Meaning of Planning:- “Planning is a course of action to achieve some desired result”.

“What to do”, “When to do”, “ How to do “& “When to do”

Characteristics:-1. Planning is a intellectual process.2. Planning is a goal oriented.3. Planning is a primary function of

management.4. Planning leads towards efficiency.5. Planning prevent all management

activity.6. Planning is a flexible.7. Planning enables us to face risks.

8. Planning is based on forecasting.9. Planning involves a choices.