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The University of Melbourne

Environments & Design Student Centre

Ground Floor of the Baldwin Spencer Building

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ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEETThis form must be attached to all submitted written work with all sections completed to the Environments &

Design Student Centre, Ground Floor of the Baldwin Spencer Building. An incomplete form may result in thedelayed return of your assignment or of your mark for the assignment. Please keep a copy of all assignmentsbefore submitting them for assessment.

Subject Code: ENVSl0003 2014-SM1Subject Name: ConstructingEnvironments

Student lD Numberi 698447Student Name: Matthew Johnfhompson

Tutorial= T20

Assignment Name: A01 LOGBOOK FINAL SUBMISSION (all studio sessions)

Assignment Due Date: May 19 2014 at 01:00 PM

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group work please see the University's policy on Academic Honesty and Plagiarism.

plagiarism and collusion constitute cheating. Disciplinary action will be taken against students who engage in plagiarism

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Student Signature: Date la los I [*

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Constructins environments log book

Week 1: Block Tower Conitruction

Building a stable structure using compression force was carried out in the tutorial- The use of M.D.F

(Medium Density Fibre-board) allowed for easy construction as its lightweight structure made the

placement of the blocks an easy task. The structure of the tower (as shown) is a rectangular based

formation with gaps between each building block to allow great counter wait forces to be applied to

each block. This would assist the later process of excavation when creating an arch

doorway/entrance to the structure.

As shown, the two blocks situated underneath a particular block share the

base load as denoted by the arrows in this picture. This idea was to assist in

the prevention of collapse when block were removed from the structure

using the comPression theory.

An ldentical trend was continued until a development of the structure could

be noticed. Due to time constraints, the height of the tower was not to the

endeavoured feat. However the practicality of the process was still shown-

Due to the downward force being placed upon successive block, it granted

the easy removal of a specific section of the structure. However the stability

of the doorway decreased dramatically as more blocks were removed- This

could be attributed to the reduction of raw materials which contributes to

the weight force which reaches a threshold to enable the build to remain

erect.

By executing this theory we were successfully able to construct a structure

large enough to facilitate the dinosaur, thus the aim of the exercise

successfully achieved.

The method of first building the structure then excavating at a single side to form a doorway proved

more successfulthan building a doorway from the beginning of construction. This was due to the

load force already present in the structure, acting on subsequent individual block pieces below a

particular piece. This means that building a doonnray from the start was more difficult as the

compression force being applied from above was absent, as shown:

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ele?rning Summarv and Glossarv

Materials are selected for certain constructions due to the.following criteria:

Strength

Stiffness

Shape (Mono-dimensional, Planar, Volumetric)

Material Behaviours (lsotropic, anisotropic)

Economy

Sustainability

Landscape is a fundamental background to the constructive citY. ln the case of Melbourne, basaltic

rock surrounded the landscape and indicated Melbourne's volcanic history. Bluestone is a material

that was selected from the economic category listed above. Being a local material, it was more cost

effective to take advantage of the local landscape for building structures. This decision has become

iconic to the city of Melbourne, giving the city its dark colour. As far as sustainability, it is logical to

use local materials, as less energy is required in the production and transportation of the rock. This

ultimately possesses a lesser environmental effect compared to the alternate building materials.

The history of the city can be seen through the damage to the bluestone. Damage such as wheel

ruts where the carriageways of the 19s century have left lasting effects on the structure. Others

methods of damage include water damage and impact damage from heavy vehicles.

Load path diagrams indicate that a particular applied load, whether it be dead or live, will be

distributed on the most direct route down to the ground where a reaction force will come in contact

with the structure at an equal and opposite amount to the applied load.

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Glossary

Force - a force is any influence that produces change in the shape or movement of a body. Basic

structural forces include tension and compression

Load path - The direction in which consecutive load will pass through connected members. For

example, a dead load being distributed down particular structure of the building

Point loads- a load that is localized to a specific location of the structure

Static loads -loads that are assumed to be applied slowly until it reaches its peak value withoutfluctuating magnitude or position

Live loads - comprise of any moving or movable loads on a structure. Typically acts vertically

downward

Occupanry loads - loads resulting in the weight of people, furniture, stored material, and othersimilar items in a building.

Snow loads- as a result of snow accumulating on the roof of the building

Rain loads-as a result of rain accumulating on the roof of the building

Dead loads - static loads acting vertically downward on a structure

lmpact loads- kinetic loads of short duration due to vehicles, equipment, and machinery

Dynamic loads- loads that are applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in

magnitude and point of application

Wind loads- forces that are exerted by the kinetic energy of a moving mass of air, assumed to come

from any horizontal direction

Masonry - The process of constructing buildings or structures with individual units held together by

mortar.

Reaction force- an opposing force

lsotropic- a materialthat displays simiiar characteristics regardless of which direction the force is

applied

lecture 1: Absent due to timetable clash

The lecture aimed to explore the idea of spreading the base load of an object. This was accomplished

by folding 1 sheet of paper such that it would spread the weight force applied by a single brick.

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Week 2: Balsa wood frame construction

Using the idea of triangles in conjunction with part-by-part assembly, the construction of our frame

occurred in stages, and came together as a single structure almost instantaneously.

Through logicalthinking, it was decided that the tower would

need to become narrower in sections in order for the base to

support the load above. Therefore it was calculated that

equilateral triangles of side length 30cm should be constructed

in order to support the applied force which would eventually be

supported by the base.

This is an example of our "part production" method. The length

of the prism was 60cm. Although this didn't seem stable at the

time, extra triangle braces were added in a uniform pattern togrant the frame structure extra strength. This would assist in

Ioad distribution and stability of the structure as it expands in

height.

The tower was formed through a series of fixed joints held

together at a particular point. This often made it hard to

construct a straight, structurally sound tower. This was because

the fixed joints caused bending as either a result of

miscalculated lengths of balsa or an angle that was not identical

to the other braces being formed with the base.

The bending can be seen in this picture as indicated.

The base section showed no sign of bending before the second

section was applied. This may be attributed to an applied load

(above) being applied to this particular member, causing a

bending at the joint

Furthermore, the pieces of balsa were in some cases were not

straight lines and in particular places, had quite severe bends

from the cutting process.

Extra bracing was also added in attempt to negate this bending

that was observed.

Structure load Path & desien idea

pictured is a smaller based pyramid, which connects to the top

ofthe structure shown above and brings aboutthe peak ofthe

structure. The smaller triangle added to the middle of the frame

was purely to increase the stability of the structure without

applying a heavy weight force to the peak of the structure'

The final structure was just short of the ceiling, as we attached a

straight piece of balsa, mocking structure such as the empire

state building to increase height

The arrows denote signs of structural instability, as there was

sever bending in many places of the frame structure' This is

once again attributed to the fact that the structure contains

fixed joints and a compression force is being applied on top (the

above frame) resulting in bending.

Many other groups where unsuccessful in building their

structure. lt seemed that a common factor was a squared based

building. lt seemed that not enough materials were supplied to

successfully frame a square stable structure'

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elearning Summarv and GlossarY

Structural systems can be categorised into solid, shell, surface, frame, skeletal, membrane and

hybrid systems.

Construction systems can be categorised into enclosure, structural and service systems. The choice

behind each category is based on performance requirements, aesthetic qualities, economic

efficiencies, environmental impacts and also the construction context as a whole. When building a

structure, both the initial cost and life rycle costing of the building. This includes the longevity of the

building and its ability to act as a filter, maintaining comfort without the need of electrical appliances

(eg. Air conditioning).

Ecologically sustainable design is the conscious effort to reduce the environmental impact when

cons$ucting new buildings or infrastructure. Common strategies include:

o Local materials

r Materialefficiencyo Thermal mass

o Night air purging

o Solar energy

o Wind energy

o Cross ventilation

o Smart sun design

o lnsulation

o Water harvesting

Certain materials require certain amount energy in order to be produced. This must be taken into

account when choosing particular materials in reference to their respective carbon footprint.

Glossary

Carbon footprint- a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated during the fabrication,

transportation and use of a particular product

Embodied energy- is the total energy used during all stages of a material's life.

Life Cycle- from the beginning to the end of a particular material in a specific process

StructuralJoint- can be classified as either roller, pin or a fixed joint.

Bracing- added support to brace a structure

Column- a supporting pillar, generally found to be under some sort of compression force.

lecture ?

lnvestigated the framing process using an example of the 'watertanK.

The knowledge from the lecture was taken into our studio session

as it was decided that a triangular shaped frame would possess

higher stability than that of a square base structure. This was

shown as a variety of triangle framed water tanks tested a higher

resistance to an applied forced than other attempts.

Load capacity was increased when supplied with more pins and

straws for the exercise. Some strategies included:

o Use of two pins, result in stronger structural joint connections

o Triangulation (our chosen method) of posts

r Extra bracing between posts

o Larger footing, increase load distribution at ground level

o Shortening post length, structure closerto ground level

Some strategies were more successfulthan others and this was noted and executed when building

the balsa wood tower. Triangulation proved the most successful, however without extra bracing

between posts, this may not have been enough support forthe structure. lt appears that to have a

successfu! structure you must use a collaboration of the above techniques without compromising

efficiency of materials.

Week 3

Tutorial

The aim of this weeKs studio session was to examine real life examples of the theory that was learnt

in the elearning. A tour was conducted around the university to identify different structural

elements and also in particular, different characteristics of masonry construction.

Here is an example of the use of pre-cast concrete as

structure members of a structural environment. The reason

behind the use of pre-cast is that it makes the speed of

construction faster and more efficient as they can be put in

place with ease, rather than constructing each individual

member on site.

The bond of masonry was heavily focused on in this session. lt

was highlighted in structures around the university, and thus

became easy to distinguish different patterns over the course

of the tour.

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Examples of different pre-construction designs were shown.

The pylons for the Melbourne University Car Park form areas

in which above, trees are planted. This helps with drainage

and water efficiency of the area. Each pylon is positioned

within the vicinity of trees or gardens. Concrete was used in this case for its easy in modifying its

shape to one which is desired for the design.

The importance of designing and planning before going ahead with construction was very much

emphasized in this example, with the idea of the future and sustainability in mind.

The steel structural members of this staircase at Union

House form an "optical illusion" in terms of the members

that are actually load bearing. The member indicated by

the arrow carries very minimal load as the structure was

designed to form this effect.

Steel cable is used to suspend the beams under the stairs,

which are under tension from the weight forced of the

structural member

The load is taken directly to the ground where it is met

with an equal but opposing reaction force, as shown here.

Another parallel beam to the one seen above is supported

by two columns, which are under heavy compression

force.

The structural joints present are fixed joints at the bottom

ofthe staircase, and the beam connecting to the stair

framing.

An example of sandstone block masonry

was observed at the arts west building. A

difference in materials was frequently made

between this building and other buildings,

which were formed from pre cast concrete.

The use of sandstone, a sedimentary rock,

masonry gives an aesthetic property to the

building, which is not achieved by concrete.

Also, Limestone is very frequently used in a

similar way.

Glossarv

Moment- The moment of a force is the tendancy to make an object or point rotate (Moment= Force.

x Distance)

Retaining wall- are used when sites are excavated to create basements, holds back earth from falling

into the already excavated area.

Strip Footing-Used when loads from a wall or series of columns is spread in a linear manner.

Pad footing- also called isolated footings, these type of footings help spread a point load over a

wider area

Substructure- Foundations are the substructure, their function is to transfer all loads acting on the

building to the ground

elearning and Lectures

Lecture-

London was compared to Barcelona, however there needed to be use for the site after the gamesconcluded. The wellbeing of the people was heavily considered in the construction of the Olympicpark, which catalysed a central (middle) park to be heavily utilized at the conclusion of the games.Problems with soil quality arose in the early development of the infrastructure. The large cost intransport the soil was one issue, but the main contributor being it was heavily polluted.

Engineers needed to treat the soil with the following steps7. Remediation2. Wash3. Sieve

4. Shake5. Removed oil, gas, tar, cyanide, carsenic as a result

Groundwater was treated by injecting compound into the soil, which generated oxygen.

Problems occurred with housing in that the need for evolution of the space after the athletes leftwas a difficult to manage process. lmportance of legary was heavily emphasized, being that theremust sustainable/usable area left for the English people in the future.The garden/park,s Landscapewas productive, seasonal and efficient. Rubber infill that was in the area was removed to revealfootbridges after the games completion. Further giving th9 site purpose.

Stadium was located on an island separated from other parts of the olympic province. The stadiumwas considered to be a contributor to the legacy of the site, potentially used after games by asoccer team at the games conclusion (Westham FC).

The Stadium was considered as a theatre in the building process as wetl as a home for sport.Theacoustics were achieve by the stadium being buried low in the ground.

o 80,000 capacity

o 25,000 ground capacity and 55,000 in the frame structure

A decision was made to change to light steel cable netting which consequently used 1000 tonnesless steel. The canal system was used to transport mass and building materials as it has been forgenerations before. This represents the efficiency that this system possessed even centuries ago.Compared to Beijing London used 8x less carbon and a% of the steel making it a far moresustainable Olympics. Furthermore, the swimming pools were reused in high schools, meaning thewaste of materials was significantly reduced.

Figure: Range of mortar finishes and The Australian standard measurements for a

single brick unit

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Week 4

TutorialThis tutorial main objective was to understand the concept and importance ofscale when it comes to construction. The idea of why and how scale is importantwhen designing/planning construction was heavily discussed.Scale is important in drawings, as it allows the architect to accurately measurelife size materials and structural interactions, on a relatively small, easy to workwith piece of paper. However, in order for this process to worh everymeasurement and detail must be exact as the factor in which you multiply yourmeasurements on paper to get "real life" size, may incur large errors.

Preferred working units were those with known standard sizes, for examplebricks or standard timber sizes. These allow the ease in calculation of the lengthof particular members of the structure. Appropriate common architectural scales

were decided to be 1:L, 1:10, and 1:20. These numbers are very easy to convertmeasurements to either side of the scale.

A questionnaire was undertaken regarding the Oval Pavilion, which is currentlyunder construction. This raised the question surrounding design and plans,

elevations in drawings, sections and drawing detailing.

elearnins and Lectures

Lecture:The Oval Pavilion was the focus of this lecture. The main focuses of the lecturewere to explore:

. Planning and organisation involved

. The way cultural diversity impacted on the structure, reflects differentbackgrounds

. Engineering

. Architecture

. Technology used for design

. Communication

These ideas are shown in the following mind map.

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]oist- a horizontal member that runs between at least two supports in order tocarry the load of a ceiling or floor

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Span- the distance measured between two structural supports

Girder- a type ofsupport beam

Spacing- the rep6ating distance between a series of like or similar elements,measured centre to centre.

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Week 5

TutorialIn this tutorial we constructed a scale model of the Oval Pavilion using materialsand bonding agent ofour choosing. Our group decided that cardboard and paperwith strong superglue would provide strong structure members as well as theease of working and shaping the sections we needed.

As the cardboard did not have a large surface areat the end of each piece we cut to size, the glue wasnot setting in place fast or securely enough.

Thus, as a management strategy, the group usedpaper pieces to which the glue was applied, andplaced at the joints of each structural member.

This largely improved the stability of the structureand allowed the construction to occur much moreefficiently.

Due to time constraints, the wall that the roofelements connect to in the real life structure wasmodelled very poorly, as shown. However, byputting the wall in place, it gave the general idea ofhow the roof structure interacted with thecorresponding wall system.

The floor system was constructed very easily andquickly, due to the lack of time. Our idea was thatwe mark out the measurement of each step and thefloor space to scale, and then simply fold the lineswhere indicated.

Once again, it was not a very accuraterepresentation of the building, but it gave themodel some sort of base structure and a visual ideaof how all the structural systems interact

elearnins and Lecture

LectureFor basement construction to take place, retention systems must be in place.Steel reinforcing cages are lowered into a hole and are pored with concrete.Capping beam joins the tops of the board piers and thus the concrete beams holdback the dirt from falling in. Shockcrete is then sprayed onto the surface tosecure the wall from coming back into the basement.

Board piers were closer together near the old commerce building fagade to carrythe heavier load. The basement was excavated further in some areas for suchrooms as the lecture theatre. Pre cast concrete columns were used for internalcolumns of the building.

Pad footings were used throughout the structure however stairwells requirebigger footings in terms of a raft slab. Reasoning for this may be that they carry a

larger live load to other parts of the structure. Structural connection must alwaysbe made.

Pre cast concrete used for the new building is cast flat stacked vertically forstorage and then transported to site. The process is more efficient if pre castedrather than in situ as structural connections are cast into the precast concrete.The concrete is pale coloured due to the minerals present mainly from the lackof using bluestone aggregate.

Cantilever structures are identifiable in the building. The structure must beffiangulated in order for it to be held in place, the diagonal beam take majority ofthe load. The cantilever in the architecture building was built 15mm upwardwith the knowledge thatthe applied load would pull the structure down toapproximately 15mm so it becomes level.

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Glossary

Stud- an upright member in awall system which non-structural materials are

secured fie Plaster)

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system

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opening fie window or doorJ

Axial Load. a forced that is applied to the axis of an objea, the centre of a specific

piece of material

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Buckling- is the sudden lateral or tirsional instability of a slender structural

member induced by the action of an axial load before the yield stress of the

material is reached

seasoned timber- timber that has a water content less than 15%o

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Week 6

TutorialThis tutorial was the presentation of our full size assignment.

elearnins and Lectures

Lecture:This lecture helped to investigate property development and how such

developments are considered successful. The lecture covered 3 main locations as

examples of different property developments and the variation between them.

Theywere:. Royal Children's Hospital. l7l Collins street (BHP building)

' 35 Spring Street

The ideas and concepts explored by this lecture are shown in the mind map on

the following page.

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Rafter- Sloping roof beams

Purlin- Run horizontal between rafters

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Cantilever- a horizontal member which is only secured at one end

portal Frame- consists of a series of braced rigid frames with purlins froof) and

girts (walls)

Eave- is the overhanging lower edge of a roof

Alloy- a mixture of a metal and another elementto improve or give differentproperties

Soffit- the underside of a particular element

Top chord- the upper horizontal structural member present with a truss

Week 7

Tutorials and LecturesBoth tutorial and lecture sessions did not run in week 7 due to the Easter break

eI parning

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GlossaryGutter- carry discharge tovertical down PiPes

Parapet- is an extension of a

particular wall to Protect thebuilding from uPward windforce. Also provides a sloPe for t

water to run off and awaY fromopenings.

Down pipe- take water fromgutters and discharge it into a

dry well or storm water system

Flashing- refers to the thincontinuous Pieces of sheet metalor other imPervious materialsinstalled to Prevent the Passageof water into the building

Insulation- the use of a material in an attempt to retain heaVreduce heat loss

heatwithin a building

Sealant- used to provide a protective seal against the passage of movement of

water and air

Drip- Used to stop the stream flow on member of the building causes the water

to drip

Vapour barrier- is a material of low perrneance installed in a construction to

p.J*r"r,a moisture from entering andreaching a pointwhere it can condense into

a liquid.

Week ITutorial:This tutorial was an opportunity to draw a re-scaled architectural drawing. We

started with a drawing of the oval pavilion with a scale of 1:5 and our object was

to transform it into a 1:1sketch, which included detailing.

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GIossary:Window sash- refers to the fixed or movable framework of a window in whichpanes ofgtass are set

Deflection-is the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a truecourse under tranwerse loading increasing with load and span, and decreasingwith an increase in the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus ofelasticity of the material

Moment of inertia-is the sum of the products of each element of an area and thesquare of its distance from the coplanar axis of rotation.

Stress-a combination of compression and tension stresses developed at a crosssection of a stmchrral member to resist a transverse force.

Shear Force-forces which actin both directions

Week 9TutorialThe construction site of the Portrait Building located on Swanston Street wasvisited in this week tutorial. As a class we examined the different aspects of thesites construction, including both structural and non-structural elements thatmake up the building. The construction was completed to floor 29, thus wherewe began our tour. It contains/will contain:

o 35 storieso 27 apartment levelso 536 apartments, which only 1- remains unsoldo Retail shopso Rooftop spas and BBQ

Completion of the structure is projected to be around Christmas this year.

These structural supports help stabilizethe formwork in which the slab to theabove level is poured.

These supports remain here until4subsequent levels are considered loadbearing. Then, the formworkwill beremoved from the bottom most leveland added to the next level being built.

The edge of the building was caged onevery level which hadn'tyet had theoutglass windows installed. The cage ispositioned slightly further out from thebuilding. This allows workers to workon parts of the buildingwhich overhang,allowing for certain processes whichwould otherwise notbe availablewithout these caged fences.

The concrete slabs are compositematerials. They are poured and curedwith mesh and cables. This makes itareinforced post-tension concrete slab.

The cables are pulled extremely tightunder high tension, to straighten theslab. They metal casing is then filledwith grout, into the yellow tubeshighlighted, to retain tension and stopthe slab sinking. This is done on the

outer edge using the cages for safety from falling.

Two cranes were used on site to liftheavy materials to either the top floor orto loading docks located on lower levels,which the materials are then slid intothe building.

Loading materials into the building is aprocess that must be well thoughtthrough, otherwise, larger materialssuch as plasterboards, may not be ableto fit into certain rooms if structure isalready built

Concrete is transported through thecentre of the building, the core, usingthe machinery seen in this photo.

The core of the building is establishedfirst, as it provides a centre point forconstruction.

The blue piping is the concretetransportation. It runs through a shaftfrom the bottom floor to the top, muchsimilar to an elevator shaft but on asmaller scale.

This technology has increased the speedof construction greatly. The tour guideemphasized the speed of slab pouring,indicating that 1 floor worth of concretecan be poured every 4 days. This is 1400square meter area.

Allow slabs are poured on site, the useof precast concrete is still heavilyobservable. It is mainly used in columnand shear walls

The red plastic moulds prevent concretefrom filling certain areas. This forms a

rylindrical casted area for pipes so thatthey can easily be fitted through theslab.

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GlossarvSandwich panel- two aluminium sheets which contain a non-aluminium core

material

Bending- additional loading causes the column to deflect further until collapseoccurs in the means of bending

Skirting- predominatelywooden board running along the bottom to protect theplaster from damage

Composite Beam- a beam formed from two or more dissimilar materials whichjoined together to act as a single unit

Shadow line joint-a joint ffiically used for stone, and is joined closer to thecentre of the objec! with a slight gap seen easily in the connection, as shovrm

--...'.

Cornice- a moulded projection that crowns a wall or divides it horizontally forcompositional purposes

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Week 10

TutorialThis tutorial was used to join our scale drawings together and make apresentation to the class regarding what we have drawn and the structuralmember and interactions that make up the specific section of the building.

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Villains for health - glue, timber floor finishes, paintsHeroes for health- bamboo flooring, termimesh - alternative to chemicaltreatment against termites

Villains for waste- Timbers, tilingHeroes for waste- sisalation, rerycled timber, recycled fabrics, roof tiles

Villains for energy- aluminium (liquid energ5r),light globes, downlightsHeroes for energy- timber, Australian made,less transport, Diode lights

Villains for pollution- PVC, cigarette smokeHeroes for pollution- linoleum flooring, tiles, non PVC cables, wool

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GlossarySheer wall- a structured wall made up of braced panels

Soft story- exists in a building when one or more floors are significantly weaker

o. .or" h"*ible than those above and/or below. They result in uneven load

distribution and are often cause by architectural desires in bottom floor lobbies

etc.

Braced frame- bracing added to a new or existing frame structure to help against

wind and earthquake forces

Lifecycle- the creation, use and waste management of a particular material over

time (it's "life")

Deflect- a deflection of a structural element measure in degrees

Fascia- situated underneath a roofs edge and runs horizontally

Corrosion- the destruction of materials over time due exposure to weather

conditions causing chemical reactions

IEQ- Indoor environment quality, refers to health when using materials

References:

Francis D.K Ching, 2008, building construction illustrated (4t'ed.), Hoboken, New

fersey: fohn Wiley & Sons

The university of Melboume, 2OL4, Flipped Classroom, Retrieved from

https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.isp?tab tab group id= 5 1&

url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexequte%o2Flauncher%.3Ftypeo/o3DCourse%26ido/o3D 27 L852 Lo/o26urlo/o3D