Matter and Change Chapter 1 Section 1 Page 11 of Notebook

Matter and Change

Chapter 1Section 1

Page 11 of Notebook

Objectives

• Define Chemistry• Compare and contrast basic research, applied

research, and technological development.

Chemistry

• The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.

• We, the Chemist, ask…– What is that made of?– How does that behave when you change

environmental conditions?

Instruments

• There are many instruments used in chemistry to examine, observe and take measurements of the substances that are studied.

• Some help us see the very small• Some help us take simple measurements

Science and TechnologyWhat is Science?

Technological (factual)

Casting of metalsDying of materials

Science and Technology

• Philosophical (theoretical)

– Greek philosophers

– Theories dominated for 2000 years


• Experimental Roots– Alchemy• Philosophers Stone• Immortality Elixir

– Discovered chemical substances and techniques• Modern Alchemist


• Anyone can produce a product with no knowledge of the chemistry involved

Chemical

• Any substance that has a definite composition.

• Example – sucrose or cane sugar– Produced by plants during photosynthesis– Composed of atoms• Definite composition• It is a chemical

• Knowing properties of chemicals, scientists can determine uses for them

Solving Societies Problems: Scientific Research

• Applied Research– Work oriented and is used to solve a particular

problem• Analyze pollutants, food, fuel and drugs• Formulate new materials • Most Chemist work in this field of research

• Basic Research– Search of knowledge– Shear joy of knowing– Characterized by the absence of any predictable,

marketable product


• George Washington Carver– Applied Chemist– Born into slavery (1860)– Discovered over 300

forms of peanuts, including peanut butter

– His purpose was to revitalized South’s economy


• Gertrude Elion– Basic Research Chemist– Studied purines– Discovered many new drugs

• Malaria, gout, cancer

Matter and its Properties

Chapter 1Section 2

Building Blocks

• Atoms – the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element

• Element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom– Example – hydrogen, oxygen and carbon

• Compound – a substance that is made up from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded– Example – water

Matter is the physical material or “stuff” of the universe.Mass is the measure of the quantity of matter that an object contains.

On the microscopic level, matter consists of atoms and molecules.

Atoms combine to form molecules.

Molecules may consist of the same or different types of atoms.

Classification of Matter

States of Matter

Matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid.

Gases have no fixed shape or volume.

Gases can be compressed to form liquids.

Liquids have no shape, but they do have a volume.

Solids are rigid and have a definite shape and volume.

Classification of Matter

Classifications of Matter

• Substance – definite, or fixed, composition that does not vary from one sample to another

• Mixture – has a variable composition– Homogenous – can’t distinguish between the

individual parts (sugar cookie)– Heterogeneous – can distinguish between the

individual components (chocolate chip cookie)

Chemical Properties those which the substance shows as it interacts with, or transforms into, other substances such as flammability, corrosiveness

Physical Properties those which the substance shows by itself without interacting with another substance such as color, melting point, boiling point, density

The Properties of MatterWe learn about matter by observing its properties

The Properties of Matter

• Extensive properties – depend on the amount of matter that is present– Example – volume mass, amount of energy in the

substance

• Intensive properties – do not depend on the amount of matter that is present– Example – melting point, boiling point, density

When a substance undergoes a physical change, its physical appearance changes.

Ice melts: a solid is converted into a liquid.

Physical changes DO NOT result in a change of composition.

Properties of Matter

Properties of MatterWhen a substance changes its composition, it undergoes a chemical change:

When pure hydrogen and pure oxygen react completely, they form pure water.

Is iron transforming into rust a physical or chemical change

A. PhysicalB. Chemical

Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

The color of sulfur is yellow..

A. Physical B. Chemical


Dynamite explodes to form a mixture of gases



Aluminum melts at 933 K



Plants use CO2 to make sugar



Is iron transforming into rust a physical or chemical change



The color of sulfur is yellow..

A. Physical B. Chemical


Dynamite explodes to form a mixture of gases



Aluminum melts at 933 K



Plants use CO2 to make sugar



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Matter and Change Chapter 1 Section 1 Page 11 of Notebook