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Assignment of Ophthalmology

Misbah Iqbal

Roll No. 14046

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MCQ No-1

a. Macula luteab. Blind spot

c. Fovea

d. Rods and cones

Optic disc is also known as

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MCQ No-1

Explanation:

Optic disc is the pointwhere optic nerve enters

the retina. It is devoid of

rods and cones so alsocalled blind spot.

Ans (b)

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MCQ No-2

a. Choroidb. Lens

c. Conjunctiva

d. Ciliary body

The avascular structure of eye is

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MCQ No-2

Explanation:Lens is an avascular

structure which

receives its nutritionfrom vitreous humor.

Ans (b)

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Ospe No. 1

a. Name the chart

b. What is its use?c. What is achromatopsia?

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Ospe No. 1

a. Ishihara chart

b. It is used to test the color vision

c. Colour blindness

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Ospe No. 2

a. Name the lesion

b. What are the other sites of this lesion?

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Ospe No. 2

a. Homonymous hemianopia

b. Optic tract, optic radiations and occipitallobe.

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Seq No. 1

Ans. The Visual pathway consistof

1. The Optic nerves

2. The optic chiasma

3. The optic tracts

4. The lateral geniculate bodies

5. The optic radiations

6. The occipital cortex

Name the parts of the visual pathway

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Seq No. 2

1. Hemianopia2. Amblyopia

3. Amaurosis

Enlist the name of the lesions of the visual

pathway

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1. Hemianopia

Hemianopia is a condition of loss of half of thefield of vision of both eyes.

Types of Hemianopia are:

a. Homonymous hemianopia

b. Bitemporal hemianopia

c. Binasal hemianopia

2. Amblyopia (Blunt)

There is partial loss of sight in one or both eyes in

the absence of opthalmoscopic or other marked

objective signs.

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Types of Amblyopia:

a. Unilateral amblyopia

b. Bilateral amblyopia

3. Amaurosis (Dark)

There is complete loss of sight in one or both eyes

in the absence of ophthalmoscopic or other

marked objective signs.

Types of Amaurosis:

a. Unilateral amaurosis

b. Bilateral amaurosis

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MCQ No-1

a. Digital tonometryb. Applanation tonometry

c. Schiotz tonometry

d. Gonioscopy

The most accurate method of measuringIOP is

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MCQ No-1

Explanation:

It measures the IOP byflattening rather than indent

the cornea over a specific

area,the pressure values

recorded are uninfluencedby scleral rigidity.

Ans (b)

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MCQ No-2

a. Indirect ophthalmoscopyb. Gonioscopy

c. Retinoscopy

d. Amblyoscope

Angle of anterior chamber is studied with

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MCQ No-2

Explanation:

The angle of anterior

chamber can not bevisualized directly through

intact cornea.

A goniolens eliminates totalinternal reflection and makes

the angle stucture visible.

Ans (b)

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Ospe No. 1

a. What is the method being performed?

b. What is its use?c. What are the other methods to measure

IOP?

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Ospe No. 1

a. Applanation tonometery

b. It is used to measure the IOP

c. Schiotz tonometery & Digital tonometery

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Ospe No. 2

a. Name the test being performed.

b. What are the uses of this test?

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Ospe No. 2

a. Distant direct ophthalmoscopy.

b. It is used to:1. Confirm the transparency of media.

2. Localize the position of opacity in the

media.

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Seq No.1

Examination of interiorof the eye using an

ophthalmoscope is

called ophthalmoscopy.

What is ophthalmoscopy? What are its types?

What is direct ophthalmoscopy?

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Types of ophthalmoscopy:

a. Distant direct ophthalmoscopy

b. Direct ophthalmoscopy (fundoscopy)

c. Indirect ophthalmoscoy

Direct ophthalmoscopy

This is the routine method for the fundus

examination carried out at a very close distance

from the eye. The retinal image is real, upright

and 15 times magnified. The field of view issmall and retina could be seen upto equator

only.

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Seq No.2

This method is used totest the obstruction of

the nasolacrimal duct.

What is regurgitation test? Give the procedure.

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Procedure:

Ask the patient to look up and press upon the

lacrimal sac with little finger or pull the lower

eyelid down with middle finger and press upon

the lacrimal sac with index finger, the content of

lacrimal sac will come out of puncti.

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MCQ No-1

a. Lidb. Eyelashes

c. Lid margin

d. Molls gland

Blepharitis is an inflammation of

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MCQ No-1

Explanation:Subacute or chronic

inflammation of the

eyelid margin is called

blephritis. It could be

anterior or posterior

blephritis.

Ans (c)

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MCQ No-2

a. Meibomian glandb. Zeis gland

c. Molls gland

d. Wolfring gland

Chalazion is a chronic inflammatorygranuloma of

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MCQ No-2

Explanation:

Obstruction of the orifice of

the meibomian glandeither due to infection or

unknown causes results

into accumulation of

sabecious secretions

within acini of gland

Ans (a)

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Ospe No. 1

a. Give the diagnosis.

b. What is the causative agent?c. Give the D/D.

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Ospe No. 1

a. Hordeolum internum.

b. Staphylococcus aureus

Stye

Nodular fascitis

Pre septal cellulitis

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Ospe No. 2

a. Give the diagnosis.

b. What is the T/M?

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Ospe No. 2

a. Senile ectropion.

b. It involves various surgical procedures:1) medial conjuctivoplasty

2) the horizontal lid shortening.

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Seq No.1

PTOSIS:It is an abnormal

drooping of the upper

eyelid.

What is ptosis? Give the classification of ptosis.

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Classification:

1) congenital

2) acquired

neurogenic

Myogenic

Aponeurotic

Mechanical

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Seq No.2

Entropion:The eyelid margin

turned towards eyeball.

Define entropion? Types? Name the proceduresfor the T/M of senile type.

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Classification:

1) congenital

2) acquired

Senile

Cicatricial

Acute spastic

mechanical

T/M of senile entropion:

Weis procedure

Fox procedure

Modified wheelers operation

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MCQ No.1

a. Irits

b. Trachoma

c. Chronic

dacryocystitisd. Acute congestive

glaucoma.

Epiphora occurs in

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MCQ No.1

Explanation:Chronic inflammation of

lacrimal gland causes

epiphora which is the

watery eye due toobstruction to the

drainage of tears.

Ans (c)

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MCQ No.2

a. Mucous layerb. Aqueous layer

c. Lipid layer

d. All of the above

The Tear film has

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MCQ No.2

Explanation:The tear film consists

of mucous layer,

aqueous layer andlipid layer.

Ans. (d)

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Ospe No. 1

a. Diagnose the case

b. Give its etilogy

c. What is the treatment?

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Ospe No.1

a. Acute dacryocystitisb. It may arise de novo or more commonly as a

secondary infection by pyogenic organisms after

nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

c. Antibiotics, analgesic and anti-inflammatory

drugs, hot fomentation

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Ospe No. 2

a. Give the diagnosis

b. What is the etiology?

c. Give its treatment

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Ospe NO. 2

a. It is the chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac.

b. The impaired outflow of the sac leads to the stasis of

tears which eventually leads to secondary infection by

low virulence organisms.c. Dacryocyctorhinostomy (DCR) Operation.

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Seq No. 1

Complications :a. Mucocele

b. Conjunctivitis

c. Chronic dacryocystitis

d. Acute dacryocystitis

e. Fistula formation

What are the complications of congenital nasolacrimalduct obstruction? Give the D/D.

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Differential diagnosis:

a. Punctal atresia

b. conjunctivitisc. congenital glaucoma it is important to

exclude congenital glaucoma with watery eye.

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Seq No. 2

Epiphora :It is watering form an eye due

to obstruction to the

drainage of tears.

Types and Causes :1. Obstructive epiphora is due

to mechanical obstruction

caused by.

What is epiphora?Give its types and causes.

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a. Trauma

b. Punctal stenosis

c. Involutional stensosis of nasolacrimal duct.d. Canalicular atresia

e. Chronic sinus disease

2.Lacrimal pump failure is due to the inability of the

pumping mechanism to drain tears, despite thepatent drainage system. It is caused by:

a. Lower lid laxity

b. Facial palsy

c. Lower lid ectropion

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MCQ NO. 1

a. Acute bacterialconjuntivitis.

b. Viral conjunctivitis

c. Vernal kerato

conjunctivitis

d. All of the above

Trantos dots are seen in

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MCQ NO. 1

Explanation:

These are discrete,whitesuperficial spots composed

of eosinophils found in

limbal form of

keratoconjunctivitis.

Ans (c)

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MCQ NO. 2

a. Spring catarahb. Vit A deficiency

c. Vit c deficiency

d. Pterygium

Bitot spots are seen in

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MCQ NO. 2

Explanation:

Bitot spots are triangular patches offoamy epithelium in inter

palpebral region. It consist of

keratinized epithelium,

inflammatory cells, debris and

corynebacterium xerosis.

Ans (b)

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Ospe No. 1


b. What is its pathology?

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Ospe No. 1

a. Giant papilae (VCK)

b. It is an allergic reaction of type 1 or type 4

hypersensitivity.

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Ospe No. 2


b. What is its cause?

c. Give its T/M.

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Ospe No. 2

a. Pterygium

b. It is an age related degenerative

hyperplastic condition

c. Tear substitutes, sunglasses to avoid UV

and surgical excision.

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Seq No. 1

Trachoma :It is chronic bilateral cicatricial

keratoconjunctivitis.

Define trachoma. Give its WHO classification.

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Classification:

TF= trachoma follicles with 5 or more on superior

tarsus

TI= inflammation diffusely involving the tarsal

conjunctiva which obscure 50% or more of deep

tarsal vesselsTS= trachomatous conjunctival scarring

TT= trachomatous trichiasis touching the lobe

CO= corneal opacity over the pupil sufficient to

blur the iris details.

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Seq No. 2

Pterygium :A fibrovascular C.T overgrowth

encroaching upon the

cornea from the

conjunctiva.

Define pterygium and give its pathology.

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Pathology :

A degenerative hyperplastic conndition of

conjunctiva.

Subconjunctival tissue undergo elastotic

degeneration and proliferate as vascularized

granulation tissue, under the epithelium,ultimately enchroaches the cornea.

Corneal epithelium, bowmans membrane and

superficial stroma are destroyed.

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MCQ from 14046