McKinley, Emma - LITTORAL 2010 - Public Involvement in marine management? An evaluation by UK marine practitioners

8/8/2019 McKinley, Emma - LITTORAL 2010 - Public Involvement in marine management? An evaluation by UK marine practitioners

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Public Involvement in marinemanagement? An evaluation byUK marine practitioners

Littoral ConferenceLondon

September 21 st -23 rd 2010

Emma McKinley and Steve Fletcher School of Applied Sciences

Bournemouth University


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O verview

Research objectivesBackground/ Marine citizenship

Methodology rationalePractitioner InterviewsResults of interviewsKey conclusions


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Research O bjectivesAssess practitioner perception of current management

Evaluate practitioner perception of the role of theindividual and the collective wider public in marine

management

Identification of the key elements influencing publiccapacity for involvement in management and decisionmaking processes

Assess the application of these findings to current marinemanagement and make recommendations for itsimprovement.


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Background to marine

managementTraditionally state driven governancedistributed among sectors

International transition to more integrated,participatory management (Applestrand, 2002; Edwards etal, 1997, McFadden, 2008)

Citizen driven management proving

successful in terrestrial management (Ananda,2007)

Canadas O cean Act (1997), AustraliasO cean Policy (1998) and the Marine andCoastal Access Act (2009)


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Marine citizenship

O ver 50% of global population lives within50Km of the coast (Ducrotoy et al , 2000)

Increased awareness of the value of marine derived goods and services (Costanza et al , 1999)

Existing concepts of environmental

citizenship cant be applied effectively tomarine environment (McKinley and Fletcher,2010; Hawthorneand Alabaster, 1999; Berkowitz et al , 2005)


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Factors of Marine Citizenship?F actors Environmental

CitizenshipMarine Citizenship

Education X X

Awareness X X

Concern X X

Responsibility (Personaland Societal)

X X

Socio economics X X

Personality traits X X

Desire to Act X XLivelihood Dependency X

Proximity to theenvironment

X

Factors present in environmental citizenship and marine citizenship, identifying the

additional components in marine citizenship.


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Marine citizenshipSocio-demographics Personality Variables Capacity

Proximity

Education Responsibility

Marine Citizenship Knowledge

Behaviour Concern

Public Perception Participation Awareness

McKinley and Fletcher, 2010


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Methodological approach

- S election of telephone interviews asappropriate method for data collection

- Examination of practitioner perception of the role of communities in marinemanagement

- S emi structured questions allowedflexibility throughout


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Practitioner Interviews

Conducted between August 2008 to February200942 interviews conductedWide range of practitioners interviewedExamples of organisations:

O SPAR; Natural England; NAW; DEFRA; WWF;

Sea Fisheries CommitteesManual content analysis conducted on thedata


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Practitioner ResultsSupported need for specific concept

Influencing factors: Participation; Education;

Awareness; Socio-economics; Culture;Proximity to the coast; Exposure toenvironment

Key themes identifiedEducation Personal Attachment


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How can effective public

involvement be encouraged?Personal Attachment EducationResponsibility

Involvement

Desire to Participate

Proximity to the coast

Dependency

Socio-economic and cultural

links

- Awareness

- Access to information

- Knowledge of marineissues

-Related concern

-Capacity for involvement


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Practitioner perception of current marine management

Historically fragmentedfr agmented, ine ff ective, sho r t-sighted and disconnected needs mo r e public involvement

Lacking a holistic overviewgetting bette r with time all sho r t te r m o r ientated r athe r than long te r m cultu r al issues that we dont unde r stand

Need for a change in management approachp r omotion o f the ecosystem app r oach to management should b r ing bene f its to the envi r onment and [to] those whouse it.


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Role of communities in marine management

Perception of Public roleideally the r e should be an active r ole

obligation [ f o r individuals to pa r ticipate], i f they want tohave an input into the f utu r e

Challenges to public involvementEve r yone has thei r pa r t to play, but how much? Not enti r ely convinced by the a r gument that the gene r al

public a r e stakeholde r s

no adequate mechanism [ f o r public involvement] .eve r yone should take ca r e o f the envi r onment but it is

f o r people highe r up to delive r policies. need to make oppo r tunities f o r the public to have

involvement


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Educationthe impo r tance o f the count r ys dependency on the ma r ine

envi r onment needs to be cent r al to education .

Recognised as a key element of publicinvolvement in UK marine management

Need for an improvement in marineeducation available - particularlyaddressing links

Schools are target audienceUtilise both formal and informal educationmethods

Media as a key avenue


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Personal Connections Feeling o f owne r ship and r esponsibility f o r the ma r ine

envi r onment is f undamentally linked to public involvement

Public disconnection with the marineenvironment - alienNeed to invoke a sense of pride regardingour island cultureTap into personal connections to the marine

environmentLink behaviour and impactsEncourage a sense of responsibility for

individual behaviour


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Refined modelMC feature Impact on Management Desired Outcome

High AwarenessDesire to be involved

Concern for MECapacity for involvement Long-term, integrated

Educated/ Informed sustainable

management plans Actively Participative Active role for the marineenvironment

Ease of implementationPro-env behaviour&perception

Sense of personal& Desire to be involvedSocietal responsibility

Adapted from (McKinley and Fletcher, 2010)


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Concluding remarksFurther evolution in marine managementDemand for public involvement, althoughthere are capacity issuesKey areas need to be addressed

- Education- Awareness of links between individual

behaviour and the marine environmentStrong links to emergent concept of marine citizenship


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References Ananda, J. (2007). "Implementing Participatory Decision Making in Forest Planning."

Environmental Management 39 : 534-544. Applestrand, M. (2002). "Participation and societal values:the challenge for lawmakers

and policy practioners." Forest Policy and Economics 4 : 281-290Berkowitz, A., R., Ford, M., E., and Brewer, C., A. (2005). A framework for integrating

ecological literacy, civics literacy, and environmental citizenship in environmentaleducation. in Environmental Education and Advocacy: Perspectives of Ecology and

Education. E. Johnson, A., and Mappin, M.,J. Editors, Cambridge University Press.Cambridge. : 227-266

Ducrotoy, J. (2001). "Higher Education in Coastal Sciences and Management:Establishing a Partnership Between Education and " Innovations in Education andTeaching International 38(3): 239-250

Fletcher, S., and J. Potts (2007). " O cean Citizenship: An Emergent GeographicalConcept." Coastal Management 35: 1-1

McKinley, E., and Fletcher, S. (2010). "Individual responsibility for the oceans? Anevaluation of marine citizenship by UK marine practitioners." O cean & CoastalManagement 53(7): 379-384

Hawthorne, M., and Alabaster, T. (1999). "Citizen 2000: Development of a model of environmental citizenship." Global Environmental Change 9 : 25-43


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THANK Y O U

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McKinley, Emma - LITTORAL 2010 - Public Involvement in marine management? An evaluation by UK marine practitioners