Measurement, Monitoring & Verification

Dr. Lee H. Spangler, DirectorZero Emission Research and Technology

Center

The Need for MMV

Demonstration / Research Projects•

Health, Safety and Environmental concerns (HSE)

•

Required by regulators•

Confirm underground behavior of CO2

•

Test models / improve parameterization•

Public Assurance / Acceptance

The Need for MMV

Implementation Projects•

Health, Safety and Environmental concerns

•

Injection / reservoir management•

Required by regulators

•

Verification for credits•

Reduction of liability

•

Confirm underground behavior of CO2•

Test models

•

Public Assurance / Acceptance•

Targeting mitigation (if needed)

The Need for MMV

Monitor and Manage Risk!

Time

Ris

kThe Need for MMV

The Need for MMV

Site selection stage–

Site characterization

–

Land use arrangementsSite development

–

Placement of injection / monitoring wellsInjection stage

–

Monitor performance of geologic system–

Monitor performance of models

Post injection phase–

Monitor performance of geologic system

–

Monitor performance of models

Existing Logs, Cores, Seismic

First simulation

Construct model

Cores, logs from new wellsSite Decisions

(well placement)

Refine model (better permeability, porosity, dip, etc.)

Additional simulation

Injection rate, plume dev.

Data from injection

Refine model

Multiple Iterations

Injection rate, plume dev.

Post injection DataMultiple Iterations

Improve history match

Improve history match

An Example Proposed Project

Gas Plant on line in 2009 will produce and inject 75MMCFD of 92% CO2 and 8% H2S (3,947 tons of CO2/day or 1.44 million tons/year)

Drill a new injection well and monitoring wells to conduct test of Nugget saline aquifer

Core from new wells will be used for analyses and flow testing

Proposed Project Site

Wyo

ming

Ran

ge

Critical Geologic Site Characteristics

• High Injectivity (reservoir permeability)

• Large Capacity (reservoir connectivity)

• High confidence in storage security (trap configuration and caprock integrity)

Sealed by 75 feet of anhydrite and 2200-4400 feet of Twin Creek LS and Stump-Preuss

Shale

Southwest Wyoming Geology

Target -

Nugget SandstoneSaline Aquifer (100,000 TDS)12% porosity, 70-300mD

33-24RILEY RIDGE-FEDERAL

T30N R114W S33NE SE SWRel

epth(ft)-250

-150

-50

50

150

250

350

450

550

650

750

Twin Creek Shale(~ 85 feet)

Twin Creek Anhydrite(~ 85 feet)

Nugget Sandstone(525 feet gross sandstone,

225 feet net density porosity > 8%)

Ankarah Shale

Nearest Nugget penetration, 4 miles south of proposed injection site

•

Thick Anhydrite and Shale Topseal

–

demonstrated caprock

for giant gas and oilfield traps in the overthrust

belt to the west on

structurally complex anticlines.

•

Thick, high porosity, high permeability, quartz arenite

sandstone reservoir

•

Thick shale bottom-seal

Factors Indicating a Desirable Storage Site–

Rock Properties

Factors Indicating a Desirable Storage Site– Empirical Evidence

•

Existence of water and gas injection wells into Nugget Sandstone – demonstrate adequate injectivity and compartment size.–

Single Well Water Injection on LaBarge Platform: >40 million barrels of water (equivalent volume to 3.7 million tonnes CO2)

–

Gas injection Overthrust Belt: injection rates greater than 30 million cubic feet/day into individual wells

•

Multiple shallower and deeper oil and gas traps: proven trapping structure / multiple seals

•

Giant Oilfields in the thrust belt to the west – same reservoir rocks and caprocks

•

Favorable density of wellbores: ~ 1 well/10 square miles–

Good well control without excessive penetrations•

Existing cores of both reservoir and caprock

Riley Ridge – Stratigraphic Cross Section3-15

T29N R115W S15

12-43

T29N R115W S12

33-24

T30N R114W S33

8-24

T29N R114W S8

17-34

T29N R114W S17

10-14

T29N R114W S10

15,552 15,550 16,505 16,000 16,370 16,215

0 150GR

2 2000LLD

0.2 0PHIS

0.2 0BVW

0 150GR

2 2000LLD

0.2 0PHIS

0.2 0BVW

0 150GR

2 2000LLD

0.2 0PHIS

0.2 0BVW

0 150GR

2 2000LLD

0.2 0PHIS

0.2 0BVW

0 150GR

2 2000LLD

0.2 0PHIS

0.2 0BVW

0 150GR

2 2000LLD

0.2 0PHIS

0.2 0BVW

359MDSN

306DRBY

1440

014

500

1460

014

700

1480

014

900

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015

100

1520

015

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1540

015

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0

RelDepth

RelDepth

-200 -200

-150 -150

-100 -100

-50 -50

0 0

50 50

100 100

150 150

200 200

250 250

300 300

350 350

400 400

450 450

500 500

550 550

600 600

650 650

700 700

750 750

800 800

850 850

900 900

950 950

1000 1000

Surface topographic map of the Riley Ridge Field with location of wells and basic stratigraphy of the Nugget Formation (in yellow) and overlying cap rock (in blue).

0004

-

- 4000

- 4000

0004-

- 3500

-3500

0053

-

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0

-2500

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0003

-

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0003-

-4500

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0054

-

0054

-

Proposed Injection Site

Riley Ridge Unit

25N 117W 25N 116W 25N 115W 25N 114W25N 113W 25N 112W

25.5N 117W 25.5N 116W 25.5N 115W 25.5N 114W

26N 117.5W 26N 117W 26N 116W 26N 115W26N 114W 26N 113W

26N 112W

27N 117.5W 27N 117W 27N 116W 27N 115W27N 114W 27N 113W

27N 112W

28N 117.5W 28N 117W 28N 116W 28N 115W 28N 114W 28N 113W28N 112W

29N 117W 29N 116W 29N 115W 29N 114W 29N 113W29N 112W

29N 11

30N 117W 30N 116W 30N 115W 30N 114W 30N 113W30N 112W

30N 1

31N 117W 31N 116W 31N 115W 31N 114W 31N 113W 31N 112W31N 1

32N 117W 32N 116W32N 115W 32N 114W 32N 113W 32N 112W 32N 1

33N 117W 33N 116W

33N 115W 33N 114W 33N 113W 33N 112W 33N 111W

34N 117W34N 116W

34N 115W 34N 114W 34N 113W 34N 112W 34N 111W

56

7 8

1718

19 20

56

7 8

1718

19 20

2930

31 32

56

7 8

1718

19 20

2930

31 32

56

7 8

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19 20

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31 32

12

1 12

134

3 24

256

123456

7 8 9 10 11 12

131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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252627282930

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131415161718

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252627282930

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252627282930

123456

7 8 9 10 11 12

131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

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7 8 9 10 11 12

131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

5 36 31 32 33 34 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36

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25

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12

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1314

2324

2526

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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31 32 33 34 35 36

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19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

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131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

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8 9 10 11 12

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20 21 22 23 24

2526272829

32 33 34 35 36

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7 8 9 10 11 12

131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

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252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

1

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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31 32 33 34 35 36

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

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8 9 10 1112

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20 21 22 23 24

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32 33 34 3536

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7 8 9 10 1112

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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31 32 33 34 3536

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

1

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25

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12

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1314

2324

2526

3536

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7 8 9 10 11 12

131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

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7 8 9 10 11 12

131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

123456

7 8 9 10 11 12

131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

12345

8 9 10 11 12

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20 21 22 23 24

2526272829

32 33 34 35 36

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31 3233 34 35 36

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1

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78 9

10 11 12

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1920 21 22 23 24

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35 36

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7 8 9

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19 20 21

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31 32 33

1

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25

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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252627282930

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

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78 9 10 11 12

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1920 21 22 23 24

252627282930

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7 8 9

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19 20 21

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1

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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19 2021 22

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31 32 33

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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31 32 33 34 35 36

7 8 9 10 11 12

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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123456

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131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

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31 32 33 34 35 36

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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31 32 33 34 35 36

23456

7 8 9 10 11

1415161718

19 20 21 22 23

2627282930

31 32 33 34 35

8 9 10 11 12

1314151617

20 21 22 23 24

2526272829

32 33 34 35 36

7 8 9 10 11 12

131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

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131415161718

19 20 21 22 23 24

252627282930

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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19 20 21 22 23 24

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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31 32 33 34 35 36

23456

7 8 9 10 11

1415161718

19 20 21 22 23

2627282930

31 32 33 34 35

-1,590-1,553-1,572

-2,842

-3,455

-2,882

-3,000

-2,277

-1,593-1,762

-2,319

-2,305

-2,242

-1,434

-1,856

-2,488

-2,274

-3,376

-1,296-3,000

-2,781

-2,774

-3,168

-1,584-1,749

-2,535

-1,674-1,587-1,592-1,606

-1,535

-2,095

-3,087

-2,447

-2,126-2,169-2,124-2,080-2,202

-3,163

-2,150

-1,862

-2,073

-2,271

-3,020

-3,056

-2,975

-2,600 -3,594-3,594-3,594

-2,678

-2,553

-2,722

-2,624-2,564

-2,551

-2,553

-2,723

-2,496

-2,645-2,635

-2,837

-1,800

-4,115-3,746

-2,205-2,610

-2,952

-1,127

-2,677

-2,440

-975

-1,703

-3,909

-4,591-3,547

-4,158

-3,432

-2,153

-2,763

-3,525

FEET

0 36,787

PETRA 3/16/2008 8:34:39 PM

Structure Map Top ofNugget Sandstone

Typical Nugget ReservoirRelationship – Overthrust Belt

Injection Location

Structure Top Nugget Sandstone

LaBarge Platform:Anticline is greater than 60 miles along axis,Greater than 20 miles across at widest region

Nugget Sandstone IsopachProposed Injection Site

Riley Ridge Unit

N 116W 25.5N 115W 25.5N 114W

26N 116W 26N 115W26N 114W 26N 113W

26N 112W

27N 116W 27N 115W27N 114W 27N 113W

27N 112W

28N 116W 28N 115W 28N 114W 28N 113W28N 112W

29N 115W 29N 114W 29N 113W29N 112W

30N 115W 30N 114W 30N 113W30N 112W

3

123 123456 123456

123456123456

34 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36

1234

9 10 11 12

13141516

21 22 23 24

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33 34 35 36

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20 21 22 23 24

2526272829

32 33 34 35 36

123456

7 8 9 10 11 12

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9 10 11 12

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21 22 23 24

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33 34 35 36

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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31 32 33 34 35 36

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8 9 10 1112

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20 21 22 23 24

2526272829

32 33 34 3536

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31 32 33 34 3536

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9 10 11 12

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21 22 23 24

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33 34 35 36

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31 32 33 34 35 36

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8 9 10 11 12

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20 21 22 23 24

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32 33 34 35 36

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12

11 12

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23 24

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35 36

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7 8 9 10 11 12

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78 9

10 11 12

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12

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78 9 10 11 12

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1920 21 22 23 24

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3132 33 34 35 36

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7 8

1718

19 20

2930

31 32

35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36

252627282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

27282930

31 32 33 34 35 36

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29

3132 33 34 35 36

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31 32

005

005

005

005

055

055055

550

055

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05

055

550

006

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006

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006

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006

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547

533

541

533

527

547

542

591

558

600

552

602

568566

500

559

637590

531561

559

565707

545

594

579

582

519

800750700650600550500450400

FEET

0 21,105

PETRA 3/16/2008 10:32:28 PM

Nugget CoreNugget Core

Nugget photomicrographsNugget photomicrographs

Simulation Parameters•

Simulation area is 10 x 10km

•

Nugget is 180 feet thick (6 layers) with top and bottom no flow boundaries.

•

Two “rock types”.•

Lower Nugget is lower permeabilities

(50-100mD) with

anisotrophy

ratio of 2 (y=2x).•

Upper Nugget is higher perm (150-300mD) with anisotrophy

ratio of 2 (y=2x).

•

x direction represents W-E, y represents N-S. •

One million tons per year injected for three years

4 months after stop of injection

10km = 6 m

iles

Cross sections are W-E

N

12 years after starting injection

10km = 6 m

iles

1.25 miles

1.75 miles

N

100 years after starting injection

10km = 6 m

iles

1.88 miles

N

Next Steps

•

Surface Seismic•

Drill first well

•

Use core / log data to refine models•

Use models to predict injectivity, plume characteristics

•

Design monitoring well locations, distances•

Develop rest of MMV plan

Specific Methods

(Not Comprehensive)

Monitoring Zones

•

Near Injection•

Near Surface

•

Remote SensingOthers classify differently (Hovorka)

Example Sampling Train for Soil Gas Using Vacuum Pump and Syringe (USEPA 2003).http://www/epa.gov/ttb

nrml/presentations.htm

•

Measures gases that exist within soil pore spaces in the unsaturated layer (i.e., vadose

zone) between

the ground surface and the groundwater table

•

Soil gas can contain atmospheric gases and biologically produced gases.

•

If seepage occurs it can contain gases that are introduced into the subsurface (for example CO2, or tracers).

Soil Gas Monitoring

•

Directly measures flux of CO2 at surface using an infrared gas analyzer

•

Abnormally high fluxes are an indicator of leakage

•

Measurements are complicated by daily and seasonal variations in plant and soil respiration that depend on amounts of sunlight, moisture levels and temperature.

Soil Flux Monitoring

Jennifer Lewicki, LBNL

•

CO2 flux measurement (the amount of CO2 released per unit area per unit time)

•

Determined by simultaneously measuring wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, and the atmospheric concentrations of CO2

•

CO2 concentrations are measured using an open-path infrared gas analyzer.

•

Can have a large “Footprint”

Eddy Covariance

Tiltmeter

(left) and Installation in Shallow Borehole (Applied Geomechanics)

•

Monitors surface deformation caused by CO2 plume

•

Use an array of tiltmeters

installed in shallow boreholes (typically <10 m deep) around the injection wells in the area overlying the CO2 plume

•

Tiltmeters

are sensitive enough to record microradian-scale changes (which is the angle turned by raising one end of a beam one kilometer long the width of a dime), which can be caused by various surface phenomena including daily temperature variations.

Tiltmeters

Diagram Showing how Radar Interferometry

Detects Uplift of the Earth’s Surface.[1]

[1]http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/in

sar/public_files/InSAR_Fact_S

heet/2005-3025.pdf

•

Uses radar satellite images from Earth-orbiting satellites

•

Maps land surface topography with accuracy of a few centimeters,

•

Cannot be used in areas with vegetation.

•

InSAR

is a proven technique for mapping ground deformation and is commonly used to monitor ground deformation at volcanoes.

InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)

bare soil in field full growth fall senescence

Hyperspectral Imaging

•

High CO2

levels in soil can stress or even kill plants

•

Plant stress can be detected via infrared spectral imaging

•

This can be land based, airborne or satellite

•

Methodology will be dependent on land use

•

Acquired by lowering instruments down the well and making a measurement profile of various physical properties along its length.

•

Sonic, density, neutron, NMR and the various induction and resistivity

logs are potentially suitable for CO2 storage monitoring

•

The Reservoir Saturation Tool (RST), a through-casing pulsed neutron tool designed to measure water and hydrocarbon saturations, is well suited to CO2 monitoring. Work at Frio (Muller et al.) has demonstrated successful CO2 saturation logging with the RST tool.

Lowering a Wireline Assembly into a Well (left) and Schematic of CHFR Tool Showing Current Flow (Schlumberger)

Wireline Logs

Direct Fluid Sampling

•

Dissolved CO2•

Other chemistry

–

Alkalinity–

Dissolved metals

•

U-tube sampling (LBNL) allows sample extraction at correct T & P conditions

Schematic of Cross- Well Seismic Survey (Schlumberger)

•

Monitors distribution of CO2 in the injection reservoir.

•

Requires a minimum of two wells that extend to the base of the injection reservoir.

•

Seismic sources suspended on a cable are lowered down one well and a cable containing a set of receivers is lowered down the other well.

•

Provides data for the 2-dimensional vertical “slice”

between the two wells containing the sources and receivers.

Frio X-well Tom Daley, Mike Hoversten, L. Myer, LBNL

Cross-well seismic

Microseismic

Downhole

Sensors and Surface Completion with Solar Power (ESG)

•

Pressure changes caused by the CO2 plume generate subsurface vibrations.

•

Receivers placed down a borehole continuously record a seismic signal from the injection reservoir.

•

These events are due to the small changes in pore pressures.

Microseismic Sensors

•

Requires that a well is situated in close proximity to the CO2 plume.•

Surface seismic sources are deployed around the well installation, •

Sensors deployed downhole. •

Conventional VSP with sources close to the wellhead gives quite narrow subsurface coverage around the wellbore.

•

Walkaway

VSP where sources are arranged on a radial profile provides 2D subsurface coverage away from the well.

•

Compared to surface seismic, VSP data can offer improved resolution and formation characterization around the well.

•

VSP data also offers the potential for providing early warning of migration from the well into the surrounding caprock.

VSP reflection section at Frio showing pronounced enhancement of reflectivity at the reservoir level after CO2 injection (Images courtesy of Tom Daley (LBNL), Christine Doughty (LBNL) and Susan Hovorka (University of Texas)).

Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP)

4-D seismic (time lapse 3-D seismic) at Sliepner (from Chadwick, 2004)

3-D Seismic

•

Uses multiple seismic sources and receivers.

•

Produces full volumetric images of subsurface structure in both reservoir and overburden.

•

Very powerful but expensive method

Vibroseis Trucks Acquiring Surface Seismic Data (Tesla Exploration) and 3D Seismic Data Volume (Gedco)http://www.teslaoffshore.com

Sally Benson, LBNL

Pressure Monitoring

•

Wellhead, bottom-hole and annular pressure can be monitored

•

Provides information about injectivity

•

Provides feedback useful to protecting reservoir, caprock

integrity•

Sudden changes provide early evidence of problems

•

Relatively inexpensive

•

Typically a gaseous substance with very low natural atmospheric concentration (Perfluorocarbon

tracers (PFTs), SF6

)

•

Low natural abundance allows very low detection limits and high sensitivity.

•

Actual collection of samples and measurement methods vary. Some

are real-

time, others require collection of samples and laboratory measurements

•

Samples can be collected from soil gas, the atmosphere, or monitoring wells.

Tracers Sorption tubes to collect PFTs

at ZERT Surface Detection Facility

Brian Strasizar, Art Wells, NETL

Frio noble gas and PFT analysis, Barry Freifeld (LBNL) and Timmy Phelps (ORNL)

•Introduced materials that travel with CO2can uniquely fingerprint migration

–Nobel gasses

–PFT’s

and other chemically unique materials

–Detection at very low concentrations

•CO2can be geochemically

unique

–C isotopes

–Impurities

Frio Tracer Data

Isotopic Analysis •

The 13C content of CO2

varies depending on the source of CO2

. •

Fossil fuel generated CO2

typically has a different 13C to 12C ratio than soil gas or the atmosphere

•

Measurement of the isotopic ratio can be a more sensitive method than measuring flux or concentration

•

Different types of sampling can be used (soil gas, atmospheric, vegetation, ground water).

Julianna Fessenden, LANL

http://www.co2captureandstorage.info/co2monitoringtool/index.php

A Useful, Interactive MMV Website

A Useful, Interactive MMV Website

Use at CO2 Sequestration Sites Category Method Weyburn,

Canada Frio, TX Lost Hills,

CA Vacuum

Field, NM LIDAR √ INSAR √ Remote

Sensing Hyperspectral Imaging Atmospheric Monitoring Eddy Covariance √

Soil Gas Sampling √ Surface Flux Emissions √ √ Vehicle Mounted CO2 Leak Detection System CO2 Wellhead Monitoring Borehole Tiltmeters

Methods for Monitoring

Processes at Surface and Near Surface

Ecosystem Studies √ In-Situ P/T Monitoring √ √ √ √ Fluid Sampling √ √ √ Crosswell Seismic √ √ √ Wireline Tools √ √ √ Downhole Microseismic √ √ 3-D Time Lapsed Seismic √ √ √ √ 2-D Time Lapsed Seismic Vertical Seismic Profiling √ √ Crosswell Resistivity √ √ √ Long Electrode Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Methods For Monitoring Subsurface Phenomena

Permanent Seismic Sources/Receivers

What MMV Should Be Used? Project and Site Dependent

Monitoring at Frio Pilot

What MMV Should Be Used? Project, Site, and Stage Dependent

•

Consistent with project goals and site properties•

Some sites have inherently different HSE factors

•

Research intensive projects may utilize more MMV to improve understanding of CO2 behavior

•

Different stages may require different methods•

Site characterization

•

Pre-injection background measurements•

During injection

•

Post injection monitoring

What MMV Should Be Used?

Consider monitoring in the zone just above the caprock, it could provide early indication of issues

•

Pressure•

Fluid chemistry

•

Cross well tomographic•

Seismic

What MMV Should Be Used?

Most projects should have: •

Some near injection component to ensure CO2 and reservoir are behaving as expected

•

Some near surface components for HSE and public assurance

•

Integration of the MMV techniques so data is shared

•

Pressure monitoring because it can give a very early indication of problem issues and it can be done at a high sampling frequency inexpensively

What Spatial, Temporal Monitoring Frequency?

Geology Dependent - Porosity

Caprock Caprock

What Spatial, Temporal Monitoring Frequency?

Geology Dependent - Dip

Caprock Caprock

What Spatial, Temporal Monitoring Frequency?

Geology Dependent – Injection Depth / Interval Thickness

Caprock Caprock

What Spatial, Temporal Monitoring Frequency?

Geology Dependent – Heterogeneity

Caprock Caprock

What Spatial, Temporal Monitoring Frequency?

Other Factors:

Injection Rate

Behavior compared to prediction

Time

Ris

kWhat Spatial, Temporal Monitoring

Frequency?

Experiment Site

MSU Agricultural lands

Route

Experiment Site

MSU Agricultural lands

Route

Field Test Facility at MSU

A Facility and Experiments to Test Near – Surface Detection Techniques

and Models

Near-surface detectors are highly desirable for public assurance

They have been deployed at sequestration pilot sites

These pilot sites are well chosen and do not leak

Thus, the near-surface detection techniques have not been adequately tested

Motivation

ParticipantsLee Spangler, Laura Dobeck, Kadie Gullickson, Kevin Repasky, Seth Humphries, Jamie Barr, Charlie Keith, Joe Shaw, Josh Rouse

Jim Amonnette, Jon Barr

Julianna Fessenden, Sam Clegg, Thom Rahn

Jennifer Lewicki, Paul Cook, Jens Birkholzer, Curt Oldenburg

Henry Rauch

Brian Strazisar, Rod Diehl, Art Wells, Dennis Stanko, Hank RushLarry Penner

Bill Pickles, Erin Male, Eli Silver

Lucian Wielopolski, Sudeep Mitra

Rob Trautz

Yousif Kharaka , James Thordsen, Gil Ambats, Evangelos Kakouros

Facility Goals

•

Develop a site with known injection rates for testing near surface monitoring techniques

•

Use this site to establish detection limits for monitoring technologies

•

Use this site to improve models for groundwater –

vadose

zone –

atmospheric

dispersion models•

Develop a site that is accessible and available for multiple seasons / years

0.1

1

10

100

1000

100000 20 40 60 80 100

Years

Leak

age

(t C

O2

/ day

)

Scenario for Injection Rate Choice

•

4 Mt/year injection ~ 500 MW power plant

•

50 years injection•

3 Leakage rates–

0.1%/yr. 0.01%/yr, 0.001%/year

•

2 Leakage geometries–

Linear fault 10*1,000 m–

Linear fault 100*1,000 m•

What is a meaningful rate at which to conduct the experiments?

•

Emplacement

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40 60 80 100

Years

Empl

acem

ent (

Mt C

O2)

Sally Benson

0.01%

0.1%1%

Lee Spangler

0.001%

0.01

0.1

1

10

1000 20 40 60 80 100

Years

Scal

ed L

eaka

ge R

ate

(t/d

ay)

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

100 20 40 60 80 100

Years

Scal

ed L

eaka

ge R

ate

(t/da

y)

Injection Rate

Scale to 1000 m leak1,000 kg/day: 1 tonne/day

100 m

1,000 m

1,000 m10 m

100 m 100 m

Sally Benson

Lee Spangler

0.01%

0.1%

0.001% 0.01%

0.1%

0.001%

Horizontal Well Installation

Horizontal Well Installation

Porta-Potty

Parking

Horizontal Well Installation

240 ft

40 ft

16 in

Packer

Pressure transducer

Electric cablePacker inflation lineCO2 delivery linesStrength line

Packer Packer

Flow

Con

trol

ler

Flow

Con

trol

ler

Flow

Con

trol

ler

Flow

Con

trol

ler

Flow

Con

trol

ler

Flow

Con

trol

ler

Surface Manifold for Injection

CO2 from Heater

stainless pipe

Tracer Injection

Port

PressureGauge

GasSampling

PortShut-off Valve

PressureRegulator

20 in3 in

To Well

TemperatureProbe

¾ in NPT

TOUGH2/EOS7CA Model was Calibrated on Initial Vertical Well Injection Test

Two-layer model manual fit:ksoil = 5 x 10-11 m2

kcobble = 3.2 x 10-12 m2

φ = 0.35

VID2 Radial Injection Injection Started on Day 2 = Oct. 5, 2006

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Time (days)

Flux

(mic

rom

oles

/(m2

s))

Mean

East

North

West

South

COFT_6

COFT_7

MeanCOFT

Accumulation Chamber measurements (points) with model fits (lines) A two-layer model (soil and

cobble) transverse to the horizontal well was used for

predictive modeling.

Large soil permeability is attributed to macropores (e.g., root casts, cracks)

(Dat

a co

llect

ed b

y La

ura

Dob

eck)

Curtis M. Oldenburg

Comparison of Model Predictions to Accumulation Chamber Measurements

Predicted CO2 fluxes at ground surface for various injection rates

Time evolution of measured CO2 fluxes (squares) and predictions

(line) for 100 and 300 kg/d releases.

Summary:1) Pre-test modeling of CO2 migration informed choice of injection rate and

instrument deployment parameters.2) Model predictions were confirmed by subsequent measurements.

(Lewicki, Oldenburg, Dobeck, and Spangler, GRL, in press)

Curtis M. Oldenburg

Data Acquisition

Data Acquisition System and Injection Controller

Pressure Transducer

MSU – Geotechnical,CO2 atm & soil gas (DIAL), Lidar, soil microbes, plant stress (IR & Hyperspect.)

LBNL – Eddy Covariance, Soil Gas Chamber, Modeling

LANL – EC, Stable Isotopes (Plant, Soil Gas, Atm & Water)

PNNL – Soil Gas Flux

LLNL – Plant Stress (Hyperspectral)

NETL – Soil gas, Resistivity, Flux Chambers, Tracers (sorption tubes)

WVU – Water Chemistry

Large Number of Participants / Methods

10 m

9-9 0 1 2 3NE end

SW end

4 5 6 7 8-1-2

1

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3

5

4

2

3

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

6

N Schematic of Placement of Detection Techniques

LBLEC tower

arra

y of

wat

er

wel

ls

NET

L

plan

t exp

erim

ents

MSU fiber optic box

MSU multispectralcamera scaffolding

LANL EC tower

MSU LIDAR

WALKWAY

WALKWAY

Schematic of Placement of Detection Techniques

10 m

9

-9

0

1

2

3

NE end

SW en

d

4

5

6

7

8

-1

-2

1

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

5

4

2

3

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

6

N

LBL

EC to

wer

array

of wate

r well

s

NETL

plant

experi

ments

MSU fib

er op

tic bo

x

MSU m

ultisp

ectral

camera

scaff

olding

LANL

EC to

wer

MSU LIDAR

WALKWAY

WALKWAY

10 m

9

-9

0

1

2

3

NE end

SW en

d

4

5

6

7

8

-1

-2

1

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

5

4

2

3

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

0

1

2

3

NE end

SW en

d

4

5

6

7

8

-1

-2

1

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

5

4

2

3

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

6

N

LBL

EC to

wer

array

of wate

r well

s

NETL

plant

experi

ments

MSU fib

er op

tic bo

x

MSU m

ultisp

ectral

camera

scaff

olding

LANL

EC to

wer

MSU LIDAR

WALKWAY

WALKWAY

10 m

9

-9

0

12

3

NE end

SW en

d

4

5

6

7

8

-1

-21

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4-3

5

4

2

3

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

6

N

LBL

EC to

wer

array

of wate

r wells

NETL

plant

experi

ments

MSU fib

er op

tic bo

xMSU

mult

ispect

ral

camera

scaff

olding

LANL

EC to

wer

MSU LIDARW

ALKW

AYW

ALKW

AY

10 m

9

-9

0

12

3

NE end

SW en

d

4

5

6

7

8

-1

-21

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4-3

5

4

2

3

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

0

12

3

NE end

SW en

d

4

5

6

7

8

-1

-21

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4-3

5

4

2

3

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

6

N

LBL

EC to

wer

array

of wate

r wells

NETL

plant

experi

ments

MSU fib

er op

tic bo

xMSU

mult

ispect

ral

camera

scaff

olding

LANL

EC to

wer

MSU LIDARW

ALKW

AYW

ALKW

AY

graphic courtesy Janet Machol (NOAA/ETL)

DIAL – DIfferential Absorption Lidar

2.0015 2.0020 2.0025 2.0030 2.0035 2.0040

0.76

0.80

0.84

0.88

0.92

0.96

1.00

Measured Calculated from Hitran

20m Pathlength A tuning of 18.7GHz/C was used to convert fromtemperature to wavelength.

CO2 CO2 CO2

CO2CO2

CO2

H2O

H2O

Tran

smis

sion

Wavelength (μm)

2.002 2.003 2.004 2.00580.0

82.5

85.0

87.5

90.0

92.5

95.0

97.5

100.0

102.5

105.0

4:09pm 5:25pm 6:42pm 7:59pm 9:16pm 11:36pm 12:53am 2:10am 3:27am 4:43am

Tran

smis

sion

(%)

Wavelength (μm)

2.0035

87.5

90.0

92.5

95.0

97.5

100.0

102.5

105.0

4:09pm 5:25pm 6:42pm 7:59pm 9:16pm 11:36pm 12:53am 2:10am 3:27am 4:43am

Tran

smis

sion

(%)

Wavelength (μm)

Repaski, et al

Repaski, et al

Second Release

0 50 100 150 200 250

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000Above Well MeasurementsTaken at 6:30 am

See Plot A 2:30 am

3:30 pm

10:30 pm

6:30 am

CO

2 Soi

l Gas

Con

cent

raio

n (p

pm)

Time (Hours)

190 195 200 205 210 215 220350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

Possible Association with third dip in the underground data.

Background Over Well

CO

2Soi

l Gas

Con

cent

rtion

(PPM

)

Julian Day

Buried Sensor

Above Ground Sensor

Repaski, et al

Eddy Covariance Method

Flux Tower

Lewicki

Comparison

140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230300

400

500

600

700

800Second ReleaseFirst Release

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

Julian Day

Lewicki

Flux Chamber Method

Lewicki

J.L. Lewicki

Flux Chamber

J.L. Lewicki

Flux Chamber

Modeling the Shallow Release Experiment

Oldenberg

2K-2571

•

Detach head with narrower pipe•

Pound steel pipe with detachable head one meter into ground

•

Lower CATS into the pipe•

Seal pipe at top with a compression fitting stopper

•

CATS are replaced as sets: one week apart initially to months apart later in the study

INSERTINGCATS

SOIL

CATSEXPOSED

COMPRESSION SEAL

DETACHABLE HEAD PENETROMETER FORSOIL-GAS MONITORING

DETACHABLE HEAD

Wells, et al

2K-2571

ZERT Horizontal Well Tracer Concentrations

Wells, et al

2K-2571

Wells, et al

2K-2571

Direct Monitoring of CO2 Surface Leakage Summary of Techniques

•

CO2 and CH4 Soil flux measurements

•

Soil gas depth profiles up to 1 meter−

GC determination of CO2

and CH4

concentration−

of CO2

(stable isotope ratios) •

Radon and Thoron concentrations in soil gas.

2K-2571

Resistivity (Vertical Injector)

Diel, et al

Hyperspectral

Imaging ResultsFr

actio

n of

“Hea

lthly

”pix

els

Isotope Studies – Keeling plots

CO2

flux map on 7-13-07 from LBNL. Circled areas where isotopes measured on chambers; square = canopy measurements

Fessenden

Isotopic Measurements - Groundwater

Isotopes measured on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the groundwater

Fessenden

N

Ground watergradient

15°

=10 foot deep well=5 foot deep well

(Bottom 2.5 feet of wells is screened)

1m

3m

1m

6m

2m

10m

Water Well Map Locations Relative to Surface Trace of MSU Horizontal CO2Injection Well

(0,-3)

(0,-2)

2m

2m

1 A

2 A

3 A

4 A

5 A

1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

5 B

ZERT - Water Wells (as of 8/14/08)

1493.80

1493.85

1493.90

1493.95

1494.00

1494.05

1494.10

1494.15

1494.20

1494.25

1494.30

7/7 7/9 7/11 7/13 7/15 7/17 7/19 7/21 7/23 7/25 7/27 7/29 7/31 8/2 8/4 8/6 8/8 8/10 8/12 8/14

Wat

er le

vel (

m, a

b m

ean

sea

leve

l) 1A2A3A4A5A1B2B3B4B5B

Water wells – ground level elevations for 10 wells (1496.146 to 1496.371 m ab. msl)

3B – dead well

CO2Stops8/7

Rain

ZERT - "B" Shallow Water Wells (as of 8/14/08)

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

7/7 7/9 7/11 7/13 7/15 7/17 7/19 7/21 7/23 7/25 7/27 7/29 7/31 8/2 8/4 8/6 8/8 8/10 8/12 8/14

Elec

trica

l con

duct

ivity

(in-

situ

at s

cree

n; m

icro

S/cm

)

1B2B3B4B5B

3B no water

CO2stop 8/7

CO2Starts 7/9

True Color Image of ZERT Field Site from

Resonon, Inc.

(August 5, 2008)

Kevin Repasky

Initial Classification using ENVI Spectral

Angle Mapper

Erin J. Male, UCSC, August 6th, 2008

Kevin Repasky

Erin Male Bill Pickles