MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY OF …journalofresearch.asia/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1...COLLECTED FROM GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS OF DISTRICTS, QASSIM, BABYLON, IRAQ Ali K. Hasan1

Asian Journal of Research № 8 (8), September 2017 ISSN 2433-202x IMPACT FACTOR JOURNAL DOI 10.26739/2433-202x SJIF 4,1 www.journalofresearch.asia IFS 2,7 [email protected]

Physical, Chemical Science and Engineering Ali K. Hasan Khalid, Hussain Hatif, Rawaa Amer Hamid

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MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL

RADIOACTIVITY OF SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM GOVERNMENT

DEPARTMENTS OF DISTRICTS, QASSIM, BABYLON, IRAQ

Ali K. Hasan1 Khalid Hussain Hatif 2 Rawaa Amer Hamid3

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 1, 3. Physics Dept. Education College of girls, University Kufa -Iraq

2. Physics Dept., College of Science, Babylon University-Iraq

202x-http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2433

8-8-2017-202x-http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2433Issue DOI

1-8-8-2017-202x-10.26739/2433http://dx.doi.org/Article DOI

Abstract. In the present study, soil samples from depth 5 to 40 cm were

collected from different localities of the government departments of districts Qassim Babylon, Iraq. The activity concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials, namely 238U, 232Th and 40K were measured for 28 soil samples using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The results showed, the average of 238U, 232Th and 40K activity concentrations were found 15 ± 0.691, 45.46 ± 1.8265 and 277.685 ± 2 Bq kg-1 respectively. The average value of radium equivalent activity was found 102.239 Bq kg-1, which is lower than the safe limit 370 Bq kg-1 as set by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The annual effective dose equivalent, absorbed dose, internal hazard index and external hazard index were determined to have average

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http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2433-202x

http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2433-202x-2017-8-

http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2433-202x-2017-8-8-1



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values of 0.0578 mSv y-1, 47.1325 nGy h-1, 0.2756 and 0.3189 respectively. The results were lower than the average national (UNSCEAR, 2000) and thus, do not pose health risks to population of the area. Keywords: Radioactivity, Government departments , Gama Ray NaI(TI) Introduction Natural radiation results from various sources that may naturally occur anywhere. Some of these radiations are extraterrestrial, others are from the natural elements such as soil, air, and water. This natural radio-activity may include Uranium (238U), Thorium (232Th), as well as Potassium (40K) decomposition series that exerts Alpha, Beta, and Gamma radiations. When being exposed to these radiations, chemical changes occur within the organisms’ living tissues. The higher the exposure period, the riskier it gets for the exposed. However, the damage may not be clearly estimated or known until quite some time, which may go for years. It is now confirmed that being exposed to radiations causes different cancer diseases[1] Radioactive contamination is one of the biggest and most serious problems for the future of Earth's population[2]. Radiation pollution is caused either by spreading radioactive materials in rocks, surface soil, and water. This spreading is either natural or from external pollution. Through the past four decades until this day, radioactive contamination has increased due to nuclear explosions in the sea, air, and also land to test nuclear weapons, which is done by the greatest countries of our time. Because of this pollution, studies and radiological surveys of soil, air, rocks, water, etc., have increased to measure the radiation doses of living organisms [3]. In nature, all things seek to shift from the state of zero stability to the most stable state possible, and the nuclei of the atoms are no different, they transform from unstable atoms into a more stable nucleus through the process of nuclear degeneration, which is called radiological activity. There are both radiant and irradiant atoms. Radiant atoms are divided into two types. The unstable that occurs naturally and shows the natural radiological activity, and the unstable that are produced in the labs through nuclear reactions and shows the industrial radiation activity [1,4,5] . Experimental part 1: Area of Study The holy city of Qassim is located in the province of Babel, which is shown in Fig. 1 and its borders are bounded between the border latitude (32° 16,39) north and longitude (44° 38, 38.42) east and east of the Hashemite district, 613,67Km) on the Euphrates River, and is about halfway between the center

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of the city of Hilla and Diwaniyah, and it is (Km352) from the center of the province (Hilla), and is (2140Km) away from Baghdad, [6]. The city of Qassim was chosen in the province of Babylon to study the radiation activity as it is the first time taught in its soil radiation activity, especially the departments to contain large numbers of expatriates and workers in these departments in addition to the radioactive doses accumulated so I need to study to preserve their lives and was chosen 28 departments to study and take (1) shows the names of the official departments and their characteristics from which the models. Table (1) shows the coordinates of the (G.P.S) coordinates of the official departments from which the models were taken

Names of government departments

GPS

Sample

code

No.

Police Directorate N 32° 17'29.8'' E 44° 40'59,3"

L1 1

College of Veterinary Medicine

N 32 °18.506'' E 44°40.614''

L2 2

Agriculture Division N 32° 18'07.5'' E 44°40 '551''

L3 3

municipal council N 32° 18'08.4'' E 44° 40'57,1''

L4 4

Al Qasim Court N 32 ° 18 07.9'' E 44° 40'50.3''

L5 5

Typical Health Center N 32 °18.058'' E 44 °41.514''

L6 6

Directorate of Municipality Qassim

N 32 °18'10.5'' E 44 °40 58.5''

L7 7

Contacts and Mail Alqasim N 32 °2998073'' E 44 °68 1129''

L8 8

College of Engineering Water Resources

N 32 °18.2460'' E 44 ° 41.177''

L9 9

Al Qaseem Touristic Stadium N 32 °17.713'' E 44 °40.992''

L10 10

Old Qasim Dispensary N 32 °17. 970'' E 44 °41.096''

L11 11

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Qasim Electricity Department 18 .095'' E 44°N 32

41.162''° L12 12

The Shrine of Imam Qasim (p) 17.851'' E °N 32

41.063''°44 L13 13

Rafidain Bank 40 °17.853'' E 44 °N 32

.623'' L14 14

Department of water Qassim ° 18'01.7'' E 44 °N 32

41'13.0'' L15 15

Police station ° 18'08.8' 'E 44 ° N 32

''40'59.8 L16 16

The veterinary E 44 18'06.5''°N 32

40'56.2''° L17 17

Al - Qassim Water Filter Station

18.095'' E °N 32 40.677''°44

L18 18

Youth Center ° 18'05.4'' E 44 °N 32

41'07.7'' L19 19

Al Qassem Garage (Mrab Al Qassem)

E 18.126''°N 32 40.704''°44

L20 20

Al Qasim General Hospital 41 °E 44 16' 59.2''° N 32

13.3'' L21 21

Department of Antiquities °18'08.8'' E 44 °N 32

40'59.3'' L22 22

Department of Civil Status °18'09.3'' E 44 °N 32

40'55.4'' L23 23

Department of sewage of the denominator

18'09.4'' E 44 °N 32 41'11.6''°

L24 24

Sewer station ° E 44 17'56.0'' °N 32

41'29.7'' L25 25

water tank ° 18'23.3'' E 44 °N 32

40'37.8'' L26 26

Civil Defense °E 44 18'09.4'' °N 32

40'57.6'' L27 27

Fuel Station °18'20.5'' E 44 °N 32

40'39.0'' L28 28

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Fig (1) Map of AL-Qasim sites. 3: Preparation of samples After collected the sampling, it was dried by an electric vacuum and then the soil was grinding and filtered by a diameter clamp (1mm) to get the soil moisture-free and homogeneous, and then put (1kg) in the Marelli Bowl and store for a month so that there is a balance between the nuclei and their cores. Then I made spectral measurements. :4 Detection System and Nuclear Analysis Used NaI(TI) To study the natural radioactivity of the gamma-emitting nuclides, such as 238U, 232Th and 40K, as well as to detect nuclear radiation, the system has been used detection and analysis of sodium iodide NaI (TI) for its large efficiency and for the atomic number of the thallium and iodine components This system is equipped with its partner (Ortec) and is made up of a multi-channel analyst with (4096) channel that connects to a unit called (A.D.C.) Through software, nuclear measurements are performed and analyzed, and this software is installed on the computer named Maestro-32 in the research lab. Figure( 2) illustrates the sodium iodide detector. Using the following radioactive sources (C0-60, Ba-133,co-57, cs-137, Na-22, mn-54, Cd-109) and the cards Go between (1332.5-88) Kev to calibrate the measurement system

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Fig.(2) shows the sodium iodide xray detector.

4: Accounts 4-1: Radiation Efficiency After measuring the radiation background and calibrating the system, the quality of the radioactivity was calculated and the concentration of an element in any chain could be calculated by the concentration of another element and by the equation of number (1), the quality of radiative efficacy was calculated The radiologic efficacy of thorium has been calculated in terms of Thalium Th208 radiation Card (2614KEV) as well as Uranium in terms of Bi214 with energy (1764KEV) and measuring the effectiveness of the quality of the irradiated potassium (1460kev) and the quality of radiative efficacy shown in two tables (3) and table (4) [2].

𝐴 =Nn.a

Iγ.𝑚.𝑡.ƹ±

√Nn.a

Iγ.𝑚.𝑡.ƹ[

𝑩𝒒

𝒌𝒈] (𝟏)

Where:- 1- in Bq kgA: is the specific activity

Nn.a: is the net count (area under the specified energy peak after back ground subtraction Iγ: is the gamma ray emission probability at each energy.

m: module block (Kg) t: Measurement time by unit (sec) Ƹ: is the efficiency of the detector 4-2: Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq) The radon equivalent is used to estimate the risk of concentration emitted by the efficacy of the radioactive elements of uranium 238u, th232th and potassium 40can be measured from equation number (2).

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𝑅𝑎𝑒𝑞. (𝐵𝑞

𝑘𝑔) = 𝐴𝑈 + 1.43𝐴𝑇ℎ + 0.077𝐴𝐾 ( 2)

An Ak, ATh, AU represents the efficacy of the radiologic quality of uranium, thorium and potassium respectively and the radium equivalent values shown in table 3 and 4 [2].

4-3: Absorbed Dose Rate in Air (AD) The absorbed dose can be measured in the air through radiation exposure in the air so that the absorbed dose can be found in the body that is expressed in terms of the terrestrial nuclei as shown in the equation below

𝐴𝐷 (𝑛𝐺𝑦

ℎ) = 0.46𝐴𝑈 + 0.66𝐴𝑇ℎ + 0.043𝐴𝑘

(3)

Where (0.046, 0.66, 0.43) radionuclide conversion constants occurring naturally Depending on them, the annual effective dose can be obtained and the conversion factor taken into account UNSCEV 2000 (0.7 sv/Gy). 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 (𝑚𝑆𝑣\𝑦) = 𝐴 𝐷 (𝑛𝐺𝑦/ℎ)𝑥8760 ℎ 𝑥0.8 𝑥0.7 𝑆𝑣/𝐺𝑦𝑥10−6 ( 4) The percentage of time spent within the recipient (0.8) as shown in the equation of the number (4) and the values of these potions are shown in table (4) and table (5). [2, 8]. 4-4: External Hazard External risk factors (Hex), external Hazard index, and internal risk transactions (Hin) can be calculated Internal Hazard index and thus can assess the risk of the Kama rays and the associated rays. Depending on the quality of radiation effectiveness, the following two equations were obtained.

𝐻𝑒𝑥 =𝐴𝑈

370+

𝐴𝑇ℎ

259+

𝐴𝑘

4810 (5)

𝐻𝑖𝑛 =AU

185+

ATh

259+

AK

4810 ( 6 )

[2, 7] their respective values are shown in the functions (4) and Functions (5) and after obtaining results that have been adapted to the global rate [10]. 5: Results

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Table (2) shows the concentration of 232U and 232Th as well as40K and Raeq in

the surface soil in cm depth (0-10).

Raeq (Bg/kg)

Specific Activity centration (Bq/kg) Sample No. 40K 232Th 238U

80.5749 214.962±2.445 36.641±1.738 11.626±0.609 L1

57.4357 308.634±2.929 8.087±0.816 22.106±0.839 L2

109.59 295.952±2.868 54.218±2.115 9.2692±0.543 L3

131.002 269.558±2.738 66.5147±2.342 15.13±0.694 L4

111.254 249.032±2.631 58.509±2.197 8.4091±0.518 L5

63.8846 37.379±1.019 26.490±1.478 23.125±0.858 L6

80.2613 278.5139±2.783 32.019±1.6255 13.028±0.644 L7

107.778 266.443±2.722 47.946±1.989 18.698±0.772 L8

91.4012 326.267±3.012 36.970±1.746 13.41±0.654 L9

101.063 293.337±2.856 46.213±1.952 12.391±0.628 L10

118.184 326.824±3.014 55.291±2.136 13.952±0.667 L11

145.189 30.371±0.919 80.048±2.570 28.381±0.951 L12

72.5486 209.817±2.415 37.631±1.762 2.5801±0.287 L13

103.291 29.036±0.898 52.403±2.079 26.119±0.912 L14

143.124 309.830±2.935 68.412±2.376 21.437±0.826 L15

128.559 307.327±2.923 66.514±2.342 9.778±0.558 L16

137.905 335.974±3.056 68.990±2.386 13.378±0.653 L17

41.6709 310.359±2.938 6.436±0.728 8.568±0.522 L18

121.191 324.209±3.002 59.005±2.206 11.849±0.614 L19

25.9302 175.552±2.209 1.485±0.350 10.288±0.572 L20

52.8863 273.396±2.757 12.461±1.014 14.015±0.668 L21

44.2368 260.046±2.689 6.106±0.709 15.48±0.702 L22

136.08 315.532±2.962 57.767±2.183 29.177±0.964 L23

36.305 270.253±2.741 4.621±0.617 8.886±0.532 L24

109.981 283.214±2.806 53.640±2.103 11.467±0.604 L25

24.3301 182.366±2.252 1.402±0.340 8.281±0.514 L26

103.242 315.671±2.963 41.344±1.847 19.812±0.794 L27

173.277 358.252±3.156 83.349±2.622 26.502±0.919 L28

94.7206 255.647±2.594 41.804±1.727 15.255±0.679 Aerg

173.277 358.252±3.156 83.349±2.622 29.177±0.964 Max

24.3301 29.036±0.898 1.402±0.340 2.580±0.286 Min

370 412 45 33 W.Ave

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Table (3) shows the concentration of 232U and 232Th as well as40K and Raeq in

the soil in cm depth (30-40).

Raeq (Bg/kg)

Specific Activity centration (Bq/kg) Sample No. 40K 232 Th 238 U

140.082 329.243±3.0260 64.616±2.309 22.328±0.843 L1

60.5369 326.323±3.012 16.587±1.169 11.689±0.610 L2

98.9722 297.454±2.876 42.474±0.878 14.938±0.689 L3

127.921 335.724±3.055 63.626±2.291 11.084±0.594 L4

68.9325 296.174±2.870 22.611±1.366 13.792±0.662 L5

73.6684 285.939±2.820 26.407±1.476 13.887±0.665 L6

118.391 281.823±2.799 60.242±2.229 10.543±0.579 L7

94.8761 308.857±2.930 36.640±1.738 18.697±0.771 L8

128.406 313.418±2.952 57.437±2.177 22.137±0.839 L9

107.506 333.554±3.0458 52.072±2.072 7.358±0.484 L10

128.388 282.630±2.803 59.995±2.225 20.831±0.814 L11

58.5979 213.154±2.434 26.737±1.485 3.949±0.354 L12

149.114 321.817±2.991 71.466±2.428 22.137±0.839 L13

80.6875 326.907±3.015 28.553±1.535 14.684±0.683 L14

169.304 364.454±3.183 79.636±2.563 27.361±0.933 L15

170.319 313.362±2.952 84.009±2.633 26.055±0.911 L16

44.7695 252.620±2.650 3.961±0.571 19.653±0.791 L17

131.44 271.505±2.747 63708±2.292 19.430±0.786 L18

85.1741 266.749±2.723 29.873±1.570 21.914±0.835 L19

136.109 335.891±3.056 72.951±2.453 5.924±0.434 L20

63.0648 331.719±3.037 10.067±0.911 23.125±0.858 L21

45.707 249.533±2.634 12.378±1.010 8.791±0.529 L22

68.917 223.028±2.490 33.422±1.660 3.949±0.354 L23

120.206 284.354±2.812 62.801±2.276 8.504±0.520 L24

150.52 315.087±2.960 73.034±2.455 21.819±0.833 L25

168.881 323.903±3.001 81.946±2.600 26.756±0.923 L26

144.927 307.633±2.925 66.762±2.347 25.768±0.905 L27

137.793 299.401±2.885 70.971±2.420 13.250±0.649 L28

109.758 299.723±2.882 49.116±1.933 16.441±0.703 Avg.

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170.319 364.454±3.183 84.00±2.633 27.361±0.933 Max

44.7695 213.154±2.434 3.61±0.571 3.949±0.354 Min

370 412 45 33 W.Ave .

Table (4) shows the values of both the absorbed air dose, the annual internal effective dose and the external and external risk factors for surface soil (0-10 cm).

H ex.

H in

AD int (mSv/y)

AD

(nGy/h) Sample

No.

0.2176 0.249 0.1819 37.0893 L1

0.1551 0.2149 0.1379 28.1053 L2

0.2959 0.321 0.2467 50.2933 L3

0.3537 0.3946 0.2921 59.5363 L4

0.3004 0.3231 0.2482 50.6043 L5

0.1726 0.2351 0.1408 28.6931 L6

0.2167 0.252 0.184 37.517 L7

0.2911 0.3416 0.2429 49.5239 L8

0.2468 0.2831 0.2098 42.7598 L9

0.2729 0.3064 0.2289 46.6554 L10

0.3191 0.3568 0.2669 54.4101 L11

0.3921 0.4688 0.3144 64.0887 L12

0.1959 0.2029 0.1634 33.3103 L13

0.279 0.3496 0.2248 45.8202 L14

0.3865 0.4444 0.3204 65.3082 L15

0.3471 0.3736 0.2877 58.639 L16

0.3724 0.4085 0.3092 63.0339 L17

0.1125 0.1357 0.1025 20.8979 L18

0.3272 0.3593 0.2729 55.636 L19

0.07 0.0978 0.0638 12.9963 L20

0.1428 0.1807 0.1257 25.6141 L21

0.1195 0.1613 0.1069 21.7882 L22

0.3675 0.4464 0.3067 62.511 L23

0.098 0.1221 0.0895 18.2452 L24

0.297 0.328 0.2473 50.4188 L25

0.0657 0.0881 0.0603 12.302 L26

0.2788 0.3324 0.2354 47.992 L27

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0.4679 0.5395 0.3873 78.943 L28

0.2558 0.297 0.2142 43.669 Aerg

0.4679 0.5395 0.3873 78.943 Max

0.0657 0.0881 0.0603 12.302 Man

≤1 ≤1 1 1 W.Ave

Table (5) shows the values of both the absorbed air dose, the annual internal

effective dose and the external and internal risk factors (30-40 cm).

Hex

Hin

AD int (mSv/y)

AD (nGy/h)

Sample No.

0.37828 0.4386 0.3148 64.1724 L1

0.16348 0.1951 0.14378 29.3093 L2

0.26727 0.3076 0.22493 45.852 L3

0.34542 0.3754 0.28763 58.6329 L4

0.18616 0.2234 0.16073 32.7644 L5

0.19894 0.2365 0.17042 34.7391 L6

0.31968 0.3482 0.26507 54.0339 L7

0.25622 0.3068 0.21718 44.2716 L8

0.34676 0.4066 0.28926 58.9656 L9

0.29029 0.3102 0.24354 49.6459 L10

0.3467 0.403 0.2878 58.667 L11

0.15823 0.1689 0.13401 27.3176 L12

0.40267 0.4625 0.33372 68.028 L13

0.2179 0.2576 0.18714 38.1478 L14

0.4572 0.5311 0.37917 77.2928 L15

0.45993 0.5304 0.37908 77.2751 L16

0.12093 0.174 0.10829 22.0739 L17

0.35494 0.4075 0.29366 59.8618 L18

0.23003 0.2893 0.19524 39.7997 L19

0.36751 0.3835 0.30438 62.0468 L20

0.17034 0.2328 0.15094 30.7687 L21

0.12343 0.1472 0.10868 22.1543 L22

0.18609 0.1968 0.15639 31.8804 L23

0.32458 0.3476 0.26876 54.7863 L24

0.40646 0.4654 0.3364 68.5738 L25

0.45605 0.5284 0.37654 76.7572 L26

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0.39137 0.461 0.32472 66.193 L27

0.37208 0.4079 0.30748 62.6799 L28

0.29639 0.3408 0.2482 50.5961 Avg.

0.45993 0.5311 0.37917 77.2928 Max

0.12093 0.1472 0.10829 22.0739 Min

≤ 1 ≤ 1 1 55 W.Ave

6: Discussion

(2 ) and (3) shows the results obtained where found The highest value of the radiation quality of uranium 238U was (29.177 ± 0.964Bq / kg in L23). The civil status department for surface soil and the lowest value was (2.580 ± 0.286) in the model (L13), which represents the shrine of Imam al-Qasim ) Of the surface soil and the rate of these values is (15.848 ± 0.691Bq / kg) is lower than the natural rates and thus did not pose a threat to the population of the region. For thorium 232Th, the highest value of the specific radiation activity (84.001 ± 2.633Bq /k g) in the L16 model, which represents the police station for the soil at a depth of 30-40 cm and the lowest value in the L20 model, (45.46 ± 1.826Bq / kg) is higher than the permissible limit in some circuit locations and an increase in thorium concentrations due to the geological nature as well as due to the large number of wheels from These circles. For the potassium, the highest radiation quality value was (364.454 ± 3.13Bq / kg) in soil depth (0-10 cm) with the L15 model representing the water cycle of the fraction and the lowest cat value (29.036 ± 0.898) in the L14 model. Which represents the Rafidain Bank in the surface soils and the rate of these values is (.277.685 ± 2.738Bq / kg). The radium equivalent and its highest value (173.277Bq / kg) were found in the L28 model of surface soil, which represents the filling station and the lowest value was (24.33Bq / kg) in the model (L26) 102.239Bq / kg) is within the internationally permissible limit. The absorbed dose was calculated in the air and the maximum value was (78.943ng / h) in the L28 model which represents the filling station and the lowest value was (12.302nGy / h) with the model (L26) It is (47.1325nGy / h) within the limits allowed globally. The annual effective dose internal 0.3873mSv / y in the L28 model, which means the filling station for surface soil and the lowest value was (0.0603mSv

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/ y) in the model L26 ) Which represents the water tank and the rate of these values is (0.4622mSv / y),

The external risk coefficients were calculated with a maximum value of (0.4679) in the L28 model representing the filling station for the surface soil and (0.2756) representing the lowest value in the L26 model which represents the water tank. 0.2756). The internal risk factor and the highest value were (0.5395) in the model (L28), which represents the filling station and the lowest value was (0.0881) in the model (L26), which represents water and the rate of these values is (0.3189). In addition, Natural limits According to the international standard, 7: Comparison of results with previous studies Table (6) shows a comparison between the results of the current study and previous studies Table 6 shows the radioactivity of radionuclides in local studies and compares them to the current study of soil samples in Bq / kg units.

Sequence

Specific efficacy concentration (Bq/kg) Study site Source

U238 Th232 K40

1 23.59±4.37 12.10±0.54 60.68±2.30 Najaf Al Ashraf

[12]

2 41.4 19.5 113.3 Palestine [13]

3 83.88 24.45 314.39 Jordan [14]

4 12±55.3 27±26.4 7.1±505.1 Nigeria [15]

5 15.505 15.485 170.206 Iraq-babylon [17]

6 268.5 72.7 809.2 India [16]

7 20 20 158 Iraq (Kirkuk) [18]

8 10.291 24.785 38.264 Iraq (Baghdad)

[21]

9 131 151 1113 Japan [19]

10 9.07 5.83 44.81 Egypt [11]

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11 16.07±2.89 9.60±0.954 271.42±11.6

0

Babylon (Hittin)

[20]

12 15.147±0.67

6

48.096±1.895 284.497±2.7

8

Babylon (City of Qasim)

The

current

study

8: Conclusions The values of the qualitative radioactivity of the radioactive elements of uranium and potassium were found to have been distributed in varying proportions in the city of Qasem and the reason for the geological nature and were within the universally permitted limits, the concentration of the thorium element and the absorbed dose in the air in some police station areas The water reservoir, the girls ' vigilance school and the gardener's centre have exceeded the limits allowed by the United Nations radiation Organization, which is due to the geological nature, and has continued to increase the population near these circuits, as well as the many wheels. The results are external and internal risk factors, effective doses It was within the global limit that it did not pose a threat to the population and workers in these locations.

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MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY OF …journalofresearch.asia/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1...COLLECTED FROM GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS OF DISTRICTS, QASSIM, BABYLON, IRAQ Ali K. Hasan1