MatterLuminous beings are we, not this crude matter!

-Yoda,on the nature of The Force

MatterAny substance in the universeHas mass, takes up space

There are only two forms of existence in the Universe; matter and energy.

Ways to Classify MatterCompositionBased on what types of particles make up a substanceElements, Compounds, Mixtures

PhaseBased on how particles are arranged because of EnergySolid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

PhasesSolidsParticles are locked in a regular, repeating pattern called a crystal latticeStrong forces between certain solids lead to high melting points

More on SolidsHardnessDescribes how hard a solid is compared to other solidsBased on the attractive forces between particles in a solid

Shape and VolumeSolids do not change shape or volume without adding energy

Wax, glass, Play-Doh, are amorphous solids they change shape when energy is applied, but retain that shape afterwards

PhasesLiquidsParticles are touching, but not locked in patternParticles can slide past one another, causing the liquid to flow

More on LiquidsViscosityDescribes how well a liquid flowsBased on attractive forces between the particles

Shape and VolumeLiquids do not change volume but do take the shape of their containerThe surface of a liquid is assumed to be parallel to the surface of the Earth when at rest

Amorphous solids are also classified as super-cooled liquids

PhasesGasesParticles are very far apartParticles collide with each other or their container rarelyThese collisions define the pressure of the gas

Shape and VolumeGases change shape and/or volumeThey take the shape of their container, expanding to fill the container

Explains why aromatics/perfumes will spread across a room

PhasesPlasmaLike a gas, but MUCH higher energyParticles collide with so much force, electrons are knocked off of atomsThis creates a charged gas state

Plasmas are uncommon on Earth, as they start around 5000COnly in lightning, aurorae

What is the lowest energy state or phase of matter?SolidLiquidGasPlasma

What phase of matter has particles sliding past one another?SolidLiquidGasPlasma

What phase of matter is rarely found on Earth?SolidLiquidGasPlasma

What is the highest energy state or phase of matter?SolidLiquidGasPlasma

What phase of matter has particles locked in a regular, repeating pattern?SolidLiquidGasPlasma

Phase ChangesYou must add or remove Heat Energy to change from one phase to another

Warming up!Three Phase Changes that require added heat energy:MeltingGoing from Solid Phase to Liquid PhaseVaporizationGoing from Liquid Phase to Gas PhaseSublimationGoing from Solid Phase to Gas Phase

Melting point temperature where a solid begins to turn into a liquidBoiling point temperature where a liquid begins to turn into a gas

VaporizationBoiling occurs when the entire mass of liquid reaches the boiling pointThe temperature at which a liquid boils depends on the air pressureLonger cooking times at higher altitudes

VaporizationEvaporation occurs only at the surfaceThere must be less of the liquid in the atmosphere than in the container

Cooling down!Two Phase Changes that require removal of heat energy:CondensationGoing from Gas Phase to Liquid PhaseFreezingGoing from Solid Phase to Liquid Phase

Freezing point temperature where a liquid begins to turn into a solidDew point temperature where a gas begins to turn into a liquid

Which phase change is from a Gas to a Liquid ?MeltingFreezingSublimationCondensationVaporization

What is the temperature where substance changes from a Gas to a Liquid ?Melting PointFreezing PointSublimation PointDew PointBoiling Point

Which phase change is from a Solid to a Liquid ?MeltingFreezingSublimationCondensationVaporization

What is the temperature where substance changes from a Liquid to a Gas ?Melting PointFreezing PointSublimation PointDew PointBoiling Point

Which phase change is from a Liquid to a Gas?MeltingFreezingSublimationCondensationVaporization

What is the temperature where substance changes from a Solid to a Liquid ?Melting PointFreezing PointSublimation PointDew PointBoiling Point

Which phase change is from a Solid to a Gas ?MeltingFreezingSublimationCondensationVaporization

Which phase change is from a Liquid to a Solid ?MeltingFreezingSublimationCondensationVaporization

What is the temperature where substance changes from a Liquid to a Solid ?Melting PointFreezing PointSublimation PointDew PointBoiling Point

Which phase change occurs only at the surface of a liquid ?BoilingEvaporation

CompositionPure SubstanceFollow exact measures or proportionsMade up of only one kind of particle

MixturesCan be any amounts or kinds of particles

Pure SubstancesElementsMade of only one kind of atomAll atoms of an element are alikeFound on the Periodic Table

Element SymbolsAbbreviations of names

Element SymbolsOne letterCapitalizedFirst letter of nameTwo LettersFirst letter capitalizedFirst and second letter of nameFirst and second pronounced letter of name

Element SymbolsThree letterFirst letter capitalizedTemporary name for new elementsNumbers in LatinWhen the letters dont match the nameOlder nameLatin nameUsually only for very ancient elements

More Pure SubstancesCompoundsTwo or more atoms chemically combinedParticles are called moleculesFollows a formulaCannot be separated except:by chemical meansto form a new compound

More Pure SubstancesCompound FormulasShow how many of each atom is in the molecule

Pure Substances

OxygenElementCompound

Carbon DioxideElementCompound

Sodium ChlorideElementCompound

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CalciumElementCompound

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Carbon TetrachlorideElementCompound

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MixturesHomogeneousParticles so small or so well mixed that the particles cant be seenAlso called a solution

SolutionsCan be any phase in another phase

Parts Solute substance being dissolved, usually in less amountSolvent substance doing the dissolving, usually in greater amount

If air is 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen, which is the solvent?NitrogenOxygen

What is the solute in orange juice?WaterOrange particles

Which is the solvent in sweet tea?SugarWaterTeaIce

What is the solute in muddy water?WaterDirt particles

Qualitative SolutionsConcentrated high ratio of solute to solventClosely related to the density of the solutionExpressed in g/cm3 or g/mL, much like densityppm parts per millionppb parts per billionDilute low ratio of solute to solvent

Specific SolutionsAlloy solutions of metalsAmalgam solution in Mercury (liquid metal)Aqueous Solutions water as the solvent

Heterogeneous MixturesMixtures that are not well mixedParticles are so large that they can be seen or picked out

Types of Heterogeneous MixturesSuspensionsTemporary mixturesParticles settle out upon standing

ColloidParticles do not settle outAppears as a homogeneous mixture, but the particles scatter light (Tyndall Effect)

Smoke would be aSuspensionColloid

A mixture of metals is a(n)AmaltheaAlloyAllianceAdrasteaAnalog

You can easily see/separate the particles of which mixture?HomogeneousHeterogeneousErogenousHomonculus

In an aqueous solution, which is the solvent?AirGoldWaterOilBenzene

A homogeneous mixture is also called a(n)SolutionElementCompoundPure SubstanceMilk

FogElementCompoundHomogeneous MixtureHeterogeneous MixtureEnergy

Confetti would be aSuspensionColloid

Solution ProcessSurround and Separate

Particles of the solvent pull particles of solute into solution

Speeding Up SolutionsAgitationStirring makes particles collide more oftenSurface AreaGrinding up a solute makes it easier to surround and separate them into solutionTemperatureHeating a solution speeds up the particles, increasing the number of collisionsNOTE: When dissolving a gas in a liquid, a colder liquid slows down the gas particles and dissolves more total gas

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why a powdered aspirin works faster than a tablet?AgitationSurface AreaTemperature

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why sugar dissolves better in fresh tea than iced tea?AgitationSurface AreaTemperature

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why Kool-Aid powder has to be stirred into water?AgitationSurface AreaTemperature

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why you cant make Cold Chocolateout of Hot Chocolate powder?AgitationSurface AreaTemperature

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why soup mix dissolves faster than bouillon cubes?AgitationSurface AreaTemperature

SolubilityDescribes how well a substance will dissolve in 100g of water at a given temperature

Differs with each substance and temperature

Amounts of SoluteUnsaturatedSolution has not dissolved as much solute as it can holdMore solute can be dissolvedAny point below the saturation lineSaturatedSolution has dissolved as much solute as it can holdNo more solute can be dissolvedAny point on the saturation lineSupersaturatedSolution has dissolved more solute than it can holdA point above the saturation lineSolute will come out of solution if disturbed until it reaches the Saturation Point

What is the solubility of NaNO3 at 10C?72 g80 g96 g105 g

How much NH4Cl would precipitate from a saturated solution that cools from 90C to 50C?70 g50 g20 g120 g

How much more KClO3 could be added to form a saturated solution that goes from 30C to 90C?50 g10 g40 g0 g

Physical PropertiesAny description of a materialSize, color, mass, etc.

Physical ChangesAny change to a material that does not change the materialReversible

Chemical PropertiesAny description of a chemical reaction that a substance will undergoFlammability, inflammability, reacts with waterChemical ChangesAny change to a material thatResults in one or more new substances with different chemical and physical propertiesHas a resulting change in energyNot Reversible except to undergo another chemical reactionAlso called Chemical Reactions

Melting IceChemical PropertyChemical ChangePhysical PropertyPhysical Change

Hydrogen and Oxygen combining to form WaterChemical PropertyChemical ChangePhysical PropertyPhysical Change

A blue carChemical PropertyChemical ChangePhysical PropertyPhysical Change

Iron melted from ore to form pure IronChemical PropertyChemical ChangePhysical PropertyPhysical Change

Certain fire extinguishers can put out a oil firesChemical PropertyChemical ChangePhysical PropertyPhysical Change

Matter & Its PropertiesMatterPhasesPhase ChangesDiagramsPure SubstancesElementsCompoundsMixturesHomogeneous MixturesSolutions

AlloyAmalgamAqueousSolubilityHeterogeneous MixturesSuspensionsColloidsPhysical PropertiesPhysical ChangesChemical PropertiesChemical Changes