MCO Previous Exam 1

8/11/2019 MCO Previous Exam 1

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WEDNESDAY, MAY 13, 2009

IMF and its objectives, functions and membership

What is IMF ?

IMF is UNO recognized international monetary fund or reserve which helps itsmembers. It established in 1946 after bretton wood meeting. It has 185

members across the all nations but soviet Russia and its member are not linked

with IMF.

All work is done by its board of directors which is made by board of governors.

Every countrysfinance minister is as the governor from his respective country.

There are two type directors in board of directors of IMF. One is quota and

other is non quota. USA, UK, Germany and India are quota country and one

member is taken in board of directors and other from non quota countries. Total

no. of directors are 20.

Objective and functions of IMF

1. Provide loan to the members for removing unfavorable balance of payment.

2. Determine the value of currency of member countries.

3. Determine the economic policies main contents of members countries.

4. To make plan for increasing per capita income of member countries.

5. To collect money from member countries in the form of fun or reserves.

6. Latest objective in IMF is that it will support 3 trillion dollars under his budget for decreasing the pressure of 2000 recession.

Eligibility for membership in IMF

Any country can become the member of IMF but for getting eligibility the

following procedure is adopted by IMF.

First of all membership is accepted by board of directors after accepting

membership , board of directors send this proposal to board of governors with

supported all documents and subscription and quota amount as per the terms of

membership .

World bank or IBRD

World Bank is international financial institution for reconstruction and

development of member countries. So, its other name is international bank of

reconstruction and development (IBRD). This bank is established in 1944
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after bretton woods meetingof 20 major countries. This bank provides long

term loan to its members and all work is done by executive directors which is

nominated by shareholders of member countries and board of governors.

Bank has own 20 billion dollar paid up capital. Bank provides loan but before

providing loan it sees the project and after accepting project, the loan is given

under strict terms and conditions of World Bank. In which includes the interest

on loan, commission and administration charges.

WTO and its functions and policies

Full form of WTO is world trade organisation . It is an international

organisation which established after conversion ofGATTin 1995 . In 1944 ,

when bretton woods conference was completed . In that meeting leaders of

developed countries wanted to make international trade organisation but they

accepted only GATT'spoliciesin 1948 . AfterUruguaydiscussion , all GATT

members included in WTO . Main objective of making WTO is to reduce

restrictions in international trade with moreglobalisation and liberalisation

policy.

Functions and poli cies of WTO

1. Reduction of the rate of Tariffs :

Tariffs means tax on imported goods . For developing international trade , it is

compulsory to all member countries to reduce 24 % to 30 % tariffs with in 6 to

10 years .

2. Reduction the subsidy to domestic trade

For more smooth competition , WTO has made rule to reduce the amount of

subsidy or other assistance which is given by govt. to their domestic industry .

3. TRIPS
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Trips means trade and intellectual property rights . WTO has made some rules

for prohibiting piracy in intellectual property rights . All countries will have to

accept these trips .

4. Other GATT rules

Some of GATT rules will still apply

Social Responsibility of Business and Points in Favour and

Against of it>> NOVEMBER 4, 2009

7 16Share38

Meaning of Social Responsibility of Business

Social responsibility is the duty of businessman to help the society to solve its major problems .

Every enterprise is fully connected with society . He takes many things from society in the form of

raw material ,

work from employees and also pollute environment of society. After this , many social problems rise

due to pollution . So businessman's prime duty is to support in the form of plantation near the area

of factory providing free health facilities to employees and also donate some part of profit for welfare

of poor community to uplift them . These days trends shows that almost all companies are taken

steps for becoming responsible toward society .

Arguments in favour of social responsibility :-

1. To increase reputation of society :-

Businessman sells the goods to the customers and customers are the social person .If businessman

is responsible towards society , then he can increase his reputation in society . This is the one of

most important argument that after providing good quality of goods at lower price and providing

other free facilities to customers , business can grow his business.

2. Business legal obligations :-

Some law are made in India to reduce population . So businessman must follow these rules and

regulations and after this he can save from government penalties . According to this argument

businessman should come forward for doing social work. After this he can respect the law .

3. More Public expectation from business :-

In the modern time it may be argued that businessman should fulfil the expectation of public .

Businessman gets raw material from very low cost and after producing he sells at very high cost . So

it is the duty of businessman to share his some profit in the form of donation.

4. Business has useful resource

Many wise person from society gives argument that business has skill , experience and money

resources and innovation mind . If these resources are used to solve social problem , then society

can rich with in some year .
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5. Better Environment from business

If a business gives good working condition to employee then it will provide better environment for

business . How will it possible.

Good facility in factory and provide high wages to labourer

will reduce the absenteeism

will reduce labourer turnover

will reduce labourer crime.

Argument against Social responsibility

1. Cost of social work

Business has already limited resource. So , if it is used in social work then business activity may slow

and business's expenses will increase and it will affected business inversely.

2. Businessman is not expert in social work :-

Businessman is not expert in social work . Because he has not done MSW . Master of social work is

higher qualification for doing social work and fulfilling social responsibility as social and moral agent .So , without perfect knowledge , business should not do any social activity but concentrate only on

his business .

3. Social responsibility is not legal responsibility :-

Some businessman argue that social responsibility is not legal responsibility , no one pressure on

business man to give donation under any law .

4. International competition

One of important argument is given by Indian businessman that they have to face international

competition . After adopting some social responsibility , it will increase the prices of

theirproduct and after competition our business will fail and foreign companies will win in

competition.

5. Ignore Business Aim :-

It is the duty of Govt. to do that social activities and if a businessman ignore his business aim and

start social activities , then after ignoring business aim businessman can succeed in business.

Conclusion
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In very brief , we can give the conclusion of this debate that business should concentrate on

business activities but also do social activities which promote the business. He can give small

amount of donation and provide good services to employee and society .business environment, mba first semster, society

New in Asian Development Bank

Asian development bank is established in 1966 under the direction of united nation economic

commission for Asia and for east . Its main objective is to help Asian countries . It provides loans to

Asian countries . From time to time , it also provides technical help to Asian countries . It also

establishes his good links with UNO , IMF and world bank for promoting developing activities in Asian

and east countries .

Membership

All members of UNECFAE are also members of ADB . At 2007 it has 67 members .

Capital of ADB

1. total capital is 7965.1 million dollars and its one half is paid up and other one half is called up

capital

2. It can also collect more capital by issuing new shares in world share market .

Organisation of Bank

1. Board of governers

2. Board of directors - total 10 directors board

3. president - elected for 5 years out of board of directors .
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New Updates

In 1990 , Loan for protecting plants and forest is given by this bank

Related Articles

IMF and its objectives, functions and membership

World bank or IBRD

Earn money by publishing your accounting and Finance blogs on amazon kindle

How to import Wikipedia's Finance and business tables in Google Docs

The role of Finance Director in Company

What is ISO ? Explain its Standards ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 .Discuss Its Objectives , working and Versions>> NOVEMBER 28, 2009

1 10 Share37

The following contents are covered under Business Environment of MBA First semester

Meaning of ISO

ISO means international standard organisation . In business environment , ISO word is so famous

and International organisation provides standards to those business oraganisations who fulfill its
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conditions . It has

authority to issue certificate of quality management and quality environment . There are large

numbers of business organisation who satisfy the conditions . They have ISO certificate .

ISO's official site is at the url http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world's largest developerand publisher

of International Standards. This organisation has made by participation of all countries

.Its central secretariat is in Geneva , Switzerland .It is NGO which helps to promote business by

providing them solution of quality problems .

Meaning of ISO 9000

This is the latest version of International organisation for standardisation which gives to those

organisation who satisfy the following condition

1. It fulfills the quality requirements of customers .

2. It fulfills regulatory requirements .

3. Customers satisfaction

4. Continual improvement in quality management .

5. Records should show how and where raw materials andproductswere processed, to allow products

and problems to be traced to the source.

6. You need to test and document whether the product meets design requirements, regulatory

requirements and user needs.

Meaning of ISO 14000

ISO 14000 is standard certificate which gives to those business organisation who fulfill the conditions

relating to quality environment . Quality environments means all measure to protect the

environment from pollution .

Conditions

1. Company has minimized harmful effect on environment by proper control on waste and pollution.

2. Achieve improvement in its environment performance by planting the trees and other projects .
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3. ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 are given after taking test of products who apply for same and ISO takes

also some fees for issuing the certificate . There is no guarantee , any quality of end products but

almost all ISO products are high quality .

4. The certificate will be for three years and after this product will again review for giving certificate .

Objectives of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000

1. To Increase the goodwill of company

Main objective of getting these standards is to increase the goodwill of company. Customer can

compare the quality of two companies , one is with ISO standard and other is without ISO standard .

Goodwill may be in form of increase in sale or more promotion of product of company.

2. Control on Quality

After getting ISO standards , company has to control on quality and it is the objective of ISO

standards . ISO standard 9000 controls product's quality and ISO 14000 controls environment

quality .

3. Revolution

After coming , ISO 9000 and ISO , 14000 companies have started to label the product by eco

labeling . Moreover awarness has come in the minds of company after ist ISO standard in 1987.

Working of ISO

ISO 9000 is more powerful tool to get confidence in market . Company can invite customers to

check the quality before purchasing the products. It will only possible after implement ISO 9000

standards . Every product's package is with ISO 9000 and customer can understand its value .

Version

1. ISO 9001 : 1987

2. ISO 9002 : 1987

3. ISO 9003: 1987

4. ISO 9000: 1987 , 1994 , 2000

5. ISO 9000 : 2008


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6. ISO 9001 : 2008

ISO 14000 version

1. ISO 14000 family version

2. ISO 14001 : 2004 EMS

3. ISO 14020 ,14021 , 14022 , 14023 , 14024 , 14025business environment, ISO, mba first semester

at2:28 AM

Labels:business environment,ISO,mba first semester

2 comments:Bana, December 1, 2010 1:10 AM

Hi

I like this post:

You create good material for community.

Please keep posting.

Let me introduce other material that may be good for net community.

Source:ISO 9001 2008 standard

Best rgs

PeterAnonymous, May 21, 2011 5:04 AM

very informative materialPost a Comm

Definition of Development Bank

A development bank is a financial institution which provides loan and other financial assistance to

businessmen for development of enterprise .
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Features of Development Bank

1. Providing loan for development of business of enterprise .

2. Loan is given on project basis not on the basis of security .

3. It provides loan at cheap rate of interest .

Functions of Development Bank

1. Providing loan at cheap rate

Development bank takes interest at very low rate and from time to time , they issue new scheme of

loan in which rate of interest is very low.

2. Provide advice and guidance

Development bank provides advice to the businessman about which project is best . It is also

function of development bank is to guide to businessman about how to use the loan .

3. Providing facility of refinancing of Commercial banks

Large numbers of commercial bank gets the refinance facility from development bank. Refinance

means getting the finance for further distribution of loan to customer.

4. Providing underwriting services

These days development bank are also providing the facility of underwriting in which development

bank promises to sell all the shares of company . For these services development bank gets some

commission from companies .

Lending procedure of

Development bank

Step one


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Checking the project

Customer wants to get the loan , he will apply for same . He will attach his project with his

application after this development bank will check the project . It will see the following points .

What amount of capital is investing by businessman .

Size of infrastructure .

What is the major transport facility for distribution of products .

Availability of raw material

After checking the above points development banks decides to give loan or not .

Step Second

Other Govt. formalities

Development bank also checks whether the customers has fulfilled all the formalities of govt. or not .

Whether he obtained license or not .

Step Third

Acceptance of loan :

If project is good and customers fulfills all the conditions of govt. , then development bank will

accept the project and issues the loan to customers bank account .

Step Fourth

Follow Up

After giving loan , development bank guides customers , how to use loan effective way for

achievement in project under follow up step .business environment, debt, development bank, loan, mba + bank


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at12:50 AM

Labels:business environment,debt,development bank,loan,mba + bank

0 comments:Post a Comment

FEMA 2000>> NOVEMBER 23, 2009

8 22Share79

Definition of FEMA 2000

FEMA 2000 means Foreign exchange management Act 2000. Foreign exchange management act

2000 is very helpful law for development of foreign exchange market in India. It was passed in 1999

and came into effect from June 1, 2000 to entire country. After this foreign exchange regulation act (

FERA ) 1973 was closed . FEMA was most suitable for India corporate sector instead of FERA

because almost all strict regulations of FERA were removed in FEMA .

Objectives of FEMA

1. Main objective of apply FEMA is to reduce the restriction on foreign exchange . Now , any offense

in foreign exchange will be civil offense not criminal offense .

2. This law's main objective is to increase the flow of foreign exchange in India. Now , under this law

, you can bring foreign currency in India without any legal barrier .

Provision /Rules / Regulation of FEMA

1. Provision regarding dealing in foreign exchange :-

According to section 3 of FEMA 2000 ," only authorized person under the govt. terms can deal in

foreign exchange in India . "

2. Provision regarding holding of foreign exchange :-

According to section 4 of FEMA 2000, " All persons which are provided authority only can hold or

purchase foreign exchange in India or outside India."

3.Provision regarding current account transactions :-
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According to section 5 of FEMA 2000 ," There is no restriction regarding sale or deal foreign

exchange , if it is a current account transaction ."

The following transaction are deemed current account transactions under FEMA :-

a) Expenses in connection with foreign travel , education and medical care of parents , spouse and

children ( Any body now can send the foreign currency in India for above expenses under current

account )

b) Payment due as interest on loan

c) Payment due under short term loan for business .

4. Provision regarding capital account transactions :-

Under section six ," RBI will fix the limit of foreign exchange transactions relating to capital account

after discussion with Indian govt. "

RBI can restrict following :-

a) transfer of foreign security by Indian resident .

b) transfer of foreign security by Indian resident which is now outside India .

c) transfer of immovable property .

5. Provision regarding export of goods and services :-

According to section 7 of FEMA 2000 , " It is the duty of exporter to declare the true and correct

detail of goods which , he have to sell the market outside India and must send complete report to

RBI .

RBI can make particular requirement for any exporter .

RBI can also make rules and regulations for realization of amount earned from foreign country.

6. Provision regarding authorised persons :-

RBI can authorize any body who can deal in money exchange or off shore transaction and foreign

exchange .

He has to follow the rules and guidelines of RBI .

RBI can revoke the authorisation granted to any person at any time in public interest .


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If authorized person will be done contravention the rules of RBI , he will be liable to pay up to Rs.

10000 penalty and Rs. 2000 for every day during which such contravention continue .

7. Provision regarding contravention and penalties :-

Section 13 to 15

If any body or person contravenes the rules and regulation of FEMA 2000 or RBI direction , he will be

liable to a penalty three times of sum involved in contravention .

If contravention will continue , then he will pay upto Rs. 5000 per day during the time of

contravention .

8. Provision regarding adjucation and appeal :-

According to section 18, " Central govt. can appoint adjudicating authority who can give the

punishment of civil imprisonment of maximum six months if case is less than one crore . Ifdemanded value is more than one crore then punishment of imprisonment may be of three years .

the person can appeal to special director against the decisions of adjudicating officer . He can also

appeal in appellate tribunal and also in high court with the sixty days of communication of order .fema 2000, india, legal policy

Main Provisions of Competition Act 2002>> NOVEMBER 17, 2009

3 18Share75

In 1969 Govt. has passed an act and it had given the name monopoly and restrictive trade practices

(MRTP). It became popular with the name of MRTP 1969. This act has many provisions to control

the

monopoly and to promote the competition. It has defined RTP and also explained the powers of

MRTP commission. But its scope was very narrow and Govt. of India has made new act called

competition act 2002. On the place of MRTP ACT 1969 after this MRTP act 1969 was fully repealed.

Explanation of Competition Act 2002

Competition Act 2002 states that Indian traders must not do any activity for promoting monopoly. If

they will do any activity in the form of production, distribution, price fixation for increasing monopoly

and this will be against this act and will be void. This act is very helpful for increasing good

competition in Indian economy.

Under this act following are restricted practice and these practices are stopped by this act.

1. Price fixing:-

If two or more supplier fixes the same price for supply the goods then it will be restricted practice.

2. Bid ragging:-

If two or more supplier exchange sensitive information of bid, then it will also be restricted practice

and against competition.

3. Re-sale price fixation:-

If a producer sells the goods to the distributors on the condition that he will not sell any other price

which is not fixed by producer.
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4. Exclusive dealing:-

This is also restricted practice. If a distributor purchases the goods on the condition that supplier will

not supply the goods any other distributor.

Above all activities promote monopoly so under competition act these are void and action of

competition commission will not entertain by civil court.

Establishment of Competition Commission Under this law

Govt. of India appoints the chairman and other member of competition commission. Competition act

2002 gives the rules and regulation regarding establishment and functions of this commission.

Qualification of chairperson of Competition commission:-

He or she should be Judge of high court + 15 years or more experience in the field of international

trade , commerce , economics , law , finance , business and industry .

Function of Competition commission:-

1. To stop activity and practice which are promoting monopoly.

2. To promote the competition.

3. To protect the interest of consumers.

Conclusion:-

India is doing all work for safeguarding the interest of consumer and this law is one of the important

pillar in this way.business environment, competition act 2002, legal policy, mba first semster, mrtp 1969

at11:07 PMTUESDAY, MAY 5, 2009

The Consumer Protection Act 1986 and its main provisions and

features

Govt of India has made consumer protectionactin

1986. The main aim is to protect consumers from

immoral practice of business organizations. We see in

general when a company or business concern becomes

monopolize in market , then that company starts to get

benefits of his monopoly powers by illegal ways. This

law is very helpful to secure consumers and customers

from such cheating and market frauds.

Main features of Consumer protect Act 1986

Under this act, consumers have right to get information
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of quality, quantity and price of products.

Under this act, consumer has power to sue in district forum and report or complaint against the

cheating of businessmen to the authorities and get remedies for this.

This act also awakes consumers regarding their rights and powers. In other words, it helps to

educate consumers about his rights.

After spending one decade this act becomes more strict for all cheaters who commit cheating with

consumers.

Main authorities

under Consumer

protect act 1986

District forum

This forum has power to solve

the problems of consumers up

to Rs. 500000 at district level.

State govt. has power to make

suitable numbers of district

forum for protecting the rights

of consumers.

This forum can be made by district judge and other experienced persons in the field of law and

commerce.

State commission

Consumer can also appeal to state commission against the decisions of district forum. State

commission has power to solve the problems of consumers from Rs. 500000 to Rs. 2000000. This

commission can be made by state high court judges and 2 experts in the field of commerce and

laws.

National Commission

National commission has power to solve all consumers disputes and problems more than 2000000

Rs. The chairperson of this commission will be the retired Supreme Court judges and other 4 experts


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in the field of commerce and laws and industry. Out of four, it is necessary to include one lady

member in the four expert team.

Tags:Business ,UGC NET Commerce

Role of SEBI in Indian Capital Market>> MAY 25, 2010

SEBI is regulator to control Indiancapital market.Since its establishment in 1992, it is doing hard

work for protecting the interests of Indianinvestors.SEBI gets education from past cheating with

naive investors of India. Now, SEBI is more strict with those who commit frauds in capital market.

The role of security exchange board of India (SEBI) in regulating Indian capital market is very

important because government of India can only open or take decision to open new stock exchange

in India after getting advice from SEBI.

If SEBI thinks that it will be against its rules and regulations, SEBI can ban on any stock exchange to

trade in shares and stocks.

Now, we explain role of SEBI in regulating Indian Capital Market more deeply with following points:

1. Power to make rules for controlling stock exchange :

SEBI has power to make new rules for controlling stock exchange in India. For example, SEBI fixed

the time of trading 9 AM and 5 PM in stock market.

2. To provide license to dealers and brokers :

SEBI has power to provide license to dealers and brokers of capital market. If SEBI sees that any

financial product is of capital nature, then SEBI can also control to that product and its dealers. One

of main example isULIPs case.SEBI said, " It is just likemutual fundsand all banks and financial

and insurance companies who want to issue it, must take permission from SEBI."

3. To Stop fraud in Capital Market :

SEBI has many powers for stopping fraud in capital market.

It can ban on the trading of those brokers who are involved in fraudulent and unfair trade practices

relating to stock market.

It can impose the penalties on capital market intermediaries if they involve in insider trading.

4. To Control the Merge, Acquisition and Takeover the companies :

Many big companies in India want to create monopoly in capital market. So, these companies buy all
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other companies or deal of merging.SEBI sees whether this merge or acquisition is for development

of business or to harm capital market.

5. To audit the performance of stock market :

SEBI uses his powers toaudit the performance of different Indian stock exchange for bringing

transparency in the working of stock exchanges.

6. To make new rules on carry - forward transactions :

Share trading transactions carry forward can not exceed 25% of broker's total transactions.

90 day limit for carry forward.

7. To create relationship with ICAI :

ICAI is the authority for making new auditors of companies. SEBI creates good relationship with ICAI

for bringing more transparency in the auditing work of company accounts because audited financial

statements are mirror to see the real face of company and after this investors can decide to invest or

not to invest. Moreover, investors of India can easily trust on audited financial reports. After Satyam

Scam, SEBI is investigating with ICAI, whether CAs are doing their duty by ethical way or not.

8. Introduction of derivative contracts on Volatility Index :

For reducing the risk of investors, SEBI has now been decided to permit Stock Exchanges to

introduce derivative contracts on Volatility Index, subject to the condition that;

a. The underlying Volatility Index has a track record of at least one year.

b. The Exchange has in place the appropriate risk management framework for such derivative

contracts.

2. Before introduction of such contracts, the Stock Exchanges shall submit the following:

i. Contract specifications

ii. Position and Exercise Limits

iii. Margins

iv. The economic purpose it is intended to serve

v. Likely contribution to market development

vi. The safeguards and the risk protection mechanism adopted by the exchange to ensure market

integrity, protection of investors and smooth and orderly trading.

vii. The infrastructure of the exchange and the surveillance system to effectively monitor trading in

such contracts, and

viii. Details of settlement procedures & systems

ix. Details of back testing of the margin calculation for a period of one year considering a call and a

put option on the underlying with a delta of 0.25 & -0.25 respectively and actual value of the

underlying.Link
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9. To Require report of Portfolio Management Activities :

SEBI has also power to require report of portfolio management to check the capital market

performance. Recently, SEBI sent the letter to all Registered Portfolio Managers of India for

demandingreport.

10. To educate the investors :

Time to time, SEBI arranges scheduled workshops to educate the investors. On 22 may 2010 SEBI

imposed workshop. If you are investor, you can get education through SEBI leaders by getting

update information onthis page.

This question for UGC NET Commerce is most important because ,first it covers total them of business environment book at post

graduate level and second , if you search it on google , you will got1610000 results on google . Because approximate every financepublisher has written this concept in their site and blog and also

this matter is discuss in every net forum . So , please understandthese element clearly and I have also upload one docs presentationof element of business environment . So , also watch andunderstand it .

Main Elements or factors of Business Environment

A Micro business Environment:

This is also known as internal business environment because business has power to control them. In

this environment, factors can be divided with following way.

1st Supplier

A supplier provides raw material to business. This is also main factor of business environment

because, it affects business very closely. If supplier delay to supply raw material or stop to supply.

At this time production of business can be stopped due to not getting raw material. So, for

controlling this factor, it is the duty of businessman to make good relation with more than one

supplier so that, if one stop or delay at this time, goods can be purchased from other supplier.

2nd Customers

Customers are those people or companies which buy goods from our business. Business sells them

his finished product. But time to time tastes of customers also change. So, according to the taste of

business customers, new products must be supplied by business. That is the formula for living long

life of business.

3rd Market Intermediaries

For promoting sale, it is required to ads by different way, so market intermediaries include sales

man and middle man.

This environment is under control of business because, if business starts selling with more ads, his

selling will surely increase.

4th Competitors

Competitors of business also create internal business environment. According to competitors,

policies, business changes his policies for winning in competition.
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5th Financial Intermediaries

As business grows, it needs more money for his growth; either this money can be gotten by issuing

new shares or by borrowing money from financial intermediaries. So, financial intermediaries plays a

vital role in business environment. If they provides loan at very low rate, at that time business can

get and grow fastly but, if they increase in interest rate, at that time business will not get at this rate

and its growth may decrease due to lack of fund.

Macro Business Environment or External Factors of BusinessEnvironment:-

1. Economical Environment

Economic environment is main element of business environment. Economy is factor which affects

business with following way:-

A) Economic policies

Economic policies related to budget , industrial policy , fiscal policy , export and import policy and

business should see what changes are done in these and business has to changes their business

policies according to these changes .

B) Economic regulation

Different laws and regulations are at international level and national level . These are all calledeconomic regulation and business has to respect all of these while it is operating business .

2. Natural Environment

Natural environment is also external factor of business . Because , business can not fully control on

natural environment . Many points like season , raining , floods , earth quake are natural and

happens according to fluctuation in it . These are also main element of business because business

has to face all these factors . But some of loss from these factors can be transferred with effective

schemes of insurance .

3. Demo graphic Factors

Size of population and their growth rate includes in demo graphic element and factor of business

environment. Increasing trend of population will increase demand of products and support business

to produce more products. But if death rate is increasing or demo graphic factor like religion are

preventing to use the products of business. At that time business has to change their business or

make other plans according to situation.

4. Technological Environment : -

This is fully concerned with changing of technology and its effect on product . Many technical

products are fastly changed by coming new technology .At that time business also have to cover new

products according to changes in technology .

5. Political Environment


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Political environment is composition of three factors which are following

a) legislature

b) executive

c) judiciary

All above factor affects business and business has to make rules and regulation according to Govt.

and political rules and regulation.

6. International Environment

International environment includes WTO, IMF, WB, SARC and G20 meetings and their rules and

regulations can effect on any type of business. Business has to exist in world market, and then it

should understand their effect and take action according to these rules and regulation.

Watch also Presentation for clear the concept:

Technological Environment>> NOVEMBER 7, 2009

23 43 Share218

Definition of Technological Environment :-

Technological Environment means the development in the field of technology which

affectsbusiness by new inventions of productions and other improvements in techniques to perform

the business

work. "

Explanation

We see that in 21st century, technology is changing fastly. Now, all work is done online and business

shops are using machinery at high level. There are following technological environment factors which

affects business.

New inventions to produce theproducts.

New inventions relating tomarketinglike BPO for selling online in international market.

Status of Technological Environment or Technology in India :-

After Independence, India had basic problems like poverty , unemployment and development of
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India . Indian Govt. has taken many following steps for technological development.

1. Establishment of technological and research institute

Indian govt. has established 500 technological institutes for providing education to Indian students.

It has also established 1080 research institutes. In these institutes major names like space research

centre, medical research centre and agricultural research centre have developed India technically.

2. Positive Technical policy

India has strong and positive technical policy for technological development. This policy opens door

to import technology from foreign countries for increasing agricultural and industrial developments.

3. High Growth Rate of Information Technology in India

In India, IT sector is developing with 35% growth rate, India is second country after China who is

using internet at large scale for e-commerce , e-education and e-accounting .

4. Incentive for promoting Technology in India

Indian Govt. has given 100% income tax exemption for expenses incurred in research of

technology in India.

State financial corporation is uplifting domestic technology by supporting finance to domestic

Industries.business environment, mba first semester, technology

at2:28 AM
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From 1875 to 1995 working of stock

exchanges in India was fully dependent on paper shares, debentures and bond. It means for

completing dealing physical delivery of shares was necessary.

But from 1995, online dealing in shares, created online stock markets in India. One side, we are

seeing the developments and progress in stock exchanges in India but other side after Harshad

Mehta scam, we watched downfall in the progress of stock exchanges in India.Harshad Mehtawas

a player who rendered fraud in Indian stock market by including private bank in fraud scheme. He

dealt 200 million shares of 90 companies and millions of Dollars loss was suffered by small and

middle investors when scam was publicly opened and sensex dropped 570 points.

Govt. of India had taken good action for prohibiting such scams by establishing SEBI in 1992. This

board played a great role to develop and to secure the investors of India. After this India stock

exchange again because attraction point of international investors.

SEBI made rules in which all transactions will be settled on daily basis and there will be zero level

fraud and scam in stock exchanges in India.

Now stock exchange changes fully in India. For dealing in stock exchange, any person needs Demat

account and SBI and Karvi are working as online stock exchange broker in India .

Main benefit of e-stock exchanges that now NRI can sell and purchase without physical transferring

of shares , all dealing are taken place online and sale and purchase price of shares are transferredby cheque or by e-banking facility .
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This new form of stock exchanges in India opens new business in each and every home which is

connected with Internet.

Indian stock exchange trends are showing upward sensex from last 2008 when USA market fell due

tofinancial crisis but India saved easily from this crisis and a very small effect was on Indian stock

market .

Know more about OTCEI>> JUNE 9, 2009

OTCEI is famous stock exchange which is founded and incorporated in 1990 in Mumbai under Indian

company act 1956s section 25. This stock exchange is allowed to allunlisted companies (Who is not

listed in BSE or NSE) to trade in shares and it provides more facility to companies to list in OTC

exchange of India. It is also the institute which provides the sources to the valuation of securities.

This stock exchange is also active in US by online system of buying and selling of shares and other

securities. It also provides the facility to NRI to invest their money in reputed companies under IPO

system. It is affiliated stock exchange under Securities contract act 1956. Presently 115 companies

are listed under OTC

OTCEI Motto

"To assist in efficient capital formation by developing a vibrant, dynamic and self-regulated capital

market conferring benefits to the investors, issuers, capital market and the nation at large."

Why is American Depository Receipt (ADR) Needed?>> SEPTEMBER 24, 2009

American depository receipt is very important receipt. With its help, non USA companies can

purchase and sell shares inUS stock and share markets.Thus, Investors of USA can buy the shares

of foreign companies without any problem of cross border or cross currency. It is more famous with

ADRs. All payment of price for getting ADR is in US dollars. Only after this receipt foreign company

can deal in USA share market.
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Now, I will give you more important information regarding this:-

ADR can be issued by US depository banks like Citibank and Bank of New York Mellon.

American depository shares are called ADS.

It is just like licence to trade in USA stock exchange and this ADR can be gotten only by three levels.

Ist level ADR is very simple. Any foreign company who has English website in which it shows his

annual financial statements and also apply general conditions of Security exchange commission of

USA. But other two level ADR is more difficult because for getting these ADRs, Foreign companies

have to fill the form 20, accept all US GAAP and also accept all related conditions of SEC.

Measurement of Risk and Returns Securities and Portfolios

>> NOVEMBER 2, 2009

Aim

Aim of this topic is to make expert the students and investors in financial analysis.

Explanation :When a person starts his own work, then either he will get profit or loss and

this is not sure and the possibility of this uncertainty is called risk. Loss is one of major risk

of business and main motive of financial analysis is to reduce risk of loss. It is also

general rule higher risk and higher return but modern concept is just opposite this , it is

lower risk and higher profit. In financial market, Company issues and also invests in shares

and companyMeasurement of Risk is with the help of financial mathematics and financial risk

management. Company uses modern portfolio theory for getting maximum return on

minimum risk.

Reasons of Risk

1. Some longer-term consequences of disasters

2. such as lawsuits

3. loss of market confidence and employee morale and impairment of brand names can

take a long time to play out

For this following procedure is adopted for making good Portfolios

1. Calculation the value at Risk

Risk of investment is measured on the basis of Standard deviation . It is variation of actual

and standard performance on the investment .

Prof. Razvan Pascalau, Univ. of Alabama has made simple online value at risk calculator

which is very helpful for investors
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2. Calculation of portfolio

After calculation of Risk , we can make portfolio by applying mathematical formula .

Return is the weighted average of the risk free asset, f, and the risky portfolio, p, and is

therefore linear:

Since the asset is risk free, portfolio standard deviation is simply a function of the weight of

the risky portfolio in the position. This relationship is linear

http://www.riskwhoswho.com/Resources/WilfordSykes4.pdf
http://www.riskwhoswho.com/Resources/WilfordSykes4.pdfhttp://www.riskwhoswho.com/Resources/WilfordSykes4.pdf


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http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR505r/page36.htm

http://www.andreassteiner.net/performanceanalysis/?Risk_Measurement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_at_risk

Read Also above references for more deep study of measurement of risk and return

securities and portfolios .

SEARCH

National Stock Exchange (NSE ) - Backbone of Indian Capital

market>> JUNE 8, 2009

NSE or National stock exchange is the largest stock exchange in the city Mumbai. It is the second

stock exchange in world whose growth rate is 16.6%. It was established as company in 1993 and in

1994 it converted as stock exchange where all type of investors can deal in shares and long term

loans.

It is also reputed place for whole debt trading (WDT). Capital market of Companies listed have

reached at $ 1.46 trillion. It means if we visualize this money, it is 10s power 12 ($

1,000,000,000,000) for 1 trillion and + 0.46 trillion also included one trillion. We can visualize this

amount in following picture when a man stand in the front of this amount , he looks like a small ball

. So , NSE is backbone of Indian companies' finance and capital market .
http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR505r/page36.htmhttp://www.andreassteiner.net/performanceanalysis/?Risk_Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_at_riskhttp://www.svtuition.org/2009/06/national-stock-exchange-nse-backbone-of.htmlhttp://www.svtuition.org/2009/06/national-stock-exchange-nse-backbone-of.htmlhttp://www.svtuition.org/2009/06/national-stock-exchange-nse-backbone-of.htmlhttp://www.svtuition.org/2009/06/national-stock-exchange-nse-backbone-of.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_at_riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theoryhttp://www.andreassteiner.net/performanceanalysis/?Risk_Measurementhttp://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR505r/page36.htm


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Trading time

Trading time in NSE is started from 09:55am and closed at 03:30pm. Saturdays and Sundays are

the holiday.

Educational Services

National stock exchange (NSE) is also operating educational services . It has started Certification in

Financial Markets

Updated position

According to Business Standard 04/06/09, NSE has gotten 26% 26 foreign direct investment (FDI).

That is good sign of the reputation of NSE. ThanksINDOLINK Consulting

There are also following top five companies who gain from this capital market in 8 June 2009 .
http://indolinkenglish.wordpress.com/2009/06/08/norwest-venture-buys-2-11-in-nse-for-rs-250-cr/#comment-113http://indolinkenglish.wordpress.com/2009/06/08/norwest-venture-buys-2-11-in-nse-for-rs-250-cr/#comment-113


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You might like:

Labels:capital,finance,market,NSE,visualization

Enter your email address:

>> JUNE 5, 2009
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Security exchange board established in 1992 by passing the ordinance in the parliament of India.

Indias first law relating to control over security was Control Security issue act 1947 but, it was not

fulfilling the desires of Govt . and investors.

For securing the interests of Investors, SEBI has established by Central Govt. In India, now it is vital

authority to makes all rules and regulations relating to capital market. Main aim and objectives of

SEBI is to protect the money of investors from frauds in stock markets. A new investors can easily

cheated by expert brokers, So, SEBI knows this point and it has made very strict rules for ceasing

such cheating , frauds and malpractices .

SEBI never accepts anydodgy transaction which is done by any party in stock exchanges in India.

SEBI is the board which is operated by one chairperson and other members which are appointed

from following way.

One member is selected from the officers of ministry of f inance.

One member is selected from the officers of ministry of law.

One member is selected from the office of RBI.

Other two members are selected by central Govt.

Powers of SEBI

1. To make rules and regulation for controlling the stock exchanges in India.

2. To educate brokers and investors.

3. To do amendments in the rules and regulations of stock exchanges in India.

4. To encourage investors of foreign to investment in India.

5. To safeguard the interests of investors.

6. To development the stock and share market in India.

7. To stop all fraud and malpractices in stock exchanges.

8. To reduce the fluctuations in the market prices of shares.

9. To create good relationships among the large numbers of brokers, finance agents and financers.

10. To provide license to brokers for activities in stock exchanges in India.
http://svtuition.blogspot.com/2009/06/simple-definition-of-dodgy-transactions.htmlhttp://svtuition.blogspot.com/2009/06/simple-definition-of-dodgy-transactions.html


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Definition of Economic Policies

All policies which are made for development of economy and its stability are called economic policies. Last

year economic crisis and after coming its main roots, economic

policies are become most important and every country makes its after deep research and analysis.

Followings are the main economic policies:-

1. Industrial Policies :-

Industrial policies are the one of the important part of economic policies. For working of industry in

peace environment, these policies are made. These policies may be different according to the size

and location of industry.

2. Trade Policies:-

Trade policy is relating to import and export of goods. Govt. makes trade policy for protecting

domestic industry by levying of tax on import.

3. Foreign exchange policy:-

It is also the part of economic policy. For exchanging the currency and better movement of

international capital, these policies are made in international capital market.

4. Foreign investment and technology policy:-

This policy is very helpful for getting large amount in form of foreign investment and high skill in

form of technology. Govt. makes this policy more liberalized to attract foreign investors.


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5. Fiscal Policy:-

Fiscal policy is very advance tool to promote economy. Govt. can reduce the rate of indirect tax for

removing recession from country under fiscal measurements .

6. Monetary policy:-

Monetary Policy is made by central bank of any country. RBI uses several tools of monetary policy

like bank rate, open market operations and direct regulations.

Critical Role of Economic Policies:-

In India, there are approximate six economic policies and policies are so important for development

of India economy. But there are also many shortcomings, we can see in these , which we can explain

following way :-

Industrial policies affect on domestic industry adversely. Govt. promotes only bigcompanies.

Economic policies can be criticized that these are affected from world economy which can not

be controlled by govt.

Govt. has no direct control on monetary policies due to the control of RBI. So, it is lessrepresented by public.

SATURDAY, MAY 16, 2009


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GATT and its functions and policies

In 1944 , developed countries participated in bretton woods meeting . In this

meeting they wanted to make international trade organisation but all countries

could not agree on its terms but 1948 , they had made a general agreement for

tariffs and trade after signing GATT in 1947 by 23 countries includingIndia.

Now no. of member countries reached up to 184 .

Objectives and functions of GATT

1. Reduce international restriction

2. Reducetaxproblems

1. Development ininternationaltrade

Policies of GATT

1. Non discriminationpolicy

2. No quantitative restrictions

3. Opinions

Information technologyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://wiki.svtuition.org/2009/05/gatt-and-its-functions-and-policies.htmlhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/2009/05/legal-environment-of-business-in-india.htmlhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/2009/05/legal-environment-of-business-in-india.htmlhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/2009/05/legal-environment-of-business-in-india.htmlhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/2009/03/tax-accounting-notes.htmlhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/2009/03/tax-accounting-notes.htmlhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/2009/03/tax-accounting-notes.htmlhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/search/label/world%20bankhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/search/label/world%20bankhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/search/label/world%20bankhttp://svtuition.googlepages.com/New-Industry-Policy-of-India.htmlhttp://svtuition.googlepages.com/New-Industry-Policy-of-India.htmlhttp://svtuition.googlepages.com/New-Industry-Policy-of-India.htmlhttp://svtuition.googlepages.com/New-Industry-Policy-of-India.htmlhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/search/label/world%20bankhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/2009/03/tax-accounting-notes.htmlhttp://svtuitionv.blogspot.com/2009/05/legal-environment-of-business-in-india.htmlhttp://wiki.svtuition.org/2009/05/gatt-and-its-functions-and-policies.html


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Information Technology(IT) is the branch of engineering that deals with the use of

computers to store, retrieve and transmit information.[1]The acquisition, processing,

storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by

amicroelectronics-based combination ofcomputingandtelecommunicationsare its main

fields.[2]The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in

theHarvard Business Review,in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that "the

new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information

technology (IT)."[3]Some of the modern and emerging fields of Information technology are

next generationweb technologies,bioinformatics,cloud computing,global information

systems, large scaleknowledge bases,etc. Advancements are mainly driven in the field

ofcomputer science.

Contents

[hide]

1 Information

2 Technology

3 Technological capacity and growth

4 See also

5 References

6 Further reading

7 External links

[edit]Information

Main article:Information

The English word was apparently derived from theLatinstem (information-) of the

nominative (informatio): this noun is in its turn derived from the verb "informare" (to inform)

in the sense of "to give form to the mind", "to discipline", "to instruct", "to teach".

[edit]Technology

Main article:Technology

Information and communication technology spending in 2005
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Technological_capacity_and_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Technological_capacity_and_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005ICT.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005ICT.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005ICT.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005ICT.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Technological_capacity_and_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-0


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IT is the area of managing technology and spans a wide variety of areas that

includecomputer software,information systems,computer hardware,programming

languagesbut are not limited to things such as processes, and data constructs. In short,

anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format

whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the IT

domain. IT provides businesses with four sets of core services to help execute the

business strategy: business process automation, providing information, connecting with

customers, and productivity tools.

IT professionals perform a variety of functions that range from installing applicationsto

designing complexcomputer networksand informationdatabases.A few of the duties that

IT professionals perform may includedata management,networking, engineeringcomputer

hardware,server management, database and software design, as well as management

and administration of entire systems.

In the recent past, theAccreditation Board for Engineering and Technologyand

theAssociation for Computing Machineryhave collaborated to form accreditation and

curriculum standards[4]for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study as

compared[5]toComputer ScienceandInformation Systemstoday. SIGITE (Special Interest

Group for IT Education)[6]is the ACM working group for defining these standards. The

Worldwide IT services revenue totaled $763 billion in 2009.[7]

[edit]Technological capacity and growth

Hilbert and Lopez[8]identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind

ofMoore's law): machines application-specific capacity to compute information per capita

has roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986-2007; the per capita capacity of the

worlds general-purpose computers has doubled every 18 months during the same two

decades; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the

worlds storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years);

and per capita broadcast information has doubled roughly every 12.3 years.[

End of File Update if necessary
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