Upload
yemmy
View
223
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
1/48
Communication Values and Ethics
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
2/48
The practical science of the morality of
human actions
The scientific inquiry into the principles of
morality The science of human acts with reference to
right and wrong
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
3/48
The science which lays down the principles
of right living
The practical science that guides us in our
actions that we may live rightly and well A normative and practical science based on
reason, which studies human conduct and
provides norms for its natural integrity and
honesty
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
4/48
Science
Not an experimental science but a philosophical
science
Morality Refers to rightness or badness of human acts
Human acts
Those done by persons with knowledge and
consent
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
5/48
Morality
Human acts
Voluntariness and responsibility
Morality of human acts
Degree or types of voluntariness
Moral principle of act with double effects
Factors that lessen accountability
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
6/48
Morality
Refers to the quality of the goodness or badness
of the human act
General name for a definite property which isfound in connection with the human act
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
7/48
Human acts
Act done with full knowledge and deliberation
Act done with knowledge and consent
Free voluntary acts of man Acts which are proper to man as man; because of
all animals he alone has knowledge and freedom
of will
Acts of which we are conscious and are under our
control and for which we are responsible
Those of which man is master he has the power
of doing or not doing as he pleases
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
8/48
Some acts are
morally
indifferent
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
9/48
Voluntariness and responsibility
/lt/ voluntaswill
Voluntariness refers to the freedom of the human
agent to act or not to act
The property of a moral situation whereby action
or omission results from a source within the
agent and from some knowledge which the agent
possesses
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
10/48
The morality of human acts
The constitutive parts of human act
End - objective
Means - object
Circumstances
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
11/48
Degree or types of voluntariness
Perfect
Occurs when the person has full knowledge and full
consent
imperfect
Occurs when the agents knowledge and or consent is
only partial
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
12/48
Degree or types of voluntariness
Direct
Act is intended for its own sake either as a means or as
an end
Indirect
Act is not intended for its own sake but follows as a
regrettable consequence of an action directly willed
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
13/48
Moral principle of act with double effects
The act in itself should be good, or at least
morally indifferent
The evil effect should not be directly intended,
but morally allowed to occur as a regrettable
effect
There should be a reason sufficiently grave
enough for committing the action
The evil effect should not outweigh the goodeffect
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
14/48
The end does
not justify
the means
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
15/48
RESEARCH AND DEFINE
THE DIFFERENTFACTORS THAT
LESSENACCOUNTABILITY
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
16/48
Factors that lessen accountability
Ignorance
Concupiscence or passion
Fear Violence
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
17/48
Factors that lessen accountability
Ignorance
Absence of knowledge
Vincible
Invincible
Two principles related to ignorance
Vincible ignorance does not erase or remove
responsibility Invincible ignorance removes the responsibility of
the agent
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
18/48
Factors that lessen accountability
Concupiscence or passion
Can greatly affect the voluntariness of an action
The agent cannot act freely when under its influence
Two kinds of concupiscence
Antecedent
Consequent concupiscence
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
19/48
Factors that lessen accountability
Fear
When the agent acts due to fear, the agents will is
dragged alongfreedom is restricted
responsibility is diminished
Violence
Impulse from outside the agent and tends to force the
agent into acting against the will
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
20/48
Shared values
Wisdom
Justice
Freedom Accountability
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
21/48
Media is the primary source of information in
a democracy.
Transmission of persuasive communications
Production and dissemination of massentertainment
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
22/48
Application of concepts and principles in the field of
Mass Communication
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
23/48
Mass media, in modern societies, are
information systems vitally involved in
maintenance, change and conflict processes
at the societal as well as the group and
individual levels of social action (De-fleur
and Ball-Rokeach)
In modern societies, individuals increasingly
depend on mass media information forknowledge and orientation as to what is
happening around them. (McQuail and
Windahl)
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
24/48
The degree to which a society is undergoing
change, conflict or instability
The degree to which the media are in reality
central and important as information source
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
25/48
Governments in democratic states have less
control of the media than governments in
totalitarian states.
Accordingly, the quality of the goodness or
badness of the action of the three actors will
depend on how they live up to the demands
of their relationships with one another
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
26/48
Parts of the framework
Specific media freedom and responsibility
Working principles and key factors affecting
media presentation and specific media content/s
The media audience/user and the success/failure
indicators of media effects or the benefits/harms
indicators
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
27/48
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
28/48
TRUTH IN
REPORTING
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
29/48
Completeness
Understanding
Objectivity and balance
Accuracy
--Klaidman and Beauchamp
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
30/48
Structural
Situational
Cultural
These factors may either enhance or distort
media presentation
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
31/48
The media contents that derive from the four
working principles of truth in reporting and
the optimal use of the key factors affecting
media presentation benefit the media users.
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
32/48
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
33/48
the media should serve the public, and in
order to do so, should remain free of
government interference. It defined
guidelines that the media should follow in
order to fulfil its obligation of serving the
public.
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
34/48
1-3 key factors
4-5;6-7degree of dependency conditions
8-10 working principles
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
35/48
The relationships between the media, audience
and government have a moral character
Society individuals come increasingly to depend
on mass media information for knowledge
Democratic governments have more control over
the media
Failure to adhere to the working principles and use
of key factors bring benefits to media users
Media is obliged to provide all the info the public
needs
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
36/48
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
37/48
As an influence results in value directed
departure from
Accuracy
Objectivity
Balance
Distorted presentation of facts
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
38/48
Irrationality
Illusion
Greed
Ambition Religious fervour
May cause intentional or unintentional
distortion in the messages
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
39/48
Factual statement
Objective and can either be true or false
Evaluative statement
Not easy to confirm or falsify Tends to assess or appraise
Must meet the following conditions
Used in news only when there is substantial factual
base to support it
Will surely contribute to the media users
understanding of the event
Use is properly identified and executed
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
40/48
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
41/48
According to Georgie Anne Geyer
New diplomats
Media practitioner all of a sudden takes on a new role
Rampant careerism
The unhealthy obsession to advance ones career
Crisis coverage
Over-covering the crises of the world; under-covering
major trends
Dishonesty in style Adversariness
Tendency to make a simplistic map of the world :: our
side, their side two continually opposing sides
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
42/48
Among the more negative consequences are
Public will pay less attention to the media
Public will become less informed
Media freedom will come under heavier attack
Public will resort to interpersonal communication
People will rely more on the foreign media
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
43/48
Incompetence
Inaccuracy/incompleteness ofwork
Careerism
Sensationalism
Too frequently
biasedcallousness
Negligence
Arrogance
Contempt for the
publicAbuse of privilege/
right
Intense
competitionamongpractitioners
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
44/48
Concept of accountability Being answerable and being liable to be called
for an accounting
Medias accounting to the different publics
should take the form of a clarification,explanation or justification
According to Klaidman and Beauchamp justifiability of medias accounting will dependon:
The reason why they did so The quality of reason given
To whom the media people viewed themselvesaccountable
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
45/48
The media owe the following adequate
accounting
General public, readers/viewers
Subjects of stories
Sources of stories
Supervisors and employers
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
46/48
Government and the Fairness Doctrine
News councils
Ombudsman practice
Schools of mass communication/education Pressure groups
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
47/48
Among the virtues that the media persons
should cultivate are
Fairness
Justice
Being fair means giving or according a person, group or
institution what is due or owed them under specific
rules. But practising this virtue is not always easy
Prudence
Defined as the intellectual habit enabling the agent toreason to right conclusion to his moral problems
8/13/2019 MC103 Cometh
48/48
Among the virtues that the media persons
should cultivate are
Fortitude
Courage or bravery
The virtue of keeping resolute in the face of
overwhelming odds
Humility
Good habit of the will restraining ones tendency to
immoderation in the desire of higher things or ofexcellence