7(-0, $)S

    A>#,>#' ,>#K %>0A 60)O#'*#), $)S S(%6'(1()$), O$-(S(,K M%## /0')#-- J Y$'6.#'D ;^e;NB U0170%(,#

    L#-($4(-(,K MULND EO#'$*# C$'($)6# IP,'$6,#S MECIND "$P(1&1 2>$'#S C$'($)6# M"2CND $)S EO#'$*#

    2>$'#S C$'($)6# ME2CN ,#%,% A#'# '&) M&%()* G$1#% a$%.()s 2011 tools based on AMOS output)F

    0$1-# 2D3 E$6,5' 65''#-$,(5) $)8 SWI>M5) 8($*5)$-O

    57#'$,(0)$- [)@0'1$,(0)\$O(*$,(0)

    206($- U'#$,(O# "04(-#

    57#'$,(0)$- :F](*> MH$('D i-$6.D i$4() J E)S#'%0)D 9:;:NF Z3>(% 1#$)% ,>$,

    ,># (,#1% 0) ,># %6$-#% 60''#-$,# >(*>-K A(,> #$6> 0,>#' M60)O#'*#),N $)S ,>$, ,># (,#1% 60''#-$,#

    10'# >(*>-K A(,> #$6> 0,>#' ,>$) ,>#K S0 A(,> (,#1% ,>$, $'# 0) 0,>#' @$6,0'% MS(%6'(1()$,0'KNF [)

    0,>#' A0'S%D ,># @$6,0'% $'# (),#')$--K 60>#'#), $)S 6$) 4# #P,#')$--K S(%,()*&(%>#S 1#$)()*@&--K

    @'01 0,>#' @$6,0'%F

    R2J2J2 +8=>9 8F=B=8;9B?C;?8C =7G 867C?C;978I

    30 &)S#'%,$)S A>#,>#' ,># @$6,0' %0-&,(0) A$% %,$4-#D $ i0--#)V2,()# M;^^9N ,#%, A$% 60)S&6,#S @0'

    ,># @&-- @$6,0' 10S#-F 30 4# $4-# ,0 S0 ,>(%D A# >$S ,0 ,'$)%@0'1 ,># O$'($4-#% 4#6$&%# ,># I dont

    &)S#'%,$)S6$,#*0'(#% >$S 4##) %#, $% 1(%%()*F /0' ,># 7&'70%#% 0@ ,>(% $)$-K%(%D A# 60)O#',#S ,>#%#

    1(%%()* O$-% ,0 : $%%&1()* ,>$, (@ %01#0)# S(S )0, .)0A A>$, $ 7$',(6&-$' $6,(0)D 7-$,@0'1 0'

    $6,(O(,K #),$(-#SD ,>#K A0&-S S#@()(,#-K )0, 4# $4-# ,0 S0 ,>(% 7$',(6&-$' $6,(O(,K $)S ,>#'#@0'# -$6. ,>#

    %.(--F IP6#7, @0' 0) ,># [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) (,#1% A>#'# ,># 60''#%70)S()* '#%70)%# (% Z ()%,#$S

    0@ : %()6# ,># %6$-#% @0' ,>#%# (,#1% A#'# '#O#'%#SF [) $-- 9::: 400,%,'$7 %$17-#% ,># @(, A$% 4#,,#'

    ,>$) () ,># 0'(*()$- 10S#-]F 3>#'#@0'#D A# 6$) 4# 60)@(S#), ,>$, ,># 10S#- %>0A% $ *00S @(, $)S (% $

    %,$4-# %0-&,(0) @0' ,># @&-- 707&-$,(0)F

    H0A#O#'D $)0,>#' %,#7 ,>$, >$% ,0 4# ,$.#) (% ,0 6017$'# ,># 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% 0@ ,># %6$-#% () S(@@#'#),

    %#*1#),% 0@ ,># 707&-$,(0)F

    !"#$%&$#$'( *+,-%.$/+0 &"'1""0 /+*$+23",+4.%-5$* 4.+6-/

    L#-($4(-(,K $)$-K%(% %>0A% ,>$, 0O#'$-- ,># %6$-#% $'# O#'K %(1(-$' () ,>#(' '#-($4(-(,K $6'0%% S(@@#'#),

    %06(0VS#10*'$7>(6 *'0&7% M%## ,$4-# ;bNF

    0$1-# 2G3 Reliability ()5< %;5', %/(--% %6$-#% () 8(

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    33/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g ``

    [) ,>'## ()%,$)6#%D ,># @(, () 0)# *'0&7 A$% 60)%(S#'$4-K -0A#' ,>$) () ,># 0,>#'%B

    3>0%# A(,> ,#',($'K #S&6$,(0) $)S ,># %,&S#),% %>0A#S $ @(, -0A#' ,>$) Fe: @0' ,># 57#'$,(0)$-

    %.(--% %6$-#F 3># '#-($4(-(,K A$% %,(-- *00S $, F]Z @0' ,>0%# A(,> ,#',($'K #S&6$,(0) $)S F]9 @0'

    %,&S#),%F

    2,&S#),% >$O# $ -0A '#-($4(-(,K @0' "04(-# 2.(--% 0@ 0)-K FZ;F Y00.()* $, ,># (,#1 %6$-#6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% (, (% 6-#$' ,>$, @0' ,># "obile skills scale the item I know how to ke#7 ,'$6. 0@ ,>#

    costs of mobile app use brings down the alpha considerably. This might be because many

    %,&S#),% $'# )0, '#%70)%(4-# @0' 7$K()* ,># 4(-- 0@ ,>#(' 104(-# 7>0)# $)S (, (% ,>#'#@0'# )0, $

    %.(--F

    7+.."#%'$+0 ,%'.$8"/ *+,-%.$/+0

    3$4-# ;Z %>0A% ,># 60''#-$,(0)% 4#,A##) ,># %>0', %.(-- %6$-# 60)%,'&6,% () ,># 707&-$,(0) %&'O#KF =#

    $-%0 #P$1()#S 60''#-$,(0)% 4#,A##) @$6,0'% A(,>() ,># S(@@#'#), %06(0VS#10*'$7>(6 *'0&7%F

    +(@@#'#)6#% 4#,A##) ,># 60''#-$,(0) 1$,'(P#% A#'# 10%,-K )0, %(*)(@(6$), when using Fishers rV,0V_

    ,'$)%@0'1$,(0) ,#%,F \0)# 0@ ,># S(@@#'#)6#% 4#,A##) ,># 1#) $)S A01#)s correlations was

    %(*)(@(6$),F

    0$1-# 2L3 45''#-$,(5)% 1#,=##) %;5', %6$-#% () 757&-$,(5) %&'J#V

    57#'$,(0)$- [)@0'1$,(0)\$O(*$,(0)

    206($- U'#$,(O#

    [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) F9b ;

    206($- FZ: F9e ;

    U'#$,(O# F

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    34/50

    `< g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    [) %&11$'KD () 6017$'()* ,># 60''#-$,(0)% 4#,A##) ,># S(@@#'#), %.(--% %6$-#% $6'0%% $*# *'0&7%D ,>#

    57#'$,(0)$- $)S U'#$,(O# %.(--% %6$-#% $'# 6$&%()* ,># 10%, ,'0&4-# A(,> S(@@#'#), 60''#-$,(0)%

    4#,A##) ,># 0-S#' $)S ,># K0&)*#' *#)#'$,(0)%F /0' ,># 57#'$,(0)$- %.(--% %6$-# (, A$% 10%,-K ,># ;Z

    ,0 `: K#$' 0-S% ,>$, A#'# S(@@#'#), @'01 ,># '#%, () >0A ,># 60)%,'&6,% '#-$,#S ,0 #$6> 0,>#'F /0' ,>#

    U'#$,(O# %.(--% %6$-# (, A$% 10%,-K ,># 0-S#%, MZ;oN $*# *'0&7 ,>$, >$S S(@@#'#), 60''#-$,(0)% 4#,A##)

    @$6,0'%F

    =>#) 6017$'()* ,># S(@@#'#), #S&6$,(0)$- -#O#-% ,>#'# A#'# @#A %(*)(@(6$), S(@@#'#)6#% () ,>#

    60''#-$,(0) 1$,'(P#%B

    3># 60''#-$,(0) 4#,A##) J4$) 60''#-$,(0) 4#,A##) J4$)&0%# A(,> 7'(1$'K #S&6$,(0) M'TF;`NF

    =>#) 6017$'()* ,>0%# A(,> S(@@#'#), 066&7$,(0)$- %,$,&%#% $ )&14#' 0@ S(@@#'#)6#% A#'# @0&)SB

    3># 60''#-$,(0) 4#,A##) ,># J4$)&$) $10)*%, ,># #17-0K#S M'TFb;N 7#07-#F

    3># 60''#-$,(0) 4#,A##) ,># A'E9)? B)$&$) @0' ,># #17-0K#S M'TVF:;N $)S &)#17-0K#S M'TVF;:NF

    3># 60''#-$,(0) 4#,A##) ,># A'E9)? ,96:#$%.(--% %6$-#% A$% -$'*#'

    @0' ,># '#,('#S M'TF9bN ,>$) @0' ,># #17-0K#S M'TF:`N *'0&7F

    3># 60''#-$,(0) 4#,A##) ,># B)$ &)#17-0K#S M'TFb]N ,>$) @0' ,># %,&S#),% M'TF;]N $)S ,># #17-0K#S M'TF`]N *'0&7%F

    E10)*%, ,># S(@@#'#), 066&7$,(0)$- *'0&7% (, (% )0, 6-#$' ,>$, 0)# ,K7# 0@ %.(--% %6$-# (% 10'#

    7'04-#1$,(6 ,>$) $)0,>#' () 6$&%()* S(@@#'#)6#% 4#,A##) 60''#-$,(0) 1$,'(P#%F [) ,>(% 6$%#D ,>#

    S(@@#'#)6#% A#'# 10%,-K 6$&%#S 4K ,># 60''#-$,(0)% () ,># '#,('#S *'0&7 4#()* S(@@#'#), @'01 ,>#

    0,>#' *'0&7%F

    R2K )678>(% %#6,(0) #P$1()#S 60)%(%,#)6K 0@ ,># @(O# [),#')#, %.(-- %6$-#% $)S ,>#(' 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% A>#)

    1#$%&'#S () $ '#7'#%#),$,(O# %$17-# %&'O#K 0@ +&,6> [),#')#, &%#'%F 5O#'$--D ,>#'# A#'# @#A7'04-#1% () ,#'1% 0@ %6$-# 60)%(%,#)6K A>#) -00.()* $, $ '#7'#%#),$,(O# %$17-# 0@ ,># 707&-$,(0)F

    3># '#-($4(-(,K $)S O$-(S(,K 0@ ,># %6$-#% $% A#-- $% ()S(6$,0'% 0@ 60)O#'*#), $)S S(%6'(1()$),

    6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% A#'# *00SF =#D ,>#'#@0'#D '#6011#)S ,># &%# 0@ ,># 57#'$,(0)$-D [)@0'1$,(0)

    \$O(*$,(0)D 206($-D U'#$,(O# $)S "04(-# %.(--% %6$-#% () *#)#'$- 707&-$,(0) '#%#$'6>F

    \#O#',>#-#%%D ,># %>0', %6$-#% A#'# )0, @&--K 60)%(%,#), () ,>#(' 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% A>#) 6017$'#S

    $6'0%% S(@@#'#), %06(0VS#10*'$7>(6 *'0&7%F E-- 60''#-$,(0)% A#'# () ,># %$1# S('#6,(0) $)S

    %(*)(@(6$),D >0A#O#'D ,># #@@#6, %(_#% S(@@#'#S %(*)(@(6$),-K 4#,A##) ,0 $*# $)S 066&7$,(0) *'0&7%F =#

    60)%(S#' (, 10%, (170',$), ,>$, $-- %6$-#% >$O# (),#')$- 60)%(%,#)6KD >(*> '#-($4(-(,K $)S @(, ,># 0O#'$--

    S$,$ () #$6> *'0&7 A#--F H0A#O#'D (, (% (170',$), ,0 )0,# ,>$, ,># #P,#')$- O$-(S(,K (% )0, 6017-#,#-K

    %,$4-# () 6$%#% A>#'# ,># %6$-#% $'# &%#S ,0 6017$'# S(@@#'#), $*# $)S 066&7$,(0)$- *'0&7%F /0'

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    35/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g `b

    #P$17-#D A# @0&)S ,>$, ,># -(). 4#,A##) 57#'$,(0)$- $)S [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0) %.(--% $'# %,'0)*#'

    () 0-S#' $*# *'0&7% ,>$) () K0&)*#' *'0&7%F [, A0&-S 4# O#'K (),#'#%,()* ,0 @06&% 0) ,>#%# @()S()*% ()

    @&,&'# '#%#$'6>F =# #P7#6, ,>$, ,>#%# S(@@#'#)6#% '#-$,# ,0 ,># A$K% ,>$, 7#07-# O(#A ,># [),#')#,

    $)S ,># A$K% ,>$, ,>#K -#$') ,0 &%# (, A>(6> 1$K 4# S(@@#'#), $10)* $*# *'0&7% $)S 066&7$,(0)$-

    %#,,()*%F "0'# ?&$-(,$,(O# %,&S(#%D 0' %,&S(#% A(,> 10'# %&48#6,% () $-- $*# $)S 066&7$,(0)$- *'0&7%D

    1(*>, '#O#$- ,># 1#$)()* 0@ ,># 04%#'O#S S(@@#'#)6#%F

    /&',>#'10'#D (, (% )0, K#, 70%%(4-# @0' &% ,0 60)6-&S# A>#,>#' ,># 04%#'O#S S(@@#'#)6#% A0&-S $-%0

    066&' () 707&-$,(0) %&'O#K% () 0,>#' 60&),'(#%F /&,&'# 6017$'$,(O# %,&S(#% %>0&-S 10%, S#@()(,#-K 4#

    60)S&6,#S ,0 #%,$4-(%> 6'0%%V6&-,&'$- O$-(S(,K #%7#6($--K () 60&),'(#% A>#'# ,># [),#')#, $)S '#-$,#S

    ,#6>)0-0*(#% $'# -#%% A(S#-K $S07,#S $% 6017$'#S ,0 ,># \#,>#'-$)S% A>#'# >(*> %7##S 4'0$S4$)S

    $66#%% ,0 ,># [),#')#, (% %$,&'$,#SF

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    36/50

    `Z g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    37/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g `]

    S2 E+/0-*. ,-.-"#% +U-%%+V )'*)%/+-'*+

    L#%#$'6> () ,># @(#-S 0@ S(*(,$- ()6-&%(0) $)S -(,#'$6K >$% S#O#-07#S '$7(S-K 0O#' ,># -$%, S#6$S#F

    [)6'#$%()*-KD %6>0-$'% ,>(). $40&, 7'#'#?&(%(,#% @0' $)S (17$6,% 0@ #)*$*#1#), A(,> S(*(,$-

    ,#6>)0-0*(#% %&6> $% ,># [),#')#,F H0A#O#'D $% )0,#S () ,># (),'0S&6,(0)D ,>#'# (% $ )##S @0' 10'#,>#0'#,(6$--K ()@0'1#SD '#-($4-# $)S O$-(S ()%,'&1#),% ,>$, $'# $4-# ,0 1#$%&'# S#O#-071#),% () ,>(%

    $'#$F

    H#-%7#' M9:;9N S#O#-07#S $ @'$1#A0'. A>(6> ,>#0'(%#S $40&, ,># 7$,>A$K% 4#,A##) %7#6(@(6 ,K7#%

    0@ %06($- #P6-&%(0) $)S %7#6(@(6 ,K7#% 0@ S(*(,$- #P6-&%(0)F 2># $'*S ,>$, $66#%%D S(*(,$- %.(--% $)S

    10,(O$,(0)% 1#S($,# ,># '#-$,(0)%>(7 4#,A##) %7#6(@(6 0@@-()# 6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% $)S #)*$*#1#), A(,>

    ,#6>)0-0*(#%F 3># '#%#$'6> 7'#%#),#S >#'# (% $ .#K 7$', 0@ $ A(S#' '#%#$'6> 7'08#6, ,>$, &%#S ,>(%

    @'$1#A0'. $% $ %,$',()* 70(), $)S $(1#S ,0 S#O#-07 1#$%&'#% 0@ 0&,601#% 0@ [),#')#, &%#D S(@@#'#),

    ,K7#% 0@ #)*$*#1#), A(,> ,># [),#')#, $)S ,># %.(--% )##S#S ,0 #)*$*# () ,>(% A$KF 3>(% 7$',(6&-$''#70', @06&%#% 0) ,#%,()* A>#,>#' '#-($4-# $)S O$-(S %6$-#% 60&-S 4# S#O#-07#S ,>$, 1#$%&'# S(*(,$-

    %.(--%F

    30 601# &7 A(,> %&6> $) ()%,'&1#),D A# ,00. $ 6'(,(6$- -00. $, ,># #P(%,()* S(*(,$- %.(--% -(,#'$,&'#F

    "0'#0O#'D 0&' 0A) #P7#'(#)6# $)S A0'. '#-$,#S ,0 S(*(,$- %.(--% >#-7#S &% () 4&(-S()* $) #-$40'$,#

    %.(--% @'$1#A0'. ()6-&S()* %7#6(@(6 %.(-- ()S(6,0'%F 3A0 1$() ,>#0'#,(6$- $77'0$6>#% ,># 7'070%#S

    @'$1#A0'. A$% 4&(-, 0) A#'# ,># %.(-- S(%,()6,(0)% $% %#, 0&, 4K C$) +#&'%#) $)S C$) +(8. M9::^$D

    9::^4D 9:;:h C$) +(8. J C$) +#&'%#)D 9:;#% A# A#'# $4-# ,0 S#@()# 60''#%70)S()* (,#1%F =#

    #)%&'#S ,>$, $-- (,#1% '#@-#6,#S ,K7(6$- [),#')#, &%# ,>$, #O#'K0)# 1(*>, (1$*()# >(1 0' >#'%#-@

    S0()*F /&',>#'10'#D A# $O0(S#S 60),#P,&$- (,#1% '#-$,#S ,0 %7#6(@(6 7-$,@0'1% 0' $6,(O(,(#%F 3>(%

    %>0&-S $--0A ,>#%# (,#1% ,0 4# &%#S @0' $ 60)%(S#'$4-# $10&), 0@ ,(1# 4#6$&%# ,>#K $'# )0,

    S#7#)S#), 0) A>$, ,K7# 0@ $6,(O(,K (% ,'#)S()* 0' 0) )#A 7-$,@0'1% 4#601()* 707&-$'F 3># 0)-K

    #P6#7,(0)% $'# ,># (,#1% ,>$, A#'# (),'0S&6#S '#*$'S()* 104(-# %.(--%D $% $ 60)%#?)6# ,>#%# (,#1%

    1(*>, >$O# ,0 4# $S8&%,#S 0' (),#*'$,#S (),0 0,>#' %.(--% $% 104(-# 7-$,@0'1% 4#601# 10'#

    1$()%,'#$1F

    E-- (,#1% &%#S $ %6$-# ,>$, *$O# %,$,#1#),% $40&, ,>()*% ,>$, $ 7#'%0) A$% $4-# ,0 S0 A(,> $)%A#'

    formats that ranged from Not at all true of me to Very true of me, and furthermore included a I do

    )0, &)Serstand what this means option.

    E@,#' ,># S#O#-071#), 0@ $ @('%, @&-- %&'O#K ()%,'&1#),D A# &%#S $ ,>'##V@0-S $77'0$6> ,0 ,#%, ,>#

    O$-(S(,K $)S '#-($4(-(,K 0@ ,># -$,#), %.(-- 60)%,'&6,% $)S ,># 60''#%70)S()* (,#1%F 3># @('%, %,#7

    60)%(%,#S 0@ 60*)(,(O# (),#'O(#A% >#-S () 40,> ,># Xf $)S ,># \#,>#'-$)S%F i$%#S 0) ,># 60*)(,(O#

    (),#'O(#A '#%&-,%D A# 1$S# %#O#'$- $1#)S1#),% ,0 ,># 7'070%#S %.(-- (,#1% ,0 (17'0O# 6-$'(,KF

    3># %#60)S %,#7 60)%(%,#S 0@ $ 7(-0, %&'O#K 0@ S(*(,$- %.(--%D 40,> () ,># Xf $)S () ,># \#,>#'-$)S% M$,

    ,>(% %,$*# A# $-%0 1#$%&'#S &%#% $)S 0&,601#% 0@ [),#')#, &%#D ,># '#%&-,% 0@ ,>(% A(-- 4# '#70',#S-$,#' () 9:;# '#%&-, 0@ ,># %#60)S %,#7 A$% $ @()$- ,>#0'#,(6$-D #17('(6$--K $)S 6'0%% )$,(0)$--K

    60)%(%,#), @'$1#A0'. 60)%(%,()* 0@ @(O# ,K7#% 0@ S(*(,$- %.(--%B H7#'$,(5)$-Q 9)

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    38/50

    `e g /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70',

    .56($-Q 4'#$,(J#$)S"51(-# %.(--% M%## @(*&'#% ;Vb $)S ,$4-# ;]NF =# %&**#%,#S -0)*#' %6$-#% @0' 10%,

    0@ ,>#%#D 60)%(%,()* 0@ 4#,A##) %(P ,0 ,#) (,#1%D $)S %>0',#' %6$-#% 60)%(%,()* 0@ @(O# (,#1%F 3>#

    "04(-# %.(--% %6$-# M,># -#$%, ,>#0'#,(6$--K *'0&)S#SN 60)%(%,#S 0@ 0)-K ,>'## (,#1%F

    0$1-# 2P3 X'575%#8 (,#:% $)8 0A ,0 07#) S0A)-0$S#S @(-#%

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S0A)-0$SQ%$O# $ 7>0,0 [ @0&)S 0)-()#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &%# %>0',6&, .#K% M#F*F U3LYVU @0' 607KD U3LYV2 @0' %$O#N

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 07#) $ )#A ,$4 () 1K 4'0A%#'

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 400.1$'. $ A#4%(,#

    [ .)0A A>#'# ,0 6-(6. ,0 *0 ,0 $ S(@@#'#), A#47$*#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 6017-#,# 0)-()# @0'1%

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 &7-0$S @(-#%

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 $S8&%, 7'(O$6K %#,,()*%

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 60))#6, ,0 $ =[/[ )#,A0'.

    [)@0'1$,(0)\$O(*$,(0)

    [ @()S (, >$'S ,0 S#6(S# A>$, ,># 4#%, .#KA0'S% $'# ,0 &%# @0' 0)-()# %#$'6>#%[ @()S (, >$'S ,0 @()S $ A#4%(,# [ O(%(,#S 4#@0'#

    [ *#, ,('#S A>#) -00.()* @0' ()@0'1$,(0) 0)-()#

    201#,(1#% [ #)S &7 0) A#4%(,#% A(,>0&, .)0A()* >0A [ *0, ,>#'#

    [ @()S ,># A$K () A>(6> 1$)K A#4%(,#% $'# S#%(*)#S 60)@&%()*

    E-- ,># S(@@#'#), A#4%(,# -$K0&,% 1$.# A0'.()* A(,> ,># (),#')#, S(@@(6&-, @0' 1#

    [ %>0&-S ,$.# $ 60&'%# 0) @()S()* ()@0'1$,(0) 0)-()#

    201#,(1#% [ @()S (, >$'S ,0 O#'(@K ()@0'1$,(0) [ >$O# '#,'(#O#S

    206($-

    I know which information I should and shouldnt share online

    I know when I should and shouldnt share information online

    [ $1 6$'#@&- ,0 1$.# 1K 6011#),% $)S 4#>$O(0&'% $77'07'($,# ,0 ,># %(,&$,(0) [ @()S1K%#-@ () 0)-()#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 6>$)*# A>0 [ %>$'# 60),#), A(,> M#F*F @'(#)S%D @'(#)S% 0@ @'(#)S% 0'7&4-(6N

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 '#10O# @'(#)S% @'01 1K 60),$6, -(%,%

    [ @##- 601@0',$4-# S#6(S()* A>0 ,0 @0--0A 0)-()# M#F*F 0) %#'O(6#% -(.# 3A(,,#' 0' 3&14-'N

    U'#$,(O#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 6'#$,# %01#,>()* )#A @'01 #P(%,()* 0)-()# (1$*#%D 1&%(6 0' O(S#0

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 1$.# 4$%(6 6>$)*#% ,0 ,># 60),#), ,>$, 0,>#'% >$O# 7'0S&6#S

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S#%(*) $ A#4%(,#

    [ .)0A A>(6> S(@@#'#), ,K7#% 0@ -(6#)6#% $77-K ,0 0)-()# 60),#),

    [ A0&-S @##- 60)@(S#), 7&,,()* O(S#0 60),#), [ >$O# 6'#$,#S 0)-()#

    [ .)0A A>(6> $77%Q%0@,A$'# $'# %$@# ,0 S0A)-0$S

    [ $1 60)@(S#), $40&, A'(,()* $ 6011#), 0) $ 4-0*D A#4%(,# 0' @0'&1

    [ A0&-S @##- 60)@(S#), A'(,()* $)S 6011#),()* 0)-()#

    "04(-#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 ()%,$-- $77% 0) $ 104(-# S#O(6#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 S0A)-0$S $77% ,0 1K 104(-# S#O(6#

    [ .)0A >0A ,0 .##7 ,'$6. 0@ ,># 60%,% 0@ 104(-# $77 &%#

    K9# 7'070%#S %>0', %6$-#%D 4- (,#1% $'# $SS#S @0' ,># -0)* %6$-#%F

    K9#'# (% $-%0 $ %#, 0@ U'(,(6$- M-(,#'$6KN %.(--% ,>$, $'# )0, ()6-&S#S 4#6$&%# ,>#K A#'# %>0A) ,0 4#

    ()S(O(S&$- 60),#P, S#7#)S#), $)S )0, #$%K ,0 1#$%&'# () *#)#'$- 707&-$,(0) %&'O#K '#%#$'6>

    K9# ()@0'1$,(0) )$O(*$,(0) (,#1% $'# $-- )#*$,(O#-K @0'1&-$,#SF =# '#6011#)S ,>$, @&,&'# '#%#$'6>

    &%# 70%(,(O#-K @0'1&-$,#S (,#1% 1#$%&'()* ,># %$1# %.(--%F

    =# '#6011#)S ,># &%# 0@ ,># %>0',#' @(O# (,#1 %6$-#% () -$'*#' '#%#$'6> 7'08#6,% ,>$, )##S ,0

    ()6-&S# $ O$'(#,K 0@ %.(--%F H0A#O#'D (@ '#%#$'6>#'% A$), ,0 @06&% 0) %.(--% 0)-K 0' 0) $ %7#6(@(6 %.(-- ()'#-$,(0) ,0 0,>#' O$'($4-#%D ,>#K %>0&-S &%# ,># -0)*#' %6$-#% A>(6> 0@@#' 10'# O$'($)6# $)S ,>#

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    39/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g `^

    0770',&)(,K ,0 %,&SK ,>#1 () S#,$(- 4KD @0' #P$17-#D S(%,()*&(%>()* S(@@#'#), 07#'$,(0)$- %.(--%F [@

    '#%#$'6>#'% 0' #O$-&$,0'% S0 )0, 6$'# $40&, S(%,()*&(%>()* S(@@#'#), %.(--%D (, A0&-S 4# 70%%(4-# ,0

    ,$.# ,A0 (,#1% M,># >(*>#%, -0$S()* 0' 10%, '#-#O$), 0)#%N @'01 #$6> %>0', %6$-# $)S 6'#$,# 0)# ,#)

    (,#1 %6$-#F H0A#O#'D A# %,'0)*-K '#6011#)S $*$()%, ,>(% $77'0$6>F c$%, '#%#$'6> %>0A% ,>$,

    $)$-K%(% 0@ ,># 6$&%#% $)S 60)%#?)6#% 0@ S(*(,$- -(,#'$6K (% 6017-(6$,#S A>#) &%()* ,>#%# -(1(,#S

    %6$-#% MH#-%7#' J IK)0)D 9:;`NF

    +&'()* ,># @()$- %,#7D A# #P$1()#S ,># 60)%(%,#)6K 0@ ,># @(O# [),#')#, %.(-- %6$-#% $)S ,>#('

    6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% A>#) 1#$%&'#S () $ '#7'#%#),$,(O# %$17-# %&'O#K 0@ +&,6> [),#')#, &%#'%F 3>(% %,#7

    '#O#$-#S ,>$, '#-($4(-(,K $)S O$-(S(,K 0@ ,># %6$-#% $% A#-- $% ()S(6$,0'% 0@ 60)O#'*#), $)S S(%6'(1()$),

    6>$'$6,#'(%,(6% A#'# *00SF E% $ '#%&-, 0@ ,>(% A0'.D A# '#6011#)S ,># &%# 0@ ,># 57#'$,(0)$-D

    [)@0'1$,(0) \$O(*$,(0)D 206($-D U'#$,(O# $)S "04(-# %.(--% %6$-#% () *#)#'$- 707&-$,(0) '#%#$'6>F

    =>(-# A# 4#-(#O# ,>#%# %6$-#% $'# $ %(*)(@(6$), 60),'(4&,(0) ,0 '#%#$'6> ,>$, 1#$%&'#% S(*(,$- %.(--%D (,

    (% (170',$), ,>$, @&',>#' '#%#$'6> (% 6$''(#S 0&, ,0 &)S#'%,$)S ,># S(@@#'#), '#-$,(0)%>(7% ,>#%# %.(--%

    >$O# A(,> 0)# $)0,>#' A(,>() S(@@#'#), %06(0VS#10*'$7>(6 *'0&7%F E% )0,#S () %#6,(0) bD A# %&%7#6,

    ,>$, ,>#'# 1(*>, 4# &)S#'-K()* S(@@#'#)6#% () #P7#'(#)6# $)S 1#$)()* 4#,A##) ,>#%# *'0&7% ,>$,

    &)S#'-(# %-(*>, O$'($,(0)% () ,># S(*(,$- %.(--% -$)S%6$7#D #O#) A>#) $-- ,># %.(--% $'# O$-(S A$K% 0@

    6-$%%(@K()* ,># $4(-(,(#% 7#07-# )##S ,0 &%# [)@0'1$,(0) $)S U011&)(6$,(0) 3#6>)0-0*(#%F

    E% )0,#S $40O#D ,># .#K 7&'70%# 0@ ,>(% '#70', (% ,0 7&, @0'A$'S $ %#, 0@ O$-(S S(*(,$- %.(--% 1#$%&'#%

    ,>$, $'# 0@ O$- ,0 %&'O#K '#%#$'6>#'% A0'.()* () ,>(% @(#-SeF =# O#'K 1&6> A#-601# @##S4$6. $)S

    6011#),% @'01 '#$S#'% A>0 $'# (),#'#%,#S () ,#%,()* ,>#%# %6$-#% () $ '$)*# 0@ 60&),'(#%F

    ec-#$%# *#, () ,0&6> A(,> ,># $&,>0'% (@ K0& >$O# $)K ?%,(0)% $40&, ,># 60)%,'&6,(0) 0@ ,># ()%,'&1#), $)S

    &%# 0@ ,># ()%,'&1#),

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    40/50

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    41/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g F L087D9#9;:7 6/##$$(VH$14&'*#'D dF M9:: ,># [),#')#,RF A'E9)?& &)04%#'O$4-# O$'($4-#%

    $)S 1#$%&'#1#), #''0'F*9/)' 9E ,&)>$#') [,$-($) >(*> %6>00- %,&S#),%F K$C ,$(:& Q =97:$D dF cF M9:;9NF 2&66()6, %&'O#K 1#$%&'#% 0@ A#4V&%# %.(--%F =97: =7:$'7$

    B9?4/0'),>A$(,#D UF M9::]NF 206($- )#,A0'.% $)S 0)-()# 6011&)(,KF [) EF G0()%0) MIS+N XD$ J%E9)(

    D&'(699> 9E A'

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    42/50

    # a&(-@0'S

    c'#%%F

    f'*#'D iF 2F M9::ZNF E 6017$'(%0) 0@ 60)O#),(0)$- $)S [),#')#, 70-(,(6$- 104(-(_$,(0)F "?$):7&'

    L9#:-#1#(#'D HFD J Hemker, B. (2007). The impact of computer use at home on students Internet

    %.(--%F B9?4/ ()@0'1$,(0)$)S %#'O(6#%F A'$O(0'F A'# &%# 0@ 0)-()#

    7&4-(6 ()@0'1$,(0) $)S %#'O(6#%F \9-$)'?$'< A'E9)?&

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    43/50

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    44/50

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    45/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    46/50

    3/$6,0' Y0$S()*% 0@ ,># (,#1% ,>$, A#'# '#10O#S @'01 %6$-#%F

    \Y J Xf \Y Xf

    U 5 [ 2 " \ " U 2 [ 5 5 U [ 5 2 \ "

    .)0A >0A ,0 &%# $ A(S# '$)*# 0@ %,'$,#*(#% A>#) %#$'6>()* @0' ()@0'1$,(0) :F# [),#')#, :F]e :Fb^ :F0A ,0 &%# ,># '#@'#%> @&)6,(0) :F0A ,0 S0A)-0$S @(-#% :Fbe :F# ()@0'1$,(0) [ @()S 0)-()# :F0A ,0 07#) $ =#4 $SS'#%% S('#6,-K A(,>0&, &%()* $ %#$'6> #)*()# -(.# a00*-# :F$) ,># ,07 ,>'## %#$'6> '#%&-,% :Fb: :F

  • 8/10/2019 Measuring Digital Skills

    47/50

    "#$%&'()* +(*(,$- 2.(--%

    /'01 +(*(,$- 2.(--% ,0 3$)*(4-# 5&,601#% 7'08#6, '#70', g #) -00.()* @0' ()@0'1$,(0) 0)-()# :F^: :F:< :F]b [ %>0&-S ,$.# $ 60&'%# 0) @()S()* ()@0'1$,(0) 0)-()# :Fe] :F:< :F]` S#6(S# A>$, ,># 4#%, .#KA0'S% $'# ,0 &%# @0' 0)-()# %#$'6>#% ;F:: :Feb

    201#,(1#% [ @()S (, >$'S ,0 O#'(@K ()@0'1$,(0) [ >$O# '#,'(#O#S :Fe9 :F:< :F]:

    201#,(1#% [ #)S &7 0) A#4%(,#% A(,>0&, .)0A()* >0A [ *0,,>#'#

    :F^b :F:b :F]]

    206($-

    6>$)*# A>0 [ %>$'# 60),#), A(,> M#F*F @'(#)S%D @'(#)S% 0@ @'(#)S%0' 7&4-(6N

    ;F`e :F:] :Feb

    [ @##- 601@0',$4-# S#6(S()* A>0 ,0 @0--0A 0)-()# M#F*F 0)%#'O