MAXSCHOLAR ORTON-GILLINGHAM REVIEW MANUAL · Web viewMAXSCHOLAR ORTON-GILLINGHAM REVIEW MANUAL for Teachers Author DR. DEBORAH LEVY Created Date 01/25/2018 13:40:00 Title MAXSCHOLAR

MAXSCHOLAR ORTON-GILLINGHAM REVIEW MANUAL

FOR TEACHERS

DR. DEBORAH LEVY

MASTERING THE ALPHABETIC CODE

MaxScholar Orton-Gillingham Review Manual

ISBN: 978-944717-53-7FIRST EDITION

Published by:MaxScholar LLC2800 Island BoulevardSuite 2501Aventura, FL 3316United States of America

(305) 496-7208

©2018 MaxScholar LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by information storage and retrieval system or network, without written permission from MaxScholar LLC.

Printed in the USA

January 2018

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MAXSCHOLAROrton-Gillingham Review

Manual

MAXSCHOLARreading intervention programs

by Dr. Deborah Levy

www.maxscholar.com

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http://www.maxscholar.com/

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TABLE OF CONTENTS page

Sounds Consonants 7 Consonant Blends 8 Consonant Digraphs/Trigraphs 9 Additional Sounds 10 Vowels 11 Spelling Options for Sounds 19

CLOVER (Sylliblication Rules) 22 1 Closed Syllable C 24 2 Consonant-le Syllable L 25 3 Open Syllable O 26 4 Double Vowel Syllable V 27 5 Vowel-Consonant-e Syllable E 28 6 R-Controlled Syllable R 29 “Glued” (“Welded”) Sounds 30 Syllable Exception Chart 31

Spelling Rules 32 1 Floss (ff, ll, ss, zz) Rule 33 2 ld, nd, st Rule 33 3 y says /ī/ Rule 33 4 /k/ spelled k or ck Rule 33 5 /ch/ spelled ch & tch Rule 34 6 /j/ spelled ge & dge Rule 34 7 /ij/ spelled age Rule 34 8 /ou/ spelled ou & ow Rule 34 9 /ô/ spelled au & aw Rule 35 10 Pleurals 35 11 Homonyms 35 12 Homonyms (two, to, too) 35 13 Homonyms (there, their, they’re) 36 14 Contractions 36 15 Doubling Rules (1-1-1 Rules) 37 16 Words that contain ie, ei Rule 39 17 /ôt/ spelled aught & ought Rule 39 18 Silent-e Rule 39 19 oi & oy Rule 40 20 Suffix Endings 40

High Frequency / Sight Words 41

Notes 47

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5

SOUNDS

Consonants………………………………………………………………………… 7 Consonant Blends………………………………………………………………… 8 Consonant Digraphs/Trigraphs………………………………………………….. 9 Additional Sounds…………………………………………………………………. 10 Vowels……………………………………………………………………………… 11 Spelling Options for Sounds……………………………………………………… 19

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Consonants

p - panda - /p/f - fox - /f/n - nurse - /n/t - taxi - /t/s - sun - /s/

- bugs - /z/- rise - /z/

r - rain - /r/c - cat - /k/

- city - /s/ Makes /s/ sound before e, i, or y- (ce, ci, cy) - /s/

k - kite - /k/b - bird - /b/g - gum - /g/

- giant - /j/ Makes /j/ sound before e, i, or y- (ge, gi, gy) - /j/

m - moon - /m/l - lemon - /l/d - door - /d/v - vacuum - /v/j - jar - /j/h - heart - /h/q - quarter - /kw/w - watermelon - /w/x - box - /ks/y - yawn - /y/z - zipper - /z/

Blends

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Blends are two or more consonants together, each of which make a separate sound.

cl - clam - /cl/bl - block - /bl/pl - pliers - /pl/fl - flag - /fl/gl - gloves - /gl/sl - sled - /sl/br - broom - /br/cr - crab - /cr/dr - drum - /dr/fr - frog - /fr/gr - grandma - /gr/pr - pretzel - /pr/tr - tree - /tr/sk - skunk - /sk/sw - swing - /sw/st - star - /st/tw - twelve - /tw/sc - scarf - /sc/sm - smile - /sm/sn - snake - /sn/sp - spider - /sp/thr - three - /thr/

scr - screw - /scr/str - straw - /str/

spr - spring - /spr/

spl - splinter - /spl/

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Digraphs / Trigraphs

Digraphs are two or three consonants which are combined to form only one sound.

sh - ship - /sh/th - thirty - /th/wh - whale - /wh/ch - chin - /ch/

- Christmas - /k/ph - phone - /ph/qu - quarter - /qu/ck - check - /ck/nk - ink - /nk/ng - ring - /ng/tch - watch - /tch/mb - lamb - /mb/ss - dress - /ss/zz - jazz - /zz/dge - badge - /dge/

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Additional Sounds

ci - musician - /sh/gh - ghost - /g/gn - gnat - /n/kn - knee - /n/mn - autumn - /m/rh - rhino - /r/que - plaque /k/sion - erosion - /shŭn/

- vision - /zhŭn/ti - nation - /sh/tion - operation - /shŭn/tu - actual - /chü/ture - rupture - /chər/wr - wrap - /r/

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Vowels

Closed Syllables (C)

a - ant - /ă/all - tall - /όl/an - can - /ăn/am - jam - /ăm/

a - mouthwash - /o/

- swash - /o/e - pet - /ĕ/i - igloo - /ĭ/o - ostrich - /ŏ/u - umbrella - /ŭ/ə - mitten - /ə/ often sounds like/ŭ/y - syrup - /ĭ/

with ngang - rang - /ang/ing - sing - /ing/ong - belong - /ong/ung - rung - /ung/

with nk

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ank - blank - /ank/ink - sink - /ink/onk - monk - /onk/unk - shrank - /unk/

Vowels

Consonant-le Syllables

poodle - poo/dlepebble - peb/blehandle - han/dletickle - tic/kledrizzle - driz/zlelittle - lit/tlebrittle - brit/tle

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Vowels

Open Syllables (O)

a - agent - /ā/- about - /ə/ often in unstressed open syllables

e - evil - /ē/i - tripod - /ī/

- duplicate - /ə/ or /ĭ/, often in unstressed open syllables

- champion - /ē/o - focus - /ŏ/u - pupil - /ū/

- duet - /ü/y - sky - /ī/

- only - /ē/- apply - /ī/

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Vowels

Double Vowels (V) These are also called “Vowel Pairs,” “Vowel Team Syllables,” “Vowel Digraphs,” or “Vowel Diphthongs.”

Vowel Digraphs are two letters together that represent on vowel sound (e.g., ee)

Vowel Diphthongs are two or more letters that begin with one vowel sound and glide into another vowel sound (e,g, oy.)

Double Vowels

ay - spray - /ā/ai - strain - /ā/ow - crow - /ō/

- cow - /ou/ou - ouch - /ou/

- soup - /oo/oo - zoo - /oo/

- hood - /oo/oy - toy - /oi/

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oi - toil - /oi/oa - coat - /ō/oe - doe /ō/

Double Vowels (continued)

ee - sheep - /ē/igh - high - /ī/aw - hawk - /ä/au - auto - /ä/ie - chief - /ē/ie - pie - /ī/ea - tea - /ē/

- bread - /ĕ/- great - /ā/

eigh - freight - /ā/

ew - knew - /yü/- stew - /oo/

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Double Vowels (continued)

ey - money - /ē/- they - /ā/

ue - statue - /yü/- glue - /oo/

ei - seize - /ē/- vein - /ā/

ui - suit - /ü/eu - feud - /yü/

- neutral - /oo/

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Vowels

Vowel-Consonant-e Syllables, “the Magic e” (E)

a-e - cake - /ā/e-e - Pete - /ē/i-e - wife - /ī/o-e - joke - /ō/u-e - cute - /ū/

- rule - /ü/y-e - skype - /ī/

How silent e is used

1 Vowel-consonant-e words2 End a word, following the letter v3 The vowel in a consonant-le syllable4 Change g and c to soft sound5 To distinguish from a plural (e.g., please)

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R-Controlled Syllables (R)

ar - charm - /är/- popular - /ər/- warm - /or/- parrot - /ār/- award - /ar/

or - acorn - /or/- sailor - /ər/- doctor - /ər/

er - summer - /ər/- America - /ĕr/

ir - circle - /ər/- mirror - /ir/

ur - burn - /ər/ear - earth - /ər/

- bear - /ĕr/

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Spelling Options for Sounds

/w/ - w-wash wh-whale/z/ - z-zipper s-bags s-rise/ŭ/ - u-up *a, e, I, o-wagon /ə/ a-Alabama/ĭ/ - i-igloo i-compliment i-gypsy/t/ - t-taxi t-camped/d/ - d-damp d-skilled/s/ - s-salt ce, ci, cy/j/ - j-jar ge, gi, gy/f/ - f-fox ph-photo/k/ -

-c-cabinch-chorus

k-kiteque-unique

/ch/ - ch-chieftu-fistula

tch-matchture-nature

/shun/

- tion-convention sion-vision

/oi/ - oi-boil oy-toy/o/ - a-tall au-Austin aw-paw a-wash, squash/ou/ - ou-plow ou-spout/ĕ/ - e-Ted ea-thread/y/ - y-yes i-billion/g/ - g-get gh-ghost/r/ - r-road wr-write rh-rhyme/n/ - n-nut kn-knot gn-gnat/m/ - m-mouse mb-comb/or/ - or-corn ar-warm/sh/ - sh-shirt

ci-specialti-patientch-machine

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/ər/ er

Her

/ər/ ir

third

/ər/ ur

Turn

/ər/ ar

beggar

/ər/ or

doctorworm

/ā/ a-e

cave

/ā/ a

Jay

/ā/ ai

pail

/ā/ ay

clay

/ā/ ea

steak

/ā/ ei

vein

/ā/ eigh

weight

/ē/ e-e

Pete

/ē/ e

he

/ē/ y

lazy

/ē/ ee

sheep

/ē/ ey

turkey

/ē/ ea

meat

/ē/ i

champion

/ē/ ie

niece

/ē/ ei

ceiling

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/ī/ i-e

line

/ī/ i

hi

/ī/ y

trymultiply

/ī/ y-e

Skype

/ī/ igh

sight

/ō/ o-e

lone

/ō/ o

so

/ō/ oa

coat

/ō/ oe

foe

/ō/ ow

tow

/ū/ u-e

cute

/ū/ u

pupil

/ū/ ue

rescue

/ū/ eu

feud

/ū/ ew

threw

/ü/ u-e

flute

/ü/ u

flu

/ü/ ue

Sue

/ü/ ou

soup

/ü/ oo

smooth

/ü/ eu

deuce

/ü/ ew

stew

/ü/ ui

fruit

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Syllables

A syllable is a unit of speech formed with a single pulse of air pressure. A syllable is a word or part of a word that always has a vowel.

The Rules of Syllable Division

The Six Syllable Types 1 Closed Syllable C 2 Consonant-le Syllable L 3 Open Syllable O 4 Double Vowels Syllable V 5 Vowel-Consonant-e Syllable E 6 R-Controlled Syllable R

“Glued” Sounds

Syllable Exception Chart

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The Rules of Syllable Division

1 One Consonant (VCV)Use one consonant to “close-in” the first syllable: rel/ish ton/ic

One consonant usually goes with the second syllable:

2 Two Consonants (VCCV)

Divide between two consonants:

Keep digraphs together:

A blend may stay together in the second syllable, especially if there is a prefix in the first syllable:

Divide just before the consonant in a word ending in the syllable -le:

3 Three Consonants (VCCCV)

Keep digraphs together:

Blend stays together in the second syllable:

If a word is a compound work, split between the two words; the blend may be in the first syllable:

Divide just before the consonant in a word ending in the syllable -le.

4 Four Consonants (VCCCCV)

Watch for digraphs, blends, and welded sounds;

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divide between them:

Watch for three-letter blends in the second syllable:

The Six Syllable Types

1 Closed Syllable1 This syllable can only have one vowel.2 The vowel is followed by one or more consonants (closed-in).3 The vowel sound is short. To indicate the short sound, the vowel is marked with a breve ( ).

REAL NONSENSEpŭp sălcăt hĕftŏp lĭmbĕd rŏppĭg zŭn

EXCEPTIONold, olt, ost, ild, ind words (Also, see section about “Glued” sounds.)The vowel is usually long even though it is in a closed syllable.

Example: o followed by ld, lt, or st gōldi followed by ld or nd C

old olt ost ild indfōld vōlt pōst chīld kīndgōld mōlt hōst mīld fīndsōld jōlt mōst wīld blīnd

The host was blind but had a kind of wild dog.The child sold a kind of gold to a wild man.

Closed syllables can be combined together to make multi-syllabic words.

Example: sŭd dĕn băs kĕt c c c c

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1 Consonant /le

1 This syllable has only three letters: a consonant, and l, and an e.2 The e is silent. It is the vowel; every syllable needs at least one vowel. The consonant and the l are sounded like a blend.3 This syllable must be the last syllable in a multi-syllabic word.

REAL NONSENSEcra dle han ble

o -le o -le

frec kle tic dleo -le o -le

lit tle run kleo -le o -le

EXCEPTIONS

s tle

When this syllable is preceded by an s, the t is silent. This syllable is sounded /l/.

Example: hus tle whis tle-le -le

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Open Syllable

1 This syllable has only one vowel which is the last letter in the syllable.2 The vowel sound is long. To indicate the long sound, the vowel is marked with a macron (¯).¯Example: REAL NONSENSE

ā stāhē trēpī plīnō drōpū skūsty ry

These syllables can be combined with other syllables to make multi-syllabic words.

Example: to tal ti tle ro dent

o c o c o c

ExceptionsVowels a and i in open syllables.a says /ə/ in an unstressed open syllable (often the first or last syllable in a word).

Example: əalgebra America Florida a lone

O v-e

i says /ə/ in an unstressed open syllable (often the middle syllable in a word.) Sometimes this i sounds like a short i (/ĭ/).

Example:capital u

niformmedical

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Double Vowels (also called “vowel pairs” or “vowel diphthongs”)This syllable contains a double vowel (vowel pair) or a vowel diphthong.

Double Vowel:Two vowels together that represent one sound (oo).

Diphthong:A sound that begins with one vowel sound and glides into another (oi).

Example:trail hoe soil d d d

These syllables can be combined with other syllables to form multi-syllabic words.

Example:hall way

Aug ust tis sue

c v v c c v

Exceptions:

vi o lin mo sa ic

cre ate

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0


Vowel-Consonant-e Syllables (also called “silent-e” or “Magic e”)

1 This syllable contains a vowel, then a consonant, then an e.2 The first vowel is long. To indicate the long sound, the vowel is marked with a macron (¯).3 The e is silent.

REAL NONSENSEsmīle rēsecrāte flōpevōte trōle


Example: in clude post pone con fide c e o c c e

Exceptions:The letter v

Sometimes a word has a vowel, a v, then an e. The e may make the vowel long (five), or it may be there because English words do not end in a v. The vowel sound still may be short.

Example: hăve v-e

ace - menace - /ĭs/

age - cottage - /ĭj/

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ate - fortunate - /ĭt/

ite - favorite - /ĭt/

ine - urine - /ĭn/

ice - office - /ĭs/

ile - fragile - /ĭl/


R-Controlled Syllable

1 This syllable contains a single vowel, followed by an r (ar, er, ir, or, ur).2 The vowel is neither short or long. It is controlled by the r.

REAL NONSENSEfarm plarjerk hermstir clirpsport dornchurn sturp


Example: har vĕst

tĭm ber māy or mar ble

r c c r o r r -le

Exceptions:A vowel followed by a double r is often short.

Example: Harry Perry sorry fŭr ry r

para says /păr ə/ar followed by another vowel: the first a can be short /ă/ as in arid or say /ə/ as in ariseor and ar in a final, unstressed syllable say /ər/

Example: harbor tremor collar cougar

ard says /ərd/ in an unstressed syllable

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Example: coward buzzard

ward - as a suffix says - /wərd/

war - ward - /wor/

wor - worn - /wə/

“Glued” Sounds, also called “Welded” Sounds

Glued SoundsLetters that keep their individual sounds but are glued together. They always “stick together.” Usually these sounds are found at the end of a word.

Sound Example-all ball, tall, mall /all/-am jam, dam, tram /am/-an tan, fan, can /an/-ang bang, sang, clang /ang/-ank sank, tank, thank /ank/-ild mild, wild, child /ild/-ind find, kind, mind /ind/-ing ring, sing, wing /ing/-ink link, sink, wink /ink/-ive give, olive, active /iv/-old cold, sold, told /old/-olt bolt, colt, volt /olt/-ong long, song, belong /ong/-onk honk, monk, clonk /onk/-ost post, ghost, lost /ost/-ung swung, lung, stung /ung/-unk hunk, dunk, bunk /unk/

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Syllable Exception Chart

Syllable Type Example Exceptions

Closed C hōmec

childc

soldc

boltc

Consonant-le L tum ble -le

nes tle -le

whis tle -le

cas tle -le

ə

ə ə ə

Open O shēo

ac cur ate o

A las ka o o

es ti mate o

Double Vowel V(vowel digraph/diphthong)

toastd

crē āte o v-e d

paircd

rē ăct o c d

Vowel Consonant-e E(“Magic e”)

homev-e

ol ivev-e

lovev-e

havev-e

R-Controlled R bark car ry Har ry mer ry

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“Bossy R” r r r r

Spelling Rules / Generalizations


1 Floss (ff, ll, ss, zz) Rule2 id, nd, st Rule3 y says /ī/ Rule4 /k/ spelled k or ck Rule5 /ch/ spelled ch and tch Rule6 /j/ spelled ge and dge Rule7 /ij/ spelled age Rule8 /ou/ spelled ou and ow Rule9 /ô/ spelled au and aw Rule

10 Pleurals11 Homonyms12 Homonyms (two, to, too)13 Homonyms (there, their, they’re)14 Contractions15 Doubling Rules (1-1-1 Rule)16 Words that contain ie, ei Rule17 /ôt/ spelled aught and ought Rule18 Silent-e Rule19 oi and oy Rule20 Suffix Endings

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1 Floss (ff, ll, ss, zz) RuleFor one syllable words with a short vowel that end if f, l, s or zz, double the final f, l, s, or zz.

Examples: ff ll ss zzpuff hall miss jazzfluff doll boss fuzzcliff sell less razzsniff drill guess fizz

The letter a followed by double l (ll) does not have the expected short vowel sound.

Examples: call fall allhall ball tallmall wall

2 id, nd, st RuleThe vowels l and o in one-syllable words that end in id, nd, and st may have a long sound.

Examples: ld nd st

hold find hostscold kind mostwild blind ghost

3 y says /ī/ RuleIn some one-syllable words, y says /ī/

Examples: ply sly prydry sky spry

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shy why try

4 /k/ spelled c, k, ck, and que.Examples: c (cat) k (onk) k (ke) ck (after a short vowel)

cab honk key duckcabin k (unk) k (ki) cklecactus skunk kind ticklebasic k (lk) k (ky) chk (ank) silk risky chordbank k (sk) k (r-

contr) que

mask smirk unique


5 /ch/ spelled ch and tch Rulea. /ch/ can be spelled ch or tch.b. Use tch at the end of a word directly after a single short vowel.c. Use ch at the beginning of a word or at the end of a word after a consonant or two vowels.Examples: ch tch

arch batchbeech catchmuch fetchgulch latch

6 /j/ spelled ge and dge Rulea. /j/ can be spelled ge or dge.b. Use dge at the end of a word directly after a single short vowel.c. Use ge after a consonant or after a long vowel sound.Examples: ge dge

hinge ledgehuge dodgerage ridge

7 /ij/ spelled age Rule/ij/ at the end of a word is spelled age.

Examples: cage manage ragewage image dosagesage damage page

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8 /ou/ spelled ou and ow RuleUse ou at the beginning or in the middle of a word unless the /ou/ sound is followed by a single n, l, er, or el, the use ow.

Examples: ou owflour clownshout powerground brownnoun drownscout town


9 /ô/ spelled au and aw RuleUse au at the beginning or in the middle of a word unless the /ô/ sound is followed by a single n, l, er, or el, then use aw.

Examples: au aw

sauce dawnfault hawksauna yawnpause claw

10 Pleuralsa. Pleural means “more than one.”b. Words are made pleural by adding s or es to singular words.c. Add s to regular plurals.d. Add es to words ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, -y, -z.e. If the -ch ending is pronounced with a k, then add -s.f. If the word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u + y), then it changes to -ies.g. You can either add an -s or -es to words ending in -o or sometimes they’re spelled either way.h. There are some words that are the same in the plural as in the singular.

Examples: file/files wife/wives key/keys girl/girlstray/trays cod/cod radio/radios baby/babieslife/lives deer/deer box/boxes fish/fishwash/washes body/bodies video/videos book/booksshelf/shelves

glass/glasses stereo/stereos scissors/

scissors

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11 HomonymsA homonym is a word that sounds the same as another word or words but has a different meaning and is spelled differently. There are over 400 homonyms in the English language.

Examples: aid/aide fair/fare lead/led plain/planeaffect/effect heal/heel loan/one poor/pourarc/ark higher/hire miner/minor quarts/

quartzbuoy/boy hour/our pair/pare right/write

12 Homonyms (two, to, too)A homonym is a word that sounds the same as another word or words but has a different meaning and is spelled differently. There are three special homonyms in the English language (two, to, too).

Definition: two: a numberto: a direction, towardstoo: in addition, also


13 Homonyms (there, their, they’re)A homonym is a word that sounds the same as another word or words but has a different meaning and is spelled differently. There are three special homonyms in the English language (there, their, they’re).

Definition: there: a placetheir: belonging to them (more than one person)

they’re: contraction for “they are.”

14 ContractionsA contraction is a word made from a verb and another word. An apostrophe takes the place of any letters that are left out. A contraction can be made by joining a verb and the word “not,” a word and the verb “is,” and a pronoun and a verb.

Examples: Pronoun + verb

Word + is Verb + not

he’d: he would here’s: here is aren’t: are not

he’ll: he will that’s: that is can’t: cannot

he’s: he is there’s: there is couldn’t: could not

I’d: I would what’s: what is could’ve: could have

I’ll: I will who’s: who is didn’t: did not

I’m: I am hadn’t: had notI’ve: I have hasn’t: has notIt’ll: it will haven’t: have not

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It’s: it is, it has isn’t: is notshe’d: she would mustn’t: must not

she’ll: she will shouldn’t: should notshe’s: she is wasn’t: was notthey’d: they had weren’t: were not

they’ll: they will wouldn’t: would notthey’re: they arewe’d: we wouldwe’ll: we willwe’re: we arewe’ve: we havewho’ll: who willyou’d: you hadyou’ll: you will


15 Doubling Rules (Part 1) (1-1-1 Rule)If a one-syllable word ends in one consonant with one vowel before it, double the final consonant of the word when you add a suffix that begins with a vowel. Closed or r-controlled words with 1 syllable, 1 vowel, and 1 consonant after the vowel. Doubling keeps the vowel short.

Examples: Doubling Words Non-doubling Words

step pumprun heatsad warmstir darkstrap lift

When adding a vowel suffix to a 1-1-1 doubling baseword, double the final consonant.

Examples: cup + ed = cupped sad + est = saddestrun + ing = running

When adding a consonant suffix to a 1-1-1 doubling baseword, just add the suffix.Examples: cup + ful = cupful ship + ment = shipment

flat + ly = flatly

Note: the consonants h, j, k, v, w, x, y, and z do not double in English words.

Doubling Rule (Part 2) (1-1-1 Rule)

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In a multi-syllabic word that ends in a stressed syllable that is r-controlled or close, with one consonant following the vowel (1-1-1)

When adding a vowel suffix to a baseword, double the last consonant.Examples: commit’ + ed = committed admit’ + ing = admitting

prefer’ + ed = preferred suf’fer + ing = suffering(do not double the r because stress is on the first syllable)

When adding a consonant suffix to a baseword, just add the suffix.Examples: commit’ + ment = commitment

defer’ + ment = deferment

Note: Words ending in ic: add k, rather than doubling the c to add suffix (this helps to retain /k/ sound).Examples: panic - panicked picnic- picnicking


Doubling Rule (Exceptions) (1-1-1 Rule)For words that end in “fit,” double the t when adding a suffix:

Examples: misfit + ing = misfittingoutfil + ed = outfittedrefit + ing = refittedunfit + ing = unfitting

Words ending in “fer” (transfer):

If double “f” is in the middle, never double the “r” before adding a suffix (offered).

Examples: offer + ed = offered

For the remainder of the “fer” words, double the final “r” with the suffixes -ed, -ing, -al.Examples: prefer + ed = preferred

confir + ing = conferringrefer + al = referral

Do not double Latin words with “fit” when adding a suffix:Examples: profit + ed = profited

benefit + ing = benefiting

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discomfit + ed= discomfitted

Naturrally Occuring Doubles do occur.

When the last letter of the prefix matches the first letter of the root, then double the letter.Examples: un + nerve = unnerved

mis + spelled = misspelledpre + exist = preexist

When the last letter of the root matches the first letter of the suffix, then double the letter.Examples: open + ness = openness

careful + ly = carefullylegal + ly = legally

When the last letter of the first word matches the first letter of the second word, then double the letter.

Examples: news + stand = newsstandfish + hook = fishhook


16 Words that contain ie, ei Rulea. Use i before e, except after c, unless sounding like a as in neighbor or weigh.b. When it sounds like /ē/, it is usually ie, but sometimes it is ei.c. The /ē/ sound on the end of a word is usually spelled with y, but it can be ie.d. There are many exceptions.

Examples: ie words ei wordsfield ceilingshield receiptbelief deceitcashier sleighbrief deceive

Examples: ancient forfeit seizurebeige glacier sheikbeing height sleighcaffeine leisure veil

17 /ôt/ spelled aught and ought RuleThere is no rule. These words have to be memorized.

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Examples: slaughter daughter oughtnaughty caught droughttaught brought foughtthought sought wrought

18 Silent-e RulesWhen a word ends in silent-e, drop the e when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel.

Examples: hiking blaminghoping dining

When a word ends in silent-e, keep the e when adding a suffix that begin with a consonant.Examples: likely hopeful

safely dated


19 oi and oy RuleUse oi at the beginning or middle of a word.

Examples: foil spoil boil coin

Use oy at the end of a word.Examples: boy joy toy annoy

20 Suffix EndingsBaseword: a word that can stand alone as a word or have something added to it (also called “root”)Suffix: an ending that can be added to a baseword. There are two kinds of suffixes: vowels and consonants.

Examples: ant + s = antswish + ing - wishing

Vowel Suffixes (They all begin with a vowel.)

-able -ed -ible -ory -y-age -en -ic -ous-al -ence -ing

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-ance -ent -ish-ant -er -ism-art -ery -ist

-es -ity-est -ize

Consonant Suffixes (They all begin with a consonant.)

-ful -ly -ness -sion -ty-less -ment -s -tion -ward

High Frequency / Sight Words

Set 1

I, a, in, it, is, on, at, as, an, if, up, of, or, all, and, the, to, you, he, be, we, she, by, my, so

Set 2go, no, see, way, do, who, day, may, that, was, for, are, with, his, they, this, have, one, had, but, not, what, were, when, your

Set 3

can, said, use, each, there, their, which, how, will, them, then, these, some, her, make, like, him, time, has, look, two, more, write, than, been

Set 4sit, did, now, down, long, get, come, made, from, word, other, about, many,

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would, could, should, into, number, people, first, water, called, find, part, line

Set 5new, take, live, me, just, name, good, man, say, help, too, much, set, put, big, such, men, us, off, end, well, work, back, give, our

Set 6where, most, above, right, old, any, same, tell, boy, came, want, show,

three,small, must, does, here, why, went, need, home, try, hand, play, away

Set 7

air, still, over, only, little, know, place, very, after, think, great, also, large, read, land, move, kind, again, spell, house, point, page, mother, father,sound

Set 8year, thing, sentence, through, before, means, following, around, form,another, even, because, turn, ask, different, picture, change, animal,letter, answer, found, study, learn, American, world

Set 9

add, food, l t, keep, stop, own, city, life, left, don’t, saw, light, might, fight,night, open, got, run, side, feet, cat, took, book, sea, miss

Set 10

eat, four, let, cut, girl, far, soon, high, near, between, school, tree, never, start,plant, under, story, few, while, close, seem, next, hard, those, white

Set 11

state, hear, face, watch, list, song, leave, it’s, every, below, country, earth,eye, head, along, something, always, both, paper, often, until, children, mile,began

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Set 12

river, carry, once, later, without, almost, talk, begin, being, thought, example,together, group, important, walk, second, idea, enough, Indian, really, top,sometimes, mountain, young

Set 13

sun, fish, dog, room, bird, told, red, best, ship, across, low, short, today, order,since, knew, horse, mark, color, body, stand, rock, fast, five

Set 14

map, farm, north, draw, seen, plan, hold, cold, south, cried, sing, doll, king,i’ll, town, wood, fire, war, black, music, question, ever, didn’t, friend

Set 15

become, busy, better, during, hour, whole, wave, reach, wind, space, himself, morning, pass, true, against, table, pull, voice, ground, upon,area, problem, complete, piece

Set 16

easy, heard, sure, however, product, happen, remember, listen, early, cover,several, toward, hundred, pattern, numeral, slowly, money, notice, unit, figure, certain, field, travel, measure, please

Set 17

ten, fly, dry, ran, gave, box, road, wait, afternoon, became, feel, star, street,rest, boat, game, round, less, class, note, green, week, known, stay, inside

Set 18

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six, am, hot, yes, deep, yet, bring, shape, heat, size, rule, ball, dark, fine, done, English, half, strong, front, fact, shown, finally, correct, quickly, person

Set 19

glad, ocean, wheels, base, ago, stood, plane, brought, cannot, able, pair,minute, inch, decide, contain, course, surface, built, build, nothing, carefully,island, scientist, machine, system

Set 20

behind, force, understand, warm, common, explain, though, language,thousand, clear, fill, full, check, among, produce, equation, government,object, season, power, material, special, heavy, circle, include

Set 21

can’t, bill, felt, test, moon, dance, paint, mind, love, cause, rain, train, blue,wish, drop, out, sum, wall, forest, leg, sat, main, winter, wide, kept

Set 22

race, store, job, past, wild, gone, sky, glass, happy, edge, west, lay, root,meet, third, month, soft, drive, held, shall, matter, square, perhaps, suddenly,direction

Set 23

center, farmer, anything, ready, divide, thank, general, subject, return, pick,believe, egg, summer, energy, Europe, member, simple, window, cell, exercise, develop, difference, heart, written, distance,

Set 24

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probably, length, interest, arm, brother, besides, reason. present, beautiful,finish, sign, record, discover, million, weather, describe, teacher, instrument,paragraph, raise, whether, flower, clothes, represent, region

Set 25

temperature, natural, chair, speed, count, someone, smile, kill, middle, wonder, angle, bottom, iron, couldn’t, sight, protect, surprise, copy, fraction,French, Africa, melody, exactly, remain, finger

Set 26

gas, row, foot, law, ear, cool, lost, bad, least, climb, catch, wrote, shout,else, continue, itself, plain, burn, join, grass, you’re, skin, cent, England, design

Set 27

grew, valley, sent, save, east, key, president, pay, brown, cloud, alone, trouble, wear, experiment, touch, engine, replace, information, bread,express, yard, stick, seed, rise, bank

Set 28

mouth, equal, bit, report, decimal, party, yourself, coast, control, god,ring, practice, salt, straight, child, woman visit, clean, statement, suppose,period, wire, whose, chose, garden

Set 29

strange, caught, fell, receive, team, captain, direct, serve, desert, art, feeling,

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cost, increase, history, maybe, uncle, lady, human, business, break, hunt, flow, student, separate, single

Set 30

crop, hit, sand, cook, tail, fit, supply, doctor, thus, mine, safe, corner, belong,electric, tone, insect, provide, won’t, bone, wasn’t, board, modern, addition,compound, guess

Set 31

rather, enjoy, flat, bell, fun, silent, trade, crowd, compare, poem, blow,element, except, seven, expect, interesting, indicate, soldier, sense, famous,wing, string, value, pole, thick

Set 32

lie, spot, loud, movement, exciting, thin, rich, tied, branch, blood, consider,suggest, fruit, position, enter, send, fright, dollar, stream, eight, major, chief,Japanese, planet, tube

Set 33

science, lift, hat, rhythm, observe, necessary, weight, meat, swim, park, process, sell, army, block, wife, wash, property, term, cattle, particular,current, spread, shoulder, sharp, industry

Set 34

radio, isn’t, fair, born, chance, company, we’ll, settle, yellow, action,print, wouldn’t, France, sister, chart, factories, level, ahead, southern,truck, afraid, fresh, triangle, shop, repeat

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Set 35

church, wrong, nose, fun, huge, worker, oxygen, column, prepare, western,plural, opposite, pretty, solution, afraid, shoe, carious, sugar, score, win, camp, actually, apple, doesn’t, range

ou / ough

enough, tough, dough, rough, cough, though, thought, through, although, bought, brought, boulder, dough, fought, four, hour, ought, poultry, pour, route, shoulder, soul, thorough, touch, troupe, young

ear / er /oar

driver, dancer, coarse, Earl, early, earn earth, heard, hoard, learn, oar, pearl, search

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NOTES

NOTES

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NOTES

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MAXSCHOLAR ORTON-GILLINGHAM REVIEW MANUAL · Web viewMAXSCHOLAR ORTON-GILLINGHAM REVIEW MANUAL for Teachers Author DR. DEBORAH LEVY Created Date 01/25/2018 13:40:00 Title MAXSCHOLAR