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Measurement of Emissions from Engines on
Ocean-Going Vessels
Air Resources BoardAir Resources BoardOceanOcean--Going Ship Main Engine Workshop Going Ship Main Engine Workshop
September 24, 2007Sacramento, CA
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Discussion Topics
• Objectives
• Approach
• Results
• Current Work
• Discussion
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Objectives
• Measure the criteria pollutant emissions from ocean-going vessel main engines using the certification (ISO) cycles
• Measure emissions during typical operations, maneuvering, and vessel speed reduction modes
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Approach: Determining Emission Factors
• Engine conditions– Follow ISO 8178-4 E3 marine cycle for comparison with other data.– Actual in-use operation.
• Gases monitored by ISO/EPA methods– NOx Chemiluminescence detector – CO,CO2 Non dispersive infrared– HCs GC/FID– SO2 Calculate from fuel
• Particulate matter (PM)– Use ISO 8178-1 partial dilution method & – real-time methods
• Emission factor determined from engine settings & calculated mass flow.
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Properties of Test Engines
Source Manufacturer/Model Rated Power (kW) TechnologyMain Engine Sulzer 6RTA72 15,750 2-stroke
(Suezmax tanker)Main Engine MAN B&W 11K90MC-C 50,270 2-stroke
(Panamax container ship)
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Emissions from Main Engines• Measurements made while engine operates per ISO 8178- E3
cycle with heavy fuel oil (HFO)• Practical situations require working with the ship crew.
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Measuring Gases & PM with Partial Flow Dilution System with Single Venturi
To particulate
sampling system
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ResultsSuezmax Main EnginePanamax Main Engine
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Some Properties for Fuels Used in This Project
Fuel Property HFO1 HFO2
Density (kg/M3) @ 15 oC 989.7 990.8Viscosity (cSt) @ 50 oC 230.6 296.8Micro Carbon Residue (%m/m) 13 14.5Sulfur (%m/m) 2.85 2.051 Suezmax testing, Feb. 072 Panamax testing, Sep. 06
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Load-Specific Emission Factors (g/kW hr) for Different Gases from the Main Engine (Suezmax)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
13 25 50 75 85
Load (% of full load)
Em
issi
on
s (g
/kW
-hr)
Avg. NOx Avg. CO Avg. CO2/100 Avg. SO2
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Load-Specific Emission Factors (g/kW hr) for Different Gases from the Main Engine (Panamax)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
8% (VSR) 27% 52% 63% 70%
Load (% rated)
Em
issi
on
s (g
/kW
-hr)
Avg. NOx Avg. CO Avg. CO2/100* Avg. SO2
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Load-Specific Emission Factors (g/kW hr) for Particulate Matter Gases from the Main Engine (Suezmax)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
13% 25% 50% 75% 85%
Load (% rated)
PM
(g
/kw
-hr)
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Load-Specific Emission Factors (g/kW hr) for Particulate Matter Gases from the Main Engine (Panamax)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
8% (VSR) 27% 52% 63% 70%
Load (% rated)
PM
Em
issi
on
s (g
/kw
-hr)
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Comparison of PM Mass with EC+OC+ Hydrated Sulfate Emissions (g/kW-hr), Main Engine (Suezmax)
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Comparison of PM Mass with EC+OC+ Hydrated Sulfate Emissions (g/kW-hr), Main Engine (Panamax)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
8% 27% 52% 62% 70%Load
g/kwhrHydrated sulfate EC OC PM
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Vanadium Balance
Vanadium Balance
y = 0.71x + 26.58R2 = 0.95
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Vanadium from fuel
Vanadium on Filter
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Real-Time Emissions During Start-Up (Suezmax)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
19:5
4:23
19:54:43
19:55:03
19:5
5:23
19:55
:43
19:56
:0319:5
6:2319
:56:4
319:57
:03
19:57:2319:5
7:4319
:58:0
319:58
:23
19:58:43
19:59:03
19:5
9:23
19:59:4
320:00:0320
:00:2
320
:00:4
320:01
:0320:0
1:2320
:01:4
320
:02:0
320:02
:2320:0
2:4320
:03:0
320:
03:2
3
NOx (ppm) CO (ppm) CO2 (% X100) SO2 (ppm)
0.00E+00
1.00E+04
2.00E+04
3.00E+04
4.00E+04
5.00E+04
6.00E+04
7.00E+04
8.00E+04
9.00E+04
PM (micrograms/M3)
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Real-Time Emissions During Maneuvering (Suezmax)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
20:1
6:43
20:17
:2320
:18:03
20:1
8:43
20:1
9:23
20:2
0:03
20:2
0:43
20:21
:2320
:22:0
320
:22:4
320
:23:2
320
:24:0
320
:24:43
20:2
5:23
20:2
6:03
20:2
6:43
20:2
7:23
20:28
:0320
:28:4
320
:29:2
320
:30:0
320
:30:4
320
:31:23
20:32
:0320
:32:4
320
:33:2
320
:34:0
320
:34:43
20:35
:2320
:36:0
320
:36:4
320
:37:2
3
NOx (ppm) CO (ppm) CO2 (% X100) SO2 (ppm)
0.00E+00
5.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.50E+05
2.00E+05
2.50E+05
PM (micrograms/M3)
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Current Work• Assessing emissions from OGV main engines using low sulfur
fuels [marine distillate oil (MDO) and marine gas oil (MGO)]
• Chemical characterization of PM as a function of particle size [emission inventories, dispersion models]
• Comprehensive testing of Panamax main engine using water/HFO emulsification system
• On-going development of OGV PM emissions measurement techniques [MOUDI, DMM, DusTrak, SMPS, TEM]
• Assessing emissions from auxiliary engines and boilers on ocean-going vessels
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Summary• Developed suitable monitoring equipment for criteria
pollutants and speciated fractions
• Gaseous emission factors are repeatable and match manufacturer values
• Independent measurements show total PM mass and sum of compositional masses are equal and agree with manufacturer’s values
• On-going studies of fuels, PM characterization and sampling techniques
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Thank You & Questions?
Bill [email protected]
(951) 781-5743
Wayne [email protected]
(951) 781-5579