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MDGs, Development Challenges and Opportunities

A Regional Profile

Jean-Etienne ChapronStatistical Division

UN Economic Commission For Europe

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Millennium Development Goals

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger

Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

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Millennium Development Goals

Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and

other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for

development

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Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger

% of Population below $1 (1993PP) a dayCountry Year %

Albania 1998 17

Bosnia & Herzegovina

n.a. n.a.

Bulgaria 1998 < 2

Croatia 1998 < 2

FYROM n.a. n.a.

Romania 1994 3

Yugoslavia n.a. n.a.Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database

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Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger

• Is the $1 threshold relevant in Southeast European countries ?

• The use of national poverty lines is recommended.

• The Albanian case shows that incidence of poverty is very different in urban and rural areas.

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Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger

% of underweight children under 5 years of age (1995 – 2000)

Albania 14 %

Bosnia & Herzegovina 4 %

Bulgaria n.a.

Croatia 1 %

FYROM 6 %

Romania 6 %

Yugoslavia 2 %

Source: UNSD MDG Indicators Database

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Millennium Development Goals

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger

Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

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Goal 2. Achieve universal primary educationGross enrolment ratio in primary education (2000)

Albania 100 %

Bosnia & Herzegovina n.a.

Bulgaria 95 %

Croatia (1998) 77 %

FYROM 94 %

Romania 93 %

Yugoslavia n.a.Source: UNESCO (UNSD MDG database for Croatia)

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Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5

Albania (1994) 82 %

Bosnia & Herzegovina n.a.

Bulgaria (1993) 93 %

Croatia (1993) 98 %

FYROM (1995) 95 %

Romania n.a.

Yugoslavia n.a.

Source: UNSD MSG indicators database

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Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

• Southeast European countries are very close to the achievement of universal primary education.

• The development challenge might be elsewhere. See the following table on secondary level.

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Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

Net enrolment ratio at secondary level

1995 2001

Albania n.a. 49 %

Bosnia & Herzegovina n.a. n.a.

Bulgaria 61 % 63 %

Croatia n.a. 88 %

FYROM 53 % 57 %

Romania 66 % 48 %

Yugoslavia n.a. n.a.

Source: UNECE Gender statistics database

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Millennium Development Goals

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger

Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

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Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education

Primary Secondary TertiaryAlbania(1995) 0.93 0.95 1.30

Bosnia & Herzeg. n.a. n.a. n.a.Bulgaria(1998) 0.93 0.93 1.47Croatia(1998) 0.94 0.99 1.12

FYROM(1998) 0.93 0.92 1.23Romania (1998) 0.94 0.97 1.12

Yugoslavia(1998) 0.94 0.97 1.15Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database

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Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

Share of women in non-agricultural employment

1995 2000

Albania n.a. n.a.Bosnia & Herzeg. n.a. n.a.

Bulgaria 41 % 44 %

Croatia n.a. 45 %

FYROM n.a. n.a.

Romania 41 % 44 %

Yugoslavia n.a. n.a.Source: UNECE Gender statistics database

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Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament (2002)

Albania 6 %

Bosnia & Herzegovina 7 %

Bulgaria 26 %

Croatia 21 %

FYROM 7 %

Romania 11 %

Yugoslavia 7 %

Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database

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Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

• The elimination of gender disparity in education is almost achieved in Southeast Europe.

• In the context of significant unemployment, the share of women in non-agricultural employment has not decreased.

• It is necessary to add information on the nature of jobs of women, and the level of their wages in comparison to men.

• The participation of women in political power is fairly limited in all seven countries.

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Millennium Development Goals

Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and

other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for

development

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Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityUnder-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2000)

1992 2000

Albania 47 31

Bosnia % Herzegovina n.a. 18

Bulgaria 21 16

Croatia 14 9

FYROM 32 26

Romania 31 22

Yugoslavia 25 20

Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database & WHO

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Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityInfant mortality rate per 1,000 live births

1992 2000

Albania 32 27

Bosnia % Herzegovina 22 15

Bulgaria 16 15

Croatia 12 8

FYROM 31 22

Romania 23 19

Yugoslavia 22 17

Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database & WHO

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Goal 4. Reduce child mortality

• Under-five and infant mortality have been significantly reduced in the recent years in Southeast European countries.

• There is still a gap between Southeast Europe and Western Europe.

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Millennium Development Goals

Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and

other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for

development

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Goal 5. Improve maternal healthMaternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births(1995)

Albania 31

Bosnia & Herzegovina 15

Bulgaria 23

Croatia 18

FYROM 17

Romania 60

Yugoslavia 15

Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database

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Millennium Development Goals

Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and

other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for

development

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Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

New AIDS cases reported

1979-90 1991-1999

Albania - 11Bosnia & Herzeg. 1 51

Bulgaria 10 196

Croatia 31 124

FYROM 2 49

Romania 1166 4923

Yugoslavia 119 9824

Source: UNAIDS & WHO

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Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis per 100,000 population (2000)

Prevalence Death rate

Albania 21 1

Bosnia & Herzeg. 50 4

Bulgaria 33 4

Croatia 42 5

FYROM 38 6

Romania 93 10

Yugoslavia 32 5

Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database

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Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

• Southeast European countries are experiencing a dramatic increase of HIV/AIDS epidemic, similarly to Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

• However, statistics of reported new cases are subject to social and cultural bias, which may impact the reliability of growth rates.

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Millennium Development Goals

Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and

other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for

development

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Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons)

1997 2000

Albania 0.5 0.9Bosnia & Herzeg. 2.0 3.9

Bulgaria 6.1 5.2

Croatia 3.7 4.1

FYROM 4.7 4.1

Romania 4.9 3.9

Yugoslavia 4.9 4.1

Source: IEA statistics, OECD

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Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source (2000)

Total Urban Rural

Albania 97 % 99 % 95 %Bosnia & Herzeg. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Bulgaria 100 % 100 % 100 %

Croatia n.a. n.a. n.a.

FYROM n.a. n.a. n.a.

Romania 58 % 91 % 16 %

Yugoslavia 98 % 99 % 97 %Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database

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Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation (2000)

Albania 99 %

Bosnia & Herzegovina n.a.

Bulgaria 100 %

Croatia n.a.

FYROM n.a.

Romania 86 %

Yugoslavia 100 %

Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database

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Millennium Development Goals

Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and

other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for

development

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Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development

• The majority of targets associated to this goal are specific to least developed countries, Africa, landlocked countries, and small island developing countries.

• Strategies for decent and productive work for youth will be adressed by ILO in the future years. Some aspects may be relevant to Southeast European countries.