Matter and ChangeHonors Chemistry

Chemistry is a Physical Science

• Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.

• Branches of Chemistry– Organic Chemistry

– Inorganic Chemistry

– Physical Chemistry

– Analytical Chemistry

– Biochemistry

– Theoretical Chemistry

Matter and Its Properties

• A chemical is any substance that has definite composition.

• Matter is anything that has mass and volume.– Mass is the amount of matter in an object.– Volume is how much space the object

occupies.

Building Blocks of Matter

• An atom is the smallest unit of matter that maintains the properties of the element.

• An element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

• A compound is a substance made of the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.

Properties of Matter

• Extensive properties depend on how much matter is present.– i.e. mass, volume, etc.

• Intensive properties do not depend upon the amount of matter.– Boiling point, melting point, density, etc.

Physical Properties and Physical Changes

• Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of the substance.– i.e. color, mass, odor, boiling point, density.

• Physical changes do not change the identity of the substance.– i.e. phase changes, solutes dissolving,

cutting, tearing, etc.

Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes

• Chemical properties can only be observed when a chemical reaction has occurred.

• Chemical changes occur when matter undergoes a chemical reaction and new substances are formed.

Classification of Matter

Mixtures

• Homogeneous mixtures include solutions and alloys.

• In a homogeneous mixture, the particles are not observable.

• Heterogeneous mixtures occur whenever we can see the particles that have been mixed together.

Pure Substances

• Elements

• Compounds

Introduction to the Periodic Table

• The vertical columns are called groups or families. There are 18 of them.

• The horizontal rows are called periods, there are 7 of them.

• Most symbols come from the names of the elements used in the English speaking world.

• Some symbols come from the Latin or German names for the elements.

Antimony Sb Stibium

Copper Cu Cuprum

Gold Au Aurum

Iron Fe Ferrum

Lead Pb Plumbum

Mercury Hg Hydragyrum

Potassium K Kalium

Silver Ag Argentum

Sodium Na Naturium

Tin Sn Stannum

Tungsten W Wolfram

Types of Elements

• Metals

• Non-Metals

• Semi-Metals