79
Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption and Emissions Matthew Barth Professor and Director College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California-Riverside Acknowledgements: Kanok Boriboonsomsin, George Scora, University of California Energy Institute, University of California Transportation Center, VW Automotive Group, Nissan Motor Company

Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption and Emissions

Matthew BarthProfessor and Director

College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and TechnologyUniversity of California-Riverside

Acknowledgements: Kanok Boriboonsomsin, George Scora, University of California Energy Institute, University of California Transportation Center, VW Automotive Group, Nissan Motor Company

Page 2: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

UC Riverside CEUC Riverside CE--CERT:CERT:

CCollege of ollege of EEngineeringngineering--CCenter for enter for EEnvironmental nvironmental RResearch and esearch and TTechnologyechnology

• collaborative research center involving government, industry, and academia to develop and assess transportation technologies for environmental benefit and energy efficiency

• interdisciplinary center of approximately 40 full-time faculty and staff plus 10-40 graduate and undergraduate students

• contracts and grant activity at approximately $8M per year

www.cert.ucr.edu

Page 3: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

CE-CERT’s Laboratories:Emissions and Fuels Research Lab

• Principal Investigators: Dr. Wayne Miller, Dr. Tom Durbin, Dr. David Cocker,, Dr. Heejung Jung, J. Pisano, Bill Welch

• focus areas:• mobile and stationary source emissions• fuel effects

Atmospheric Processes Research Lab• Principal Investigators: Dr. Bill Carter, Dennis Fitz, Dr.

David Cocker• focus areas:

• atmospheric processes: smog chambers• ambient air measurements

Intelligent Transportation Systems & Vehicle Technology Research Lab• Principal Investigators: Dr. Matt Barth, Dr. Yushan Yan• focus areas:

• intelligent transportation systems, transportation modeling• advanced vehicle technologies (e.g., EVs, hybrids, fuel

cells)

Page 4: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

CE-CERT’s Laboratories continued:

Sustainable Energy• Principal Investigators: Dr. Joe Norbeck, Dr. Charles

Wyman, Dr. Chan Seung Park, Dr. Bin Yang• focus areas:

• renewable energy from waste products:• hydro-gasification• bioconversion• cogeneration

Environmental Modeling and Policy Lab• Principal Investigators: Dr. Gail Tonnesen, Dr. Zion Wang,

Dr. Mohammad Omari• focus areas:

• atmospheric (air shed) modeling• environmental policy

Page 5: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Emissions and Fuels Research Laboratory

•• Emission Measurement and Characterization Emission Measurement and Characterization •• Advanced Emission Control Technology Advanced Emission Control Technology •• OnOn--Road Emission Measurements Road Emission Measurements •• Emissions Reactivity and InventoriesEmissions Reactivity and Inventories•• School Buses School Buses •• Stationary Sources: Commercial CookingStationary Sources: Commercial Cooking•• Fuel EffectsFuel Effects

Page 6: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

controller

MDU

CR

antenna

vehicle signals

and controls

controller

MDU

CR

antenna

vehicle signals

and controls

controller

controller

MDU

CR

antenna

vehicle signals

and controls

Intelligent Transportation Systems and Vehicle TechnologyResearch Laboratory

•• Intelligent Transportation Systems Intelligent Transportation Systems •• Integrated Transportation and Emissions Modeling Integrated Transportation and Emissions Modeling •• Advanced Sensing and ControlsAdvanced Sensing and Controls•• Vehicle Guidance and ControlVehicle Guidance and Control•• Vehicle Activity Analysis Vehicle Activity Analysis •• Vehicle Technology Vehicle Technology •• Environmental Materials, Fuel Cells and Reformers Environmental Materials, Fuel Cells and Reformers

Page 7: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Atmospheric Processes Research Laboratory

•• SMOG Chamber Gas and Particle Studies SMOG Chamber Gas and Particle Studies •• Air Sampling and Monitoring Air Sampling and Monitoring •• Analysis and Modeling Analysis and Modeling •• Chemical Analysis Chemical Analysis

Page 8: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

•• Synthetic Diesel Fuel from biomassSynthetic Diesel Fuel from biomass•• Synthetic Diesel Fuel from coalSynthetic Diesel Fuel from coal•• Renewable Alcohol Fuels: cellulosic ethanolRenewable Alcohol Fuels: cellulosic ethanol•• Biomass to Fuel Conversion Biomass to Fuel Conversion •• Solar Energy Solar Energy

Sustainable Energy Research

E-10

E-11

P-1

E-12

P-4

E-13

E-14

E-15

E-17

E-16

E-19

E-18

P-9

P-16 P-17

P-18

P-19

P-20

E-20

E-21

V-1

Hydro-gasifier

Steamgenerator

SteamReformer

FuelSynthesizer

P-21

E-24

E-25

E-27

E-28

P-23

P-24

P-25

P-26

P-27

V-2

MotorGenerator

Liquid FuelProduct

RecycledLiquidWater

RecycledHydrogen

SlurryPump

WasteMaterials

RecycledLiquidWater

SlurryTank

P-32

P-34

P-37

P-36

Molten SaltLoops

W a s t e t o E n e r g y v ia U C R C E -C E R T H y d r o -g a s i f ic a t io n & F u e l S y n t h e s is *

ExhaustGases

* Patent Pending

Copyright C E Hackett 3/17/02

Page 9: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

•• atmospheric (air shed) modelingatmospheric (air shed) modeling•• visibility studiesvisibility studies•• environmental policyenvironmental policy

Environmental Modeling and Policy Laboratory

Page 10: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

How do we estimate mobile source emissions?

• measurement techniques

• modeling techniques

• combination of three key components:

• emissions

• vehicle fleet composition

• vehicle activity

Page 11: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Transportation/Emissions Modeling Framework

microscopicparameters:

sec-by-sec vehicleoperation data

Transportation Models / Data Modal Emission Model

macroscopicparameters:

e.g., avg. speed

mesoscopicparameters:

e.g., vel, acc,v/c by facility

regionaltransportation

models

facility-basedtransportation models;

modal activity distributions

microscopic transportation models;driving cycles

sec-by-sec emissionsfor vehicle(s)

total link emissionsfor facility-type

regionalemissions

(SCFs)

EmissionInventory

MicroscaleMicroscale

MesoscaleMesoscale

MacroscaleMacroscale

Page 12: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Conventional Vehicle Emission Models in the U.S.

• MOBILE Model• developed in the late 1970’s by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency• has undergone significant expansion, improvements over the years• uses method of base emission rates and correction factors• transition to MOVES model

• California Air Resources Board’s EMFAC Model• developed separately from MOBILE by CARB• based on stricter standards and fuels used in California• uses similar methodology as MOBILE

Page 13: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Other Vehicle Emission Modeling Methods• Array of new modeling techniques developed in late 1990’s:

• Fuel-Based Emission Inventories• normalizes vehicle emissions to fuel consumption, not VMT• requires estimates of fuel use, e.g., from fuel tax• generates reasonable emission inventories for large databases

• Modal and instantaneous vehicle emission models:• concerned with estimating emissions as a function of vehicle

operating mode, (e.g., idle, acceleration, cruise, deceleration)• predicts emissions second-by-second

• Integrated Transportation and Emission Models:• microscale and mesoscale

Page 14: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

3 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Veh

icle

Spe

ed, m

ph

Travel time = 10 minutes Travel distance = 3.7 miles Travel speed = 21.9 mph vehicle activityvehicle activity

(velocity trajectory and (velocity trajectory and grade if available)grade if available)

CMEMCMEM calibration parameterscalibration parameters

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Fuel

Con

sum

ptio

n, g

Fuel consumption = 464 g = 0.17 gallons Fuel price = $2.7/gallon Travel fuel cost = 0.5 dollars

fuel consumptionfuel consumption emissionsemissions

0.000

0.003

0.006

0.009

0.012

0.015

0.018

1 101 201 301 401 501 601

NOx emission = 1.5 g (NOx emission fee = X dollars/g) (Travel NOx emission cost = 1.5X dollars)

Page 15: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Background: Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model (CMEM):

• predicts second-by-second emissions and fuel consumption given arbitrary vehicle activity (speed, grade)

• 28 vehicle/technology categories including light- and heavy-duty vehicles

• can be used with measured vehicle activity data (e.g., velocity vs. time from GPS)

• is easily integrated with transportation simulation models

power

demand

input operating variables

model parameters

engine

speed

fuel

rate

engine control unit

engine-out emissions

exhaust after-

treatment

operating time

fractionpasstreatmentafterg

gFRemissionstailpipefuel

emissions •⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛•=

power

demand

input operating variables

model parameters

engine

speed

fuel

rate

engine control unit

engine-out emissions

exhaust after-

treatment

operating time

fractionpasstreatmentafterg

gFRemissionstailpipefuel

emissions •⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛•=

Category # Vehicle Technology CategoryNormal Emitting Cars

1 No Catalyst2 2-way Catalyst3 3-way Catalyst, Carbureted4 3-way Catalyst, FI, >50K miles, low power/weight5 3-way Catalyst, FI, >50K miles, high power/weight6 3-way Catalyst, FI, <50K miles, low power/weight7 3-way Catalyst, FI, <50K miles, high power/weight8 Tier 1, >50K miles, low power/weight9 Tier 1, >50K miles, high power/weight

10 Tier 1, <50K miles, low power/weight11 Tier 1, <50K miles, high power/weight24 Tier 1, >100K miles50 LEV PC51 ULEV PC52 PZEV

Normal Emitting Trucks12 Pre-1979 (<=8500 GVW)13 1979 to 1983 (<=8500 GVW)14 1984 to 1987 (<=8500 GVW)15 1988 to 1993, <=3750 LVW16 1988 to 1993, >3750 LVW17 Tier 1 LDT2/3 (3751-5750 LVW or Alt. LVW)18 Tier 1 LDT4 (6001-8500 GVW, >5750 Alt. LVW)25 Gasoline-powered, LDT (> 8500 GVW)40 Diesel-powered, LDT (> 8500 GVW)41 Pre 1991, 2-stroke HDDT42 Pre 1991, 4-stroke HDDT43 1991 to 1993, 4-stroke, Mech. FI HDDT44 1991 to 1993, 4-stroke, Elect. FI HDDT45 1994 to 1997, 4-stroke, Elect. FI HDDT46 1998, 4-stroke, Elect. FI HDDT47 1999 to 2002, 4-stroke, Elect. FI HDDT

High Emitting Light Duty Vehicles19 Runs lean20 Runs rich21 Misfire22 Bad catalyst23 Runs very rich

Category # Vehicle Technology CategoryNormal Emitting Cars

1 No Catalyst2 2-way Catalyst3 3-way Catalyst, Carbureted4 3-way Catalyst, FI, >50K miles, low power/weight5 3-way Catalyst, FI, >50K miles, high power/weight6 3-way Catalyst, FI, <50K miles, low power/weight7 3-way Catalyst, FI, <50K miles, high power/weight8 Tier 1, >50K miles, low power/weight9 Tier 1, >50K miles, high power/weight

10 Tier 1, <50K miles, low power/weight11 Tier 1, <50K miles, high power/weight24 Tier 1, >100K miles50 LEV PC51 ULEV PC

Category # Vehicle Technology CategoryNormal Emitting Cars

1 No Catalyst2 2-way Catalyst3 3-way Catalyst, Carbureted4 3-way Catalyst, FI, >50K miles, low power/weight5 3-way Catalyst, FI, >50K miles, high power/weight6 3-way Catalyst, FI, <50K miles, low power/weight7 3-way Catalyst, FI, <50K miles, high power/weight8 Tier 1, >50K miles, low power/weight9 Tier 1, >50K miles, high power/weight

10 Tier 1, <50K miles, low power/weight11 Tier 1, <50K miles, high power/weight24 Tier 1, >100K miles50 LEV PC51 ULEV PC52 PZEV

Normal Emitting Trucks12 Pre-1979 (<=8500 GVW)13 1979 to 1983 (<=8500 GVW)14 1984 to 1987 (<=8500 GVW)15 1988 to 1993, <=3750 LVW16 1988 to 1993, >3750 LVW17 Tier 1 LDT2/3 (3751-5750 LVW or Alt. LVW)18 Tier 1 LDT4 (6001-8500 GVW, >5750 Alt. LVW)25 Gasoline-powered, LDT (> 8500 GVW)40 Diesel-powered, LDT (> 8500 GVW)41 Pre 1991, 2-stroke HDDT42 Pre 1991, 4-stroke HDDT43

52 PZEVNormal Emitting Trucks

12 Pre-1979 (<=8500 GVW)13 1979 to 1983 (<=8500 GVW)14 1984 to 1987 (<=8500 GVW)15 1988 to 1993, <=3750 LVW16 1988 to 1993, >3750 LVW17 Tier 1 LDT2/3 (3751-5750 LVW or Alt. LVW)18 Tier 1 LDT4 (6001-8500 GVW, >5750 Alt. LVW)25 Gasoline-powered, LDT (> 8500 GVW)40 Diesel-powered, LDT (> 8500 GVW)41 Pre 1991, 2-stroke HDDT42 Pre 1991, 4-stroke HDDT43 1991 to 1993, 4-stroke, Mech. FI HDDT44 1991 to 1993, 4-stroke, Elect. FI HDDT45 1994 to 1997, 4-stroke, Elect. FI HDDT46 1998, 4-stroke, Elect. FI HDDT47 1999 to 2002, 4-stroke, Elect. FI HDDT

High Emitting Light Duty Vehicles19 Runs lean20 Runs rich21 Misfire22 Bad catalyst23 Runs very rich

Page 16: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

• corridor analysis• truck lane analysis• HOT (high

occupancy toll) lane analysis

• tunnel study• BRT (bus rapid

transit)

• PARAMICS integration with CMEM

Page 17: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

• Deriving “link-based” or “trip-based” emission factors

• Using specific facility-congestion cycles

microscopicparameters:

sec-by-sec vehicleoperation data

Transportation Models / Data Modal Emission Model

macroscopicparameters:

e.g., avg. speed

mesoscopicparameters:

e.g., vel, acc,v/c by facility

regionaltransportation

models

facility-basedtransportation models;

modal activity distributions

microscopic transportation models;driving cycles

sec-by-sec emissionsfor vehicle(s)

total link emissionsfor facility-type

regionalemissions

(SCFs)

EmissionInventory

Mesoscale Integration of Transportation and Emission Models

Page 18: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) Model• project lead by Jim Lents, ISSRC (originally developed at CE-CERT)

• sponsored by U.S. EPA

• IVE Modeling Characteristics:

– low-cost, easy to use methodologies for developing key motor vehiclerelated data

– provide a sophisticated model that is flexible and easy to use

– adaptable to multiple international locations

– useful for analyzing policy decisions and vehicle growth impacts

– provides a broad range of criteria, toxic, and global warming pollutant data

• implemented for many international cities

Page 19: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

IVE Model continued…

• uses a well-developed data collection methodology to supplement local data that can be completed in 2-3 weeks using about 12-15 participants

• computer based emissions model that allows consideration of local geographic information, fleet technologies, and driving patterns; graphical user interface in multiple languages

• estimates criteria pollutants, toxic pollutants, and global warming gases

Page 20: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

IVE Model Key Inputs• Vehicle Characteristics:

– engine technology (ignition type, compression ratio, air/fuel control)– evaporative control– tailpipe control (e.g., catalyst technology)– fuel quality (e.g., lead, sulfur, oxygen content, etc.)

• Local Geographic Parameters:– temperature– altitude– humidity– road grade

• Driving Patterns– vehicle speed– vehicle acceleration

Page 21: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Vehicle Emission Measurements: Laboratory

lightlight--duty vehicle duty vehicle dynamometer labdynamometer lab

Page 22: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) is placed in the trunk of the test vehicle

On-Board Vehicle Emission Measurements

additional equipment (e.g., FTIR, PM instrumentation occupies the rear seat of the vehicle

Page 23: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

emissions vs. emissions vs. fuel signaturefuel signature

Heavy Duty Vehicle Emission Measurements

Page 24: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

0102030405060708090

100

7:00 7:03 7:06 7:09 7:12 7:14 7:17 7:20

Time [hr:min]

Velo

city

[km

/hr]

Highway Arterial Residential

Vehicle Activity Data Collection: using GPS

data loggers

Page 25: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Measuring Vehicle Starts• must consider start-up and running emissions

• all methods are now modeling start-up emissions:– 10 bins: (¼, ½, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18 hours engine off)– start-up emission factor set separately for each vehicle category– start-patterns determined through surveys and instrumentation

Designed and built by Global Sustainable Systems Research

Voltage monitored in cigarette lighter.

VOCE Unit records second by second voltage that is used to determine driving times and start-up information.

Page 26: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Additional Vehicle Activity Data: Real-Time Traffic Data

• real-time traffic density, speed, and flow is become more readily available

• Example: California Traffic Performance Measurement System (PeMS)

• Real-Time data can be used measure congestion

Page 27: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Fleet Composition

video taping of traffic

• can use local vehicle registration database

• can use on-road observations• parking lot surveys

parking lot survey

driving data collection

Page 28: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Istanbul: Istanbul: Vehicle Activity Study: Vehicle Activity Study: Precursor to Mobile Source Emissions InventoryPrecursor to Mobile Source Emissions Inventory

October 31 October 31 –– November 17, 2006November 17, 2006

Page 29: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Five Study Components:Five Study Components:Driving behavior in Istanbul (via GPS)Driving behavior in Istanbul (via GPS)StartStart--patterns of vehicles (via VOCE)patterns of vehicles (via VOCE)General vehicle distribution (via Video)General vehicle distribution (via Video)Specific technology distribution (via Surveys)Specific technology distribution (via Surveys)Targeted emission measurements (PEMS)Targeted emission measurements (PEMS)

Create mobileCreate mobile--source emissions inventory for source emissions inventory for Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, TurkeyCalibrate International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) Calibrate International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model for Istanbul scenario analysismodel for Istanbul scenario analysis

Overall Project GoalsOverall Project Goals

Page 30: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Driving behavior in IstanbulDriving behavior in Istanbul

GPS data from GPS data from passenger cars, taxis, passenger cars, taxis, buses and trucksbuses and trucksSecondSecond--byby--second second data collection during data collection during 14 days on different 14 days on different areas and streetsareas and streetsUTC time, latitude, UTC time, latitude, longitude, altitude, longitude, altitude, speed, #satellitesspeed, #satellites

Page 31: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Driving behaviorDriving behavior--passenger carspassenger cars

European side: 3 vehicles, 8 days, 288000 seconds dataEuropean side: 3 vehicles, 8 days, 288000 seconds dataAsian side: 3 vehicles, 3 days, 86400 seconds dataAsian side: 3 vehicles, 3 days, 86400 seconds data

Page 32: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Driving Behavior Driving Behavior –– Areas of StudyAreas of Study

AA

BB

CC

DD

EE

A A –– Europe lower Europe lower incomeincomeB B –– Europe higher Europe higher incomeincomeC C –– Europe commercialEurope commercialD D –– Asia higher incomeAsia higher income

Page 33: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Driving Behavior Driving Behavior –– Passenger CarsPassenger Cars

1: Highway1: Highway2: Arterial2: Arterial3: Residential3: Residential

A: EuropeanA: European--side lower income areaside lower income areaB: EuropeanB: European--side higher income areaside higher income areaC: EuropeanC: European--side commercial areaside commercial areaD: AsianD: Asian--side higher income areaside higher income areaE: AsianE: Asian--side lower income areaside lower income area

Highway Arterial Residential Highway Arterial Highway Arterial Residential7-8 Car2 Car2 Car2 Car2 Car2 Car3 Car1 Car28-9 Car2 Car3 Car2 Car2 Car1 Car1 Car39-10 Car2 Car1 Car1 Car1 Car3 Car2 Car3 Car2

10-11 Car1 Car1 Car2 Car3 Car2 Car2 Car2 Car111-12 Car3 Car2 Car1 Car2 Car1 Car3 Car1 Car212-13 Car1 Car3 Car2 Car1 Car2 Car1 Car2 Car313-14 Car2 Car1 Car3 Car2 Car3 Car2 Car3 Car114-15 Car1 Car2 Car2 Car2 Car1 Car1 Car3 Car315-16 Car2 Car3 Car1 Car1 Car3 Car2 Car3 Car116-17 Car3 Car2 P1-1108 Car2 Car3 Car3 Car2 Car117-18 Car3 Car2 Car1 Car2 Car2 Car1 Car3 Car218-19 Car1 Car3 Car2 Car1 Car3 Car1 Car2 Car319-20 Car2 Car1 Car3 Car3 Car2 Car2 Car3 Car1

Time Low Income Area Commercial Area High Income Area

Page 34: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Vehicle Activity Vehicle Activity –– Area A RoutesArea A Routes

Page 35: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Vehicle Activity Vehicle Activity –– Areas B & C RoutesAreas B & C Routes

Page 36: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Vehicle Activity Vehicle Activity –– Areas D & E RoutesAreas D & E Routes

Page 37: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Vehicle Activity:Vehicle Activity:Buses, Trucks and TaxiBuses, Trucks and Taxi’’ss

Riders With GPS On BusesRiders With GPS On BusesGPS Placed In Working TrucksGPS Placed In Working TrucksGPS Placed In Working Taxis GPS Placed In Working Taxis Vehicles operated in metropolitan areaVehicles operated in metropolitan area

Page 38: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Trucks:Trucks: Heavy duty truck data collected: 4500 seconds Heavy duty truck data collected: 4500 seconds (highway/arterial)(highway/arterial)

Light duty truck data collected: 276000 Light duty truck data collected: 276000 seconds (5 days, 2 trucks)seconds (5 days, 2 trucks)

Medium duty truck data collected: 3 trucks, 2 Medium duty truck data collected: 3 trucks, 2 daysdays

Page 39: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Buses:Buses:total bus data collected: ~288,000 seconds (105 hrs)total bus data collected: ~288,000 seconds (105 hrs)

BusBus-- European side: 7 days, 3 GPSEuropean side: 7 days, 3 GPSBusBus-- Asian side: 1 day, 3 GPSAsian side: 1 day, 3 GPS

Page 40: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

TaxisTaxis::

total taxi data collected: ~410,400 total taxi data collected: ~410,400 seconds (105 hrs)seconds (105 hrs)1 taxi, 7 days1 taxi, 7 days

Page 41: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Dolmus:Dolmus:total Dolmus data collected: ~30,000 total Dolmus data collected: ~30,000 seconds (25 hrs)seconds (25 hrs)

DolmusDolmus-- European side: 1 day, 3 GPSEuropean side: 1 day, 3 GPSDolmusDolmus-- Asian side: 1 day, 3 GPSAsian side: 1 day, 3 GPS

Page 42: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

5 : 3 1 : 1 2 5 : 3 1 : 5 5 5 : 3 2 : 3 8 5 : 3 3 : 2 2 5 : 3 4 : 0 5 5 : 3 4 : 4 8 5 : 3 5 : 3 1 5 : 3 6 : 1 4 5 : 3 6 : 5 8 5 : 3 7 : 4 1

T i m e ( U T C )

Spee

d km

/hr

typical highway driving pattern typical highway driving pattern (passenger car)(passenger car)

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

5 : 3 6 : 5 8 5 : 3 8 : 2 4 5 : 3 9 : 5 0 5 : 4 1 : 1 7 5 : 4 2 : 4 3 5 : 4 4 : 1 0 5 : 4 5 : 3 6

T i m e ( U T C )

Spee

d km

/hr

typical arterial driving pattern typical arterial driving pattern (passenger car)(passenger car)

Page 43: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Start Patterns of VehiclesStart Patterns of VehiclesVVehicle ehicle OOperating perating CCharacteristics haracteristics EEnunciators (VOCE) Units installed nunciators (VOCE) Units installed on 89 passenger vehicles and on 89 passenger vehicles and truckstrucks77--day measurement period; various day measurement period; various installation daysinstallation daysmaintain log of vehicles using VOCEmaintain log of vehicles using VOCEVehicle types:Vehicle types:

Private cars: different groupsPrivate cars: different groupsCommercial carsCommercial carsGovernmental carsGovernmental carsCommercial trucksCommercial trucks 0

2468

1012141618

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00

Hours from Start

Engi

ne V

olta

ge

Soak Period

12 starts for this vehicle over 16 hours

02468

1012141618

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00

Hours from Start

Engi

ne V

olta

ge

Soak Period

12 starts for this vehicle over 16 hours

Page 44: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Parking Lot Survey:Parking Lot Survey:European side: 874 vehiclesEuropean side: 874 vehiclesAsia side: 744 vehiclesAsia side: 744 vehiclesTotal: 1618 vehiclesTotal: 1618 vehicles

Page 45: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Vehicle Model Year Distribution Vehicle Model Year Distribution (passenger cars, 2006)(passenger cars, 2006)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

19591974

19761983

19851987

19891991

19931995

19971999

20012003

20052007

Model Year

Num

ber o

f car

s

Page 46: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Traffic Video Tape LocationsTraffic Video Tape Locations

Vehicles/hour

Passenger Vehicles Taxi Small

TruckLarge Truck

Small Bus

Large Bus Total

Overall Arterial 2791 66.4% 12.6% 5.1% 0.4% 13.5% 2.1% 100.0%Overall Highway 7071 77.8% 6.4% 3.6% 0.9% 9.9% 1.4% 100.0%Overall Residential 899 63.8% 21.3% 3.3% 0.4% 10.0% 1.3% 100.0%Overall Istanbul 73.2% 9.5% 4.0% 0.7% 11.0% 1.6% 100.0%

Passenger Vehicles

Taxi

Small Truck

Large Truck

Small Bus

Large Bus

Page 47: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Driving behavior:Driving behavior:heavy duty truck vs. carheavy duty truck vs. car

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

bin1

bin4

bin7

bin1

0

bin1

3

bin1

6

bin1

9

bin2

2

bin2

5

bin2

8

bin3

1

bin3

4

bin3

7

bin4

0

bin4

3

bin4

6

bin4

9

bin5

2

bin5

5

bin5

8

TruckCar

0

10

20

30

40

50

All day hour 9 Hour10 Hour 11A

vera

ge s

peed

km

/h

TruckCar

Page 48: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Driving Behavior:Driving Behavior:Large Bus vs. DolmusLarge Bus vs. Dolmus

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

bin 1bin 4bin 7bin 10bin 13bin 16bin 19bin 22bin 25bin 28bin 31bin 34bin 37bin 40bin 43bin 46bin 49bin 52bin 55bin 58

dolmusbus

0

5

10

15

20

25

whole day Hour 11 Hour 12 Hour 13 Hour 14 Hour 15

Page 49: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

hour of day

spee

d (k

ph)

Bus Highw ay Commercial Taxi DOLMUS PC-Arterial

Time of Day ActivityTime of Day Activity

Page 50: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Processing Paths:Processing Paths:

raw GPS data

GPS data collection

GPS processing

and mapping

refined

GPS data

driving cycle characterization

speed info

traffic analysis

traffic info

speed, density, flow, etc.

IVE Model Processing

duration analysis, speed/accel histograms,

specific power distributions, etc.

raw GPS data

GPS data collectionGPS data collection

GPS processing

and mapping

GPS processing

and mapping

refined

GPS data

driving cycle characterization

driving cycle characterization

speed info

traffic analysis

traffic analysis

traffic info

speed, density, flow, etc.

IVE Model ProcessingIVE Model

Processing

duration analysis, speed/accel histograms,

specific power distributions, etc.

raw video data

video tapingvideo taping

video interpretation

video interpretation

fleet composition

fractions

traffic flow data

vehicle license plate data

occupancy data

analysisanalysis

IVE model processingIVE model processing

analysisanalysis

traffic analysis

traffic analysis

vehicle registration

database query

vehicle registration

database query

detailed fleet data

analysisanalysis

analysisanalysisIVE

inputIVE

input

raw voltage

file

VOCE data collectionVOCE data collection

VOCE evaluation program

VOCE evaluation program

start/stop

data

analysisanalysis

IVE model processingIVE model processing

vehicle info data

parking lot

surveys

parking lot

surveys

model year analysis

model year analysis

Model Year Distribution

(for IVE)

analysisanalysis

IVE model processingIVE model processing

vehicle registration

database query

vehicle registration

database query

detailed fleet data

fleet characterization

fleet characterization engine size distribution,

fuel type distribution,

etc.

GPSGPS

videovideo

start data (VOCE)start data (VOCE)

parking lot dataparking lot data

Page 51: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Transportation: Energy and Emissions• Increasing concern to stabilize greenhouse gases to below

levels emitted today (while still meeting energy needs)

• Transportation accounts for 33% of U.S. CO2 emissions

• 80% of transportation CO2 comes from cars and trucks

• Major emphasis is on cleaner, more efficient vehicles:• making vehicles lighter (and smaller) while maintaining safety

• improving powertrain efficiency

• developing alternative technologies (e.g.,hybrids, fuel-cell vehicles)

• Focus has also been placed on alternative fuels:• biofuels (cellulosic ethanol)

• synthetic fuels

• Increasing realization that we must also reduce VMT

• Savings can also be gained by improving efficiency

Page 52: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Roadway Congestion: impacts on energy and emissions

• Texas Transportation Institute Annual Mobility Study:• http://mobility.tamu.edu/ums• congestion has grown everywhere in areas of all sizes• congestion occurs during longer portions of the day and delays more travelers

and goods than ever before• billions of gallons of fuel are wasted every year, more emissions

“slow speeds caused by heavy traffic and/or narrow roadways due to construction, incidents, or too few lanes for the demand”

Page 53: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

General Solutions to Roadway Congestion• Manage Supply:

• build more lanes to increase roadway capacity• build more infrastructure for alternative modes (bike, rail, transit)

shown to be more cost effective (Lipman, 2006)• improve system operations (e.g., respond quickly to incidents)• implement intelligent transportation system techniques

• Manage Demand:• implement pricing mechanisms to limit use of resources• provide greater range of alternative modes• allow for alternative work locations and schedules• have employers provide travel support programs

• Manage Land Use:• implement better urban design• provide for mixed use development of land• increase housing and industrial density• allow for innovative planning and zoning• implement some type of growth management

Page 54: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

0

30

60

90

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Spee

d (k

m/h

)

LOS A+

LOS A-C

0

30

60

90

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Time (second)

Spee

d (k

m/h

)

LOS F

LOS F-

0

30

60

90

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Spee

d (k

m/h

) LOS D

LOS E

Levels of Service (LOS) on today’s highways

Page 55: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

velvel

timetime

Vehicle Activity Vehicle Activity Database containing Database containing

sample vehicle velocity sample vehicle velocity trajectoriestrajectories

CMEMCMEM(microscopic fuel (microscopic fuel

consumption/emissions consumption/emissions model)model)

vehicle/technology vehicle/technology category selectioncategory selection

fuel fuel consumption consumption

(or emissions)(or emissions)

average speedaverage speed

fuel fuel consumption consumption

(or emissions)(or emissions)

average speedaverage speed

General Methodology

Page 56: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Real-Time Traffic Data

• real-time traffic density, speed, and flow is become more readily available

• Example: California Traffic Performance Measurement System (PeMS)

• Real-Time data can be used measure congestion

Page 57: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Traffic Management

Center

Traffic Management

Center

Traffic Management

Center

Embedded Road Sensor Data

Traffic Performance Measurement

System (PeMS)Internet

Wireless Communications

Provider

Vehicle Data

Instrumented Vehicles

System Server

0

20

40

60

80

7:45:07 AM 7:48:00 AM 7:50:53 AM 7:53:46 AM 7:56:38 AM 7:59:31 AM

Tim e

Spee

d (m

ph)

GPS Speed

PeMS Speed

Simultaneous Data Collection of Traffic Data and Vehicle Velocity Measurements

Page 58: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

Average Speed (mph)

CO

2 (g/

mi)

Real-world activity

Steady-state activity

Emissions as a function of Average Traffic Speed

ln(y) = b0 + b1·x + b2·x2 + b3·x3 + b4·x4

Real-World Steady-State N 241 9 R2 0.668 0.992 b0 7.613534994965560 7.362867270508520 b1 - 0.138565467462594 - 0.149814315838651 b2 0.003915102063854 0.004214810510200 b3 - 0.000049451361017 - 0.000049253951464 b4 0.000000238630156 0.000000217166574

Page 59: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Possible traffic operation strategies to reduce on-road emission

Ramp meteringRamp meteringIncident managementIncident managementEtc.Etc.

EnforcementEnforcementActive accelerator pedalActive accelerator pedalEtc.Etc.

Variable speed limitVariable speed limitIntelligent speed adaptationIntelligent speed adaptationEtc.Etc.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

Average Speed (mph)

CO

2(g

/mi)

Real-world activitySteady-state activity

Congestion Mitigation Strategies

Traffic flow smoothing techniques

Speed Management Techniques

Page 60: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Congestion-Based Fuel Consumption and Emissions

• Anytime congestion brings average vehicle speed below 45 mph (for a freeway scenario), there is a net negative fuel consumption and emissions impact; vehicles are spending more time on the road and as a result fuel economy is worse and total emissions is greater

• If congestion brings average speed down from a freeflow speed of around 65 mph to a slower 45 - 50 mph, then congestion is actually helping improve fuel consumption and emissions

• If relieving the congestion such that the average traffic speed increases back to the freeflow state, fuel consumption and emissions increases

• If the real-world stop-and-go velocity pattern of vehicles were somehow smoothed out where average speed was preserved, then significant fuel consumption and emissions savings could be achieved

• similar (but more complex) for arterial and residential roads

• fuel/emissions congestion effects are more pronounced with heavy-duty trucks (lower power-to-weight ratios)

Page 61: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

Final Speed (mph)

% C

O2 S

avin

g Speed changes 10 mph

Speed changes 5 mph

Speed changes 2.5 mph

Saving as average speed increases

Saving as average speed decreases

Potential CO2 reduction as a result of speed changes

Page 62: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

Average Speed (mph)

% D

iffer

ence

(ste

ady-

stat

e as

bas

e)

Greatest CO2 Benefit

from Smoother

Traffic Flow

Potential CO2 reduction as a result of smoother traffic flow

Page 63: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Real World Congestion: Average traffic speed along the SR-60 eastbound corridor by time-of-day (x-axis) and distance (y-axis)

Page 64: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

%VMT-speed distribution for SR-60E for the month of June 2007 during the PM peak hour

%VMT-speed distribution for SR-60E for the month of June 2007 during a late night hour

conversion to steady-state 60 mph: 7% CO2 savings

conversion to steady-state 60 mph: 8% CO2 savings

Page 65: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

%VMT-speed distribution for Los Angeles freeway network

across 24 hours for the month of June 2007

fraction of total daily VMT for different time periods

Page 66: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Advanced Navigation: Utilization of Real-Time Traffic Data

• real-time traffic density, speed, and flow is become more readily available

• Example: California Traffic Performance Measurement System (PeMS)

• Real-Time data can be used to avoid congestion

Page 67: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Route Finding:

• uses famous minimum path algorithms (Dijkstra, etc.)

• shortest distance

• shortest duration (requires traffic info)

• lowest energy, lowest emissions (requires traffic info, road grade, energy & emissions model)

Page 68: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Environmentally-Friendly Navigation: choosing least energy or emissions route

• develop methodology to estimate fuel consumption and emissions on a link-by-link basis

• based on integrating real-time traffic information (from PeMS or probe vehicles) with modal energy/emissions model (i.e., CMEM)

• integrates factors of real-time traffic and road grade

Page 69: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Environmentally-Friendly Navigation Case Studies:• shortest-distance or shortest-duration path will often be the path that

minimizes energy use or emissions• roadway congestion and other factors (e.g. grade) create scenarios where

minimum-energy and minimum-emissions path may be different than shortest duration or distance

• four case studies, where total fleet energy and emissions are considered• Case Study 1): freeflow conditions

orig

dest

I-10

SR-60

Performance Measure I-10 path SR-60 path % Diff Distance (km) 43.97 44.86 -1.97

Travel time (minutes) 22.65 23.55 -3.82 Fuel consumption (g) 3,766.62 3,780.03 -0.35

CO2 (g) 11,530.54 11,600.42 -0.60 CO (g) 143.10 133.82 6.93 HC (g) 3.99 3.90 2.31 NOx (g) 9.82 9.80 0.20

Page 70: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

• Case Study 4): freeflow along one route, heavy congestion on other• actual study date: February 6, 2007 at noon

Environmentally-Friendly Navigation Case Studies:

orig

destSR-60

I-10

Performance Measure I-10 path SR-60 path % Diff Distance (km) 43.97 44.86 -1.97

Travel time (minutes) 41.07 24.00 71.13 Fuel consumption (g) 4,042.54 3,717.99 8.73

CO2 (g) 12,479.80 11,437.82 9.11 CO (g) 119.05 122.41 -2.74 HC (g) 3.58 3.73 -4.02 NOx (g) 9.57 9.59 -0.21

fuel or emissions

speed

SRSR--6060II--1010fuel or emissions

speed

fuel or emissions

speed

SRSR--6060II--1010

Page 71: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50-1

5-1

4-1

3-1

2-1

1-1

0 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Travel Time Difference (min)

% F

requ

ency

I-10 faster SR-60 faster

Page 72: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

““Dynamic EcoDynamic Eco--DrivingDriving””EcoEco--Driving Advice with Dynamic FeedbackDriving Advice with Dynamic Feedback

•• Static advice, for example:Static advice, for example:•• Shift up as soon as possibleShift up as soon as possible•• Maintain a steady speedMaintain a steady speed•• Anticipate traffic flowAnticipate traffic flow•• Accelerate smoothlyAccelerate smoothly•• Decelerate softlyDecelerate softly•• Check the tire pressure frequentlyCheck the tire pressure frequently

•• Dynamic advice/feedback, for example:Dynamic advice/feedback, for example:•• Intelligent speed adaptation (ISA)Intelligent speed adaptation (ISA)•• Instantaneous fuel economy readingsInstantaneous fuel economy readings•• Cumulative realCumulative real--time travel cost displaytime travel cost display

Page 73: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Intelligent Speed AdaptationIntelligent Speed Adaptation• process that monitors the current speed of a vehicle, compares it

to an externally defined set speed, and takes corrective action

Different Forms:

• fixed: max permissible speed is set by the user; control system never exceeds this;

• variable: set speed is determined by vehicle location, where different speed limits are set spatially

• dynamic: speed is determined by time and location: temporal aspect varies based on road network conditions or weather

Driving Behavior Intervention:

• advisory, active support, and mandatory

Benefits: safety, lower congestion, lower environmental impacts

Page 74: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Reducing COReducing CO22 Emissions Through EcoEmissions Through Eco--Driving Driving

Eco-Driving

Advice & Device

Real-Time Indicator

Instantaneous fuel economy

or engine power

Trip End Summary Total fuel, CO2, and

other costs of driving

Driving Behaviors - Shift gear sooner - Maintain steady speed - Accelerate softly - Decelerate smoothly - Turn off engine

Travel Behaviors - Trip degeneration - Trip chaining - Alternative destinations - Mode shift - Alternative routes

Reduced # of trips; reduced VMT

Smoother drive; less unnecessa- ry idling

Reduced fuel usage; reduced GHG and other

pollutant emissions;

reduced # of accidents

Tools Feedback Changes in Behaviors Results Outcomes

Page 75: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

System Architecture of Dynamic Eco-Driving

Traffic Management

Center

Traffic Management

Center

Traffic Management

Center

Embedded Road Sensor Data

Traffic Performance Measurement

System (PeMS)Internet

Wireless Communications

Provider

Vehicle Data

Instrumented Vehicles

System Server

GPRS WAAS-DGPS

DSRC local RF

transceiver

For field experiment of dynamic ECO-

Driving system in the Los Angeles Metro

Area

Page 76: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1

Distance Traveled, km

Veh

icle

Spe

ed, k

m/h

Non-ISA ISA ISA Maximum Recommended Speed

1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Distance Traveled, km

EcoEco--Driving Field Experiments: Preliminary ResultsDriving Field Experiments: Preliminary Results

same travel time results:same travel time results:

-13%15341766Fuel (g)

-37%3.976.28NOx (g)

-41%1.903.20HC (g)-48%50.4797.01CO (g)

-12%47815439CO2 (g)

DifferenceISANon-ISAEnergy/Emissions

-13%15341766Fuel (g)

-37%3.976.28NOx (g)

-41%1.903.20HC (g)-48%50.4797.01CO (g)

-12%47815439CO2 (g)

DifferenceISANon-ISAEnergy/Emissions

Page 77: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Speed-Acceleration Histograms for bothISA-equipped and non-ISA vehicles

Page 78: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Conceptual Displays of EcoConceptual Displays of Eco--Driving Device Driving Device with Dynamic Feedbackwith Dynamic Feedback

6.4

MPG

10.5

----------Current Trip Total---------

Distance (mi):

Travel time (min):

0 60

$3.75

Eco-Driving Score

1.26

------------Trip Summary------------

Fuel cost:

CO2 emission (kg):

0 10

-- During the Trip During the Trip -- -- At Trip End At Trip End --

Page 79: Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption …siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources/Barth... · Measuring and Modeling Mobile Source Fuel Consumption

Summary and Conclusions:

• congestion mitigation strategies that reduce severe congestion such that higher average traffic speeds are achieved (e.g. ramp metering, incident management);

• speed management techniques that can bring down excessive speeds to more moderate speeds of approximately 60 mph (e.g. enforcement, ISA); and

• traffic flow smoothing techniques that can suppress shock waves, and thus, reduce the number of acceleration and deceleration events (e.g. variable speed limits, ISA)

• Traffic congestion has a significant impact on fuel consumption and emissions

• Improved traffic conditions can be accomplished through:

• CO2: Each can save 5 – 12%, can be additive for greater savings

• EFNav: Extending work to arterials and surface streets; road grade

• Dynamic ECO-Driving: increased simulation scenarios, real-world experimentation