Mcb80 Lect 4 Questions

8/8/2019 Mcb80 Lect 4 Questions

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Lecture 4: Quiz Questions

In one or two sentences, give a main function served by or housed in the following

portions of the human nervous system for 1-16:

1. Autonomic nervous system

a. System of central and peripheral nerves

b. Innervates the internal organs, cardiovascular system, and glands; also

called visceral PNS.

c. Consists of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions.

2. Enteric nervous system

a. Division of the autonomic nervous system

b. Innervates the digestive organs; consists of the myenteric and submucous

plexuses.

3. Medulla

a. Part of the hindbrain caudal to the pons and cerebellum.

b. Controls autonomic functions, such as respiration, blood pressure, heart

rate, posture, reflex arcs, and vomiting; and also relays signals

between the brain and the spinal cord.

4. Pons

a. Part of the rostral hindbrain that lies ventral to the cerebellum and the

fourth ventricle.

b. Relays signals between the cerebellum and cerebrum, and is thought to

have a role in dreaming.

5. Cerebellum

a. Structure derived from the rhombencephalon, attached to the brain stem at

the pons; an important movement control center.

b. Muscle and reflex coordination.

c. Plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor

output.

6. Midbrain

a. Region of the brain derived from the middle primary embryonic brain veisle;

also called the mesencephalon. Caudally the mesencephalon adjoins

the pons and rostrally it adjoins the diencephalon. Midbrain structure


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include the tectum and the tegmentum.

b. Serves as the nerve pathway of the cerebral hemispheres.

c. Auditory and visual centers, especially "unconscious" vision, oculomotor

reflexes, motion sensitivity, and startle responses.

7. Thalamus

a. Dorsal part of the diencephalon, highly interconnected with the cerebral

neocortex.

b. Believed to translate "prethalamic inputs" and relay information selectively

to various parts of the cortex, as one thalamic point may reach one or

several regions in the cortex.

c. Regulates sleep, wakefulness, and consciousness.

8. Hypothalamus

a. Ventral part of the diencephalon.

b. Involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary

gland.

c. Controls body temperature, satiety, hunger, thirst, sex, and circadian

cycles.

9. Hippocampus

a. Region of the cerebral cortex lying adjacent and medial to the olfactory

cortex.

b. In humans, the hippocampus is in the temporal lobe and may play a role in

learning and memory.

10. Prefrontal cortex

a. Cortical area at the rostral end of the frontal lobe.

b. Receives input from the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus.

c. Implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression

and moderating correct social behavior.

d. "Executive Function"

11. Occipital lobe

a. Region of the cerebrum lying under the occipital bone.

b. Visual processing center of the mammalian brain; contains most of the

anatomical region of the visual cortex.

12. Parietal lobe

a. Region of the cerebrum lying under the parietal bone.


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b. Integrates sensory information from different modalities, particularly

determining spacial locations of objects.

13. Temporal lobe

a. Region of the cerebrum lying under the temporal bone.

b. Involved in auditory processing (primary auditory cortex).

c. Heavily involved in semantics, both in speech and vision.

d. Involved in memory formation (hippocampus).

14. Broca's area

a. Region of the frontal lobe associated with Broca's (motor) aphasia when

damaged.

i. Broca's aphasia is a language disturbance in which a person has

difficulty speaking or repeating words but can understand

language; also known as motor or nonfluent aphasia.

b. Involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension.

15. Lumbar spinal cord

a. Section of the spinal cord housed in the 5 lumbar vertebrae at the lordotic

curve, under the cervical and thoracic regions.

b. Innervates the hips and front of legs, controlling regions such as quadriceps,

hamstrings, and feet

16. Cervical spinal cord

a. Uppermost portion of the spinal cord.

b. Innervates the neck muscles, diaphragm, shoulders, wrists, fingers, and

triceps.

17. What types of axons run in the dorsal and ventral roots?

a. Sensory axons run in the dorsal roots.

b. Motor axons run in the ventral roots.

18. What are two ways in which the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are

similar?

a. Both involuntary and part of the autonomic nervous system.

b. Control the same regions of the body, though in the opposite ways.

19. What is the "fight or flight" response and what part of the nervous system

orchestrates it?

a. Response to a sudden need for increased energy expenditure (catabolic) for

intense activity


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b. Raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, decreases blood flow to skin,

decreases digestive activities, dilates pupils.

c. Controlled by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

20. What is the "rest and digest" response and what part of the nervous system

orchestrates it?

a. Body reduces energy expenditures and builds up reserves (anabolic).

b. Lowers blood pressure, slows heart rate, increases blood flow to skin,

increases digestive activities, constricts pupils.

c. Controlled by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous

system.

21. List and briefly define three major steps in the evolution of the central nervous

system.

a. Centralization

i. Bringing neurons together in the middle of the animal, so they can

interact more quickly.

b. Segmentation

i. Assembling the rest of the neurons in groups that control

corresponding parts of the body.

c. Cephalization

i. Putting lots of neurons at the front of the animal (Brain).

22. Define OR sketch: neural plate, neural fold, neural crest, and neural tube.

a.

b. Neural plate

i. Ectoderm that gives rise to the nervous system.

c. Neural fold

i. Walls of the groove that forms in the neural plate, running rostral to

caudal.

ii. Subsequently move together and fuse dorsally, forming the neural

tube.

d. Neural crest

i. Primitive embryonic peripheral nervous system, consisting of neural

ectoderm that pinches off laterally as the neural tube forms.

e. Neural tube

i. Primitive embryonic central nervous system, consisting of a tube of


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neural ectoderm.

23. Name three primary cortical sensory areas, and note their locations on a simple

sketch of cortex.

a.

b. Visual cortex

c. Auditory cortex

d. Somatosensory cortex

24. What are two ways for finding out what function a particular brain area serves? For

each, note a problem that limits the power of the method.

a. Lesion studies: WHat can't the person or animal do after loss of an area?

i. Limitations: Compensation, redundancy

b. fMRI or PET scanning

i. Limitations: Smallest area that can be detected corresponds to

thousands of neurons.

c. Recording from neurons with a microelectrode: What stimuli do neurons

"respond" to?

i. Limitations: Have to sample one neuron at a time.

d. Multi-unit recording: Record from hundreds or thousands of neurons at a

time

i. Limitations: Technically just becoming possible; how to process the

data?

25. What are two ways to find out the areas of the brain to which a particular area is

connected?

a. Intracellular injection

b. Axonal transport from or to target

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Mcb80 Lect 4 Questions