Matter

What is Matter?

•Matter is anything that –Has mass–Takes up space (has volume)

Classifying Matter

• Four basic categories of matter–Pure substances• Element• Compound

–Mixtures:•Homogeneous•Heterogeneous

Element

• The simplest form of matter• All one kind of atom• Found on the Periodic Table• Examples: oxygen, carbon, phosphorus

Compound• Two or more elements chemically bonded

together• Have completely different properties than the

original elements• Can only be broken down by chemical means• Example: water (H2O)

Mixtures

• Mixtures are made of two or more substances physically combined.

• Can be either– Heterogeneous– Homogeneous

• Every part of a mixture keeps its own properties (does not form a new substance).

• Every mixture can be separated physically!

Heterogeneous Mixtures

• The mixture is not uniform (the same) in composition.

• You can easily pick out the different pieces.• Examples: chocolate chip cookie, gravel,

tossed salad, trail mix, air

Homogeneous Mixture

• Same composition throughout the mixture• It looks like one substance even though it is

actually two or more!• Examples: kool-aid, salt water, brass

Mixtures vs. Compounds

Compound• Made of one kind of

material• Chemical change• Definite composition

(has a chemical formula)

Mixture• Made of more than

one kind of material• Physical change• Variable composition

Solutions, Colloids, Suspensions

• Homogeneous mixtures– Solution (dissolved/transparent particles)

• Heterogeneous mixtures– Colloid (looks cloudy; particles will not settle to

bottom of mixture)– Suspension (larger particles; will settle to bottom)

Matter

• Pure substances– Element– Compound (two or more elements chemically

bonded)• Mixtures– Heterogeneous– Homogeneous

Separating Mixtures

Separating Mixtures

• Since all mixtures are physically put together, they can be physically separated.

• Methods include:– Using magnets– Filtration– Chromatography– Distillation

Magnets• If one part of your mixture is magnetic, you

can use magnets to separate it.• For example, a mixture of black pepper and

iron filings would be difficult to pick apart by hand- but magnets could attract the iron filings and leave the pepper!

• Example: magnets are used in landfills to separate out magnetic objects for recycling.

Filtration

• Separates particles by size• If I accidentally spill a bag of rice into my cake

mix, do I have to throw it all out?• Use a filter!– Lets the small flour particles through– Traps the grains of rice

Chromatography

• Components of dyes such as ink may be separated by paper chromatography.

• Ink particles flow through the filter paper at different speeds so the different pigments separate.

Distillation

• Distillation separates mixtures based on different boiling points.• Example: water is

distilled to remove impurities

Your Turn!

• Design a procedure to separate a mixture of sand, salt, iron filings, and parsley flakes.

• Available equipment includes beakers, funnels, filter paper, water, magnets, spoons, and hot plates.

States of Matter

Objectives

1. List the four states of matter2. Four the main three states:

1. Describe and draw atomic structure2. Know how changes in heat and energy affect

motion of particles3. Explain the Kinetic Theory of Matter

States of Matter

1. Solid- definite shape and definite volume2. Liquid– Definite volume– Takes the shape of its container

3. Gas- no definite shape or volume4. Plasma- like a supercharged gas

State of Matter

Definite Shape?

Definite Volume?

Solid YES YES

Liquid NO YES

Gas NO NO

Atomic Structure

• All matter is made up of small particles called atoms• The arrangement of atoms helps

determine if a substance is in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state

Kinetic Theory of Matter• All matter is made of atoms• Atoms are constantly in motion• As heat increases, so does energy particles

move faster

GasLiquid

Solid Tem

pera

ture

Ener

gy

Three Main Phases

Solid

• Particles tightly packed together• Vibrate in place

Liquid• Particles a little further apart• Room to slide past each other

Gas• Particles move as far apart as they can• Constantly bouncing around and colliding with each other

Your Turn!

• Objectives:– List 4 phases of matter– Describe the Kinetic Theory of Matter– Model the atomic structure of solids, liquids, and

gases

Amorphous Solids

• Not all substances can be classified easily as either solid or liquid.

• Some have characteristics of both– Ex: Peanut butter

• We call these amorphous solids• Their atomic structures are between those of

solids and liquids

Amorphous vs. Crystalline SolidsAmorphous

• Does not always have definite shape or volume

• Can be compressed (like a rubber ball)

• Looser arrangement of atoms

• Atoms move more

Crystalline• Definite shape and volume• Cannot be compressed• Atoms tightly packed

together in a rigid structure• Atoms cannot move past

each other