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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Types –structured vs. unstructured –recurring vs. ad hoc Decision making steps –intelligence –design –choice –implementation find what to fix Decisions find fixes pick a fix apply the fix
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M anagement I nformation Systemsfor the I nfor mation Age
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
C H
A P
T E
R
Haag Cummings McCubbrey
Third Edition
4
Decision Supportand Artificial Intelligence
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Knowledge Workers Checklist
must understand: categories of decisions & the process of
decision making types of decision support systems & their
roles types of artificial intelligence systems & useshow to the choose the appropriate IT system
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
• Types– structured vs. unstructured– recurring vs. ad hoc
• Decision making steps– intelligence– design– choice– implementation
find what to fix
Decisions
find fixespick a fixapply the fix
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
• a computerized system to help you make decisions
• components– data management– model management– user interface management
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
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Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
• used in team problem solving
• components
– special groupware
– DSS capabilities
– telecommunications
Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
GDSS Decision Process
• brainstorming
• issue categorization and analysis
• ranking and voting
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Meeting Types
• synchronous– same room– same city– same planet
• asynchronous– same city– same planet
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
• a DSS for spatial (map) information• applications such as:
– targeting customers by area– planning routes of a truck fleet– planning marketing campaigns
Geographic Information Systems
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Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Artificial Intelligence - AI
• machines imitating human thinking and behavior
• types– expert systems– neural networks– genetic algorithms– intelligent agents
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Expert System
applies reasoning to reach a conclusion
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Good for
• auditing
• diagnosing engine problems
• production problems
• lithographic printing
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Components of Expert Systems
• information
• people
• IT components
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Information Types
• domain expertise – how to solve the problem
• why? Information– answers users questions
• problem facts – particulars about current problem
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
People
• domain expert– person who knows how to solve problem
• knowledge engineer– IT specialist
• knowledge worker or user
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
• knowledge base
• knowledge acquisition component
• inference engine
• user interface
• explanation module
IT Components
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Neural Network
learns to differentiate patterns on its own
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Good for
• finding fraud in credit card use
• reading handwriting
• finding anomalies in human tissue
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Training a Neural Network
• show the neural network lots of examples• tell it which category each belongs to• with practice, the neural network can
distinguish categories by itself
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Genetic Algorithm
uses the evolutionary, survival-of-the fittest process to find the best solutions
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Good for
• finding cheapest route for laying cable
• finding best stock portfolio combinations
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Genetic Algorithm Concepts
• selection– give preference to better outcomes
• crossover– combine portions of good outcomes
• mutation– randomly try combinations
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Intelligent Agent
performs repetitive tasks on a computer or network
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Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Types
• find-and-retrieve agents– buyer agent or shopping bot
• user agents– check e-mail
• monitoring and surveillance agents– monitor network for likely problems
• data-mining agents– data warehouses
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition
Summary• decisions come in several types• decision making consists of intelligence, design, choice and
implementation• Decision Support Systems (DSS) are computerized systems
that can help people make decisions• a Group DSS can be used to make meetings more efficient
and effective• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a type of DSS that
handles spatial information• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to make machines think
and or behave like humans• AI types - expert systems, neural networks, genetic
algorithms, intelligent agents
