Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ME 398: Engineering Design
Contextual Analysis
David Gatchell, PhD
Clinical Associate Professor
Segal Design Institute
Engineering Notebooks
Individual notebooks should be maintained
Need not be comprehensive
Should be indicative of individual’s contribution
Be sure to make well-rounded contributions
2
Weekly Status Reports - Comments 3
Conceptual Design Presentations
Two parts: presentation and mock-up See “project assignments.doc” for rubric “Preliminary analysis” will NOT be part of the scoring
The oral Conceptual Design Review should cover: basic design that will be pursued; why that design was chosen over others; how the design will be implemented; a plan for the project for the remainder of the quarter
Provide three copies of your presentation
10-12 minutes to present; 3-5 minutes for questions
4
Contextual Analysis (GSEE) American Board of Engineering Accreditation (ABET) outcome
h: “…the broad education necessary to understand the impact
of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context”
Goals of contextual analysis• Better define design needs/objectives• Help develop design solutions that address the contextual aspects
Traditionally the needs have been defined by the physical operating conditions
Four Factors
Factor one: Global
Design considerations that result from cultural and geographic traits specific
to a region or originating from the interaction between two or more
culturally/geographically distinct regions.
Factor two: Economic
Design considerations that result from the economic conditions at the time of
a product’s development and its past, present and projected sales and
support life cycle.
Four Factors
Environmental Factors:
Design considerations that result from the environmental impact during the
product’s development, manufacturing, sales, operation and disposal
(cradle-to-grave or cradle-to-cradle)
Societal Factors:
Design considerations that result from considering the impact on the people
and society within which a product is being used; these include issues such as
safety, ergonomics, and lifestyle
Global Parameters
• Why might this wedding dress sell better in the U.S. than China?
• In China white represents death and is often worn at funerals or during mourning
• Red on the other hand represents good fortune and joy – it is traditionally banned at funerals
Global Factors:
Design considerations that result from cultural and geographic traits specific to a region or originating from the interaction between two or more culturally/geographically distinct regions.
Global Parameters
A greater concentration of two wheeled motor vehicles are found in European urban environments
An even larger concentration of mopeds and motorcycles can be found in south eastern Asian countries
What traits contribute to these differences?
New York City Rome, Italy
What transportation choice distinguishes these cities?
Global Parameters
Potential prompt questions What is the purpose of the product, how does it work, what are the
intended global market segments, and how are cultural needs addressed with the product?
How do people with different cultures and demographics use the product and what are the functions that the product fulfills?
How does the company address global market needs in the design of their current line of products?
How can the company address these issues better in their future global product lines?
Economic Parameters Economic
Parameters that result from the economic conditions at the time of a product’s development and its past, present and projected sales and support life cycle.
How did the increased cost of copper influence the electrical wiring in U.S. homes in the 1960’s – 1970’s
Switched to Aluminum
Increase in house fires led to switch
back
Economic Parameters
Potential prompt questions
What were the economic conditions at the time this product was designed and manufactured and how are economic issues reflected in the product’s design?
What are the competing products, and how are these economic issues reflected in the design of the product?
Given current and projected economic conditions, what can engineers at the company do to enhance the economic impact of the product on the company?
Environmental Parameters Environmental
Parameters that result from the products environmental impact during development, manufacturing, sales, operation and disposal.
What are the potential impacts of a solar array over its complete product life cycle?
Environmental Parameters
Potential prompt questions
What are the planned environmental impacts of this product and what are the environmental factors engineers had to consider in the design of the product?
What material types and manufacturing processes were used for each major component or group of components?
What are the actual environmental impacts of this product and what are the environmental factors engineers have to consider in the design of the product?
How can the company reduce the cradle to grave environmental impact in future products and product lines?
Societal Parameters Societal
The parameters that result from considering the impact on the people and society within which a product is being used.
These include issues such as safety, ergonomics, and lifestyle
How did the Blackberry©change U.S. culture?
How did the IPod change U.S. culture?
Societal Parameters
Potential prompt questions
What is the planned impact of the product on the culture and lifestyles of the customer base?
What is the primary function of each major component or group of components? Note how its structural form helps fulfill its function.
What is the actual impact of the product on the culture and lifestyles of the customer base?
How can the company address social use issues such as safety, ergonomics, product use experiences, and lifestyle impact better in future products?
Functional Modeling – Incorporating the Four Factors
Functional models can be used to identify where global, environmental, economic and societal factors will impact a product
Can be used to analyze existing products or proposed engineered solutions
Convert Electrical to Heat Energy
Standard Functional
Model
Functional Model with
GEVS
Convert Electrical to Heat Energy
G E SV
• Functional model with GEVS provides additional insight into non-technical factors important to product design
Functional Modeling – Incorporating the Four Factors
Two factors most important to energy conversion Economic (E) – The type of conversion device (heating coil) and its
control unit affects the quality of the popcorn produced. Higher quality popcorn requires more precise control over the energy conversion.
Environmental (V) – The efficiency of the conversion device influences the products energy consumption.
To incorporate these factors into the functional model shade the appropriate circles
Convert Electrical to Heat Energy
G E SV
Convert Electrical to Heat EnergyG E SV
Shade Circles
Common Flow Correlations Functions result in the flow of material, energy, information (e.g.,
signals)
Material Flows – Tend to have environmental and economic influences
Energy Flows – Tend to have environmental and economic influences
Signal Flows – Tend to have global and societal influencesFlow:
MaterialFlow:
EnergyFlow: Signal
Disperse Oil
G E SV
Convert Solar to Electrical EnergyG E SV
Convert encryption to
languageG E SV
Successful Designs that take GEVS factors into account
Kraft Foods redesigned salad dressing containers:• 19 percent weight reduction (3M pounds of plastic annually)• Improved transport efficiency while retaining brand appeal• Unique design has multiple consumer and shipping
conveniences, including an easy-open flip top cap with a bottle shape that is easier to hold, pour and store than the original package
DuPont packaging awards
Marks & Spencer new confectionary packaging inserts:• Biodegradable component made from renewable
resources• Inserts are made using the Plantic plant-based home
compostable plastic material
Organic Kiwi’s new compostable package:•Consists of three materials that together create an alternative to traditional fresh produce packaging•Made from palm fiber, a renewable resource•Covering film is sourced from renewable resources•Label is also certified home compostable•Packaging also supports the natural branding of organic produce
Aluminum bottles• Exal Corp and Alcoa Rigid Packaging developed a
recyclable aluminum alloy for bottles• Speed and weight = cans (40% weight reduction)• Allows for highly stylized bottle design options
Medical Supplies Transport system – Entropy Solutions• Ships temperature-sensitive materials such as
pharmaceuticals or blood supplies• Product loss cost the pharmaceutical industry $3 billion in
2009• GREENBOX™ is powered by PureTemp™, a non-toxic phase
change technology, which keep contents at the right temperature for more than 120 hours.
• The system components are reusable, and the end of life, the outer shell and Thermal-Lok™ panels are ground for reuse in new systems.
The World’s First Fully Compostable Snack Bag – Frito-Lay• Three-part packaging structure: poly lactic acid (PLA) for the outer
bag, along with a compostable adhesive and inner barrier coating. • Uses renewable materials and allows for new disposal options such
as composting, which diverts packaging from the landfill.
• Contextual analysis report • Due Friday, 2/15 at 5PM (upload to Bb)
• Product dissection postulation• Due next Thursday, 2/21
Contextual Analysis Assignments
