McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 24 Colonialism and Development Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity 11 th Edition Conrad

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

124

Colonialism and Development

Anthropology:The Exploration of Human Diversity

11th Edition

Conrad Phillip Kottak


2 Colonialism and DevelopmentColonialism and Development

• Colonialism

• Development

• The Second World

• Development Anthropology

• Strategies for Innovation


3 ColonialismColonialism

• Colonialism—political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time

• Imperialism—policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over other nations



• European colonialism had two broad phases

– 1492 to 1852– 1850 to just after end of World War II

Second period more imperialistic



– British empire covered a fifth of world’s land surface and ruled a fourth of its population

• Driven by need for economic expansion• Peaked about 1914

• British Colonialism



• British Colonialism– First phase of British colonialism

concentrated in the New World, West Africa, and India

Came to a close with the American Revolution



• British Colonialism– During the second period of colonialism,

Britain eventually controlled most of India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and large portions of eastern and southern Africa



• British Colonialism– British colonial efforts justified by what

Kipling called “white man’s burden”• Asserted native peoples not capable of

governing themselves• Native peoples needed the white British

colonialist to provide and maintain order

After World War II, British Empire began to fall apart



• Map of the British Empire in 1914– Insert Figure 24.1



– French colonialism driven by state, church, and military, rather than by business interests

• French Colonialism



• First phase, starting in early 1600’s, focused in Canada, the Louisiana Territory, the Caribbean, and West Africa

• Second phase (1870 to World War II) included most of North Africa and Indochina

• French Colonialism– Like Great Britain, French Colonialism had

two phases



• French Colonialism– Ideological legitimization for French

colonialism was mission civilisatrice (similar to “white man’s burden”)

Spread French culture, language, and religion throughout the colonies



• Indirect rule—practice of governing through native political structures and leaders

• Direct rule—practice of imposing new governments upon native populations

• French Colonialism– French used two forms of colonial rule



• Map of the French Empire at Its Height around 1914– Insert Figure 24.2



• Colonialism and Identity– Whole countries, along with social groups

and divisions within them, were colonial inventions

For example, many modern political boundaries in West Africa based on linguistic, political, and economic contrasts that are the result of European colonial policies



• Small West African Nations Created by Colonialism– Insert Figure 24.3



• Postcolonial Studies– Postcolonial—study of interactions

between European nations and the societies they colonized

Term also used to signify a position against imperialism and Eurocentrism



– Settler countries large numbers of European colonists and sparser native populations

– Nonsettler postcolonies characterized by large native populations and only a small number of Europeans

– Mixed postcolonies have sizable native and European populations

• Postcolonies can be divided into settler, nonsettler, and mixed


19 DevelopmentDevelopment

• British Empire — white man’s burden• French Empire — mission civilisatrice

Economic development plans — industrialization, modernization, westernization, and individualism are desirable evolutionary advances that will bring long-term benefits to natives

• Intervention philosophy—ideological justification for outsiders to guide local peoples in specific directions



– New form of old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

• Free trade best way for nation’s economy to develop

• No restrictions on manufacturing• No barriers to commerce• No tariffs

• Neoliberalism



– Neoliberalism places more emphasis on “individual responsibility” than on “common good”

In exchange for loans, governments of Postsocialist and developing nations required to accept neoliberal premise that deregulation leads to economic growth

• Neoliberalism– Neoliberalism is revival of economic

liberalism after the fall of Communism


22 The Second WorldThe Second World

– Includes former Soviet Union and the socialist and once socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia

• Second World refers to Warsaw Pact nations



– Two meanings of communism• Small-c communism—social system in which

property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good.

• Large C-Communism—political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991

• Communism



– All Communist systems were authoritarian

• Communism– By the year 2000, only 5 Communist states

left, compared with 23 in 1985



• Communist party monopolized power• Relations with party highly centralized and

strictly disciplined• Nations had state owners of the means of

production• Regimes cultivated a sense of belonging to an

international movement

• Communism– Many were totalitarian and demanded total

submission of individual to state



– Common problems of transition:• Rise of nationalism in form of ethnic-religious

minorities• Corruptions• Unemployment and poverty• Difficulties establishing new values, social

relations, and groups

• States that once had planned economies now following neoliberal agenda



– Neoliberal economists assumed dismantling Soviet Union’s planned economy would raise GDP and living standards

• Postsocialist Transitions



• Since fall of Soviet empire in Tajikistan, Islam replacing socialist ideology

• Yugoslavia breakup more violent and created a series of secessions

• Postsocialist Transitions– Postsocialist Russia has faced many

problems



• Postsocialist Transitions• Corruption—abuse of public office for private

gain—common problem in postsocialist countries

– Alexei Yurcahak describes official-public and personal-public spheres within contemporary Russian state

What is legal (official-public) and what is considered morally correct don’t necessarily correspond



• Postsocialist Transitions– Postsocialist and developing nations

include promotion of civil society—voluntary collective action around shared interests, goals, and values



• Former Soviet Socialist Republics of Central Asia, including Tajikistan– Figure 24.4


32 Development AnthropologyDevelopment Anthropology

– Development anthropologists do not just carry out development policies plan by others; they also plan and guide policy

• Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development



• Local-level research often reveals inadequacies in the measures that economists use to assess development and a nation’s economic health



– Green revolution has increased food supplies and reduced food prices

• The Greening of Java



• The Greening of Java– Emphasis on front capital and advanced

technological and chemical farming allowed bureaucratic and economic elites of Java to strengthen their position at expense of poorer farmers

Ann Stoler’s analysis of the green revolution’s impact on Java suggested that it differentially affected such things as gender stratification, depending on class



• Commonly stated goal of development projects is increased equity, which means reduction in poverty and more even distribution of wealth

• Goal frequently thwarted by local elites acting to preserve or enhance their positions

• The Greening of Java– Equity



• Location of Java (yellow) in Indonesia (orange)– Insert Figure 24.5


38 Strategies for InnovationStrategies for Innovation

• Kottak found culturally compatible economic development projects twice as successful financially as incompatible development projects



– Be culturally compatible– Respond to locally perceived needs’– Involve men and women in planning and

carrying out changes that affect them– Harness traditional organizations– Be flexible

• To maximize social and economic benefits, projects must:



– Development projects that require too much change

• Projects that failed were usually economically and culturally incompatible

• Project problems have arisen from inadequate attention to, and consequent lack of, fit with local culture

• Overinnovation



– Tendency to view “less-developed countries” as more alike than they are

• Many development projects incorrectly assume that nuclear family is basic unit of production and land ownership

• Many development projects also incorrectly assume cooperatives based on models from former Eastern bloc will be readily incorporated by rural communities

• Underdifferentiation



– Best models for economic development found in target communities

Realistic development promotes change, not overinnovation, by preserving local systems while making them work better

• Third World Models

Documents

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 24 Colonialism and Development Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity 11 th Edition Conrad