Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Matter is composed of very small particles called atoms. In nature, there are 92 different forms of matter that we call elements.

Atoms by Brainpop

There are 11 elements of which most living things are composed.

The most abundant element in the human body is oxygen.

The second most abundant element in the human body is carbon, and in third place is hydrogen. Together, these three elements make up 92% of a human being.

You are expected to memorize the symbols for the 11 elements that

make up most living things:

Element Symbol

Oxygen O

Carbon C

Hydrogen H

You are expected to memorize the symbols for the 11 elements that

make up most living things:

Element Symbol

Nitrogen N

Calcium Ca

Phosphorus P

You are expected to memorize the symbols for the 11 elements that

make up most living things:

Element Symbol

Potassium K

Sulfur S

Sodium Na

You are expected to memorize the symbols for the 11 elements that

make up most living things:

Element Symbol

Chlorine Cl

Magnesium Mg

Intro to Elements Clip

Atoms combine together to form most of the substances we observe in the world around us.

Compounds are formed when the atoms of two or more elements chemically joined together to form a new substance with very different propertiesproperties than the elements of which it is formed.

o The smallest piece of a compound is called a molecule

o Salt is an example of a compound. It is composed of an atom of sodium chemically “glued” to an atom of chlorine. Each of these NaCl units is called a molecule.

Compounds, continued…

o There are many compounds that are important to living things.

Mixtures are formed when two or more substances are mixed together but not chemically combined.

Each substance retains its ownown characteristics, and can be separated from each other by simple physical means.

The air in this room is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and small amounts of other gases. Compounds &

Mixtures Clip

Reading Chemical Formulas:

H2O

The letters tell you what elements make up the molecule…what are the elements in this molecule?

The little numbers to the right of the letters tell you HOW MANY ATOMS of each element. If there isn’t one, it just means that there is one atom of that element.

If there was a number in front of the formula, it would tell you how many MOLECULES of that substance there was:

4H2O

How many molecules of water are there here?

There are two types of compoundscompounds that are important to living things:

Organic and inorganic compounds

Organic compoundsOrganic compounds contain the element carbon.

There are 4 types of organic compounds that are important to living things:

Macromolecules

• Macromolecules also know as organic molecules or Biomolecules are built by a process called polymerization

• Polymerization- Large compounds are built joining smaller ones together

• Monomers- are small (building blocks)• Polymers- When monomers are joined

together

Organic Compound

Composed of: Examples Function

Carbohydrate C, H, OSugarStarch

cellulose

Releases energyenergy for cells

Carbohydrate

• Monomer- Glucose

• Polymer- starch….. Found in potato, wheat, rice

• Monosaccharide- Single sugar

• Polysaccharides- large macromolecules formed from monosaccharide

Organic Compound

Composed of: Examples Function

Lipid C, H, OFatsOils

Waxes

Stores and releases MORE energy for cells

Cell membranes are made of lipids

Fats and Lipids

• Monomer- No true monomer

• Lipids form when three fatty acids bonds with one glycerol molecule

Organic Compound

Composed of: Examples Function

Protein C, H, O, N enzymes Used to

build cell parts;

Made of smaller parts called amino acids

Where are proteins made in the cell…?

Protein

• Monomer: Amino Acid

• Polymer Protein

Organic Compound

Composed of: Examples Function

Nucleic Acid

C, H, O, N, P

DNA RNA

Stores hereditary informatio

n

Nucleic Acid

• Monomer: Nucleotide

• Polymer: DNA and RNA

• DNA is found in the Nucleus of each and every cell

Properties of water

• The most abundant solvent in the world

• Contain 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

• Water is very polar

Levels of Organization in Eukaryotes

• Cells

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ Systems

Inorganic compounds are also important to living things. They DO NOT contain carbon.

Some examples include:

• water (formula: H2O)

• salt (formula: NaCl)Simple Chemistry Clip

Let’s Talk about one organic compound that is very important to living things…

Glucose is one of the most important molecules in biology. Here are some things you need to know about it:

The chemical formula for glucose is: CC66HH1212OO66

Glucose is manufactured in PLANTS in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESISAll cells (plants and animals) use glucose for the purpose of GETTING ENERGYGETTING ENERGY

Let’s Talk about one organic compound that is very important to living things…

• All energy in a glucose molecule is located in THE BONDSTHE BONDS.

• When the bonds of this molecule are broken, energy is released. This happens in the MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA of the cell (the powerhouse organelle).