Matter in Times New Roman

7/27/2019 Matter in Times New Roman

1/33

1 | P a g e

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:

Madhya Pradesh Power Generating Co. Ltd. (MPPGCL) is a wholly owned company

of MP Government engaged in generation of electricity in the state of Madhya

Pradesh. It is a successor entity of erstwhile Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board

(MPSEB). The Company, while operating and maintaining its existing units, is also

constructing new Power Plants for increasing capacity in the State of Madhya Pradesh.

1.2Brief History of the MPPGCL and context of its Formation:

The Company has taken over the Generation activities of MPSEB.

The Company is a public company fully owned by Govt. of M.P.

The Company was incorporated on 22.11.2001.

The Company obtained the Certificate of Commencement of Business on 16-07-2002.

The Registered office of the Company is at Shakti-Bhawan, Rampur, Jabalpur

The Authorized Capital of the Company at present is Rs. 10,000 Cr. (Ten

Thousand Crore) divided into 10,000,00,000 Shares of Rs.100 each.

The issued, subscribed and paid up capital is Rs.2,865,84,64,400 (Rs. Two

Thousand Eight Hundred Sixty Five Crores Eighty Four Lacs Sixty Four

Thousand Four Hundred only) divided into 28,65,84,644 shares of Rs.100 each.

The Govt. of MP vide Gazett Notification (Extraordinary) No. 226 notified

order no. 3679/ FRS/ 18/13/2002 Dtd. 31-05-2005 to give effect to the

reorganization of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board. The Para2(a) of

the said order is reproduced below :

With effect from 01.06.2005 (the effective date) the function of Generation of

electricity as specified in schedule A to the Transfer Scheme Rules, 2003, shall

be conducted and shall be carried on by Madhya Pradesh Power Generating

Company Limited as its own business and not as an agent of or on behalf of the

Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board.

The opening balance sheet of Madhya Pradesh Power Generating Company

Limited as on 31.05.2005 has also been notified.

Accordingly, the Company has started functioning independently, from 01-06-

2005.

Save Electricity - Save Power - Save Money


2/33

2 | P a g e

1.3 Introduction of Gandhi Sagar Dam

The Gandhi Sagar Dam is one of the four majordamsbuilt on India's Chambal River.

The dam is located in the Mandsaurdistrict of the state of Madhya Pradesh. It is a

masonry gravity dam, standing 62.17 metres (204.0 ft) high, with a gross storage

capacity of 7.322 billion cubic meters from a catchment area of

22,584 km

2

(8,720 sq mi). The dam's foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister ofIndia Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 7 March 1954, and construction of the main dam

was completed in 1960. Additional dam structures were completed downstream in the

1970s.

The dam sports a 115-MW hydroelectricpower station at its toe, with five 23-MW

generating units each providing a total energy generation of about 564 GWh. The

water released after power generation is utilized for the irrigation of 427,000 hectares

(1,060,000 acres) by the Kota Barrage, which is located 104 kilometers (65 mi)

downstream of the dam, near the city

ofKota in the state ofRajasthan.The dam's reservoir area is thesecond-largest in India (after

the Hirakud Reservoir), and attracts

a large number of migratory and

non-migratory birds throughout the

year. The International Bird LifeAgency (IBA) has qualified the

reservoir under "A4iii" criteria, as

the congregation of water birds isreported to exceed 20,000 at some

points.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambal_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit_Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Barragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirakud_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirakud_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Barragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit_Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambal_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam


3/33

3 | P a g e

1.4 Geography of Gandhi Sagar

The Chambal River (known in ancient times as the Chamranyavati River) rises in

the Vindhya Range at an elevation of 853 meters (2,799 ft), 15 kilometers (9.3 mi)

west-southwest of the town ofMhow, nearIndore. It flows north-northeast

through Madhya Pradesh, runs for a time through Rajasthan, then forms the boundary

between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the YamunaRiverin the state ofUttar Pradesh. Its total length from its source to

its confluence with the Yamuna River is 900 kilometers (560 mi).

The Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa region of northwestern Madhya

Pradesh, while its tributary, the Banas, which rises in the Aravalli Range, drains

southeastern Rajasthan. At its confluence with the Yamuna, the Chambal joins four

other rivers the Yamuna, Kwari, Sind, and Pahujat Pachnada nearBhareh in Uttar

Pradesh, at the border of the Bhind and Etawah districts. The river is drained by a rain-

fed catchment area with an average annual rainfall of 860 millimeters (34 in), a

temperature range of between 2 C (36 F) and 40 C (104 F), and a relative humidityranging from 30% to 90%.

Between 344 kilometers (214 mi) and 440 kilometers (270 mi) from the Chambal'ssource is an area of deep gorges; the Gandhi Sagar Dam is located in the middle reach

of this gorge section. The dam is situated at a distance of 168 kilometers (104 mi)

from the district administrative headquarters ofMandsaur.

1.5 Construction History of Gandhi Sagar

The Chambal River Valley Development marked one of the landmark actions ofthe First Five-Year Plan launched by the Government of India in 1951, afterIndia

attained independence in August 1947. The Chambal River had not until then beenutilized for any major developmental works, and was proposed to be developed under

a joint initiative of the state governments of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The

three-stage proposal, drawn up in 1953, called for three dams to provide hydroelectric

power generation, and a downstream barrage to utilize stored waters released from the

upstream dams forirrigation. The river's drop of 625 meters (2,051 ft) between itssource in Mhow and the city of Kota, which marks the exit of the river from its gorge

section into the plains of Rajasthan, was seen as having great hydroelectric potential.

1.5.1 Stage I

The first stage of the development involved construction of the Gandhi Sagar Dam to

a height of 62.17 meters (204.0 ft) as a storage dam to store 7,322,000,000 cubic The

hydroelectric power station is located at the toe of the dam on the right bank. The total

flow through the five turbines is 311.15 m3/s. The power station has an installation of

142 MW with five turbines of 23 MW and one unit of 27 MW capacities. The powerstation is 65 meters (213 ft) long and 56 feet (17 m) wide. Power is supplied first to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banas_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravalli_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwari_riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahuj_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachnadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhind_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etawah_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambal_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Year_plans_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Year_plans_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambal_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etawah_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhind_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachnadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahuj_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwari_riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravalli_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banas_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Range


4/33

4 | P a g e

the local district and then to other regions of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The

Gandhi Sagar Dam and Power Station were built at a total cost of about Rs. 2.3 billion.

1.5.2 Stage II

The second stage of development involved the utilization of the water released fromthe Gandhi Sagar Dam through another dam structure, the Rana Pratap Sagar Dam,

located 48 kilometers (30 mi) downstream of the Gandhi Sagar at Rawatbhata in

the Chittorgarh District of Rajasthan. Additional storage at this dam provides an

increase in irrigation benefits from the Kota Barrage, increasing its area of irrigation

from 445,000 hectares (1,100,000 acres) to 567,000 hectares (1,400,000 acres). In

addition, a powerhouse at the toe of the dam provides an additional hydroelectric

power generation capacity of 172 MW from four turbo generators, of 43 MW

capacities each. The second stage was completed in 1970. The power generated at the

Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is shared equally with Madhya Pradesh, as the Gandhi SagarDam provides the stored waters for utilization at this dam.

1.5.3 Stage III

The third and final stage of development envisaged an intermediate dam between the

Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and the Kota Barrage, called the Jawahar Sagar Dam. This

dam is a concrete gravity dam, 45 meters (148 ft) high, located approximately 23

kilometers (14 mi) upstream of Kota Barrage to its southwest, and provides ahydroelectric power generation capacity of 99 MW, with three generator units of 33

MW capacities each. This project was commissioned in 1972.

1.6 Features of Gandhi Sagar

Gandhi Sagar Dam is a masonry gravity dam with a height of 62.17 meters (204.0 ft)

and a length of 514 meters (1,686 ft). The reservoir has a gross storage capacity of

7.32 billion cubic meters, with a live storage of 6.79 billion cubic meters

corresponding to Full Reservoir Level (FRL) at 400 meters (1,300 ft). The spillway of

the dam is designed for a discharge of 21,238 cubic meters per second. There are 10gated spillway spans to pass the designed flood discharge. In addition, 9 river sluices

have also been provided, but these have not been functional.

The hydroelectric power station is located at the toe of the dam on the right bank. The

total flow through the five turbines is 311.15 m3/s. The power station has an

installation of 142 MW with five turbines of 23 MW and one unit of 27 MW

capacities. The power station is 65 meters (213 ft) long and 56 feet (17 m) wide.

Power is supplied first to the local district and then to other regions of Madhya

Pradesh and Rajasthan. The Gandhi Sagar Dam and Power Station were built at a totalcost of about Rs. 2.3 billion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Pratap_Sagar_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawatbhatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittorgarh_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawahar_Sagar_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawahar_Sagar_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittorgarh_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawatbhatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Pratap_Sagar_Dam


5/33

5 | P a g e

1.7 Reservoir

The reservoir created by the dam is the second largest in India (after the Hirakud

Reservoir), with a total area of 723 km2 (279 sq mi). The catchment area of the

Chambal River from the Vindhyachal ranges to the south and Aravalli to the northeast,

covering a drainage area of 22,584 km2

(8,720 sq mi); important tributaries that

discharge into the Chambal upstream of this reservoir include the Shipra, Chhoti,Kalisindh, Ansar, and Rupniya on the eastern side, and the Tilsoi, Edar, Retum and

Shivna in the west. The maximum length and width of the reservoir are 68 kilometers

(42 mi) and 26 kilometers (16 mi), respectively. The Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary,

which has an area of 36,700 hectares (91,000 acres), is shared by the Mandsaurand Neemuch districts, in the catchment area of the Gandhi Sagar reservoir. The

sanctuary's forested area was once a hunting area of the Holkarroyal family ofIndore.

The reservoir is under the control of the irrigation and fisheries departments of

the Government of Madhya Pradesh, and is mostly used for fisheries development

also.The mean depth of the reservoir is 11.73 meters (38.5 ft), with a shore development

index of 4.78, and a volume development index of 0.601 at the Full Reservoir Level.

Scientific studies indicate that the reservoir is productive as regards fisheries, with the

reservoir water indicating a moderate-to-high rate ofprimary productivity.Commercial Fisheries was initiated in 195960 in Gandhi Sagar, and has been credited

as the best-managed reservoir in the state. Fish capture in the reservoir is prohibited

between 16 June and 15 August.[ The reservoir attracts a large number of migratory

and non-migratory birds throughout the year, has been qualified under "A4iii criteria"

by the IBA, as the bird congregation is of more than 20,000 waterbeds.

1.8 Suggested Reservoir Amendment

Analysis of hydroelectric power generation performed by the three power plants in the

Chambal valley has been carried out by a non-governmental agency, based onstatistics provided by the Central Electricity Authority under the RTI Act. The results

indicate that the Gandhi Sagar reservoir attained its full storage condition only during

five years of its first five decades of operation. The energy generation of all the three

power plants declined by 25% in the same period of 50 years, relative to the projected

50-year figures. Keeping these aspects in view, it has been suggested that the full

reservoir level in the Gandhi Sagar Dam be reduced by suitable operational guidelines,

which would enable the release of substantial submergence area for cultivation by the

farmers who originally owned these lands.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirakud_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirakud_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhyachalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neemuch_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_productivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_productivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neemuch_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhyachalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirakud_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirakud_Dam


6/33

6 | P a g e

2. Equipment Details of MPPGCL Gandhi Sagar Dam

2.1 Francis Turbine

Francis turbines are most widely used in hydraulic power plant with medium effective

heads. There is a recent tendency that they are being applied to higher heads so that

effective heads range from 20 to 500 m. Since the runner for a Francis Turbine hasfixed blades, efficiency of the turbine in accordance with change of water quantity &

head will be lowered greatly in comparison with other type of hydraulic turbine but it

has high eat efficiency in maximum so that it is expected that it can be operated

effectively in case of the peak load operation or of the installation of many sets of

Francis turbine with a larger reservoir. The structure of the turbine & its runner is

comparatively simple & well researched so that it is easy to be maintained.

The speciation of the SIEMENS and VIOTH Francis turbine are the following:

Maximum Output 34,000 HP (25,4000KW)

Efficiency Head 45.4M

Water Volume 64.7M/

No. Of Revolution 188 R.P.M

Manufacturing No. 141493

The speciation of the HITACHI in Japan Francis turbine is the following:

Maximum Output 34,000 HP (25,4000KW)

Efficiency Head (Max.) 182 ft

Water Volume 64.7M/

No. Of Revolution 188 R.P.M

Manufacturing No. 13888

2.1.1 Installation Methods

Installation methods of Francis turbine differ in accordance with capacity but

generally either single floor concreted arrel or double floor type is adopted.

Double floor type whether they are beam typed or arch typed have on

advantage that they can be disassembled without disassembly of alternators.


7/33

7 | P a g e

Single floor concrete barrel type is applied to the large capacity turbine in which

double floor cannot support the large an advantage of stable operation with

shorter main shaft.

2.1.2 Structures

A Francis turbine has the rotating parts of the turbine is supported by a guide bearing

fixed to the head cover & the weight of hydraulic thrust on the turbine runner & the

weight of turbine rotating parts is supported as weight of generator rotating parts by a

generator thrust bearing. A sealing device is packing through the turbine head covers.

Water operating to the turbine is led from the reservoir to the spiral case controlled in

quantity by wicket gates & reaches the runner. After giving energy to the runner. It

will be discharged through the draft tube liner to the tail race.

2.1.3 Name of the Francis Turbine Parts

In Hitachi ltd names are used as for Francis turbine parts.

Although there may be slight difference between the structures of the turbine supplied

to your power station & the structure of this figure for avoidance of mutual

misunderstanding use these names in case of inquiry of parts or estimates of additional

parts.

1. AIR ADMISSION PIPE

2. SPIRAL CASE

3. STAY RINGE

4. HEAD COVER (OUTER)

5. COVER LINER (OR FACING PLATE)

6. WICKET GATE GLAND

7. WICKET GATE ADJUSTING PEDESTAL

8. ADJUSTING NUT

9. SEGMENT RING SUPPORT

10. SEGMENT RING

11. GATE RING LINER

12. GATE OPERATING LINER

13. HEAD COVER (INNER)

14. UPPER PROTECTING RING HOLDER

15. BOTTEM COVER

16. LOWER PROTECTING

17. LOWER PROTECTING LINER


8/33

8 | P a g e

18. BOTTEM RING

19. BOTTEM RING LINER

20. WICKET GATE LOWER BEARING

21. GUIDE BEARING HOUSING

22. WATER DEFLECTER

23. OIL DAM

24. COOLING COIL

25. BEARING SUPPPORT

26. SCREWED BUSH

27. ADJUSTING BOLT

28. BEARING SUPPORTING PLATE

29. LEAF SPRING

30. SEGMENTAL BEARING

31. BEARING HOUSING COVER

32. NUT GUARED

33. PLAT FROM OF BEARING HOUSING

34. COUPLING NUT

35. COUPLING BOLT

36. LOCKING WASHER

37. MAIN SHAFT

38. SHAFT FLANGE LINER

39. SHAFT SLEEVE

40. COUPLING BOLT

41. WATER SHEDDER

42. RUNNER KEY

43. FLANGE COVER

44. RUNNER

45. RUNNER CROWN

46. RUNNER BLADE

47. SHROUD BLADE

48. WICKET GATE

49. WICKET GATE KEY

50. WICKET GATE LEVER

51. U SHAPED PACKING

52. SHEAR PIN

53. GATE OPERATING RING

54. GATE OPERATING RING PIPE

55. EYE END PIPE

56. LOCKING PLATE

57. TURBINE


9/33

9 | P a g e

58. CONNECTING ROD

59. PIN LINER

60. WALK WAY

61. SEALING BOX

62. BUSHING

63. ADJUSTING NUT

64. STAY VANE

65. ROTATING WEARING RING

66. RUNNER CONE

67. RUNNER CONE FIXING BOLT

68. DRAFT PIPE

If the motion goes far enough, this motion causes the lever arms to pull down on a

thrust bearing, which moves a beam linkage, which reduces a rate of working fluid

entering the cylinder is thus reduced and the speed of the prime mover is controlled,preventing over-speeding. The direction of the lever arm holding the mass will be

along the vector sum of the reactive centrifugal force vector and the gravitational

force. This allows the two masses on lever arms to move outwards against gravity.

2.2 SPIRAL CASING

A spiral casing plays a role to distribute pressured water hade from penstock or head

tank evenly to the wicket gets & the runner.

The Francis turbine has usually a steel plates spiral case.

2.2.1 Construction of spiral case

Spiral case divided into several paces is sent & assembled at site for easiness of

transportation or other reasons.

They are three methods of its jointing.

1. Flange jointing.

2. Riveted jointing.

3. Fixed welded jointing.

1. Flange jointing: - Flanged jointing is applied to a comparatively small spiral

case with which will be divided into two to four pieces while riveted & welded

jointing is applied to a large case which has much division.

In case of flanged jointing the spiral case & the stay ring are fixed together.


10/33

10 | P a g e

2. Riveted jointing: - Hydrostatic pressure test is applied in the shop in case of

flanged jointing & at site in case of riveted & welded jointing if many pressure

tests at site are usually as for welded jointing casings.

Test pressure stipulated in JEC_151 is as follows.

First stage test pressure *1.3(10 minutes)

Second stage test pressure *1.5(1 minutes)

2.3 Runner

A Francis turbine runner is the most important part that is directly connected with the

efficiency. The shape of the runner differs according to the speed but the construction

is simple because of its fixed blades.

2.4 Draft Tube

The kinetic energy of water discharged from the runner is recovered as potential

energy thought a draft tube. The draft tube line generally used for the Francis turbine

is elbow type directly connects to the bottom ring is equipped with steel plates. When

the draft tube becomes large 1-2 center pipers will be equipped to the horizontal part

of the draft tube & steel plates nozzle will be generally equipped to this entrants.

The aim of the draft tube is also to convert the main part of the kinetic energy at the

runner outlet to pressure energy at the draft tube outlet. This is achieved by increasing

the cross section area of the draft tube in the flow direction.

In an intermediate part of the bend however, the draft tube cross sections are decreased

instead of increased in the flow direction to prevent separation and loss of efficiency.

The draft tube cone is a welded steel plate design and consist a normally of two parts.

And lower cone the inlet part of the upper cone is made of stainless steel. It is

normally provided with two manholes for inspection of the runner from below. The

lower part is designed as dismantling piece and is mounted to a flange on the draft

tube bend top. The design is always used for units where the runner is dismantled

downwards. Cone is made in one piece. The draft tube lining is completely embedded

in concrete. The penstock cone and the scroll casing of a submerged turbine can be

drained to a level corresponding to tail water level through the draft tube. The draft

tube is normally filled tube gate.

The turbine governor controls the servomotor, which transfers its force through a rod

to the regulating ring. This turbine governor controls the servomotor, which transfers

its force through a rod to the regulating ring. This transfers the movement to guide

vanes through a rod, lever and link.


11/33

11 | P a g e

2.4.1 Construction

A section through a part of the guide vane cascade, the stay vanes and the runner is the

guide vane exit in flow direction is varied by an equal rotation of each of the guide

vanes.

2.5 Main Shaft

The main shaft of a hydraulic turbine plays a role to transmit the power generated in

the runner generator rotor. The turbine & the generator shaft are coupled by reaming

bolts shaft & the runner or reaming bolts. The turbine main shaft is generally made of

forged steel for it transmits revolution power of the runner & support very large

hydraulic thrust simultaneously. In case of large capacity hydraulic turbine, weld

structure is sometimes applied.

It is most important to deal it with great care during assembly or disassembly. This

joint may be aborted reamed or friction coupling where the torques transferred by

means of shear or friction. Oil reservoir is bolted to the turbine shaft altogether with

the construction of the bearing system.

This bearing is a rather simple and commonly used design and has a simple way of

working and bearing is split in two halves and mounted on the upper flange of the

upper cover. The bearing pad support ring consists of two segments bolted together

and mounted to the underside of the bearing house. Shaped leading ramps ensuringstable centering of the turbine shaft. In the pad support ring there are also four oil

pockets.

2.6 Main Guide Bearing

Self-oil lubricating system is mostly applied to the main guide bearing of a vertical

shaft type hydraulic turbine. There are two types for the system is usually used. The

segmental type has many conveniences of easiness in adjusted maintenance and

replacement. There are two types of the system segment and cylindrical guide on the

other hand it is necessary that most care should be taken of its adjustment.

Bearing diameter Below 450 451-600 600-1000

Gap in radius 0.09-0.11 0.11-0.13 0.14-0.16

Bearing diameter - 1001-1500 1501-2000

Gap in radius - 0.17-0.19 0.20-0.22


12/33

12 | P a g e

2.7 Sealing Device

A sealing device box is provided where the main shaft passes through the head plays a

role to prevent the leakage from the water passage to the head cover.

Standard gapes between the rotating parts of shaft and sealing boxes are shown below.

Sealing box inner diameter Gap in diameter

120-180 0.540-0.660

180-260 0.540-0.660

260-360 0.660-0.790

360-500 0.840-0.980

The seal surfaces are lined with Babbitt metal, and depending on speed and size there

are as small radial clearances as 0.2-0.4 mm between the surfaces of the shaft seal and

the sleeve (B).

The sleeve is made of corrosion resistant material with the special pumping ringsystem mentioned above; the clearances in the seal box will run without water when

the turbine is running. This is why the seal box can be given a design without contact

between the Babbitt lined labyrinth and the shaft sleeve. A labyrinth this type is

suitable for operation in sand will reach the seal while the turbine is running at normal

speed.

Tube gate is exposed to a downstream water pressure. A water leakage flow may then

through the upper labyrinths and the box. This leakage water is removed from the box

by siphon pipe to the powerhouse drainage pump sump. For very deep submergence of

the turbine an inflatable rubber seal ring (A) is installed in the labyrinth seal box. This

ring is inflated during stand still in order to prevent leakage. During operation the air

pressure inside the rubber seal is released and the rubber is not in contact with the

shaft.

This air may be supplied through a separate air supply pipe connected to the shaft seal

box. Instead of the design described above, the shaft seal box may also be designed

with carbon seal and it cannot rings. These are without clearance to the rotating parts

and therefore subject to carbon damage.


13/33

13 | P a g e

2.8 Wicket Gate

Wicket gate plays the following three rules.

1. They guide water effectively from the spiral case to the runner.

2. They adjust the quality of water to the runner according to the variation of the

operating load.3. They sat off flowing water and stop the turbine.

Self-oil lubricating system is mostly applied to the main guide bearing of a vertical

shaft type hydraulic turbine. These are two types for the system is usually used. The

segmental type has many has many conveniences of easiness in adjusted maintenance

and replacement. These are two types of the system and cylindrical guide on the other

hand it is necessary that most care should be taken of its adjustment.

2.9 Wicket Gate Bearing

As to this type of wicket gate bearing an upper bearing a fixed to the turbine head

cover & a lower. A bearing fitting to the wall ring support they hydraulic pressure on

the wicket gate supported by a lower bearing.

This type of guide bearing used for turbine whose capacity is below medium where

there are no special condition.

1. UPPER BEARING: Upper bearing made by the cast iron or to gunmetal.

And these bearing are equipped with u shape packing & 2-5mm vertical

clearance.

2. LOWER BEARING: The lower bearing is also made by gun metal. The

lower bearing is so get at it upper shoulder in case of low head designed that

it supports the height of wicket turbine.

2.10 Air Pipe

2.10.1 Purpose

As for Francis turbine noise or vibration may be caused by water flow with in the

draft pipe during light load for its prevention beforehand the air admission into the

runner outlet portion is generally applied.


14/33

14 | P a g e

2.10.2 Structure

According to a normal structure as air is taken in through a T-shaped pipe from

outdoors. They depend upon containing quantity of sand and soil, operation and load,

but check pipes when needed.

3. COMPRESSOR USED IN PLANT

They are mainly three type of compressor used in Gandhi Sagar dam there name are

following.

3.1 Kirloskar Compressor

The compressor consists block in which piston executes a reciprocating motion it is

fitted with cylinder heads containing suction and delivery valves which are operated

automatically by difference of pressure across them.

3.1.1 Control System

As it receives pressure raises one to fall in air demand some firm of automatic

controls necessary to check the air delivery. This is controlled by an air

governor which is adjusted to come out when a fixed maximum pressure is

reached in air receives and to cut in again when it receives pressure has reduced

to the minimum pressure through a differential range of governor.

3.1.2 Lubricating System

In order to reduce the wear of lubricating parts all are lubricated by pressure

feed pump oil circuit diagram the details of oil flow path. Oil is pipe to the main

bearing feed its adjacent crank pin through the holes drilled in the crank shaft.

The connecting rods are opened to convey oil to the gudgeon pin bearing is

taken to the gudgeon pin through pipes attached to the connecting rods. Then oil

is splashed through the gudgeon pin to the cylinder, which lubricates it.

The pressure of the oil has been maintained between to 1to 8kg\cm2


15/33

15 | P a g e

3.1.3 Cooling System

The generation of heat by compressor makes it necessary to ensure that the m/c

is adequately cooled in order to do this the cylinder and then heads are

surrounding by water jackets.

3.1.4 Maintenance Schedule

Grease the nipples {motor bearings}.

Allow the safety valve to lift at the correct pressure.

Drain receiver and after cooler.

Check the opening range of the air governor filter and replace it if necessary.

Check the air filter and clean it if necessary.

3.1.5 Accessories

Non Return Valve

Safety Valve

Suction Silence

Pulsation Silence

After Cooler

Moisture Separator Low Oil Pressure Safety Switch

Low Water Pressure Safety Switch

3.2 Holman Compressor

When the set is received unpacks carefully cleans thoroughly and inspects for

possible loss of parts. When anything is found among report immediately. If it has

been dispatched from the works a considerable time before being put into service, also

remove the doors of crankcase and clean the interior, also remove the wall cover

inspect and, if necessary clean the valves.

Before replacing the cover oil the cylinder wall is to ensure lubricating of the piston

during the first few stocks take great care that everything is correctly replace see that

all nuts are properly tight end and that splits pins are inserted where provisions has

been made for them.


16/33

16 | P a g e

3.2.1 Control System

As it receives pressure rises due to fall in air demand some firm of automatic

control is necessary to check the air delivery. This is controlled by an air

governor which is adjusted to cut out when a fixed maximum pressure is

reached in air receives and to cut it again when they receive pressure has

reduced to the minimum pressure through a differential range of governor.

3.2.2 Lubricating System

The compressor has a force feed lubricating system incorporating a gear type

oil pump driven through spur gear from the crankshaft and the oil pressure

throughout the system is indicated by a pressure gauge. The correct working

pressure of the force feed lubricating system accepting the too approximately

15lb\in2.

On to the air compressor the pressure is 30lb\in2

A.Change the lubricating oil in the air compressor as under:

Change after 50 hour.

Change after 100 hour.

Change and the subsequent changes after every 150 house or underconditions change earlier.

B.The oil is taken out at the bottom of the crankcase by opening oil plug

VGG\A-1.

C.For filling new oil in the crankcase there is a fillies pipe VGC\B-118

fitted at the top of the crankcase wards the flywheel.

3.2.3 Cooling System

The generation of heat by compressor makes it necessary to ensure that the

machine is adequately cooled in order to do this the cylinder and then heads are

surrounding by water jackets

3.2.4 Maintenance Schedule

Grease the nipples {motor bearings}.


17/33

17 | P a g e

Allow the safety valve to lift at the correct pressure.

Drain receiver and after cooler.

Check the operating range of the air governor.

Check the air governor fitter and replace if necessary.

Check the air fitter and clean if necessary.

Fill crankcase to correct level with oil. Grease all nipples.

Check water in radiator.

Check the oil pressure.

3.2.5 Accessories

Non return valve

Safety valve

Suction silence

Pulsation vessel

After cooler

Moister separator

Low oil pressure safety switch

Low water pressure safety switch

4. GOVERNOR USED IN PLANT

A governor is a specific type of governor that controls the speed of the engine by

regulating the amount of fuel {or working fluid} admitted, so as to maintain a nearly

constant whatever the load or fuel supply conditions. It uses the principle of

proportional control. It is most obviously seen on stem engine where it regulates the

admission of steam into the cylinder.

It is also found on internal combustion engine and various fueled turbine, in some

modern striking clocks. The device shown is from steam engine power is supplied to

the governor from the engine output shaft or connected to the lower shaft.


18/33

18 | P a g e

The centrifugal governor is used to control the dynamic system. The dynamic system

includes forces which are generally centrifugal in nature and are acted when governor

moves.

4.1 Principle and Operation of Governor Used

4.1.1 Principle

The action of this principle is exactly like that of the centrifugal governor of the stem

engine. Which checks and corrects any irregularities almost before they become

evident? And in like manner no unbalanced deficiency in the animal kingdom can

even reach any conspicuous magnitude, because it would make it self felt at the very

first step, by rendering existence difficult and extinction almost sure soon to follow.

4.1.2 Operation

The device shown is from a steam engine. Power supplied to the governor from the

engines output shaft by a belt or chain connected to the lower belt wheel. The

governor is connected to a throttle valve that regulates the flow of working fluid

(steam) supplying the prime mover (prime mover is not shown here). As the speed of

the prime mover increases, the central spindle of the governor rotates at a faster rate

and the kinetic energy of balls increases.


19/33

19 | P a g e

Generally fly ball are used, another type of centrifugal governor consists of pair of

masses on a spindle inside a cylinder. The masses or cylinder being coated with pads,

somewhat like a drum brake.

The rate of working fluid entering the cylinder is thus reduced and the speed of prime

mover is controlled. For preventing over speeding mechanical stops may be used to

limit the range of throttle motion, as seen near the masses. The direction of lever arm

holding the mass will be along the vector sum of reactive centrifugal force vector and

gravitational force. This allows the two masses on lever arms to move outwards and

upwards against gravity.

5. INSTALLED CAPACITY OF PLANT

6. RESERVOIR LEVEL AT HYDRO POWER PLANT

A centrifugal governor is a specific

type ofgovernorthat controls

the speed of an engine by

regulating the amount

offuel (orworking fluid) admitted,

so as to maintain a near-constant

speed, irrespective of the load orfuel-supply conditions. It uses the

principle ofproportional control.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(device)


20/33

20 | P a g e

7. HOW HYDRO POWER PLANT WORKS?

Worldwide, hydropower plants produce about 24 percent of the world's electricity and

supply more than 1 billion people with power. The world's hydropower plants output a

combined total of 675,000 megawatts, the energy equivalent of 3.6 billion barrels

ofoil, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. There are more than

2,000 hydropower plants operating in the United States, making hydropower the

country's largest renewable energy source.

In this article, we'll take a look at how falling water creates energy and learn about the

hydrologic cycle that creates the water flow essential for hydropower. You will also

get a glimpse at one unique application of hydropower that may affect your daily life.

7.1 The Power of Water

When watching a river roll by, it's hard to imagine the force it's carrying. If you have

ever been white-water rafting, then you've felt a small part of the river's power. White-water rapids are created as a river, carrying a large amount of water downhill,

bottlenecks through a narrow passageway. As the river is forced through this opening,

its flow quickens. Floods are another example of how much force a tremendous

volume of water can have.

Hydropower plants harness water's energy and use simple mechanics to convert that

energy into electricity. Hydropower plants are actually based on a rather simple

concept -- water flowing through a dam turns a turbine, which turns a generator.

Here are the basic components of a conventional hydropower plant:

SIMPLE BEGINNING

Use of hydropower peaked in the

mid-20th century, but the idea of

using water for power generation

goes back thousands of years. A

hydropower plant is basically an

oversized water wheel. More than

2,000 years ago, the Greeks are said

to have used a water wheel for

grinding wheat into flour. These

ancient water wheels are like the

turbines of today, spinning as a

stream of water hits the blades. The

gears of the wheel ground the wheat

into flour.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining.htmhttp://www.nrel.gov/http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/flood.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/flood.htmhttp://www.nrel.gov/http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining.htm


21/33

21 | P a g e

1) DamThe dam is the most important component of hydroelectric power plant. The dam is

built on a large river that has abundant quantity of water throughout the year. It should

be built at a location where the height of the river is sufficient to get the maximum

possible potential energy from water.

2) Water ReservoirThe water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored. The water in the

reservoir is located higher than the rest of the dam structure. The height of water in the

reservoir decides how much potential energy the water possesses. The higher theheight of water, the more its potential energy. The high position of water in the

reservoir also enables it to move downwards effortlessly.

The height of water in the reservoir is higher than the natural height of water flowing

in the river, so it is considered to have an altered equilibrium. This also helps to

increase the overall potential energy of water, which helps ultimately produce more

electricity in the power generation unit.

3) Intake or Control GatesThese are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water from reservoir is released

and controlled through these gates. These are called inlet gates because water entersthe power generation unit through these gates. When the control gates are opened the

water flows due to gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines. The water

flowing through the gates possesses potential as well as kinetic energy.

4) The PenstockThe penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from the

reservoir towards the power generation unit, comprised of the turbines and generator.The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential

energy due to its height.

The total amount of power generated in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the

height of the water reservoir and the amount of water flowing through the penstock.The amount of water flowing through the penstock is controlled by the control gates.

5) Water TurbinesWater flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power generation unit, which

houses the turbine and the generator. When water falls on the blades of the turbine the

kinetic and potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of theblades of the turbine. The rotating blades cause the shaft of the turbine to also rotate.

The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the generator. In most hydroelectric power plants

there is more than one power generation unit.


22/33

22 | P a g e

There is large difference in height between the level of turbine and level of water in

the reservoir. This difference in height, also known as the head of water, decides thetotal amount of power that can be generated in the hydroelectric power plant.

There are various types of water turbines such as Kaplan turbine, Francis turbine,

Pelton wheels etc. The type of turbine used in the hydroelectric power plant depends

on the height of the reservoir, quantity of water and the total power generation

capacity.

6) GeneratorsIt is in the generator where the electricity is produced. The shaft of the water turbine

rotates in the generator, which produces alternating current in the coils of thegenerator. It is the rotation of the shaft inside the generator that produces magnetic

field which is converted into electricity by electromagnetic field induction. Hence the

rotation of the shaft of the turbine is crucial for the production of electricity and this is

achieved by the kinetic and potential energy of water. Thus in hydroelectricity power

plants potential energy of water is converted into electricity.

The water in the reservoir is considered stored energy. When the gates open, the water

flowing through the penstock becomes kinetic energy because it's in motion. The

amount of electricity that is generated is determined by several factors. Two of those

factors are the volume of water flow and the amount of hydraulic head. The headrefers to the distance between the water surface and the turbines. As the head and flow

increase, so does the electricity generated. The head is usually dependent upon the

amount of water in the reservoir.

7.2 Pumped-Storage Plants

There's another type of hydropower plant, called the pumped-storage plant. In a

conventional hydropower plant, the water from the reservoir flows through the plant,exits and is carried downstream. A pumped-storage plant has two reservoirs:

Upper reservoir - Like a conventional hydropower plant, a dam creates a reservoir.

The water in this reservoir flows through the hydropower plant to create electricity.

Lower reservoir - Water exiting the hydropower plant flows into a lower reservoir

rather than re-entering the river and flowing downstream.

Using a reversible turbine, the plant can pump water back to the upper reservoir. This

is done in off-peak hours. Essentially, the second reservoir refills the upper reservoir.

By pumping water back to the upper reservoir, the plant has more water to generate

electricity during periods of peak consumption.


23/33

23 | P a g e

7.3 Surge tank

A surge tank (or surge drum) is a standpipe or storage reservoirat the downstream end

of a closed aqueduct or feeder or a dam or barrage pipe to absorb sudden rises of

pressure, as well as to quickly provide extra water during a brief drop in pressure.

In mining technology, ore pulp pumps use a relatively small surge tank to maintain asteady loading on the pump.

Forhydroelectric poweruses, a surge tank is an additional storage space or reservoir

fitted between the main storage reservoir and the power house (as close to the power

house as possible). Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium-headplants

when there is a considerable distance between the water source and the power unit,necessitating a long penstock. The main functions of the surge tank are: 1. when the

load decreases, the water moves backwards and gets stored in it. 2. When the load

increases, additional supply of water will be provided by surge tank.

In short, the surge tank mitigates pressure variations due to rapid changes in velocityof water.

7.3.1 Surge Tank Operation

Consider a pipe containing a flowing fluid. When a valve is either fully or partially

closed at some point downstream, the fluid will continue to flow at the original

velocity. In order to counteract the momentum of the fluid the pressure will rise

significantly (pressure surge) just upstream of the control valve and may result in

damage to the pipe system. If a surge chamber is connected to the pipeline justupstream of the valve, on valve closure the fluid instead of being stopped suddenly by

the valve will flow upwards into the chamber hence reducing the surge pressures

experienced in the pipeline.

Upon closure of the valve, the fluid continues to flow, passing into the surge tank

causing the water level in the tank to rise. The level in the tank will continue to rise

until the additional head due to the height of fluid in the tank balances the surge

pressure in the pipeline.[1]

At this point the flow in the tank and pipeline will reversecausing the level in the tank to drop. This oscillation in tank height and flow will

continue for some time but its magnitude will dissipate due to the effects of friction.

7.4 Spillway

A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from

a dam orlevee into a downstream area, typically being the river that was dammed. In

the UK they may be known as overflow channels. Spillways release floods so that thewater does not overtop and damage or even destroy the dam. Except during flood

periods, water does not normally flow over a spillway. In contrast, an intake is a

structure used to release water on a regular basis for watersupply, hydroelectricity generation, etc. Floodgates and fuse plugs may be designed

into spillways to regulate water flow and dam height. Other uses of the term
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_tank#cite_note-Marriott-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_tank#cite_note-Marriott-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_tank#cite_note-Marriott-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodgatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodgatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_tank#cite_note-Marriott-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir


24/33

24 | P a g e

"spillway" include bypasses of dams or outlets of a channels used during high-water,

and outlet channels carved through natural dams such as moraines.

7.4.1 Types

A spillway is located at the top of the reservoirpool. Dams may also have bottom

outlets with valves or gates which may be operated to release flood flow, and a few

dams lack overflow spillways and rely entirely on bottom outlets.

The fuse plug is designed to over-top and wash out in case of a large flood, greater

than the discharge capacity of the spillway gates.

Although it may take many months to restore the fuse plug and channel after such anoperation, the total damage and cost to repair is less than if the main water-retaining

structures had been overtopped. The fuse plug concept is used where it would be verycostly to build a spillway with capacity for the probable maximum flood.

7.4.2 Chute Spillway

Chute spillways are common and basic in design as they transfer excess water from

behind the dam down a smooth decline into the river below. These are usually

designed following an ogee curve. Most often, they are lined on the bottom and sides

with concrete to protect the dam and topography. They may have a controlling device

and some are thinner and multiply lined if space and funding are tight. In addition,they are not always intended to dissipate energy like stepped spillways. Chute

There are two main types of spillways:

controlled and uncontrolled.

A controlled spillway has mechanical

structures or gates to regulate the rate of

flow. This design allows nearly the full

height of the dam to be used for water

storage year-round, and flood waters can be

released as required by opening one or more

gates.

An uncontrolled spillway, in contrast, does

not have gates; when the water rises above

the lip or crest of the spillway it begins to be

released from the reservoir. The rate of

discharge is controlled only by the depth of

water within the reservoir. All of the storage

volume in the reservoir above the spillway

crest can be used only for the temporary

storage of floodwater, and cannot be used aswater supply storage because it is normally

empty.

In an intermediate type, normal level

regulation of the reservoir is controlled by

the mechanical gates. If inflow to the

reservoir exceeds the gate's capacity, an

artificial channel called either

an auxiliary or emergency spillway that isblocked by a fuse plug dike will operate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogee_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(construction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(construction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogee_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine


25/33

25 | P a g e

spillways can be ingrained with a baffle of concrete blocks but usually have a 'flip lip'

and/or dissipater basin which creates a hydraulic jump, protecting the toe of the damfrom erosion.

7.4.2 Stepped Spillway

Stepped channels and spillways have been used for over 3,000 years. Recently, newconstruction materials (e.g. RCC, gabions) and design techniques (e.g. embankment

overtopping protection) have increased the interest in stepped spillways and

chutes. The steps produce considerable energy dissipation along the chute and reducethe size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin.

Research is still active on the topic, with newer developments on embankment damoverflow protection systems,converging spillwaysand small weir design.

7.4.3 Bell-mouth spillways

Some spillways are designed like an inverted bell so that water can enter all around theperimeter. These uncontrolled spillway devices are also called morning

glory, plughole, glory holeor bell-mouthspillways. In areas where the surface of the

reservoir may freeze, bell-mouth spillways are normally fitted with ice-breaking

arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound. Chaffey Dam, located

near Wales in Australia has a classic example of an inverted-bell spillway.

In some cases bell-mouth spillways are gate controlled. The spillway at Hungry Horse

Dam (pictured right), the highest morning glory structure in the world, is controlled by

a 64-by-12-foot (20 by 3.7 m) ring gate. However the largest remains in LakeBerryessa, measuring 72 feet in diameter at the lakes surface.

7.4.4 Design Consideration

The largest flood that needs be considered in the evaluation of a given project,

regardless of whether a spillway is provided; i.e., a given project should have

structures capable of safely passing the appropriate spillway design flood (SDF). A

100-year recurrence interval is the flood magnitude expected to be exceeded on theaverage of once in 100 years. It may also be expressed as an exceedance frequency

with a one per cent chance of being exceeded in any given year.

7.4.5 Safety

Spillway gates may operate suddenly without warning, under remote control.

Trespassers within the spillway run the risk of drowning. Spillways are usually fenced

and equipped with locked gates to prevent casual trespassing within the structure.

Warning signs, sirens, and other measures may be in place to warn users of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_jumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_spillwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaffey_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Horse_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Horse_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Berryessahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Berryessahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Berryessahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Berryessahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Horse_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Horse_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaffey_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_spillwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_jump


26/33

26 | P a g e

downstream area of sudden release of water. Operating protocols may require

"cracking" a gate to release a small amount of water to warn persons downstream.

The sudden closure of a spillway gate can result in the stranding of fish, and this is

also usually avoided.

7.5 The Generator

The heart of the hydroelectric power plant is the generator. Most hydropower plants

have several of these generators.

The generator, as you might have guessed, generates the electricity. The basic process

of generating electricity in this manner is to rotate a series of magnets inside coils of

wire. This process moves electrons, which produces electrical current.

The Hoover Dam has a total of 17 generators, each of which can generate up to 133megawatts. The total capacity of the Hoover Dam hydropower plant is 2,074

megawatts. Each generator is made of certain basic parts:

Shaft

Exciter

Rotor

Stator

As the turbine turns, the exciter sends an electrical current to the rotor. The rotor is a

series of large electromagnets that spins inside a tightly-wound coil of copper wire,called the stator. The magnetic field between the coil and the magnets creates an

electric current.

In the Hoover Dam, a current of 16,500 amps moves from the generator to the

transformer, where the current ramps up to 230,000 amps before being transmitted.

7.6 Hydrologic Cycle

Hydropower plants take advantage of a naturally occurring, continuous process -- theprocess that causes rain to fall and rivers to rise. Every day, our planet loses a small

amount of water through the atmosphere as ultraviolet rays break water molecules

apart. But at the same time, new water is emitted from the inner part of the Earth

through volcanic activity. The amount of water created and the amount of water lost is

about the same.

At any one time, the world's total volume of water is in many different forms. It can be

liquid, as in oceans, rivers and rain; solid, as in glaciers; or gaseous, as in the invisible

water vapor in the air. Water changes states as it is moved around the planet by windcurrents. Wind currents are generated by the heating activity of the sun. Air-current
http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/volcano.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/sun.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/sun.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/volcano.htm


27/33

27 | P a g e

cycles are created by the sun shining more on the equator than on other areas of the

planet.

Air-current cycles drive the Earth's water supply through a cycle of its own, called

the hydrologic cycle. As the sun heats liquid water, the water evaporates into vapor in

the air. The sun heats the air, causing the air to rise in the atmosphere. The air is colder

higher up, so as the water vapor rises, it cools, condensing into droplets. When enough

droplets accumulate in one area, the droplets may become heavy enough to fall back toEarth as precipitation.

The hydrologic cycle is important to hydropower plants because they depend on water

flow. If there is a lack of rain near the plant, water won't collect upstream. With no

water collecting up stream, less water flows through the hydropower plant and less

electricity is generated.

7.7Hydroelectric Footwear

The basic idea of hydropower is to use the power of a moving liquid to turn a turbine

blade. Typically, a large dam has to be built in the middle of a river to perform this

function. A new invention is capitalizing on the idea of hydropower on a much smaller

scale to provide electricity for portable electronic devices.

Inventor Robert Komarechka of Ontario, Canada, has come up with the idea of placing

small hydropower generators into the soles of shoes. He believes these micro-turbineswill generate enough electricity to power almost any gadget. In May 2001,

Komarechka received a patent for his unique foot-powered device.

Wateris one of the most useful

things on Earth. We drink it, bathein it, clean with it and use it to cook

food. Most of the time, it is

completely benign. But in large

enough quantities, the very same

stuff we use to rinse a toothbrush

can overturn cars, demolish houses

and even kill.

Flooding has claimed millions of

lives in the last hundred yearsalone, more than any other weather

phenomenon. Hurricane Katrina in

New Orleans and the 2008 cyclone

that struck Myanmar are recent

examples of the widespread

devastation that flooding can incur.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/earth.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/earth.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o.htm


28/33

28 | P a g e

There's a very basic principle to how we walk: The foot falls heel-to-toe during each

step. As your foot lands on the ground, force is brought down through your heel.When you prepare for your next step, you roll your foot forward, so the force is

transferred to the ball of your foot. Komarechka apparently noticed this basic principle

of walking and has developed an idea to harness the power of this everyday activity.

There are five parts to Komarechka's "footwear with hydroelectric generator

assembly," as described in its patent:

As a person walks, the compression of the fluid in the sac located in the shoe's heelwill force fluid through the conduit and into the hydroelectric generator module. As

the user continues to walk, the heel will be lifted and downward pressure will beexerted on the sac under the ball of the person's foot. The movement of the fluid will

rotate the rotor and shaft to produce electricity.

An exterior socket will be provided to connect wires to a portable device. A power-

control output unit may also be provided to be worn on the user's belt. Electronic

devices can then be attached to this power-control output unit, which will provide a

steady supply of electricity.

Fluid - The system will use an electrically conductive

fluid.

Sacs to hold the fluid - One sac is placed in the heel

and another in the toe section of the shoe.

Conduits - Conduits connect each sac to a micro

generator.

Turbine - As water moves back and forth in the sole, itmoves the blades of a tiny turbine.

Micro generator- The generator is located between

the two fluid-filled sacs, and includes a vane rotor,

which drives a shaft and turns the generator.
http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1


29/33

29 | P a g e

8. CONCLUSION

As an undergraduate of the Rajiv Gandhi Technical University studying in Mandsaur

Institute of Technology, I would like to say that this training program is an excellent

opportunity for us to get to the ground level and experience the things that we

would have never gained through going straight into a job. I am grateful to the Rajiv

Gandhi Technical University for giving us this wonderful opportunity.

The main objective of the industrial training is to provide an opportunity to

undergraduates to identify, observe and practice how engineering is applicable in the

real industry. It is not only to get experience on technical practices but also to observe

management practices and to interact with fellow workers.

It is easy to work with sophisticated machines, but not with people. The only chance

that an undergraduate has to have this experience is the industrial training period. I

feel I got the maximum out of that experience. Also I learnt the way of work in an

organization, the importance of being punctual, the importance of maximumcommitment, and the importance of team spirit.

The training program having three destinations was a lot more useful than staying at

one place throughout the whole six months. In my opinion, I have gained lots of

knowledge and experience needed to be successful in a great engineering challenge, as

in my opinion, Engineering is after all a Challenge, and not a Job.



30/33

30 | P a g e

9. REFRENCES

1. Madhya Pradesh Power Generating Company Limited

2.http://www.wikipedia.org

3.http://www.howstuffworks.com

4.http://www.mppgenco.nic.in

http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.mppgenco.nic.in/http://www.mppgenco.nic.in/http://www.mppgenco.nic.in/http://www.mppgenco.nic.in/http://www.mppgenco.nic.in/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/


31/33

31 | P a g e


32/33

32 | P a g e


33/33

Documents

Matter in Times New Roman