Mav Mark 8/25/11

Mav Mark 8/25/11Mav Mark 8/25/11

http://sciencespot.net/Pages/http://sciencespot.net/Pages/startersgensci.html startersgensci.html

Safety Picture 1Safety Picture 1


http://sciencespot.net/Pages/http://sciencespot.net/Pages/startersgensci.htmlstartersgensci.html

Safety picture 2 Safety picture 2

Mav Mark 8/29/11Mav Mark 8/29/11Write question.Write question.

List 5 safety rules that you can think of List 5 safety rules that you can think of when performing an experiment.when performing an experiment.


1. What is the longest bone in the body?1. What is the longest bone in the body?2. What is botany?2. What is botany?3. How long does it take for the earth to make a complete 3. How long does it take for the earth to make a complete orbit around the sun?orbit around the sun?4. How many legs does a spider have? How many legs does 4. How many legs does a spider have? How many legs does an insect have?an insect have?5. What scientist is associated with the equation E = mc2?5. What scientist is associated with the equation E = mc2?6. What is the scientific name for a human?6. What is the scientific name for a human?7. Where does a panda bear live?7. Where does a panda bear live?8. What is the molecular formula for water?8. What is the molecular formula for water?9. What are the colors of the rainbow?9. What are the colors of the rainbow?10. Name all of the planets in the solar system, starting with 10. Name all of the planets in the solar system, starting with the one closest to the sun.the one closest to the sun.


List and explain 3 similarities that exist List and explain 3 similarities that exist between all cells.between all cells.


Explain the benefits of prokaryotic Explain the benefits of prokaryotic organisms.organisms.


Compare and contrast Eukaryotes and Compare and contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.Prokaryotes.


What are the three structures found in What are the three structures found in plant cells that are missing in animal cells?plant cells that are missing in animal cells?

Mav Mark 9/7/11Mav Mark 9/7/11Match the following!Match the following!

A.A. Control Center of Control Center of CellCell

B.B. Support and Support and structurestructure

C.C. Breaks down wasteBreaks down waste

D.D. Protein synthesisProtein synthesis

E.E. Separates cell from Separates cell from environmentenvironment

A.A. RibosomeRibosome

B.B. NucleusNucleus

C.C. Cell MembraneCell Membrane

D.D. LysosomeLysosome

E.E. Cell WallCell Wall


A.A. Largest and most Largest and most visible organellevisible organelle

B.B. Manufactures lipidsManufactures lipids

C.C. Hereditary Material Hereditary Material in a cellin a cell

D.D. Smallest and most Smallest and most abundant organelleabundant organelle

E.E. Organized structures Organized structures of DNAof DNA

A.A. DNADNA

B.B. NucleusNucleus

C.C. ChromosomeChromosome

D.D. RibosomeRibosome

E.E. Endoplasmic Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

Mav Mark: 9/9/11Mav Mark: 9/9/11

What type of Endoplasmic Reticulum has What type of Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes on it?ribosomes on it?


http://sciencespot.net/Pages/http://sciencespot.net/Pages/startersbiology.htmlstartersbiology.html

Mystery Cells: Challenge 1Mystery Cells: Challenge 1


Explain how life is organized beginning Explain how life is organized beginning with the cell.with the cell.


Test DayTest Day Sharpen pencilSharpen pencil Clear deskClear desk

The Cell & Organization The Cell & Organization of Life of Life

2011-20122011-2012

History & DefinitionHistory & Definition First cells seen where cork cells in 1665 First cells seen where cork cells in 1665

by Robert Hooke.by Robert Hooke. A A cellcell is the smallest unit that can still is the smallest unit that can still

carry on all life processes. carry on all life processes. Ex. Red blood cells, nerve cellsEx. Red blood cells, nerve cells

Cell TheoryCell Theory

All organisms are composed of one or All organisms are composed of one or more living cellsmore living cells

The cell is the basic unit of life in all living The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things.things.

All cells come from existing cells. (chicken All cells come from existing cells. (chicken or the egg?)or the egg?)

Cell SimilaritiesCell Similarities

All All Have cell membraneHave cell membrane Contain hereditary material (DNA)Contain hereditary material (DNA) Have Cytoplasm and RibosomesHave Cytoplasm and Ribosomes Are small in sizeAre small in size

• Most cannot be seen with naked eyeMost cannot be seen with naked eye• Ostrich eggOstrich egg

2 Main Types of Cells2 Main Types of Cells

ProkaryoticProkaryotic Include bacteriaInclude bacteria Do NOT have a nucleusDo NOT have a nucleus Have long circular DNAHave long circular DNA No membrane bound No membrane bound

organellesorganelles Contain ribosomes to Contain ribosomes to

make proteins.make proteins. rod shaped, spherical, rod shaped, spherical,

and spiral and spiral

Prokaryotic Cells: BacteriaProkaryotic Cells: Bacteria Reproduction: AsexualReproduction: Asexual

Binary FissionBinary Fission: an organism duplicates its DNA : an organism duplicates its DNA and then divides into two parts, with each new and then divides into two parts, with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA. organism receiving one copy of DNA.

ConjugationConjugation: Exchange of DNA between bacteria: Exchange of DNA between bacteria

Prokaryotic Cells: BacteriaProkaryotic Cells: Bacteria Either classified as eubacteria or archaea.Either classified as eubacteria or archaea.

EubacteriaEubacteria: commonly found: commonly found ArchaeaArchaea: Live in extreme environments: Live in extreme environments

Prokaryotic Cells: BacteriaProkaryotic Cells: Bacteria“The Good”“The Good”

BioremediationBioremediation: organisms are added to : organisms are added to water to convert toxic pollutants, such as water to convert toxic pollutants, such as oil, into harmless substances.oil, into harmless substances.

Food Production: Butter, Cheese, Yogurt, Food Production: Butter, Cheese, Yogurt, Sauerkraut, Beer, Pickles, Olives, Sauerkraut, Beer, Pickles, Olives, Chocolate, Coffee, Soy sauce, meats, etc.Chocolate, Coffee, Soy sauce, meats, etc.

Decompose dead organismsDecompose dead organisms Digesting foodDigesting food Fix Nitrogen for PlantsFix Nitrogen for Plants

Prokaryotic Cells: BacteriaProkaryotic Cells: Bacteria“The Bad”“The Bad”

Food SpoilageFood Spoilage Can cause disease in plants and animalsCan cause disease in plants and animals Produce ToxinsProduce Toxins

Prokaryotic Cells: BacteriaProkaryotic Cells: Bacteria“The Ugly”“The Ugly”

Must be dealt with every day.Must be dealt with every day. People die each year from infections.People die each year from infections. Bubonic Plague: Bubonic Plague:

Killed 2 out of 3 patients in 2-6 days without Killed 2 out of 3 patients in 2-6 days without treatmenttreatment

Yersina pestisYersina pestis Anthrax Anthrax

Prokaryotic Cells: BacteriaProkaryotic Cells: Bacteria Ways to prevent disease:Ways to prevent disease:

Wash hands!!!Wash hands!!! Cook food thoroughly.Cook food thoroughly. Keep foods cold.(slows metabolism)Keep foods cold.(slows metabolism) AntibioticsAntibiotics

2 Main Types of Cells2 Main Types of Cells

EukaryoticEukaryotic (YOU!) (YOU!) More complex & larger More complex & larger

than proKthan proK Have membrane Have membrane

bound organelles bound organelles Has a nucleus Has a nucleus Has more DNA than Has more DNA than

proKproK DNA is linearDNA is linear Animal, plant, fungiAnimal, plant, fungi NOT BACTERIANOT BACTERIA

Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

Divided Into Plant Cells & Animal CellsDivided Into Plant Cells & Animal Cells

Both of these have Organelles:Both of these have Organelles: structures structures that enable the cell to live, grow, and that enable the cell to live, grow, and reproduce.reproduce.

A Plant CellPlant Cell Organelles•Cell Wall•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm•Nucleus•Endoplasmic Reticulum•Ribosomes•Large Vacuole•Mitochondria•Chloroplasts & Other Plastids•Golgi Apparatus (Complex)

Animal Cell Organelles:•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm•Nucleus•Endoplasmic Reticulum•Ribosomes•Small Vacuoles•Mitochondria•Golgi Apparatus (Complex)•Lysosomes

An Animal Cell

OrganellesOrganelles

What’s holding it all What’s holding it all together?together? Cell WallCell Wall

• Found in plant and algae Found in plant and algae cellscells

• Made of celluloseMade of cellulose

• Provides strength and Provides strength and supportsupport

• Helps plants protect Helps plants protect themselves from too themselves from too much water entering or much water entering or leaving the cell leaving the cell


What’s holding it all together?What’s holding it all together?

Cell MembraneCell Membrane ALL cells are covered by a cell ALL cells are covered by a cell membrane. membrane. Its job is to :Its job is to :

keep the cytoplasm inkeep the cytoplasm in allow waste out and allow waste out and

nutrients innutrients in interact with other cells.interact with other cells.

Made of phospholipid bilayer.Made of phospholipid bilayer. HydrophobicHydrophobic: hate water : hate water

(tails)(tails) HydrophilicHydrophilic: loves water : loves water

(heads)(heads)


Cell’s Information Station: Cell’s Information Station: NucleusNucleus Largest and most visible organelle in euK cellLargest and most visible organelle in euK cell Means “kernel” or “nut”Means “kernel” or “nut” Stores DNA that has information for making Stores DNA that has information for making

proteins.proteins. Surrounded by nuclear membraneSurrounded by nuclear membrane Contains a nucleolus that stores materials Contains a nucleolus that stores materials

used to make ribosomes.used to make ribosomes.

NucleusNucleus

Protein FactoryProtein Factory RibosomesRibosomes::

Smallest, but most abundant organelle in the Smallest, but most abundant organelle in the cellcell

Present in all cellsPresent in all cells Do not have a membrane coveringDo not have a membrane covering Serve as the protein building locationServe as the protein building location

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum May be May be smoothsmooth

(does not have (does not have ribosomes) or ribosomes) or rough rough (has ribosomes)(has ribosomes)

Makes lipids for use Makes lipids for use in/out side the cell.in/out side the cell.

Break down drugs Break down drugs and other chemicals and other chemicals that could damage that could damage the cellthe cell

Cell’s Power PlantCell’s Power Plant

MitochondriaMitochondria:: Breaks down food molecules into ATP for Breaks down food molecules into ATP for

energyenergy Surrounded by two membranes: the inner Surrounded by two membranes: the inner

membrane has folds where most of ATP is membrane has folds where most of ATP is mademade

Need oxygen to workNeed oxygen to work Active cells like those in the liver and heart Active cells like those in the liver and heart

have thousands of themhave thousands of them

Cell’s Power PlantCell’s Power Plant

ChloroplastsChloroplasts:: Found in plant and algae cellsFound in plant and algae cells Make food from sunlightMake food from sunlight Have flattened membrane covered sacs that Have flattened membrane covered sacs that

look like coins that contain chlorophyll which look like coins that contain chlorophyll which makes chloroplast green makes chloroplast green

Chlorophyll traps sunlight to make sugar Chlorophyll traps sunlight to make sugar through photosynthesisthrough photosynthesis

Other Common PlastidsOther Common Plastids

Chloroplasts: the most commonly known Chloroplasts: the most commonly known of the Plastids—Green in colorof the Plastids—Green in color

Chromoplasts: Allow storage of pigments Chromoplasts: Allow storage of pigments that give plants colors other than green—that give plants colors other than green—red, orange, etc.red, orange, etc.

Leucoplasts: Store starches & lipids, give Leucoplasts: Store starches & lipids, give plants a white colorplants a white color

Endosymbiotic theoryEndosymbiotic theory

Where did they come from?Where did they come from? Scientist believe that mitochondria and Scientist believe that mitochondria and

chloroplast began as proK and were eaten by chloroplast began as proK and were eaten by larger cells.larger cells.

Evidence that supports this theory:Evidence that supports this theory:• They are about the same size as bacteriaThey are about the same size as bacteria• They are surrounded by two membranesThey are surrounded by two membranes

Cell’s Packaging CenterCell’s Packaging Center

Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex:: Looks like flattened sacs (similarly to the ER, Looks like flattened sacs (similarly to the ER,

but is closer to cell membrane.)but is closer to cell membrane.) Lipids and proteins are delivered from the ER Lipids and proteins are delivered from the ER

and modified for different functionsand modified for different functions Final products are enclosed in Golgi Final products are enclosed in Golgi

membrane and then pinched off for transport membrane and then pinched off for transport either within the cell or outside the cell. either within the cell or outside the cell.

Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex

Cell’s Storage CentersCell’s Storage Centers EuK have membrane covered sacs called EuK have membrane covered sacs called

vesiclesvesicles.. Form either when…Form either when…

• Part of membrane pinches of ER or Golgi ComplexPart of membrane pinches of ER or Golgi Complex• Cell membrane engulf something from outside the Cell membrane engulf something from outside the

cell.cell.

Cell’s Storage CentersCell’s Storage Centers Most plant cells have a large membrane Most plant cells have a large membrane

covered chamber called a covered chamber called a vacuolevacuole.. It is used to store water.It is used to store water. Pigments in the liquid can cause color in Pigments in the liquid can cause color in

plants like red roses.plants like red roses.

Waste ManagementWaste Management LysosomeLysosome

Bump into vesicles and secrete enzyme to Bump into vesicles and secrete enzyme to digest them.digest them.

Destroy damaged organelles and get rid of Destroy damaged organelles and get rid of wastewaste

Protects cell from foreign particles that enter Protects cell from foreign particles that enter the cell by destroying themthe cell by destroying them

Sometimes lysosome membranes break and Sometimes lysosome membranes break and the enzymes kill the cell.the enzymes kill the cell.• Tadpole-frogTadpole-frog• Human webbed fingers.Human webbed fingers.

Summary Summary

OrganelleOrganelle FunctionFunctionCell WallCell Wall Rigid, Protects & SupportsRigid, Protects & Supports

Cell MembraneCell Membrane Controls what enters & exits a cellControls what enters & exits a cell

NucleusNucleus Contains DNA, Control CenterContains DNA, Control Center

RibosomeRibosome Site of protein manufacturingSite of protein manufacturing

ERER Makes lipids, packages proteinsMakes lipids, packages proteins

MitochondriaMitochondria Breaks down food to make ATPBreaks down food to make ATP

ChloroplastChloroplast Uses sunlight to make foodUses sunlight to make food

Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex Refines materials and transportsRefines materials and transports

VacuoleVacuole Stores waterStores water

LysosomeLysosome Digest food, destroys bad stuffDigest food, destroys bad stuff

Looking Inside CellsCompare and contrast the structures present in plant cells and animal cells.

Cell MovementCell Movement

FlagellaFlagella: tail-like projections: tail-like projections PseudopodPseudopod: false-foot: false-foot CiliaCilia: finger-like projections (some non-: finger-like projections (some non-

motile)motile)

Organization of LifeOrganization of Life

If a group of cells work together to perform If a group of cells work together to perform a specific job in the body then they form a specific job in the body then they form tissuestissues.. Muscle cells working together to form muscle Muscle cells working together to form muscle

tissuetissue

Tissues: Cells working togetherTissues: Cells working together EpithelialEpithelial: (skin) : (skin)

covers and protects covers and protects underlying tissue.underlying tissue.

NervousNervous: sends : sends signals throughout the signals throughout the bodybody

Tissues: Cells working togetherTissues: Cells working together MuscleMuscle: composed of cells that can : composed of cells that can

contract and relax to produce movementcontract and relax to produce movement ConnectiveConnective: (blood, collagen) joins, : (blood, collagen) joins,

supports, protects, nourishes, and supports, protects, nourishes, and cushions organscushions organs

TissuesTissues


If two or more tissues work together to If two or more tissues work together to perform a specific job in the body then perform a specific job in the body then they form an they form an organorgan.. Ex. Ex.

• Stomach, heart, skinStomach, heart, skin• Stems, rootsStems, roots


If two or more organs If two or more organs work together to work together to perform a specific job perform a specific job in the body then they in the body then they form an form an organ organ systemsystem.. Ex. Digestive systemEx. Digestive system


An An organismorganism is anything that can live on its is anything that can live on its own.own. UnicellularUnicellular: A single cell living on its own.: A single cell living on its own.

• Ex: ameba, parameciumEx: ameba, paramecium MulticellularMulticellular: Multiple cells that rely on each : Multiple cells that rely on each

other for survival. Most of the cells in a other for survival. Most of the cells in a multicellular organism cannot live outside the multicellular organism cannot live outside the body.body.• Ex. UsEx. Us

Documents

Mav Mark 8/25/11