MBAA-Rocky Mountain DistrictMeeting

Beth McCannApplication Engineer

August 15, 2007

www.norit-americas.com

Contents

What is Activated Carbon

Activated Carbon in the Brewing Process

• Granular Activated Carbon for Water Purification

• Powdered Activated Carbon to Decolorize Beer

• Extruded or Granular Activated Carbon for CO2 Purification

Sterilization Process

Introduction To Norit

Worldwide Leader in Activated

Carbon

5 Activation Plants

4 Reactivation Plants

Broadest Product Line

7 Different Raw Materials

Turnkey Approach

Systems Capability

Turnkey Capability

Technical Service

• Laboratory Design

Systems

• PAC Dosing and Silo Systems• GAC Adsorbers

Change-out Service

Reactivation

What is Activated CarbonWhat is Activated Carbon ? ?

What is Activated Carbon?

A Microcrystalline and / or Amorphous Form of Carbon

A Rigid “Sponge” of Carbon

The Active Agent in a Separation Process

Network of Pores Surrounded by Carbon

An Adsorbent

It Is NOT a Chemical Compound

Activation Methods

Steam Activation: “Burn out” the internal pore structure by reaction with steam in a controlled environment at 900°C to 1000°C

Chemical Activation: Mixing of milled wood and phosphoric acid then activate

Raw Materials

Lignite Coal GAC & PAC

Bituminous Coal GAC & PAC

Wood GAC & PAC

Peat GAC & PAC, EXT

Olive Pits EXT

Coconut GAC & PAC

Activated Carbon Pore Structure

Pore Diameter

Micropores:<2 nm

Mesopores:2-50 nm

Macropores:>50 nm

Pore Size Comparison

<2 nm 2-50 nm >50 nm0

0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

Po

re V

olu

me,

ml/

g

<2 nm 2-50 nm >50 nm

Pore Diameter

Bituminous

Lignite

Wood

Peat

Forms of Activated Carbon

Powdered (PAC)

100% Less Than 180 Microns

Granular (GAC)

US Std. Mesh Sizes

Extruded Pellets (EXT)

Diameter in mm

Choosing the Right Carbon

AdsorptionAdsorption

Adsorption

* Surface Phenomenon

* Accumulation of Substance at a Surface

* Two Types - Physical (Van Der Waals Forces) - Chemisorption (Chemical Bond)

* Capacity vs. Rate

Adsorption process

Step 1 : Mass Transport of an impurity (solute or adsorbate) from the fluid to the carbon particle surface film;

Step 2 : Diffusion of adsorbate into the pore;

Step 3 : Adsorption on interior surface or pore wall.

What Controls Adsorption?

1. Fluid Contacted (Solution or Gas)pH, viscosity, temperature, chemical composition

2. Type of Impurityconcentration, solubility, molecular size, polarity, competitive adsorption

3. Carbon Typepore volume, dosage, particle size, activation method

4. Process Designliquid or gas phase, PAC or GAC, contact time, temperature

Activated Carbon in the Activated Carbon in the Brewing ProcessBrewing Process

Water Purification

Decolorization of Beer

CO2 Purification

Water PurificationWater Purification

Water Purification

Topics

Organic contaminants

Disinfection by-products

Residual disinfectants

Backwashing

Sterilization of bed

Water Purification

Removal of organic contaminants

Organics (taste and odor components)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOCs)

Natural Organic Compounds (NOCs)

Water Purification

Removal of disinfection by-products

Disinfection by-products (DBPs)

Trihalomethanes (THMs)

Haloacetic Acids (HAAs)

Cl

ClCl

Cl Cl

ClCC

CC

BrBr

Br

Br

BrBr

H

H H

H

Chloroform Dichlorobromomethane

Dibromochloromethane Bromoform

Water Purification

Removal of disinfectants

Dechlorination

1. Oxidation of carbon surface

C* + HOCl + H2O C* O + H3O+ + Cl-

C* H + OCl- + H2O C* O + H3O+ + Cl-

2. Surface oxide formation

HOCl + C* C* HOCl

3. Reduction of hypochlorite

2HOCl + 2H2O 2H3O+ + 2Cl- + O2

C* represents activated carbon

Water Purification

Removal of Disinfectants

Chloramine removal

pH < 5 = MonoMonochloramine (NH2Cl) formation

C* + NH2Cl + H2O NH3 + C*O + H+ + Cl-

C* + 2NH2Cl + H2O N2 + 2HCl + C* + H2O

pH > 5 = DiDichloramine formation

NHCl2 + H2O + C* NH3 + H+ + Cl- + C*O

C* represents activated carbon

Water Purification

Initial

Removes dust and fines

Stratifies the GAC bed

In-service

Removes trapped suspended solids

Removes inactive biomass following steaming

Maintains good hydraulics

Backwashing of GAC Bed

Water Purification

Steam Sterilization of GAC Bed

• Backwash to remove solids

• Sterilize with steam

• Maintained for 15 minutes after reaching 140°F

• Backwash with ambient water

Water Purification

Caustic Sterilization of GAC Bed

• Backwash to remove solids

• Sterilize with 2% by wt NaOH or Na2CO3

• Same solution can clean lines downstream

• Rinse filter, carbon and lines downstream

Beer DecolorizationBeer Decolorization

Beer Decolorization

Production of Malternatives

Removal of Color and Taste from Beer

• Decolorization - chemically activated carbon

• Flavor removal - steam activated carbon

Powdered Activated Carbon Used

Batch Operation

COCO22 Purification Purification

CO2 Purification

In breweries, CO2 is recovered as a by-product of fermentation. It can then

be purified, compressed and liquefied for further use in packaging, tank counter-pressure, carbonation, or the preparation of dry ice block or pellets. Its many uses include:

The carbonation of beer, wine, soft drinks and mineral water;

The bottling beverages for preservation during transportation and shelf storage;

Tank pressurization

CO2 Purification

Carbon dioxide gas is passed through a CO2 water wash scrubber to

remove water soluble fermentation impurities.

The gas then passes through an activated carbon bed to remove non-water soluble fermentation impurities - aldehydes, hydrogen sulfide, ketones, mercaptans, etc.

After purification, the carbon dioxide is then compressed and dried to remove the water vapor.

In the liquefying condenser, the CO2 gas is liquefied to remove any

remaining non-condensables (O2, N2).

Courtesy of The Wittemann Company, Inc.

Are there any questions