MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFER The atoms we are built out of cycle through the ecosystem constantly....
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MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFER The atoms we are built out of cycle through the ecosystem constantly. Describe in words or labeled drawings how each of the following atoms/molecules cycles through our ecosystems: Pictures of each of these can be found in the book. Understand CONCEPTS don’t worry about specific chemical
MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFER The atoms we are built out of cycle through the ecosystem constantly. Describe in words or labeled drawings how each of the
MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFER The atoms we are built out of cycle
through the ecosystem constantly. Describe in words or labeled
drawings how each of the following atoms/molecules cycles through
our ecosystems: Pictures of each of these can be found in the book.
Understand CONCEPTS dont worry about specific chemical changes
Slide 2
Cycles of matter (C, N, H, O) Carbon Nitrogen Water Once in an
organism, what are these atoms used for? To build new cells
Slide 3
Moving matter and energy How are these atoms passed from one
organism to the next? When we eat a plant the atoms that make up
the plant get digested and then our body uses them to build new
cells for us. How can these atoms be returned to the non-living
parts of our ecosystem? When we die all our atoms are returned to
the soil through decomposition or released into the atmosphere
(CO2)
Slide 4
Can we make new matter NO.NO..NO We just recycle the matter
that is here. Living things today are made of the exact same atoms
that living things were made of back in dinosaur times
Slide 5
What about energy? The initial source of all energy is the SUN
How is this true even for strict carnivores? The sun provides
energy for the plants to photosynthesize. Herbivores eat the plant
and energy gets transferred to them. Then the carnivores eat the
other animals and the energy is transferred to them.
Slide 6
The energy pyramid The shape of the pyramid implies there is
less at the top. Less what and why is this necessary for success of
the ecosystem? Less energy and less biomass (atoms!) WHY?: because
it is the lower levels that feed and support the upper levels. Need
to have more food than eaters or else you run out.
Slide 7
What does a food web demonstrate? Flow of energy and matter
from the producers through the apex consumers Impact of removal of
a single species: Species that depend on the removed species
(predator) for food will decline in population Species that the
removed species consumes (prey) will become over populated causing
a shortage of their (the preys) food source.
Slide 8
Amt of energy passed from one trophic level to the next 10% is
passed from one level to the next What happens to the rest?
Ultimately becomes thermal energy (heat)
Slide 9
Biologically, how do we extract energy from food? Cellular
respiration: Key enzymes in the cell along with the mitochondria
break the glucose down into CO2 and Water and transfer the energy
to ATP molecules. Other foods, like protein and fats are first
converted into types of sugars that can go through the same
cellular respiration process.
Slide 10
Diagram of PS and Respiration
Slide 11
Three forms of energy in an ecosystem Light sun Chemical
glucose Thermal body heat released after using energy
Slide 12
Two purposes of food: Energy (we make ATP) Building materials
We use atoms and rearrange them to make cells for us. (also
specific nutrients that are used directly like vitamins, amino
acids, minerals)
Slide 13
Why does an organism NOT disintegrate when it is alive? A
constant supply of energy keeps our body maintained When we die the
energy supply ceases and body processes no longer are
maintained.
Slide 14
Interdependence of 2 or more Organisms Symbiosis Three forms
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
Slide 15
Problem 1. In an experiment, chickens were fed grain that
contained a chemical marker in its proteins. The presence of the
marker can be detected in organisms. Which of the following is the
most reasonable prediction from this experiment? a. The marker will
only be found in the grain. b. Both chickens and wolves will have
the marker c. Wolves will have the marker, but chickens will not.
d. The marker will only be found in the animals wastes.
Slide 16
Problem 2 What two things are passed from one organism to
another in the food chain? Energy and Heat Matter and Atoms Energy
and Matter Water and food
Slide 17
Problem 3 Which types of organisms assist in cycling atoms back
into the soil? Producers Primary consumers Apex consumers
Decomposers
Slide 18
Problem 4. Which hypothesis would most likely be tested using
this setup? A. Green water plants release a gas in the presence of
light. B. Roots of water plants absorb minerals in the absence of
light C. Green plants need light for cell division. D. Plants grow
best in the absence of light.
Slide 19
Problem 5 At position Y, carbon is most likely to be in which
of the following forms? A. protein B. carbon solid C. carbohydrate
D. carbon dioxide
Slide 20
Problem 6 Which of the following diagrams correctly represents
an energy pyramid from this web? B
Slide 21
Part C Interdependence Define the following terms in
relationship to their position in the hierarchy of ecosystems
Populations: all of one single species that lives in a region
Communities: all of the living things in a region (multiple species
combined) Ecosystems: All of the living things AND the non-living
things they depend on Biomes: All the ecosystems at a particular
climate Biospheres: The entire region of the planet in/on which
life can exist
Slide 22
Food Webs Explain how each organism in a food web can be
dependent on eachother. They can depend on each other for food,
reproduction, habitat selection; no organism can survive entirely
on its own.
Slide 23
What does the term symbiosis mean? Relationship between two
organisms that is necessary for the survival of one or both the
species. THREE TYPES Mutualism win/win Commensalism win/no effect
Parasitism win/lose
Slide 24
Human Impact on Environment List five activities and explain
HOW Excessive use of fossil fuels build up of CO2; traps extra
heat; global warming Over developing wooded areas destroys habitats
of organisms; impacts the food chain Deforestation removes trees
which reducing oxygen production and CO2 removal Excessive use of
chemicals like CFCs depletion of the ozone layer; more harmful UV
rays hitting earth Pollution of lakes and rivers damages water
life; contaminates water supply
Slide 25
When left alone (naturally) How does an ecosystem balance
itself to keep all the organisms at the top of the food chain from
wiping out all the organisms below? As a consumer increases the
food supply of that consumer decreases; eventually there will not
be enough food and the consumers will die off; As the consumers
die, the food supply is rebuilt and so on
Slide 26
Problem 1 1.Which of the following is most likely to lead to an
increase in the number of foxes over time? A.a decrease in owls B.
an increase in hawks C. an increase in mountain lions D. a decrease
in raspberry bushes
Slide 27
Problem 2 If many trees are removed from a forest, what is the
most immediate effect on the carbon cycle in that forest? A.
increased rates of decomposition B. decreased use of atmospheric
CO2 C. decreased combustion of fossil fuels D. increased production
of organic compounds
Slide 28
Heredity and Reproduction Organisms reproduce, develop, and
have predictable life cycles. Organisms contain genetic information
that influences their traits, and they pass this on to their
offspring during reproduction.
Slide 29
Heredity and Reproduction 1. Genes are segments of DNA
molecules located in the chromosome of each cell. DNA molecules
contain information that determines a sequence of amino acids,
which result in specific proteins. 2. Inserting, deleting, or
substituting DNA segments can alter the genetic code 3. An altered
gene may be passed on to every cell that develops from it. The
resulting features may help, harm, or have little or no effect on
the offsprings success in its environment. 4. Sorting and
recombination of genes in sexual reproduction result in a great
variety of possible gene combinations in the offspring of any two
parents
Slide 30
Basic Information According to the central dogma of all living
things: _DNA__contains the master copy of all our information. This
information is broken up into sections, or recipes, called
___genes__. Each gene contains the directions to make a single
__protein_____ by linking together the proper sequence of _amino
acids__. Before building a protein, a temporary copy of the single
recipe must be made. This copy is called __RNA_. Ultimately it is
the __protein_ that gives you the traits that we have and the
__genes/DNA_ that teaches us how to make them.
Slide 31
DNA Kept in the NUCLEUS Wound up DNA: Chromosomes
Slide 32
Mutation Change in the DNA What problems does it cause? Since
the DNA contains the directions to make proteins, changing the DNA
could change the protein; Can cause diseases, can have no effect or
can improve the function of a protein;
Slide 33
What types of changes are considered mutations? Insertions add
a nucleotide; Deletions remove a nucleotide; Substitution swap one
nucleotide for another ANY CHANGE IN DNA IS A MUTATION!
Slide 34
Effect of a mutation on future cells Since all the DNA is
copied before cell division, a mutation in the parent cell will be
copied and passed to the new cells. Mutations do not have to be
negative. They can be helpful or have no effect.
Slide 35
What is genetic variation and why is it important? Genetic
variation is diversity within or between species because of their
DNA differences. IMPORTANCE: It is necessary to have variation so
that natural selection can occur. Differences give individuals
different ability to survive and reproduce. This allows for
evolution
Slide 36
Three things that increase genetic variation in a population
Mutation Sexual reproduction mixing the DNA of two individuals
Recombination/crossing over mixing up your own DNA to make various
different reproductive cell Migration introduction of new alleles
into a population from a different population
Slide 37
Genetic Variation Which process listed above also explains how
one set of parents can seemingly have an infinite number of
different children? Recombination
Slide 38
Problem 1 Fireflies produce light inside their bodies. The
enzyme luciferase is involved in the reaction that produces the
light. Scientists have isolated the luciferase gene. A scientist
inserts the luciferase gene into the DNA of cells from another
organism. If these cells produce light, the scientist knows that
which of the following occurred? A. The luciferase gene mutated
inside the cells. B. The luciferase gene was transcribed and
translated. C. The luciferase gene destroyed the original genes of
the cells. D. The luciferase gene moved from the nucleus to the
endoplasmic reticulum
Slide 39
Problem 2 Which of the following best describes the result of a
mutation in an organism's DNA? A. The mutation may produce a
zygote. B. The mutation may cause phenotypic change. C. The
mutation causes damage when it occurs. D. The mutation creates
entirely new organisms.
Slide 40
Problem 3 The diagram shows the positions of the genes for
flower color and stem length in a pea plant. For these two genes,
what is the maximum number of different allele combinations that
can be formed normally in gametes produced from this cell? A.2 B.4
C.6 D.8 PT Pt pT pt
Slide 41
Problem 4 If the DNA is mutated which of the following
statements is true? ALL other cells in the body will have the same
mutation. All proteins in the cell will be mutated Any proteins,
RNA or cells that come from the mutated DNA will have the mutation
The cell will fix the mutation and nothing will happen.
Slide 42
Problem 5 Which of the following populations is likely to have
a high degree of genetic diversity? An asexual population of
bacteria with a very low mutation rate (asexual = NO VARIATION)
Sexually reproducing species where crossing over is frequent A
population of sheep created by cloning (NO VARIATION) A very small
population of sexually reproducing species. (SMALL POPULATIONS HAVE
LOW NUMBER OF VARIATIONS)
Slide 43
EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY Sometimes, differences between
organisms of the same kind provide advantages for surviving and
reproducing in different environments. These selective differences
may lead to dramatic changes in characteristics of organisms in a
population over extremely long periods of time.
Slide 44
KEY LEARNINGS 1 New traits may result from new combinations of
existing genes or from mutations of genes in reproductive cells
within a population 2. Molecular evidence (e.g., DNA, protein
structures, etc.) substantiates the anatomical evidence for
evolution and provides additional detail about the sequence in
which various lines of descent branched 3. The principles of
evolution (including natural selection and common descent) provide
a scientific explanation for the history of life on Earth as
evidenced in the fossil record and in the similarities that exist
within the diversity of existing organisms
Slide 45
Key Learnings 4. Evolution occurs as a result of a combination
of the following factors: A. Ability of a species to reproduce B.
Genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination
of genes C. Finite supply of the resources required for life D.
Natural selection, due to environmental pressure, of those
organisms better able to survive and leave offspring
Slide 46
Evolution is defined as: How a population changes over long
periods of time What key scientist is credited with the bulk of our
understanding about evolution? DARWIN
Slide 47
Physical or molecular features used to support evolution and
shared common ancestors: DNA/Protein structures (molecular) more
similar the sequences or structure the more closely related two
organisms are Anatomy similar body structures can provide
information about relationships and ancestry Embryonic development
the stages we go through during development can be informative
Fossils can tell us approximately how long ago an organism
lived
Slide 48
How does natural selection work? Requires presence of
variation! Environmental stress (limited food and/or other
resources) must be present Competition for resources occurs - and
because they are different some are better at competing that others
Survival of the fittest the organisms best adapted win the
competition and increase their chances of surviving and reproducing
Descent with modification winners reproduce more and the next
generation consists of more individuals with the winners traits
that the losers traits.
Slide 49
How does genetic variation promote evolution? Allows organisms
to be on different playing fields as far as competition goes.
Increases the chances that there is a super trait out there than
will give the organism a survival advantage
Slide 50
Does evolution = new species? No. EVOLUTION = a shift in the
frequency of certain alleles (variations of genes) or traits A
population does NOT have to become a separate new species (or split
and become two species) in order for it to be evolving.
Slide 51
Problem 1 Thousands of years ago, giraffes with short necks
were common within giraffe populations. Nearly all giraffe
populations today have long necks. This difference could be due to:
A. giraffes stretching their necks to keep their heads out of reach
of predators B. giraffes stretching their necks so they could reach
food higher in the trees C. a mutation in genetic material
controlling neck size occurring in some skin cells of a giraffe D.
a mutation in genetic material controlling neck size occurring in
the reproductive cells of a giraffe.
Slide 52
Problem 2 Scientists have concluded that snakes evolved from an
ancestor with legs. Which of the following statements provides the
best evidence for this conclusion? A. Most species of snakes live
on land. B. Snakes move extremely fast to catch their prey. C.
Snakes have a well-developed backbone and muscular system. D. Some
species of snakes have limb buds during their embryonic development
The limb buds indicate that ancestors may have had limbs
Slide 53
Problem 3 Which of the following best explains how the fossil
record provides evidence that evolution has occurred? (need to look
for an answer that talks about change over time = def of evolution)
A. It indicates that forms of life existed on Earth at least 3.5
billion years ago. B. It indicates the exact cause of structural
and behavioral adaptations of organisms. C. It shows how the
embryos of many different vertebrate species are very similar. D.
It shows that the form and structure of groups of organisms have
changed over time
Slide 54
Problem 4 On island chains like the one shown above, animal
populations that spread from the main island to the other islands
can evolve into separate species. CHOOSE THE STATEMENT ON THE NEXT
PAGE THAT best explains what favors speciation in these
situations?
Slide 55
Problem 4 (cont) A. Predators on the main island can easily
migrate to follow the populations to the other islands. B. Lack of
disease on the other islands enables the populations to grow and
change without limit C. The physical separation of the islands
limits gene flow and interbreeding between the populations. D. The
climatic conditions of the islands allow the populations to breed
all year and produce several generations