Mattathias d. 166 BC Judas High Priest 165-162 BC Eliezer d. 162 BC John d. 160 BC Simon High Priest 142-135 BC Mattathias d. 134 BC Judah d. 134 BC John

New Testament

History and

Geography

New Testament History and GeographyMattathiasd. 166 BC

JudasHigh Priest165-162 BC

Eliezerd. 162 BC

Johnd. 160 BC

SimonHigh Priest142-135 BC

Mattathiasd. 134 BC

Judahd. 134 BC

John Hyrcanus IRuled

134-104 BC

JonathanHigh Priestd. 166 BC

Alexander JanneusRuled

103-76 BC

Antigonusd. 107 BC

AlexandraSalome

Ruled76-67 BC

Aristobulus IRuled

104-103 BC

Absalom?

Antipater Alexanderd. 53 BC

Hyrcanus IIHigh Priest / King75-66, 63-40 BC

Aristobulus IIRuled (POMPEY)

66-63 BC

AntigonusRuled

(UNDER PARTHIANS)40-37 BC

HEROD the Great

Ruled 37-4 BC Mariamne IMarried to

Herod the Great

Phasaelus

HEROD and the HASMONEANS

Contested the ThroneAlexandra

New Testament History and Geography

JUDEA, SAMARIA, AND IDUMEA ITUREA AND TRACHONITISGALILEE AND PEREA

ANTIPATER48 – 43 BC

“Procurator of Judea”Supporter of Hyrcanus II

PHASEAL43 – 40 BC

“Tetrarch of Judea”Killed during

Parthian invasion

Philip4 BC – AD 34

“Tetrarch”

Doris37 BC - Divorced

ANTIPATERRemoved as Heir

Mariamne (2)5 BC – Divorced

Jewish

HEROD PHILIP5 BC – Removed as Heir

Cleopatra“of Jerusalem”

Archelaus4 BC – AD 6

“Ethnarch of Judea”

Herod Antipas4 BC – AD 36“Tetrarch”

MalthakeSamaritan

II

III

IVWill

Will Will

HEROD AGRIPPA IAD 37 – 44

HEROD THE GREAT

43 – 37 BC“Tetrarch of Judea”

37 – 4 BC“King of Judea”

Mariamne (1)29 BC - Executed

Hasmonean

Salome

HEROD AGRIPPA II AD 50 – 92

***Last Herod!***

Bernice

ARISTOBULUS 7 BC ExecutedHasmonean

Herodias

Glaphyra

Salome

Herodias

I

Glaphyra

ALEXANDER7 BC ExecutedHasmoneanI

Herodias

NTHG

Archelaus“Ethnarch” of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea

Herod Antipas “Tetrarch” of Galilee and Perea

Philip “Tetrarch” of Iturea and Trachonitas

HEROD’S WILL

JUDEA

IDUMEA

SAMARIAPEREA

GALILEE

ITUREA

TRACHONITISDecapolis


Rise of Roman Control

The Demise of ArchelausJoint embassy of Jews and Samaritans complain of injusticeArchelaus is dismissed by Augustus and his estate is liquidatedAugustus Calls for another Census of JudeaThis census was carried out by Quirinius, Governor of Syria This apparently conflicts with Luke 2:2A Jewish man from Gamala rebelled over this census (Acts 5:37)This revolt was the beginning of the Zealots as a major party


Roman Governors Under Augustus

Coponius as Governor (AD 6-9)First Roman Prefect of JudeaKept custody of High Priestly garments in Antonian FortressSeat of the Government is moved from Jerusalem to Caesarea

Roman governors resided in Jerusalem only during festivalsThis is why Pilate is in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus’ trial

Samaritan uprising occurs during Coponius’s ruleBones are spread in the sacred precincts of the TempleThis was likely an effort to defile the Jewish Temple in favor of their

ownThis adds to the Good Samaritan and the Samaritan woman at the

well


Roman Governors Under Augustus

Marcus Ambivius (AD 9-12)Little is knownName might have been “Amphiboulos”

Annius Rufus (AD 12-15)In office when Augustus dies (August 19, AD 14)Replaced when the new Emperor comes to power


Rise of Tiberius Julius Caesar

Tiberius Claudius Nero/Tiberius Julius Caesar (AD 14-37)Mother divorced Claudius Nero and married Caesar Augustus

Marcus Vispasianus Agrippa was originally the heir-apparentAgrippa’s death put Tiberius next in line being the step-sonNote: Agrippa was close friends with Herod the Great

Tiberius was a good general but a bad emperorIt seems that Tiberius did not want to be Caesar

He moved to the Island of Capri after AD 26Did not attend any meetings of the senateSejanus, his commander of the Praetorian Guard, governed for him


Rise of Tiberius Julius Caesar

Sejanus and TiberiusSejanus was anti-Jewish in his policies and in practice

He expelled the Jews from RomeHe persecuted the Jews in Alexandria, EgyptSejanus is likely the one who appointed Pontius Pilate

Sejanus plotted to overthrow Tiberius in Tiberius’s absenceTiberius finds out and returns to Rome and has Sejanus executedSejanus supporters are also interrogated and executedThis might explain why the Jewish reference to Pilate as not being a “Friend of Caesar” was so effective in manipulating his decision

during the trial of Jesus since he was likely a supporter of Sejanus


Roman Governors Under Tiberius

The Change in Policy under TiberiusAugustus switched governors every three yearsTiberius gave governors much longer terms (parable of the flies)

Valerius Gratus (AD 15-26)Changed High Priest four times during his time as governor

The first High Priest he removed was Annas (Ananus in Josephus)The last High Priest he chose was Joseph Caiaphas

Changing the High Priest was likely a means of gaining money


Pontius Pilatus

The Roman Standards AffairPilate secretly brought military standards into Jerusalem at nightThe people protested, following him back to CaesareaPilate threatens to have them executed

The Jews gathered lay their necks bare for the executioner Pilate, not wanting an early bloodbath, removed the standards

The Guilded Shields AffairPilate sought to dedicate Roman shields to be hung in the templeJews protest to Tiberius and Pilate is ordered to stand down


Pontius Pilatus

The Temple Aquaduct AffairPilate secures funds from temple treasury to build an aquaduct

The aquaduct was a great benefit to the templePilate may even have done this as a political gesture of good will

Temple authorities saw it as a secular use of sacred fundsCrowds gather to protest and are forcibly broken upThis is likely what is referenced in Luke 13:1


Pontius Pilatus

Pilate and the Trial of JesusSejanus, Pilate’s patron, falls from power in AD 31

Pilate’s fear of uprising and reprisals from Caesar may be due to his insecurity following the execution of his patron

The better choice for the trial of Jesus between AD 30 and 33 would more likely be the latter

Pilate is removed from power in AD 36Tradition has him being exiled to Vienne in Gaul (France)Tradition also has him committing suicide (sources are late)


Pontius Pilatus

Pilate and ArcheologyArcheology had questioned the existance of Pontius PilateAn inscription found in Caesarea settled it showing that Pilate was clearly historical

TIBERIEVM VSPILATVS

ECTVSIVDEPONTIAPRAEF

…S


Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus

Emperor Caligula (AD 37-41)“Caligula” means “little combat boots” Nickname came from the mini uniform he wore as a child Rise to PowerSon of Germanicus, a famous Roman generalCaesar Augustus was his mother’s grandfatherHe was very popular with the people He promised change from the unpopular reign of TiberiusNote: One of his best friends was Herod Agrippa I (Herod of Acts 12)



Descent into MadnessCaligula did well in the first six months of his reignHe became deathly ill and came back a “new man”

Required the death of those who had promised their lives to the gods should he recoverAppointed his sister as heir, breeding many rumorsBuilt the ultimate bridge to nowhereHad himself deified while still alive and built a temple in his own honorDeified his sister upon her untimely deathEntertained every form of immorality



Roman Governor of JudeaMarcellus (Marrullus), who was appointed by TiberiusCaligula did not make changes to the governor of Judea Military Achievements Germania

Campaign is interrupted by conspiracyCaligula executes some of his high officials and returns to Rome

Britania Caligula marched his armies to the shores across from BritainHe orders his men to collect sea shells as spoil and returns to Rome



The Assassination of Caligula/GaiusStabbed by Three Praetorian Guards in a secluded hallway.

Some of the Senate were in on the assassination plotOther members of the imperial line were also executed

Praetorian Guards placed Claudias into powerFirst of many power moves made by the Praetorian GuardThe Senate opposed Claudius at firstHerod Agrippa I helped to negotiate between the Claudius and the

Senate

Documents

Mattathias d. 166 BC Judas High Priest 165-162 BC Eliezer d. 162 BC John d. 160 BC Simon High Priest 142-135 BC Mattathias d. 134 BC Judah d. 134 BC John