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Rhiannon Evans
MDS1TRW The Roman World: Myth and Empire The Republic: History and Literature
Rome: the Republic
• The Roman Republic: 510/9 -‐ 27 BCE • Mid-‐Republic 4th-‐2nd c. BCE
Jupiter in quadriga le/, driven by Victory 225-‐212 BC
hJp://www.humaniLes.mq.edu.au/acans/caesar/Intro_Moneyer.htm
The Growth of the Roman Empire
• RED 146BCE GREEN 14CE • YELLOW 46BCE PINK 117CE
Italy during the Republic
hJp://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/05map01italy500bce.jpg
• Rome becomes dominant in 4th-‐3rd c. BCE
• LaLn • except Hellenised south
• socii = allies • foedus = alliance • formula togarum
• LaLum: ius La;i • vs. rest of Italy • Social War 91-‐87 BCE
hJp://www.big-‐italy-‐map.co.uk
Carthage • Economic control of the Mediterranean • Carthage/Sicily/ Italy
Three Punic Wars: 264-‐241, 218-‐201, 149-‐146 BCE
hJp://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_med_civ.htm
The Second Punic War
• 218-‐201 BCE • Hannibal
hJp://www.phoenician.org/carthage_hannibal_barca.htm
The Second Punic War
• 218-‐201 BCE • Hannibal • 216 BCE BaJle of Cannae
-‐ Romans lose 50,000 troops
http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=2094 ���
The Punic Wars
Rome vs. Carthage: • Second Punic War
• Scipio Africanus
• BaJle of Zama 202 BCE
• Third Punic War: 149-‐46 BCE
• 146 BCE Carthage razed to ground, salt ploughed into soil
Profile of a young Scipio Africanus the Elder from a gold signet ring from Capua (late 3rd or early 2nd century B.C.E.). http://0.tqn.com/d/ancienthistory/1/G/B/h/2/Scipio.jpg
Rome’s Wars: 3rd-‐2nd century BCE
Carthage: • 3 Punic Wars • 146 BCE Carthage razed to ground, salt ploughed into soil • New provinces: North Africa and Spain Greece • 146 BCE Corinth razed to the ground • Greek provinces -‐ Macedonia and Achaea
Romans and Greeks
• Greeks in Southern Italy • 3rd & 2nd c. BCE -‐ literature, philosophy, science, art and architecture
• 167 BCE -‐ Aristotle’s library & 150,000 Greek slaves from Macedonia
!!
Romans and Greeks • Greeks in Southern Italy • 3rd & 2nd c. BCE -‐ literature, philosophy, science, art and
architecture • 167 BCE -‐ Aristotle’s library & 150,000 Greek slaves from
Macedonia
‘Captured Greece captured its savage conqueror and brought the arts into rusLc LaLum’ Horace Epistles 2.1.156
The Mid-‐Republic: summary
• Time of wealth and prosperity for Rome – control Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain, and Illyricum by the
mid-‐2nd century BCE
• Greek culture and luxury goods influence and fascinate the Romans
Early Roman Literature 250 -‐150 BCE
• Epic & drama • Epic poets Livius Andronicus (Greek, became a Roman)
Naevius (Roman) Ennius (S. Italian)
• Literary colonizaLon: Livius’ translaLon of Odyssey (c. 250)
• 220s Naevius’ epic Punica = NaLonal epic • Ennius Annales -‐ NaLonal epic -‐ history of Rome to mid 3rd
century BCE
Roman Drama
• 240 Livius Andronicus produced 1st play at Roman Games (ludi Romani)
• 235 Naevius • c. 230 Ennius. • Plautus first dramaLst (not epic poet) – lived c.250 -‐ c. 184, acLve 215 on.
The Greek origins of Roman comedy
• 3rd c. BCE: Livius Andronicus
• Athenian New Comedy • vs. 5th c. Old Comedy – Aristophanes
• Old Comedy & democracy
Vase showing scene from
Aristophanes’ Birds GeJy Museum, Malibu
hJp://www.perseus.tuls.edu/hopper/arLfact?name=Malibu%2082.AE.83&object=Vase
The Greek origins of Roman comedy
• Athenian New Comedy • New Comedy – HellenisLc period = domesLc & romanLc situaLons
• Menander (c. 342–291 BCE) • Menander’s Dyskolos Bust of ‘Menander’,
Capitoline Museum, Rome
hJp://sanLtafarella.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/2nd-‐century-‐roman-‐marble-‐bust-‐of-‐menander-‐the-‐greek-‐playwright-‐circa-‐3rd-‐century-‐bce/
ROMAN COMEDY
fabulae palliatae – stories in Greek dress • Plautus (c. 254 to 184 BCE) – 20 comedies including Pseudolus
• Terence (195-‐160 BCE) -‐ 6 comedies
Roman Theater -‐ Context When were plays performed
• One off occasions: funerals, triumphs, dedicaLons • Roman ludi scaenici (‘stage games’) • -‐ Ludi Megalenses: Great Mother (Magna Mater) in April • -‐ Ludi Florales: Flora -‐ April/ May. • -‐ Ludi Apollinares – Apollo -‐ July • -‐ Ludi Romani -‐ Jupiter -‐ Sept. • -‐ Ludi Plebeii – Jupiter -‐ Nov.
Roman Theater – Context Who pays?
• financed by magistrates • Aediles (or Urban Praetor)
Mosaic from House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii (Museo Archaeologico Nazionale, Naples
hJp://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/311291
Roman Comedy: Actors
• male actors • wore masks & pallium • also singers: can;ca • infamia: actors are infames (like other performers -‐ gladiators, prosLtutes)
Next lecture:
MDS1TRW: The Roman World
Lecture 5: Roman Comedy: Plautus Pseudolus
