Book Reviews 2157

Organized in seven sections, Neprune and Tri’ron includes an ex- cellent overview and covers magnetic fields and plasmas, Neptune’s atmosphere, small satellites, rings, Triton, and fumre missions. Ref- erences are listed at the end of each chapter rather than at the end of the book, which makes individual chapters amenable to copying but adds to the book’s mass. My favorite chapter by Patrick Moore is on the discoveries of Neptune and Triton. Written with the re- freshing style of a mystery story, Moore’s authoritative historical account introduces the reader to the central personalities and politics of European astronomy from the late eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries, to state-of-the-art astronomical technologies, and of course to the chronological facts of discovery.

Neptune was the fourth and final Giant Planet to be explored by spacecraft, offering grist for a comparative planetological approach for the Neptune sections. In chapter after chapter comparisons and contrasts are drawn regarding the theoretical origins of the outer planets (chapter by Jack Lissauer et al.), on their intereior structures (William Hubbard et al.), magnetic fields (Norman Ness et al.), radio emissions (Philippe Zarka et al.), magnetospheric plasma waves (Gumett and Kurth), tropospheres (Daniel Gautier et al.), and meteorology (Andrew Ingersoll et al.). I was particularly struck (though not surprised) by the degree of similarity between Neptune and Uranus, especially when contrasted with Jupiter and Saturn. Zarka et al. write that Neptune and Uranus are “radio twins.” Ness et al. show that the peculiar magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are structured similarly with large dipole offsets and tilts and large nondipole components. Ingersoll et al. show that Uranus and Nep- tune are twins in the magnitude and latitude dependence of their thermal power emissions; and so the comparisons go.

Triton is unique among the satellites and other objects explored by spacecraft, there is little fertile ground for offering a full comparative planetological context for the six Triton chapters. Though not twins, Pluto and Triton appear to be close siblings according to a theoretical analysis by McKinnon et al., and there are good reasons to draw a close comparison between these two in terms of surface ice composi- tion (Brown et al.). The geology of half of Triton now is reasonably described (Croft et al.), though not well understood, but we have no knowledge of Pluto’s geology. T&on’s plumes are described and modeled by Randolph Kirk et al., but there is simply no other phenomenon known in the Solar System with which to compare (except maybe for Yellowstone’s geysers and IO’S plumes, both poor analogs). As we learn more about Pluto and Triton (especially their

surface compositions) from Hubble Space Telescope and ground- based observing systems, the chapter by Brown et al. on surface composition and properties may become the tirst Triton chapter to be outdated and replaced with an outlook based in comparative planetology.

The only chapter that aheady is substantially outdated is the final one, on future missions, by Alan Stern et al. In many respects this is the most important chapter, since it frames a possible return to Neptune and Triton. This chapter’s table of favorable launch win- dows and trajectories and descriptions of generic Neptune/Triton mission concepts make it a still-useful reference with which to frame missions. New budgetary realities render the more specific mission descriptions nothing but pleasant dreams. On the other hand, the successful Galileo pmbe mission into Jupiter’s atmosphere has criti- cally validated entry technologies for the outer planets; Jupiter was a worst-case challenge, so that atmospheric entry missions to Nep- tune and Triton should not be so technologically daunting. If this chapter was written now instead of 2 or 3 years ago, we would read about innovative Discovery-class and New Millenium missions that would take advantage of advances in propulsion and sensor technolo- gies; the present discussion of Mariner-Mark-2 and other expensive and impractical mission concepts would disappear. In light of the rapidly shifting emphasis of American space exploration efforts to- ward investigations of the emergence, development, and detection of extraterrestrial life, the final chapter’s listing of outstanding scientific questions seems ill suited to generate the degree of enthusiasm among the NASA elite that is needed to make a strong case for a return to Neptune and Triton.

Readers of technical publications in planetary science long ago have accepted that their purchases will likely be. almost uselessly outdated within 8-10 years of publication. With the exceptions noted, this is not likely to be so with Neprune and Triron, only because no additional spacecraft are to revisit Neptune until 2010 or later. Neptune and Triton will be the principal reference publica- tion on the Neptune System for well over another decade. The Uni- versity of Arizona Press uses a robust binding technology, thereby offering a glimmer of hope against the likelihood that the binding of this over-stuffed and well-used book will fail long before the next Neptune mission arrives at her destination. U.S. Geological Survey Jeffrey S. Kargel 2255 N. Gemini Dr. FlagstafJ; AZ 86001, USA

Maunu Loa Revealed: Structure, Composition, History, and Hazards edited by J. M. Rhodes and J. P. Lockwood. Geophysical Mono- graph, Vol. 92, 1995, 36Op. (ISBN o-87590-049-6).

This is the all-comprehensive “story” about Mauna Loa volcano on the island of Hawaii. It presents nearly every geologic aspect about volcanoes imaginable-in considerable detail and with some biologic-ecologic embellishments. The volume begins with several different chronological perspectives on Mauna Loa. The first, by W. Barnard, presents the early history of the scientific endeavors to “conquer” Mauna Loa, taking the reader from the first visits and summit ascents in the late 1700s to the development of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory in the early part of this century. To assess the volcano’s growth history, P. Lipman evaluates the past 100,000 years of growth rates, noting that there is an average of one Mauna Loan eruption every seven years since mid-19th century. Growth appears to be mainly at the upper flanks and meager near the shoreline, providing evidence that Mauna Loa is ending its tholeiitic shield- building stage.

In a shorter time-frame, -30 ka, particulars about Mauna Loa’s eruptive cycles can be extracted from radiocarbon ages of lava- associated charcoal. J. Lockwood’s review of these data provides a model for -1500-year cycles of volcanism alternating from the preponderance. of activity either at the summit or along the rift-zone. J. Moore and W. Chadwick depict the eruptive history on a large geographic scale by presenting topographic and bathymetric maps for the southern three-fourths of Hawaii and the surrounding ocean

floor; their reconnaisance maps for submarine geology reveal exten- sive landslide events on the flanks below sealevel.

Many types of geophysical studies have been applied over the decades to evaluate Mauna Loa’s evolution on a very short timescale. For example, gravity measurements (D. Johnson), geodetic mea- surements (A. Miklius et al.), and CO* outgassing (S. Ryan) have all been, or can be, coordinated with magma eruptions and magma replenishments. Seismographic monitoring has been a reliable short- term predictor of eruptions for Hawaiian volcanoes and the observa- tions for the 1975 and 1984 Mauna Loan eruptions can be. extrapo- lated (P. Okubo) to suggest that there is no imminent eruption. In an assessment of a complementary predictive-tool, A. Linde and I. Sacks note that borehole strainmeters emplaced on Mauna Loa should render valuable information about future Mauna Loa erup- tions, just as they are known to do in Iceland and Japan where they monitor shapes, sizes, and locations of magma bodies. There is also information to be gleaned from remote sensing (A. Kahle et al.), which can report Fe-oxidation, vegetation cover, presence of SO,, and surface. roughness on the various parts of Mauna Loa.

The petrology-geochemistry contributions begin with a report on glass geothermometry (C. Montierth et al.) where MgO in Mauna Loan lavas varies linearly over the temperature range 1310-l 110°C. Other special petrologic insight comes from olivine-rich basalts re- covered from scarps exposed by offshore landslides along Mauna Loa’s southwest rift zone. M. Garcia observes that they represent original 17.5 wt% MgO and 1415°C magmas and therefore qualify

2158 Book Reviews

for being among the most mafic and hottest of any erupted during the Cenozoic. J. Rhodes addresses subaerial olivine-rich lavas, the 1852 and 1868 pi&es. He feels that they are olivine accumulates crystallized from original 13 wt% MgO magmas. J. Rhodes teams with S. R. Hart to examine the isotopic and trace-element composi- tions for historical lavas and they identify two discrete parental magmas. They tie these differences into complex plume characteriza- tions-namely, particular conditions for plume compositional heter- ogeneity, location of melting within, and plume configuration within the upper mantle. Kurz et al. expand the evaluation of isotope com- positions by hitching their observations for long- and short-term temporal changes to plume dynamics and varying melting rates. Finally, in a very specialized assessment of trace-element abun- dances, namely, Th/U ratios determined by high-precision, Jochum and Hofmann demonstrate that Mauna Loan lavas represents a larger percentage of source melting than those of neighboring Kilauea volcano.

The volume concludes with a few sections about volcano hazards, such as the probability for a lava flow to occur in a particular target

zone (Kauahikaua et al.), and how over-development of Hawaii increases the dangers of lava flows infiltrating society (F. ,Trusdale) Luckily, there may be adequate time for readiness and planning because an eruption forecast probability study by R. Decker et al. suggests that the next event can be as distant as the year 2007.

The book’s depth of coverage, quality of informative articles, and modest price require that every volcano-affecianado have it on his/ her reference shelf. The contents represent leading, relevant topics in numerous disciplines that encompass a volcano theme, and the authorships identify experts in their respective fields. The research significance of this volume is especially poignant when considering that studies of Hawaiian volcanoes have long set many of the stan- dards for understanding volcanism for both academic and societal perspectives.

Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences

North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

R. V. Fodor

Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Vol. 3. The Ma- rine Environment edited by P. Fritz and J. C. Fontes. Elsevier, 1989, 525p.. US $212 (Cloth: ISBN O-444-42764-3).

The collection of eleven review papers follows the lead of Vol. 1, The Terrestrial Environment, A, ( 1980) and Vol. 2, The Terrestrial Environment, B. (1986) and it will presumably be followed at a decorous interval, say 5 years (give or take a few) by Vol. 4, The Marine Environment, B, and by Vol. 5, The High Temperature Envi- ronment. “Volumes 3 and 4 are devoted to the modem and ancient marine environments, respectively.” The editors have attempted to subdivide the volumes into major subject areas, but have purposely shied from editing out overlap. At the present rate of publication the series will be complete about 2006 and will occupy 15 cm of library shelves, probably not your shelf, with a mean age of about 13 years at a cost of U.S. $1,070.

The review papers are authoritative: personally this mature geo- chemist knows or at least recognizes most of the list of authors. The level at which they treat their respective subjects is one that will be clear to a geochemist, and even to most of his colleagues in other specialities. You dip in here when you first encounter an unfamiliar geochemical system and probably before you tap the shower of journal reference available from GEOREF or the Internet. You have, for example: Siegentaller on 14C, Sackett on organic carbon, Land on carbonates, and Lawrence on porewater, as well as Catherine Pierre expanding on her thesis on sabkha evaporites. Separate chap- ters are devoted to the U-Th decay series (M. Bemat and T. M. Church) and ‘9Ar (H. H. Loosli)

The product is thus authoritative, but somewhat dated-if not when published, inevitably now after the passage of eight more years. An example of dated material is in Chapter 5, by Catherine

Pierre. Her discussion of the oxic-anoxic interface in the Black Sea is based on the results of an early survey (e.g., Deuser, 1970). The later (e.g., Murray et al., 1989) NSF Black Sea Oceanographic Expedition, 1988, gained more precise elemental profiles and a dif- fering interpretation.

One is tempted to ask, “What is to be the fate of encyclopedic authorship and editorship, as we careen onto the Information High- way?” Will they have new status as brokers of otherwise inaccessi- ble RAM? Will the authors become increasingly frustrated by the upward ratcheting of an imponderable succession of first, second, and third deadlines enforced or unenforced? You all know the drill: your friend X, rallied by editor Y and publisher Z, preens your ego while twisting your arm, all tempting you with a mostly unrefereed spot in a beautiful volume that is certain to be a best seller (read remaindered). Your typescript is at last completed in time for the third-stated deadline, whence it disappears as fast as you can say “Fed Ex” The year is silent-and you gradually come to realize that while you were late, many were either even late or didn’t show their face at all. Finally, after more months you get back the type- script scratched in red, along with a letter that is apologetic for the delayed schedule, but nevertheless asks you to fix the English while filling in two or three or even 5 years of “progress” in your comer of the science. Meanwhile, your own favorite paper, the one you wrote so eagerly, is once again shoved aside into the laboratory drawer. “Been there, done that.”

So will they disappear like his sliderule, and his typewriter, or will they retire with the yellowing stack of his own reprints-emeri- tus that were once the fan mail postcards of other years? Department of Geological Sciences William T. Holser University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403, USA

Chimie des Milieu Aquatiques. Chimie des Eaux Natwelles et des Interfaces a’ans I’Environnement, 2nd ed., by Laura Sigg, Werner Stumm, and Philippe Behra. Masson, 1994, viii + 391~. (ISBN 2-225-84498-4; in French).

as a professional in their discipline; they should, at least, be familiar with the fundamental principles which dictate the behavior and fate of contaminants in the hydrosphere. This book provides the essentials of aquatic chemistry from which environmental scientists can expand on as necessary.

Environmental problems are inherently multidimensional and their remediation requires an interdisciplinary approach which encom-

This is the second, corrected, edition of this book. Unfortunately, the first edition was not available to me and thus, I cannot comment

passes ethical, human, economic, and natural/physical sciences com- ponents. In all cases, solutions can only come from people who are

on additions or changes made to it. The first edition was reviewed

conversant in the general issues of concern and who can contribute by Prof. Yves Tardy in the April 1993 issue of this journal. The book

from their quantitative understanding of one or a few areas of special- is the French version of the original German Aquatische Chemie to

ization. Knowledge of the chemistry of aquatic systems is an essen- which a chapter on metal transport through groundwater was ap- pended and which serves to integrate the material presented in previ-

tial component of any environmental science program and should ous chapters. The original book was written as a textbook for a course be prescribed also to all chemistry students who may be called upon on the chemistry of aquatic systems given within an environmental during their career to take an informed stand on environmental issues science program in Switzerland. It was translated into very compre-