INSTITUTE OF FUNDAIVENTAL TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCHPOLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

MATRIXGOMPOSITES

10Edited by

A.M. BRANDT'J. OLEKM. A. GLINICKI anoC. K. Y. LEUNG

Previous Proceedings of the International Symposiaon Brittle Matrix Composites in Poland

Brittle matrix composites -1JABI-ONNA,12-15 September 1985, 590 pages.Published by E&FN SPON London. ISBN l-851 66-041-0

Brittle matrix composites - 2Cedzrna, 20-22 September 1988,674 pages.Published by E&FN SPON London. ISBN l-851 66 360-6

Brittle matrix composites - 3Warsaw, 17-19 September 1991,606 pages.Published by E&FN SPON London. ISBN 1-851 66-687-7

Brittle matrix composites - 4Warcaw, 13-15 September 1994, 702 pages.Published by Woodhead Publ. Ltd, Cambridge, UK and IFTR in Warsaw.tsBN l-85573-1 83-X / 83-9021146-0-1

Brittle matrix composites - 5Warsaw, l3 -15 October lqq7.6 l8 pages.Published by Woodhead Publ. Ltd, Cambridge, UK and IFTR in WarsawISBN 1-85573-358-7 / 83-90662',1 -3-6

Brittle matrix composites - 6Warsaw, 9-l I October 2000, 579 pages.Published by Woodhead Publ. Ltd, Cambridge, UK and IFTR in warsawrsBN 1-85573-551-2 I 83-91038'7 -4-2

Brittle matrix composites - 7Warsaw Il- l5 Oclober 2001. 564 pages.Published by Woodhead Publ. Ltd, Cambridge, UK and IFTR in WarsawtsBN l-85573-769-8 / 83-91'7926-6-8

Brittle matrix composites - 8warsaw. 23-25 Oclober 2006.603 pages.Published by Woodhead Publ. Ltd, Cambridge, UK and IFTR in WarsawrsBN 1-84569-03 1 - l / 83-89687-09-7

Brittle matrix composites - 9Warsaw, 25-28 October 2009, 451 pages.Published by Woodhead Publ. Ltd, Cambridge, UK and IFTR in WarsawrsBN 978-l-84569-7'7 5-4 I 9',1 8-83-8968',7 -48-',7

ISBN 978-0-85709-988-4 (print)ISBN 978-0-85709-989-1 (ontide)ISBN 978-83-89687-75-3

Sale cement compositcs SRCC the rope effect in HPFRC concreteDomin iL LOCON. Po1and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In0uencc of mixturc composition on shrinkage cracking ofl ightweighlscl f-consol idat ing concrctc

Maria KASZYNSKA ard Adam ZIELINSKI, Poland ..............

KEYNOTE PAPERShape simulation ofgranular particles in concrete and applications in DEM

l\tan HE, Chind, Piet STROEVEN, The Netherlands,Er ic P IRARD and Luc COURARD, Be ls ium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

251

Durable concretc structures with cracks which hcal thcmselvesKim VAN TITTELBOOM, Manuel DIERICK and Nclc DF. BEl,lE. Belgian ..... 285

Ncw cco-mechanical index for concrete structuresAlessandro P FANTILLI, l lemardino CHtAtAand Samanta CORR ADO, ltal), .. . . ..... 295

lnfluence ofaggregate typc on thc durability ofconcrete made ofblendcd cementswith calcerous fly ash

Mariusz DABROWSKI and Michal A. GLlNlCKl, Poiazrl

Porosity ofgrccn concrcte based on a gap-gradcd blcndNghi L.B. LE and Piet STROEVEN, The Netherlands

Characteristics ofsccondary flcxurcs in uniaxial tension test ofconcreteHiroshi AKITA, Hideo KOIDB and Hirozo MIHASHI,.|apan

13ehavior ofhybrid fiber ECC panels subjected to low and high vclocitylmpact a rcvlew

M. MAALEJ, S.T. QUEK, J. ZHANG and VW.J. LIN, U,4t

. l 1 5

325

335

Expcrimcntai study ofshear failure mechanism in concrcte beamsMar taSLOWlK,Po land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Modelling offracture process zone and rclatcd cncrgy dissipation duringquasi briltlc fracture

VacIar VLSLLV, PeI r I -RAN I iK , To ln is PAILand Zbyndk KERSNER, Czech ltepublic .............................. 355

lnfluence ofcalcerous fly ash on concrete rcsistancc to migration ofchloridesKaro l ina GIBAS and Micha lA. GLINICKI , Po land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Prcc. Int. Symp. ,,Brittle Malri\ Composil..\ 10"

A.M.Bran h, J.Olek, M.A.GIinicki, C.K.YLetng, eds.Warsaw Otlober 15 17.2012IFTR and Woodhead Puhl., Warsaw 2012

KEYNOTE PAPER

SHAPE SIMULATION OF CRANULAR PARTICLES IN CONCRETEAND APPLTCATIONS IN DEM

Huan HEI, Piet STROEVEN,, Eric PIRARD3, Luc COURARD3lCollege of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing University ofTcchnology.

Pingleyuan 100, 100124, Bcij ing, China'zFaculty ofCivil Engineering and Geosciences, Dclft University ofTcchnology

Stcvinweg l, 2628 CN Dchl, the NetherlandslGcMMe, Minerals Engineering-Materials-Environment, Ulrivcrsity of Liegc.

Chcmin des Chevreuils 1, 4000 Lidge, Bclgiume-mail: 2 p.strocvcn@tudelft.nl

ABSTRACT

Aggregate occupics at least three-quarters of the volumo of concrete. so its impacl on concreie s propcrhcs ls

large. The sicvc curve iraditionally dcfines the aggregalc size range. Another csscntial properlv is grain shape.

Bolh, size and shapc influence workabilily and ihe mechanical and durabilily properlios ofconcrete On thc olher

hand. the shape of cemenl parlicles plays also an impodant role in ihe hydration proccss due 10 sur{ilce

dissolution in ihe hardcning process. Addilionally. grain dispersion. shape and size govem the pore pefsolation

Drocess that is olcrncial inporlance for concreie durabililyDiscrctc element modeling (DEM) is commonly employed ibr sinulation of concrctc st|ucture To bc

abl€ doing so, lhe assessed grain shape should bc implemented. Thc approaches for aglregale and ccmc.L

structure sinuiation by a concurrcnt algorilhm-based DEM sysiem are discusscd in this papcr. Both nggrcgatc

and ccmcnl were expcrimcntally analyzed by X ray tonography mcthod recenlly Thc resLrlts pfo\rdc a r.al

cxperimenial dalabase. e.g. surlace area versus volumc distribution, ibr sinulalion of padiclcs In concf.lc

tcchnology. Optimun solutions are obtaincd by different simplificd shapes proposcd lbr aggregat€ rnd cemenl

respectivcly. ln rhis way, rcliable concepls Ior aggregate srructure and licsh cement paslc can be sinrulatcd b) a

DEM system.

Ke)svordsAggregatc, concrete, DEM, shape, packing.

INTRODUCTION

A particle is dctined as the smallcst discrete unit of a powder mass that can not be easilysubdivided l1j. Thc shapes ofreal particlcs are irregular, either from coarsc aggregatc or frommineral admixture in concrcte. Aggegaic occupies at least three-quarters of the volumc of

concrete, so its impact on concrete's properties is largc. The sieve curvc traditionally dcfinesthc aggregate size range. Anothcr csscntial properly is grain shapc. Both, sizc and shapcinfluencc workability and the mechanical and durability properties of concrete Thc dcfinitionof the actual grain shape as wcll as the represcntation in a discrctc clement modeling (DEM)

systcm is complicated, howevcr. Furthcr, the real shape of aggrcgatc or binder particles can

vary widcly. The spherc is therefore gcncrally adopted in conventional simulation systcms'despite imposing serious limitations.

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Shape sinulation oJ grunulat pa icles in oncrete and appttuations in DEM 277

,&I Gruver

1ffiCrushed rock

..,,@w'"'*&&W

EllipsoidsAggregate

Fig. 1. Simulation stralcgy ofarbitrary shapcd aggregate; (top) differently slrapecl cllipsoidsrepresent river gravel; (bottom) diftbrcntly shaped polyhedrons represcnt crushed rock

ery,e.@&,lelrchedron Penlaicdfotl He{ahcdrol

Ww,e,s"Heplahedron

Pol lhcdra

0ctahedron

Fig. 2. Nine regular polyhedra with facet number 4-g

clement, arc required. Fig. 2 illustrales the meshcd particles with differcnt number of facets.The quantity proportions of each polyhedron in the whole group of crushed rock proposed byGuo [0].

_ Recently, in a study ofErdogan er d/. t8l, the shapcs offbur different Lypes or aggregarc!GR, LS, IN and AZ were investigaled by the CT method and reconstructed by the sphcricalharmonic technique [8]. The most inter€sting information fiom their shape analysii is thesurface rrca {5) vs. volume (t, rnformation ofeach particle of different types of aggregatc. Afunction S=alr' was used to regress the corrclation of .S and Iz in eactr tyie of aggiegite ;S1.The cocfficients a and b were obtained for each t)?e of aggregate as shown in faUie f [tj.The variances ofthe regrcssions were all higher than 0.98.

As an ideal value of D in standard shapes is 2/3, thc regression function S=a,l/?/J wasemployed to fit differenl lypcs of aggregate. For effective expcrimental conditions as tovolume (<4000 mm') and size range, a, is determined for cach tlpe of aggregatc with avariation lower than 57o, as shown in Tablc L The impoflant shape index, sphcricity, can bedefincd as the surface area ratio of thc equivalent sphcrc (with -qual volume) and the realparticle. An approximate valuc for sphericily in each typc of aggrcgate can as a lonscquencebc calculated bv

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Shdpc sinulatio ol !:rdnlllar pqrticles in Lon.rete d d dpplit.ltion.t in DEM 279

0 1000 2000 3000 4000votume (mm3)

Fig. 3. S-/ curves ofcrushed rock types (GR and LS), ofcornpositc polyhedraand of thc sphere

cquations from ! l j :4

3(2)

s :26.,0f

in which, E=(S'?66s'?4r a2sin2 d;sin2 1/ is a cocfficient of thc flrst fundamental form and 1l is apolar angle. Flatness and elongation are defincd as r/b and 6/a, respectivcly. So. thedistribution contours of sphcricity ar.d S/Ir" (or r.r' ) with different clongation and flalncssvalues can bc constructed, as depicted in Fig. 4.

Figure 4 (a) rcvcals that if elongation and llatncss are both larger than 0.5, sphcricity of anellipsoid will be close to 1. ,S//"'-contours with elongation and flatncss are plotted in Fig.4(b). With experimental values of' IN and AZ typcs in Table l, thc hatched rcgions in Fig. ,1can bc sclected as thc optimum solution. The pref'erred elongation and flatness of an cllipsoidshould cxceed 0.3 and 0.4, respectivcly. This conclusion is comparablc with the experimcntalrcsults on gravcl in Fig.4. Thc selected ellipsoids are thus ncither very elongated nor flat.

SHAPE SIMULATION OF CEMENT GRAINS

Computer X-ray micro-tomography offers a potenlial solution for shapc assessment ofccments, as shown by Garboczi and Bullard [7] and by Bullard and Garboczi ll2.l. Thcmicrostructures ofhydrated cements based on actual grain shape and on spherical shapc wcrelbund significantly diffcrent in this study. The rcsults provide an cxperimental dalabasc ofthiscement that yiclds some valuable paramctcrs for DEM simulation ofccmcnt hydration.

Using grains in numerical simulation similar to the real ones would be too expcnsivc.So, it is crucial finding simpler shapes that are sufficicntly representativc. Similar as in thccasc o1'the aggrcgate simulation. a shape analysis study was thcrefore conducted with somesimpler shapes. Based on this analysis, a simulation strategy is proposed for cement. Morcrealistic but slill cost-cffective panicle shapcs should thereforc be implemented in DEMsvstcms.

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in l0-50 pm sizc range. The ,t- I/ relationships comply well with experimcnts. Fig. 6(b) showsan cxample ofa loosc packed sfucturc ofarbitrary octahedrons supposedly reprcsenting freshccmcnt.

Morphological comparisons can additionally be madc between scctions of simulatedparticle struclures and ofreal ones. As an example, Fig. 7(a) shows a random scction of thesimulated structure shown in Fig. 6(b) and a 2D scction ofa rcal cement structurc obtained byX-ray micro-tomography. Cement particles in Fig. 7 (b), displayed in light grey, obviouslyrevcal the angular shape that is similarly revcalcd by the scction of thc polyhedral cementparticlcs in Fig. 7(a). This adds to thc aforementioncd quantitative matching of S- I/ features ofreal and simulated cement structures, as shown by Fig. 6(a). Therefore, it can be concludedthat thc prcposed simulation method providcs a significantly improvcd option lor modellingofccmcnt particles as compared to the conventional sphere system. This will also have impaclon the hydration process, as wcll.

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Fig. 7(a) section ofthe simulated structure (1000 octahcdron grains in 10-50 pm sizc range);(b) 2D section ofa rcal fresh cement structure (Cement- 133) obtained by X-ray micro-

tomogaphy; c:0.35. Source: h1ttrr://visiblecement.nist.gov/cement.html.

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Shape sinulation d gtunulff pdrticles in e crete un.l applications in DLM 283

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