70
MATERNAL, NEWBORN, AND CHILD HEALTH LOGISTICS SYSTEM ASSESSMENT, ETHIOPIA MAY 2018

Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    6

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

MATERNAL NEWBORN AND

CHILD HEALTH LOGISTICS SYSTEM

ASSESSMENT ETHIOPIA

MAY 2018

MATERNAL NEWBORN

AND CHILD HEALTH

LOGISTICS SYSTEM

ASSESSMENT ETHIOPIA

MAY 2018

This publication was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the US Presidentrsquos

Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under

the Cooperative Agreement Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation number AID-OAA-

A-14-00046 The information provided does not necessarily reflect the views of USAID PEPFAR or the US

Government

AIDSFree

The Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project is a

five-year cooperative agreement funded by the United States Agency for International

Development under Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-A-14-00046 AIDSFree is implemented by

JSI Research amp Training Institute Inc with partners Abt Associates Inc Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric

AIDS Foundation EnCompass LLC IMA World Health the International HIVAIDS Alliance

Jhpiego Corporation and PATH AIDSFree supports and advances implementation of the US

Presidentrsquos Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief by providing capacity development and technical

support to USAID missions host-country governments and HIV implementers at the local

regional and national level

Recommended Citation

Woinshet Nigatu Abebe Bogale Miraf Tesfaye Masresha Assefa and Fantaye Teka 2018

Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics System Assessment Ethiopia Arlington VA

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia JSI Research amp Training Institute Inc

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency 1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Tel +251112751770 Arlington VA 22209 USA

PO Box 21904 Phone 703-528-7474

Addis Ababa Ethiopia Fax 703-528-7480

Email pfsaethionetet Email infoaids-freeorg

Web wwwpfsagovet Web aidsfreeusaidgov

CONTENTS Acronyms ix

Acknowledgments xi

Foreword xiii

Executive Summary xv

Background xv

Methodology xvi

Findings xvi

Recommendationsxviii

Part 1 Introduction 1

11 Background 1

12 Country Profile 2

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment 3

14 Assessment Methodology 3

15 Ethical Considerations 5

16 Limitations of the Study 5

Part 2 Qualitative Findings and Discussions 7

21 Organization and Staffing 7

22 Logistics Management Information System 8

23 Quantification11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement12

25 Inventory Control Procedures12

25 Warehousing and Storage 13

26 Transport and Distribution14

27 Product Use15

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning15

Part 3 Quantitative Findings and Discussions 19

31 Number of Facilities Assessed 19

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs 19

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records20

vii

34 Stock Status 21

References 27

Appendix 1 List of Data Collectors 29

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants 31

Appendix 2 MNCH Commodities Logistics Management Qualitative and Quantitative

Assessment 35

MNCH Commodities Availability 41

MNCH Commodities Data Quality 47

viii

ACRONYMS

BMGF Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation

CHAI Clinton Health Access Initiative

EBY Ethiopian budget year

FMOH Federal Ministry of Health

GHSCndashPSM Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

HCMIS Health Commodity Management Information System

HC health center

HMIS Health Management Information System

HP health post

IPLS Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System

LIAT Logistics Indicator Assessment Tool

LMIS Logistics Management Information System

LSAT Logistics System Assessment Tool

MCH LTWG Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MNCH maternal newborn and child health

ORS oral rehydration salts

PFSA Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency

PLMU Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

PMED Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate

RDF Revolving Drug Fund

RRF Report and Requisition Form

RHB Regional Health Bureau

RHCS reproductive health commodity security

RRF Report and Requisition Form

SCMS Supply Chain Management Systems

ix

SDP service delivery point

SOP standard operating procedure

STG standard treatment guideline

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF United Nations Childrenrsquos Fund

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WHO World Health Organization

WoHO Woreda Health Office

ZHD Zonal Health Department

x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This assessment was conducted under the leadership of Ethiopiarsquos Pharmaceuticals Fund and

Supply Agency (PFSA) with technical support from USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact

Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and with the help of the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) UNICEF and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)

PFSA would like to thank the members of the Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical

Working Group who assisted in the study design and all those from PFSA hubs regional health

bureaus (RHBs) Woreda Health Offices and service delivery points who participated in the

consultations and interviews

PFSA also recognizes FMOH GHSCndashPSM UNICEF and CHAI for their contribution during field

visits and data collection

Finally our appreciation goes to the United States Agency for International Development for its

continued support and assistance

xi

xii

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 2: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

MATERNAL NEWBORN

AND CHILD HEALTH

LOGISTICS SYSTEM

ASSESSMENT ETHIOPIA

MAY 2018

This publication was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the US Presidentrsquos

Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under

the Cooperative Agreement Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation number AID-OAA-

A-14-00046 The information provided does not necessarily reflect the views of USAID PEPFAR or the US

Government

AIDSFree

The Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project is a

five-year cooperative agreement funded by the United States Agency for International

Development under Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-A-14-00046 AIDSFree is implemented by

JSI Research amp Training Institute Inc with partners Abt Associates Inc Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric

AIDS Foundation EnCompass LLC IMA World Health the International HIVAIDS Alliance

Jhpiego Corporation and PATH AIDSFree supports and advances implementation of the US

Presidentrsquos Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief by providing capacity development and technical

support to USAID missions host-country governments and HIV implementers at the local

regional and national level

Recommended Citation

Woinshet Nigatu Abebe Bogale Miraf Tesfaye Masresha Assefa and Fantaye Teka 2018

Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics System Assessment Ethiopia Arlington VA

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia JSI Research amp Training Institute Inc

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency 1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Tel +251112751770 Arlington VA 22209 USA

PO Box 21904 Phone 703-528-7474

Addis Ababa Ethiopia Fax 703-528-7480

Email pfsaethionetet Email infoaids-freeorg

Web wwwpfsagovet Web aidsfreeusaidgov

CONTENTS Acronyms ix

Acknowledgments xi

Foreword xiii

Executive Summary xv

Background xv

Methodology xvi

Findings xvi

Recommendationsxviii

Part 1 Introduction 1

11 Background 1

12 Country Profile 2

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment 3

14 Assessment Methodology 3

15 Ethical Considerations 5

16 Limitations of the Study 5

Part 2 Qualitative Findings and Discussions 7

21 Organization and Staffing 7

22 Logistics Management Information System 8

23 Quantification11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement12

25 Inventory Control Procedures12

25 Warehousing and Storage 13

26 Transport and Distribution14

27 Product Use15

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning15

Part 3 Quantitative Findings and Discussions 19

31 Number of Facilities Assessed 19

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs 19

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records20

vii

34 Stock Status 21

References 27

Appendix 1 List of Data Collectors 29

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants 31

Appendix 2 MNCH Commodities Logistics Management Qualitative and Quantitative

Assessment 35

MNCH Commodities Availability 41

MNCH Commodities Data Quality 47

viii

ACRONYMS

BMGF Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation

CHAI Clinton Health Access Initiative

EBY Ethiopian budget year

FMOH Federal Ministry of Health

GHSCndashPSM Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

HCMIS Health Commodity Management Information System

HC health center

HMIS Health Management Information System

HP health post

IPLS Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System

LIAT Logistics Indicator Assessment Tool

LMIS Logistics Management Information System

LSAT Logistics System Assessment Tool

MCH LTWG Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MNCH maternal newborn and child health

ORS oral rehydration salts

PFSA Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency

PLMU Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

PMED Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate

RDF Revolving Drug Fund

RRF Report and Requisition Form

RHB Regional Health Bureau

RHCS reproductive health commodity security

RRF Report and Requisition Form

SCMS Supply Chain Management Systems

ix

SDP service delivery point

SOP standard operating procedure

STG standard treatment guideline

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF United Nations Childrenrsquos Fund

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WHO World Health Organization

WoHO Woreda Health Office

ZHD Zonal Health Department

x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This assessment was conducted under the leadership of Ethiopiarsquos Pharmaceuticals Fund and

Supply Agency (PFSA) with technical support from USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact

Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and with the help of the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) UNICEF and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)

PFSA would like to thank the members of the Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical

Working Group who assisted in the study design and all those from PFSA hubs regional health

bureaus (RHBs) Woreda Health Offices and service delivery points who participated in the

consultations and interviews

PFSA also recognizes FMOH GHSCndashPSM UNICEF and CHAI for their contribution during field

visits and data collection

Finally our appreciation goes to the United States Agency for International Development for its

continued support and assistance

xi

xii

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 3: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

AIDSFree

The Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project is a

five-year cooperative agreement funded by the United States Agency for International

Development under Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-A-14-00046 AIDSFree is implemented by

JSI Research amp Training Institute Inc with partners Abt Associates Inc Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric

AIDS Foundation EnCompass LLC IMA World Health the International HIVAIDS Alliance

Jhpiego Corporation and PATH AIDSFree supports and advances implementation of the US

Presidentrsquos Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief by providing capacity development and technical

support to USAID missions host-country governments and HIV implementers at the local

regional and national level

Recommended Citation

Woinshet Nigatu Abebe Bogale Miraf Tesfaye Masresha Assefa and Fantaye Teka 2018

Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics System Assessment Ethiopia Arlington VA

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia JSI Research amp Training Institute Inc

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency 1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Tel +251112751770 Arlington VA 22209 USA

PO Box 21904 Phone 703-528-7474

Addis Ababa Ethiopia Fax 703-528-7480

Email pfsaethionetet Email infoaids-freeorg

Web wwwpfsagovet Web aidsfreeusaidgov

CONTENTS Acronyms ix

Acknowledgments xi

Foreword xiii

Executive Summary xv

Background xv

Methodology xvi

Findings xvi

Recommendationsxviii

Part 1 Introduction 1

11 Background 1

12 Country Profile 2

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment 3

14 Assessment Methodology 3

15 Ethical Considerations 5

16 Limitations of the Study 5

Part 2 Qualitative Findings and Discussions 7

21 Organization and Staffing 7

22 Logistics Management Information System 8

23 Quantification11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement12

25 Inventory Control Procedures12

25 Warehousing and Storage 13

26 Transport and Distribution14

27 Product Use15

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning15

Part 3 Quantitative Findings and Discussions 19

31 Number of Facilities Assessed 19

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs 19

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records20

vii

34 Stock Status 21

References 27

Appendix 1 List of Data Collectors 29

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants 31

Appendix 2 MNCH Commodities Logistics Management Qualitative and Quantitative

Assessment 35

MNCH Commodities Availability 41

MNCH Commodities Data Quality 47

viii

ACRONYMS

BMGF Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation

CHAI Clinton Health Access Initiative

EBY Ethiopian budget year

FMOH Federal Ministry of Health

GHSCndashPSM Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

HCMIS Health Commodity Management Information System

HC health center

HMIS Health Management Information System

HP health post

IPLS Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System

LIAT Logistics Indicator Assessment Tool

LMIS Logistics Management Information System

LSAT Logistics System Assessment Tool

MCH LTWG Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MNCH maternal newborn and child health

ORS oral rehydration salts

PFSA Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency

PLMU Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

PMED Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate

RDF Revolving Drug Fund

RRF Report and Requisition Form

RHB Regional Health Bureau

RHCS reproductive health commodity security

RRF Report and Requisition Form

SCMS Supply Chain Management Systems

ix

SDP service delivery point

SOP standard operating procedure

STG standard treatment guideline

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF United Nations Childrenrsquos Fund

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WHO World Health Organization

WoHO Woreda Health Office

ZHD Zonal Health Department

x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This assessment was conducted under the leadership of Ethiopiarsquos Pharmaceuticals Fund and

Supply Agency (PFSA) with technical support from USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact

Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and with the help of the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) UNICEF and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)

PFSA would like to thank the members of the Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical

Working Group who assisted in the study design and all those from PFSA hubs regional health

bureaus (RHBs) Woreda Health Offices and service delivery points who participated in the

consultations and interviews

PFSA also recognizes FMOH GHSCndashPSM UNICEF and CHAI for their contribution during field

visits and data collection

Finally our appreciation goes to the United States Agency for International Development for its

continued support and assistance

xi

xii

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 4: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

CONTENTS Acronyms ix

Acknowledgments xi

Foreword xiii

Executive Summary xv

Background xv

Methodology xvi

Findings xvi

Recommendationsxviii

Part 1 Introduction 1

11 Background 1

12 Country Profile 2

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment 3

14 Assessment Methodology 3

15 Ethical Considerations 5

16 Limitations of the Study 5

Part 2 Qualitative Findings and Discussions 7

21 Organization and Staffing 7

22 Logistics Management Information System 8

23 Quantification11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement12

25 Inventory Control Procedures12

25 Warehousing and Storage 13

26 Transport and Distribution14

27 Product Use15

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning15

Part 3 Quantitative Findings and Discussions 19

31 Number of Facilities Assessed 19

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs 19

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records20

vii

34 Stock Status 21

References 27

Appendix 1 List of Data Collectors 29

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants 31

Appendix 2 MNCH Commodities Logistics Management Qualitative and Quantitative

Assessment 35

MNCH Commodities Availability 41

MNCH Commodities Data Quality 47

viii

ACRONYMS

BMGF Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation

CHAI Clinton Health Access Initiative

EBY Ethiopian budget year

FMOH Federal Ministry of Health

GHSCndashPSM Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

HCMIS Health Commodity Management Information System

HC health center

HMIS Health Management Information System

HP health post

IPLS Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System

LIAT Logistics Indicator Assessment Tool

LMIS Logistics Management Information System

LSAT Logistics System Assessment Tool

MCH LTWG Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MNCH maternal newborn and child health

ORS oral rehydration salts

PFSA Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency

PLMU Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

PMED Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate

RDF Revolving Drug Fund

RRF Report and Requisition Form

RHB Regional Health Bureau

RHCS reproductive health commodity security

RRF Report and Requisition Form

SCMS Supply Chain Management Systems

ix

SDP service delivery point

SOP standard operating procedure

STG standard treatment guideline

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF United Nations Childrenrsquos Fund

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WHO World Health Organization

WoHO Woreda Health Office

ZHD Zonal Health Department

x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This assessment was conducted under the leadership of Ethiopiarsquos Pharmaceuticals Fund and

Supply Agency (PFSA) with technical support from USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact

Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and with the help of the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) UNICEF and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)

PFSA would like to thank the members of the Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical

Working Group who assisted in the study design and all those from PFSA hubs regional health

bureaus (RHBs) Woreda Health Offices and service delivery points who participated in the

consultations and interviews

PFSA also recognizes FMOH GHSCndashPSM UNICEF and CHAI for their contribution during field

visits and data collection

Finally our appreciation goes to the United States Agency for International Development for its

continued support and assistance

xi

xii

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 5: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

34 Stock Status 21

References 27

Appendix 1 List of Data Collectors 29

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants 31

Appendix 2 MNCH Commodities Logistics Management Qualitative and Quantitative

Assessment 35

MNCH Commodities Availability 41

MNCH Commodities Data Quality 47

viii

ACRONYMS

BMGF Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation

CHAI Clinton Health Access Initiative

EBY Ethiopian budget year

FMOH Federal Ministry of Health

GHSCndashPSM Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

HCMIS Health Commodity Management Information System

HC health center

HMIS Health Management Information System

HP health post

IPLS Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System

LIAT Logistics Indicator Assessment Tool

LMIS Logistics Management Information System

LSAT Logistics System Assessment Tool

MCH LTWG Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MNCH maternal newborn and child health

ORS oral rehydration salts

PFSA Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency

PLMU Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

PMED Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate

RDF Revolving Drug Fund

RRF Report and Requisition Form

RHB Regional Health Bureau

RHCS reproductive health commodity security

RRF Report and Requisition Form

SCMS Supply Chain Management Systems

ix

SDP service delivery point

SOP standard operating procedure

STG standard treatment guideline

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF United Nations Childrenrsquos Fund

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WHO World Health Organization

WoHO Woreda Health Office

ZHD Zonal Health Department

x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This assessment was conducted under the leadership of Ethiopiarsquos Pharmaceuticals Fund and

Supply Agency (PFSA) with technical support from USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact

Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and with the help of the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) UNICEF and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)

PFSA would like to thank the members of the Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical

Working Group who assisted in the study design and all those from PFSA hubs regional health

bureaus (RHBs) Woreda Health Offices and service delivery points who participated in the

consultations and interviews

PFSA also recognizes FMOH GHSCndashPSM UNICEF and CHAI for their contribution during field

visits and data collection

Finally our appreciation goes to the United States Agency for International Development for its

continued support and assistance

xi

xii

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 6: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

ACRONYMS

BMGF Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation

CHAI Clinton Health Access Initiative

EBY Ethiopian budget year

FMOH Federal Ministry of Health

GHSCndashPSM Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

HCMIS Health Commodity Management Information System

HC health center

HMIS Health Management Information System

HP health post

IPLS Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System

LIAT Logistics Indicator Assessment Tool

LMIS Logistics Management Information System

LSAT Logistics System Assessment Tool

MCH LTWG Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MNCH maternal newborn and child health

ORS oral rehydration salts

PFSA Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency

PLMU Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

PMED Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate

RDF Revolving Drug Fund

RRF Report and Requisition Form

RHB Regional Health Bureau

RHCS reproductive health commodity security

RRF Report and Requisition Form

SCMS Supply Chain Management Systems

ix

SDP service delivery point

SOP standard operating procedure

STG standard treatment guideline

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF United Nations Childrenrsquos Fund

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WHO World Health Organization

WoHO Woreda Health Office

ZHD Zonal Health Department

x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This assessment was conducted under the leadership of Ethiopiarsquos Pharmaceuticals Fund and

Supply Agency (PFSA) with technical support from USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact

Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and with the help of the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) UNICEF and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)

PFSA would like to thank the members of the Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical

Working Group who assisted in the study design and all those from PFSA hubs regional health

bureaus (RHBs) Woreda Health Offices and service delivery points who participated in the

consultations and interviews

PFSA also recognizes FMOH GHSCndashPSM UNICEF and CHAI for their contribution during field

visits and data collection

Finally our appreciation goes to the United States Agency for International Development for its

continued support and assistance

xi

xii

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 7: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

SDP service delivery point

SOP standard operating procedure

STG standard treatment guideline

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF United Nations Childrenrsquos Fund

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WHO World Health Organization

WoHO Woreda Health Office

ZHD Zonal Health Department

x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This assessment was conducted under the leadership of Ethiopiarsquos Pharmaceuticals Fund and

Supply Agency (PFSA) with technical support from USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact

Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and with the help of the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) UNICEF and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)

PFSA would like to thank the members of the Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical

Working Group who assisted in the study design and all those from PFSA hubs regional health

bureaus (RHBs) Woreda Health Offices and service delivery points who participated in the

consultations and interviews

PFSA also recognizes FMOH GHSCndashPSM UNICEF and CHAI for their contribution during field

visits and data collection

Finally our appreciation goes to the United States Agency for International Development for its

continued support and assistance

xi

xii

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 8: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This assessment was conducted under the leadership of Ethiopiarsquos Pharmaceuticals Fund and

Supply Agency (PFSA) with technical support from USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact

Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project and with the help of the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) Global Health Supply ChainndashPharmaceutical Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) UNICEF and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)

PFSA would like to thank the members of the Maternal and Child Health Logistics Technical

Working Group who assisted in the study design and all those from PFSA hubs regional health

bureaus (RHBs) Woreda Health Offices and service delivery points who participated in the

consultations and interviews

PFSA also recognizes FMOH GHSCndashPSM UNICEF and CHAI for their contribution during field

visits and data collection

Finally our appreciation goes to the United States Agency for International Development for its

continued support and assistance

xi

xii

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 9: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

xii

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 10: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

FOREWORD

Since its establishment in 2007 Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) the lead

organization managing the health care supply chain of the country has been working to ensure

the availability accessibility and affordability of essential medicines with appropriate quality

safety and efficacy To achieve these goals PFSAmdashwith support from its partnersmdashhas designed

and implemented various innovative interventions to manage pharmaceuticals for different

programs The Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) is one of the major

interventions designed to create a strong unified health care supply chain to connect all levels

of the supply chain and to provide accurate and timely data for decision-making A number of

initiatives were devised and implemented to strengthen the supply of commodities for maternal

neonatal and child health (MNCH) including reimbursement protocol and the move to integrate

the supply chain management of MNCH commodities into the IPLS

The supply of pharmaceuticals required for MNCH is supported by many stakeholders

Stakeholder contributions should therefore be coordinated for better outputs The survey

examines the challenges along the overall supply chain management of MNCH commodities

including the management of logistics information with regard to MNCH commodities and the

status of stakeholdersrsquo coordination and collaboration efforts The assessment findings and

recommendations provide valuable insights into the status of IPLS including access to MNCH

medicines and the use of the LMIS formats and storage conditions The information is expected

to facilitate evidence-based planning thus contributing to a stronger and more efficient supply

chain of MNCH increased medicine availability and ultimately improved MNCH care outcomes

We strongly encourage all stakeholders involved in the health care supply chain to make the

best use of this report in their planning and monitoring activities The information will be

particularly useful to government institutions and departments MNC health development and

implementing partners training and research institutions as well as other national and

international stakeholders

PFSA acknowledges with gratitude the financial and technical support from USAIDrsquos AIDSFree

Project that made this work a reality We also thank other partners including Clinton Health

Access Initiative (CHAI) Global Health Supply ChanndashProcurement and Supply Management

(GHSC-PSM) project and Results 4 Development who contributed technically to the design and

implementation of this assessment The agency also appreciates the data collectors and the

informants who gave their time Finally we thank the dedicated personnel involved in delivering

medicines to the population staff of PFSA and partner organizations and the dedicated

pharmacy and medical staff including the thousands of health extension workers

Dr Loko Abraham

Director General Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA)

xiii

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 11: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 12: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate to an average

annual reduction rate of 5 percent or more The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of

2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412 per 100000 live births

respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 which

relates to reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 2041000 live births to 681000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children

are still dying every year

The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has developed a number of strategic interventions for

prevention of maternal and child morbidity and mortality all of which depend on a reliable

supply of essential health commodities However there are significant challenges currently in

the supply chain management of commodities for maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH)

including

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points

(SDPs) and from parallel distribution

The supply chain system for MNCH commodities is inconsistent and has not been integrated

into the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS)

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads

to shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

PFSA with its partners developed and began implementing the IPLS in 2009 IPLS is intended as

an integrated health commodity supply chain that includes all health program commodities So

far commodities management of various health programs including family planning HIV

tuberculosis and malaria have been included but not MNCH commodities

Strengthening the supply chain for MNCH commodities at each level of the system needs

greater attention and needs to be looked at holistically Therefore PFSA USAIDrsquos Strengthening

High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project the FMOH and other

supporting partners conducted a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics

system assessment The findings of the survey are meant to raise collective awareness and sense

of ownership of the system and set goals and strategies for improvement

xv

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 13: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Methodology

The MNCH logistics assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data using two

separate tools the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators

Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to

identify issues and opportunities and outline appropriate interventions On the other hand the

data collected by LIAT was analyzed to assess the availability of commodities Data collectors

visited each of the regions in April 2017 over a two-week period to collect data The teams

visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Findings

Organization and Staffing Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity

management PFSA the FMOH Regional Health Bureaus (RHB) pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners The assessment pointed

out the availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard

operating procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the logistics management information

system (LMIS) and the establishment of coordination mechanisms as strengths However most

discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at lower levels of the supply chain

particularly at WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers were overburdened and many

agencies including PFSA did not fill job vacancies promptly

Logistics Management Information System Ethiopia has a well-designed LMIS used for other

program commodities including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria The Health

Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) is automated in the PFSA center and

covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs Some of MNCH commodities have been included in

versions of the Report and Requisition Form (RRF) and facilities request every two months with

other IPLS integrated commodities Because the MNCH commodities distribution plan is

prepared using Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports and population data

facilities do not receive new stock even if they complete the RRF In addition there is limited

visibility of commodities flowing through parallel distributions

Quantification PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners

However the linkage between forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak The

discussions pointed out that once the quantification report is finalized decision-making and

follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and uncoordinated

xvi

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 14: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

supply planning and procurements either being made or not There was no systematic follow-up

of supply plans to see if they are being implemented or no periodic revisions

Procurement PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding

sourcesmdashdirect government funds the United Nationsrsquo Sustainable Development Goals pool

funds and Reproductive Maternal Newborn and Child Health Trust Funds (RMNCH TFs)mdashbut

commodities PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products with products

being purchased from the lowest bidder that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the

quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance mechanisms of Ethiopiarsquos Food Medicine and

Health Care Administration and Control Authority The Clinton Health Access Initiative and

Results for Development also use PFSA as a procurement agent for zinc and amoxicillin

dispersible tablets respectively

Inventory Control Most MNCH commodities are distributed based on an

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data and stock status from the lower levels At the SDP level there was no defined

inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since supply is often

constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply

Warehousing and Storage Although there are guidelines for the storage and disposal of

medicines in many cases they were said to be not available and not followed especially at lower

levels The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle

all the required commodities especially for cold chain items in addition the available space is

not always well utilized or organized Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually and

the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed Expired products are a

problem at all levels although there are no organized data to quantify it

Transport and Distribution There is no set delivery schedule for MNCH commodities

Whenever products are available they are delivered on a bimonthly basis with IPLS integrated

commodities through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide

transportation and distribution support

Product Use Various tools such as standard treatment guidelines (STGs) exist but their

availability and use are limited Prescribing practices and adherence to STGs often are

overlooked and compliance is not monitored

Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning Donors provided the

greatest proportion of funding for MNCH commodities While funds from the RMNCH TF and

basket funds (Sustainable Development Goal-pooled fund) can be regarded as government

sources the governmentrsquos contribution from its own budget was a small portion of child health

commodities over the past two years The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH

services and commodities free of charge at primary health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a

new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10 million seed funding for maternal health

commodities particularly those for delivery services at secondary- and tertiary- level hospitals

xvii

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 15: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

In addition RHBs also allocate a budget seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH

items However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their

implementation at different levels of the system PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as

among most partners which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCH Logistics Technical Working Group

(LTWG) These groups are fully functional and comprise government institutions United Nations

agencies partners and nongovernmental organizations

Logistics Tools More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards 94 percent of these maintained

updated bin cards The assessment team found SDPs did not maintain bin cards for some

products that had predominantly been supplied by partners unlike those government-supplied

items

Stock Status Stockouts of maternal health commodities range from 77 percent for misoprostol

200 mcg tabs to 9 percent for oxytocin For child health commodities stockout rates vary from

74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets The probable

reason for low availability of chlorohexidine was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care For maternal health commodities one of the facilities didnrsquot have any of the

items in stock 6 percent had one item 8 percent had only two items and only 4 percent had all

seven items Child health availability was somewhat better all sites had at least one item 3

percent had only one 14 percent had two items and 3 percent had all six items Generally

product availability was significantly higher at hospitals than health centers

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health

facilities The resulting recommendations focus on three major issues that can be addressed

over the short and medium term where feasible intervention is possible and improvements will

lead to immediate improvement and lasting impact

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority

MNCH items) are in full supply In other words target populations can access items sustainably

and financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The future problems in

supply are more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding

per se PFSA leads national quantification efforts but the full benefits of quantification will only

be realized through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan

needs to be linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process

and budget releases for procurement

xviii

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 16: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of automation

though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for MNCH

commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering forms

and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower-level staff on the use of those forms

and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

The HCMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs

(AIDSFree 2017) remaining sites use a paper system PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows

stock on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing

suppliersrsquo data procurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse issuesmdashto PFSA

dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to better identify

shortages and potential overstocks and enhance utilization of resources and supply chain

performance Utilization of stock-keeping records and improving storage conditions are

important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment team believes the

three issues recommended here can be championed and led by the MNCH community for quick

results and real impact

xix

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 17: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

xx

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 18: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Ethiopia has significantly reduced its maternal mortality from the 1990s estimate by an average annual

rate of 5 percent or more According to the latest United Nationsrsquo (UN) estimate the proportion of

mothers dying per 100000 live births has declined from 1400 in 1990 to 420 in 2013 The Ethiopian

Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016 reported maternal mortality rates of 676 and 412

per 100000 live births respectively However Ethiopia still did not meet Millennium Development

Goal (MDG) 5 reducing the burden of maternal deaths Even though Ethiopia has reduced under-five

mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 figure of 204 per 1000 live births to 68 per 1000 live births in

2012 meeting the target for MDG 4 three years ahead of the deadline about 190000 children are still

dying every year

To accelerate progress and achieve post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the Federal

Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have developed a number of strategic interventions

Availability of and access to MNCH commodities is one of the key strategies for prevention of

morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia PFSA with its partnersmdashincluding the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT

the United States Agency for International Developmentrsquos (USAIDrsquos) Supply Chain Management

Systems (SCMS) project and others in the sectormdashdeveloped and began implementing the Integrated

Pharmaceutical Logistics System (IPLS) in 2009 With the introduction of IPLS the Pharmaceuticals

Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) began implementing an integrated health commodity supply chain

intended to include all health program commodities During the assessment period IPLS manages

various health program commoditiesmdashfamily planning HIV tuberculosis and malariamdashbut not MNCH

commodities Vaccines are managed by PFSA but distributed vertically

IPLS is now implemented in almost all of the public health facilities in the country Routine monitoring

reports show that the level of implementation of IPLS is improving over the years as is the availability

of commodities at SDPs However MNCH commodity availability presents current challenges as

follows

Little data on stock status are readily available particularly from service delivery points (SDPs) and

from parallel distribution

Supply chain system for MNCH commodities is not consistent or integrated into the IPLS

Lack of a coordinated national supply plan for maternal and child health commodities leads to

shortages and ad hoc requests to partners and stakeholders for resources

These challenges result in limited availability due to stockouts and shortages of commodities at health

facilities Availability of MNCH commodities generally is less than that for other priority program

items For example an index of contraceptive availability at the health post level showed that in 2016

availability was 815 percent (ie four out of five priority items on average available) while for

maternal health items the availability was only 468 percent (slightly less than half of items available)

and for child health items it was slightly better at 577 percent (Last 10km Project internal data)

1

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 19: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Recent surveys have also identified problems with commodity availability A 2015 United Nations

Population Fund (UNFPA) study showed that only 20 percent of facilities had seven (including two

essential) maternalreproductive health medicines at the primary level with availability increasing at

the tertiary level to 864 percent (UNFPA 2015) Supportive supervision visits by PFSA and Clinton

Health Access Initiative (CHAI) staff in 2017 found stockout rates of 18 percent for amoxicillin

dispersible tablets 27 percent for oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 9 percent for zinc dispersible

tablets

Ethiopiarsquos national supply chain management system does not prioritize MNCH commodities

although their availability significantly reduces morbidity and mortality To address this shortcoming

and provide stakeholders with an overview of Ethiopiarsquos current MNCH commodities logistics system

AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA and other partners conducted an assessment through the MNCH Logistics

Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) The surveyrsquos findings will improve stakeholdersrsquo collective

awareness and ownership of the system and inform goals and strategies for its improvement

PFSA FMOH and their partners strongly believe that the MNCH commodity supply chain must be

strengthened at every level Therefore AIDSFree Ethiopia PFSA FMOH and other partners through

the Maternal Newborn and Child Health Logistics Technical Working Group (MNCHLTWG) conducted

a qualitative and quantitative MNCH commodities logistics system assessment to provide

stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of the MNCH logistics system The survey

findings would raise collective awareness and sense of ownership of the system and will set goals and

strategies for improvement

12 Country Profile

Ethiopiarsquos Demographics and Socioeconomics

According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

Africa with a total population of 901 million of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas

Ethiopiarsquos population is young with 45 percent under age 15 and 146 percent (132 million) under age

5 Women aged 15ndash49 account for 234 percent of the total population The average household size is

48 people the urban population having a smaller mean household size (36) than the rural population

(51) World Health Organization statistics show that life expectancy at birth is 64 years on average for

both sexes 65 years for women and 62 years for men

Ethiopia covers an area of about 11 million square kilometers It has great geographical diversity with

high peaks ranging from 4550 meters above sea level to low depressions of 110 meters below sea

level The country has shown impressive economic growth over the last 10 years although per capita

income remains below the sub-Saharan average The Poverty Head Count Index has declined from the

1996 level of 455 percent to 327 percent in 2007ndash08

Ethiopiarsquos Health System

Health care delivery in Ethiopia is a three-tier system The primary-level health care delivery system in

rural settings includes health posts accountable to health centers which in turn are associated with

2

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 20: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

primary hospitals In urban settings the health center is the primary care entry point to the health

system Secondary-level health care includes general hospitals and the tertiary level includes tertiary

hospitals As more than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas the Health Sector

Development Plans have given significant attention to the primary health care units while also

strengthening the referral system to the secondary and tertiary levels

Ensuring that every women and child can survive and thrive is a priority for Ethiopiarsquos health system

central to the goal of saving womenrsquos lives and improving child health Access to safe high-quality

and affordable MNCH commodities is essential to achieving these national and global priorities Many

maternal neonatal and child deaths usually are due to preventable or treatable causes which can be

averted through skilled institutional care backed by the required health commodities and medical

supplies

13 Objectives of the MNCH Logistics System Assessment

The general objective of the assessment was to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all

aspects of the MNCH logistics system and to identify MNCH commodities logistics and commodity

security issues and opportunities The assessment also looked at the MNCH commodities system

management practices and the availability of selected essential medicines The assessment was

conducted under the leadership of PFSA through the MNCHLTWG with technical and financial

support from John Snow Inc and USAIDrsquos Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free

Generation (AIDSFree) Project

The objectives of the assessment were as follows

To identify key issues and challenges in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security and

to develop recommendations for the next steps needed for MNCH logistics system improvement

To raise collective awareness build sense of ownership of system performance and set goals for

improvement

To assess selected MNCH commodities inventory management and logistics system management

practices such as utilization of recording and reporting formats transport and distribution

supervision and training and storage conditions

To assess MNCH commodities stock status information including stock availability and map

funding sources

14 Assessment Methodology

The assessment collected both quantitative and qualitative data using two separate tools the Logistics

System Assessment Tool (LSAT) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) respectively A

total of 11 teams of four to five data collectors each were dispatched to each of the regions over a

two-week period April 3ndash27 2017 to collect data A list of data collectors can be found in Appendix I

The teams visited the following sample of sites

Central PFSA

11 PFSA branches

9 Regional and 2 City Administrative Health Bureaus

3

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 21: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

24 Woreda Health Offices (WoHOs)

100 service delivery points (SDPs) (29 hospitals and 71 health centers)

Data Collection Instruments

The LSAT and the LIAT were adapted and customized specifically for this assessment The LSAT is a

comprehensive qualitative diagnostic and monitoring tool by which strengths and weaknesses of the

logistics system were identified through informant interviews involving participants from all levels of

the health system The information collected using the LSAT was analyzed to identify issues and

opportunities and outline appropriate interventions

The LIAT a quantitative data collection instrument first developed by DELIVER was used to conduct a

facility-based survey to assess health commodity logistics system performance and commodity

availability For the purposes of this assessment the LIAT was adapted specifically for Ethiopia A copy

of the LIAT used for this assessment can be found in Appendix 2

Data Collection

The assessment used the LSAT as an interview guide to collect information from key informants Data

collectors conducted interviews with key program and supply chain contacts in FMOH UNICEF 1

central and 11 regional PFSA warehouses 9 Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) 2 City Administration

Health Bureaus and 24 WoHOs Interviews were followed by a joint stakeholderrsquos discussion See

Appendix 1 for a list of LSAT participants

The areas assessed included organization and staffing LMIS product selection forecasting

procurement inventory control procedures warehousing and storage transport and distribution

organizational support for the logistics system product use financedonor coordination and

commodity security Identification of strengths and weaknesses was done for each section helping

managers to focus on areas of concern

Quantitative data collection was done using the LIAT tool through a team of representatives from the

PFSA hub Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) the Global Health Supply Chain ProgramndashProcurement and

Supply Management Project (GHSCndashPSM) and AIDSFree Before conducting the assessment data

collectors participated in a one-day orientation on the use of the LIAT instrument As part of the

orientation data collection guidelines were discussed to identify the types of information to be

gathered standardize the data collection process and promote comparability of results At that time

input from assessment team members was integrated into the survey tool which was then piloted in

two health facilities in Addis Ababa After the field test slight modifications were made to the tool

prior to its use in the assessment

Each team was assigned a leader responsible for overseeing the data collection process in their

assigned region The team collected the following information at each SDP availability of essential

tracer medicines at the time of the assessment and during the past six months most common supply

source for each tracer medicine source of funds to procure tracer medicine availability and utilization

4

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 22: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

of bin cards and reporting practices Data were entered into an Excel form by the team leader and

sent to AIDSFree for compilation and summary analysis Following data collection the research team

prepared a preliminary analysis and presented the preliminary data to PFSA and the MCHLTWG

members

15 Ethical Considerations

Prior to data collection PFSA branch warehouses RHBs WoHOs and management of the respective

facilities were informed of the assessment During data collection each respondent was informed

about the purpose scope and expected outcome of the survey A respondent who was not interested

in participating in the survey had the right to refuse and respondents could decline to answer

questions or discontinue the interview at any time All data were anonymous and no individual or

facility will be identified in any reports or other publications arising from the study

16 Limitations of the Study

This assessment had the following limitations

The sample size included in the survey was purposely determined and relatively small (100

facilities) compared to the total number of SDPs (3858) in the country

Health posts are considered dispensing units of health centers and so were not directly sampled

5

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 23: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

6

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 24: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

Qualitative findings presented are based on discussions and interviews with key informants The

recommendations presented in each subsection are based on a consensus of key informants

21 Organization and Staffing

Multiple stakeholders are involved in MNCH commodity management PFSA the FMOH

Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment Directorate (PMED) the RHB pharmacy core process owners

WoHO pharmacysupply units facility store managers and partners Areas of expertise include MNCH

commodities quantification and forecasting procurement storage and distribution and supply chain

management and decision-making PFSA has three relevant directorates among others that perform

key logistics tasks as follows

The Forecasting and Capacity Building Directorate is responsible for forecasting the

pharmaceutical needs of the country and providing training in supply chain management

The Procurement Directorate leads procurement of all pharmaceutical products from local

manufacturers and international suppliers

The Stock and Distribution Directorate is responsible for storage and distribution of all

pharmaceutical products

During the study PFSA had 17 functional branches nationwide The discussion also pointed to the

availability of supply chain expertise in PFSA availability of guidelines and standard operating

procedures (SOPs) for managing and using the LMIS and the establishment of coordination

mechanisms as strengths However most discussants agreed that supply chain expertise is limited at

lower levels of the supply chain particularly WoHOs and facilities key logistics task performers are

overburdened and vacant positions are left unfilled at many levels including at PFSA itself

In 2014 the FMOH established a Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit (PLMU) which was

restructured in 2015 and evolved into the PMED The Directorate is organized into three main units

the PMED the Pharmacy Services Unit and the Health Technology Management Unit The PMED is

responsible for bridging a perceived communication gap between FMOH programs and PFSA in

forecasting for program commodities follow-up of procurements and distribution to lower levels

improving information flow through the LMIS and using these data for decision-making Similarly

pharmacy units are organized at each RHB and WoHO with a mandate more or less similar to PMED

except that there is no quantification done at those levels Donors such as UNICEF the Bill amp Melinda

Gates Foundation (B MGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) are involved

in child health commodities and UNFPA is involved in procurement maternal health commodities

However there is limited coordination among key supply chain stakeholders

7

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 25: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Since its start in 2007 PFSA has worked to establish an integrated health commodity supply chain that

includes all health program commodities connecting all levels with accurate and timely data for

decision-making (Figure 1) PFSA in collaboration with partners has developed a standard training

curriculum for the IPLS process Through trainings-of-trainers of technical staff from PFSA RHBs and

other logistics partners more than 10000 health professionals from all nine regions and two city

administrations have been trained by PFSA and its partners To reinforce the training stakeholders

including PFSA RHB and other partners make supportive supervision visits to health facilities Job

aids and essential reference materials including SOPs and standard recording and reporting forms

have been printed and distributed to each supply chain level including to SDPs Donors and partners

continue to support PFSA and FMOH through supportive supervision using standardized monitoring

tools On-the-job training feedback and orientation are provided to facilities as necessary Routine

monitoring reports show that IPLS is improving information recording and reporting and storage and

distribution systems as well as the availability of essential commodities at SDPs for other program

commodities (Shewarega et al 2015)

However supportive supervision is mainly dependent on partners The public sector has limited

budgets to provide routine supportive supervision of lower levels There is no clear plan and

documented schedule for supportive supervision and no logistics activities are described in the job

descriptions of SDP staff managing commodities Support given to WoHOs and SDPs is not clearly

documented and often there is no reference to previous visits There is limited or no feedback on

performance in particular for MNCH commodities

The discussions also revealed that PFSA is not fully responsible for supply chain management of

MNCH commodities While PFSA stores and distributes medicines (apart from those that UNICEF

manages directly) PFSA does not make certain key decisions on what to distribute For example as

MNCH commodities are not integrated into the IPLS the FMOH PMED mainly uses the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) report from central level and population data to prepare a

distribution plan (allocation) to lower levels Based on the FMOH distribution plan PFSA distributes

commodities to respective hubs and hubs in turn distribute the commodities to WoHOs Finally

WoHOs distribute the commodities to health facilities

Recommendations

Improve collaboration and partnership between FMOH PFSA RHBs and partners

Increase organizational and human resource capacity of the supply chain particularly at lower

levels

Strengthen current coordination mechanisms and improve their effectiveness at all levels

22 Logistics Management Information System

An LMIS collects organizes and reports logistics data for decision-making Ethiopia has a well-

designed LMIS used for other program commodities including HIV family planning TB and malaria

The LMIS is automated in the PFSA center and covers all 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs (AIDSFree

2017) remaining sites use a paper system The majority of personnel responsible for managing

8

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 26: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

commodities in the main store (pharmacy store) are trained in LMIS and IPLS 69 percent of health

center pharmacy staff and 84 percent of hospitals staff received IPLS training in 2014 (Shewarega et al

2015) The LMISIPLS forms collect essential logistics data items stock on hand losses and

adjustments and consumption

Facilities send bimonthly Report and Requisition Form (RRF) reports to their respective PFSA hubs if

they are direct delivery sites PFSA distributes program medicines directly to more than 1500 sites

(PFSABPR 2017) and to the remaining sites they deliver to WoHOs and SDPs and then collect from

them Indirect delivery sites send their RRFs to their catchment woredas WoHOs then collect and send

either non-aggregated or in some cases aggregated RRFs to PFSA hubs Although there is a paper

LMIS for IPLS commodities MNCH commodities are not included1 so there are no data on demand or

stock on hand from health facilities

PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management system the Health Commodity

Management Information System (HCMIS) in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that

provides live data on MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Although dashboard usage

is increasing it is low overall AIDSFree works with PFSA to track dashboard usage using Google

Analytics According to a 2017 AIDSFree quarterly report in mid-2017 there were 158 monthly users

for all PFSA locations and for FMOH

Under the IPLS facilities report their commodity status for program commodities and reorder every

two months using the standardized RRF This can be misleading as the policy and process changes

required to consider them as IPLS have not been made In other words even facilities that have

completed the RRF are not resupplied based on their form Therefore the only advantage in having an

RRF with MNCH items preprinted is that it facilitates future efforts for supply chain integration The

MNCH commodities distribution plan is prepared mainly using data from the HMIS case numbers

report and population data rather than actual demand Finally data are frequently not up-to-date or

high-quality

1 Some versions of the RRF do have certain MNCH items preprinted because they are not considered IPLS items SDPs do

not order them using the RRF or if they do PFSA hubs ignore the order in which case resupply quantities are determined

centrally by FMOH

9

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 27: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

17

(For c 2400 facilities)

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 1500)

RHB

Health Posts (collect)

Zones

Health Centers amp Hospitals (c 2400)

17

IPs

UNICEF

EthiopiaUNFPA

Note For revolving drug fund items facilities usually collect from PFSA hubs

Note Health posts collect commodities from health center

10

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 28: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Recommendations

The logistics management information system (LMIS) for MNCH commodities should be managed

based on IPLS There is a well-designed logistics system (IPLS) where other program commodities

including those for HIV family planning TB and malaria are distributed directly to facilities based

on their demand PFSA also uses an automated LMISmdashthe HCMISmdashwith data flowing into

commodity dashboards providing live data on MNCH stocks at the hub and regional levels

Integration would improve supply chain performance and efficiency

Increase and improve HCMIS dashboard data utilization for decision-making

Ensure availability and use of the revised RRF which will include all MNCH commodities

considered as part of the IPLS program

23 Quantification

PFSA leads MNCH quantification with technical support from partners However the linkage between

forecasting and procurementsupply planning was weak Donors partners FMOH and PFSA are all

involved in MNCH commodities quantification However once the quantification report is finalized

decision-making and follow-up regarding the result is feeble sometimes resulting in parallel and

uncoordinated supply planning and inconsistently completed procurements There was limited

systematic follow-up of supply plans to see if they are being implemented and no periodic revisions

Annual quantification (forecasting and supply planning) is conducted at the central level for family

planning TB malaria and HIV commodities using logistics and demographic data sources In 2013

integrated community case management of commodities quantification began using morbidity data

In 2016 this forecasting process and approach was adopted for MNCH commodity quantification and

a three-year forecast to be revised every year was completed with technical support from JSI and

other partners The process involves all relevant donors partners and other stakeholders including

regional-level stakeholders and is carried out on a schedule that coincides with the local budgeting

cycle In the forecast programmatic plans service expansion quantities on order training and other

organizational activities are considered However because there are limited logistics data on MNCH

commodities a single data source morbidity data is used to forecast MNCH commodities The

absence of a standard dispensing protocol at facilities nonexistent LMIS and lack of coordinated

supply planning also negatively affect forecasting

Recommendations

Include financial mapping when quantifying MNCH commodities to help incorporate the budget

for donors and for FMOH planning

Ensure coordinated supply planning including scheduling of shipments

Clarify the roles and responsibilities of government stakeholders PFSA and PMED in supply

planning and monitoring

Ensure availability and use of MNCH commodities stock information for quantification

11

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 29: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

24 Obtaining SuppliesProcurement

Procurement

PFSA is mandated to procure MNCH commodities from several funding sourcesmdashdirect government

funds SDG-pooled funds and RMNCH TFsmdashbut over the past two years government has funded

relatively small amounts of MNCH commodities

Child health commodities such as zinc albendazole gentamycin and amoxicillin dispersible tablets

are procuredfunded through different organizations including UNICEF RMNCH TF the Bill amp

Melinda Gates Foundation and DFID Maternal health commodities in particular oxytocin calcium

gluconate and magnesium sulfate are procured through UNFPA Oral rehydration salts and

chlorhexidine gel supplies are funded mainly by government sources through SDG funds and direct

government funds

PFSA usually applies tender-based bidding for procuring products that is it accepts the lowest bidder

that satisfies bidding requirements To ensure the quality of products PFSA uses quality assurance

mechanisms of the Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority There are a

limited number of suppliers and few locally produced products Of the 13 products considered in this

assessment ORS zinc albendazole and chlorhexidine gel are manufactured locally Long

procurement lead times often threaten the timely availability of commodities for MNCH programs

PFSA indicated the need to plan one year ahead for international procurement to receive shipments

on time In 2016 PFSA started using HCMIS for procurement which supports the procurement

operations by providing an electronic record and facilitating electronic linkage between procurement

and warehouse operations

Recommendations

Coordinate supply planning and scheduling of shipments including regular information sharing

among donors and stakeholders

Strengthen linkages among forecasting supply planning and procurement

Procurement of MNCH commodities should be aligned with the government budget and

procurement cycle

Strengthen and ensure the use of HCMIS software for procurement of MNCH commodities

25 Inventory Control Procedures

The inventory control system for the IPLS is a Forced Ordering MaximumMinimum Inventory Control

System This means that all facilities are required to report on a fixed schedule (monthly from health

posts every other month from health centers and hospitals) for all program products integrated in

IPLS Reporting and resupply are linked with bimonthly deliveries A system is also in place for

calculating resupply quantities and placing emergency orders at all levels Although other program

items are resupplied based on IPLS norms most MNCH commodities are allocated based on an

12

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 30: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

allocationdistribution plan prepared at the FMOH using central-level HMIS data without

consumption data on demand or stock status from the lower levels Certain MNCH items are also

available through the Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) but clients must pay for them and facilities order

them based on existing funding going to the PFSA hub on a cash-and-carry basis

There is no defined inventory control system (minimum and maximum) for MNCH commodities since

supply is often constrained as MNCH commodities are not in full supply There is no redistribution

guidance for MNCH commodities although redistributions for facilities within a woreda may happen

Recommendations

Use the existing IPLS system for MNCH commodities where SDPs can receive supplies according to

their consumption

Review and enforce inventory control levels and integrate them into the existing tools for

inventory control

25 Warehousing and Storage

In interviews respondents said that although guidelines for medical waste disposal (including sharps

and biohazard materials) existed they were unavailable in many cases especially at lower levels

Further where guidelines are available facilities do not always follow them consistently Many

respondents also highlighted a lack of environmentally safe waste disposal facilities

The existing storage capacity of WoHOs and health facilities is often inadequate to handle all the

required commodities in addition the available space is not always well utilized or organized For

example AIDSFree supportive supervision data (AprilndashJune 2017) shows that on average 71 percent of

health facilities had adequate storage conditions however the figure was only 59 percent for Phase III

sites2

For inventory management the practice of first-to-expire-first-out was said to be generally followed

although not always Physical inventory at most sites is only done annually although PFSA says it

intends to introduce continuous inventory practices in which certain items are checked more

frequently Expired products are a problem at all levels although there are no organized data to

quantify this

Assessment respondents cited the availability of cold storage assetsmdashrefrigerators temperature

monitors fridge tags etc as being generally good at center and hubs The cold chain capacity

particularly at SDPs is inadequate the result of shortages or lack of refrigeration is that allocations

2 IPLS implementation delineates sites as Phase I II or III depending on when IPLS implementation occurred Phase III sites

being the newest

13

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 31: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

donrsquot take into account the cold chain capacity of the supply chain levels including at WoHOs and

SDPs Cold chain is required for certain MNCH commodities such as oxytocin and ergometrine

Recommendations

Improve cold chain availability and capacity at SDPs (refrigerator at facility) for MNCH

commodities

Look for other strategies or options to meet the cold chain requirement of oxytocin and

ergometrine including possible integration with vaccine supply chain management3

Strengthen warehouse conditions at PFSA and storage capacity at the lower levels (WoHOs and

health facilities)

26 Transport and Distribution

There is an integrated route map for distribution of program commodities with sufficient number of

functioning vehicles at PFSA hubs and a clear delivery schedule for program commodities in areas

such as HIV and family planning PFSA charges 7 percent of the total commodities cost for

procurement and distribution of commodities to health facilities

As already indicated MNCH commodities are not managed through the IPLS so there is no routine

delivery schedule for them Distribution is done whenever products are available on an ad-hoc basis

through an FMOH-determined allocation External partners also provide transportation and

distribution support Currently most facilities are resupplied indirectly through WoHOsmdashPFSA delivers

to WoHOs However the WoHO transport and distribution capacity is limited most WoHOs lack the

capacity to routinely or regularly deliver health supplies to facilities In many cases SDPs pick up but

they also lack transport This applies to ldquoprogramrdquo items (HIV family planning malaria and TB) which

RDF commodities facilities collect from PFSA hubs as needed on a cash-and-carry basis

UNICEF which procures a large amount of the child health commodities for Ethiopia supplies some to

the PFSA center but also distributes a large quantity of child health commodities through parallel and

poorly defined systems (see Error Reference source not found) Some of the commodities go to

HBs some to implementing partners and some directly to lower levels (zones woredas or in some

cases SDPs) There is little systemic and regular visibility of parallel distribution data to FMOH and

PFSA and other stakeholders leading to potential inefficiencies

Recommendations

Integrate distribution of MNCH commodities within IPLSmdashthis would mean regular direct delivery

to many SDPs

3 The vaccine supply chain is managed by PFSA with items stored mainly in cold rooms at PFSA hubs which then distribute

by refrigerated trucks to woredas or in some cases to zones

14

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 32: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Improve distribution and transportation support to all levels

Discontinue parallel distribution to improve system efficiency and visibility of stocks

27 Product Use

Universal safety precaution procedures standard treatment guidelines (STGs) and dispensing

protocols for MNCH commodities are available as written guides prepared by FMOH Mechanisms are

in place at the Ministry and its sublevels to ensure their implementation in the entire three-tier health

system structure which is connected with referrals supportive supervision orientation and training on

MNCH programs and services Changes in protocols include pneumonia treatment with amoxicillin at

primary health care facilities for children under five years diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration

salts and zinc and the use of chlorhexidine gel in newborns for umbilical cord care However

prescribing practices and adherence to STGs are often overlooked and compliance is not monitored

commodities are distributed randomly regardless of training status and existing guidelines are

sometimes not available at health facilities The discussions revealed that the major barriers to client

access to the service are mainly stockouts as well as slow progress on information education and

communicationbehavioral change communication (IECBCC) and training on new product

introduction and regimen changes For instance in the treatment of diarrhea zinc is usually

overlooked and for pneumonia service providers continue to use cotrimoxazole or other antibiotics

despite the availability of amoxicillin dispersible tablets To improve product use discussants

recommended the following

Recommendations

Ensure distribution availability and utilization of STGs at all levels

Design and put in place a monitoring strategy for implementing STGs include a monitoring and

evaluation plan in the existing plan of action and monitor its implementation

Develop tools to support documentation and sharing of information on trained personnel and

facilities to help programs monitor the progress in this area

Use IECBCC and orientation of service providers including supply chain personnel on new

product introduction and per regimen changes

28 Finance Donor Coordination and Commodity Security Planning

Sustainable and consistent funding for MNCH services and supplies is required as the Government of

Ethiopia works to improve maternal newborn and child health and to increase access to MNCH

services and supplies Currently donors provide most of the MNCH commodities UNFPA for maternal

15

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 33: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

health and UNICEF B MGF DFID and RMNCH TF for child health Table 1 shows the funding

landscape for child health commodities for Ethiopian budget year (EBY) 2008 and 20094

The landscape shows a very high reliance on donors Even counting funds from RMNCH TF and basket

funds (SDG-pooled funds) as Government of Ethiopia expenditures the government has funded a

small portion of child health commodities over the past two years However this does not include

funds allocated by FMOH as reimbursement for products provided free of charge

Table 1 Child Health Commodities Funding Landscape EBYs 2008ndash2009 FMOH

Child Health

Commodities Lead Partner Procurement Agency Funding Source

Amoxicillin DT

125 mg 250 mg

Results for

Development

PFSA Bill amp Melinda Gates

Foundation

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

Chlorhexidine gel UNICEF PFSA FMOH

Gentamycin injection 20

mg2ml

UNICEF UNICEF FMOH-RMNCH TF

Oral rehydration salts FMOH UNICEF FMOH-SDG PF

Zinc sulfate 20 mg CHAI PFSA B MGF

UNICEF UNICEF DFID

UNICEF UNICEF UNICEF

BMGF and DFID have been supporting the public sector providing amoxicillin dispersible tablets and

zinc UNFPA has been providing lifesaving maternal health drugs such as oxytocin and magnesium

sulfate through its Global Program Through the SDG fund UNICEF Ethiopia procured oral rehydration

salts worth US$3 million in 2016 and UNICEF also donated ironndashfolic acid for use in antenatal care An

anonymous donor has supplied misoprostol through DKT and Ipas Ethiopia

The FMOH has established a policy to provide MNCH services and commodities for free at primary

health care units In 2014 FMOH designed a new ldquoreimbursement protocolrdquo supported with US$10

million seed funding for maternal health commodities particularly those for delivery services at

secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals although at the time of writing only US$19 million had been

disbursed to PFSA These funds do not go directly for commodity procurement rather it is a

reimbursement scheme for facilities providing RDF commodities free of charge to clients

In addition RHBs allocate RDF seed funding once a year that can be used for MNCH items there is

also a drug budget line at WoHOs and SDPs for pharmaceuticals in general These items tend to be

distributed on a one-off basis

4Approximately mid-July to mid-July EFY 2009 is July 2016ndashJuly 2017 in the Western calendar

16

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 34: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

However there is a lack of common understanding about these policies and their implementation at

different levels of the system among PFSA RHBs WoHOs and SDPs as well as among most partners

which results in limited use of these resources for MNCH commodities

FMOH and PFSA have donor coordination mechanisms related to MNCH for example an FMOH

steering committee a RMNCH task force and an MNCHLTWG These groups are fully functional and

comprise government institutions United Nations agencies partners and nongovernmental

organizations Through these groups FMOH and PFSA have received support and collaboration from

their partners and stakeholders The high-level donor coordination mechanisms (the FMOH steering

committee and task force) usually overlook detailed technical issues on MNCH conditions

commodities and logistics because of other priority issues Finally the RMNCH task force and

MNCHLTWG do not communicate closely and did not always meet regularly

Necessary partners for commodity security such as private sector and civil society organizations

(nongovernmental organizations community-based organizations womenrsquos organizations etc) are

not being effectively mobilized to fully improve and advocate for commodity security

As stated earlier the biggest share of the MNCH budget is donor-dependent the Ethiopian

government has only limited funds allocated raising concerns about sustainability and providing for

underserved populations

Recommendations

Prioritize MNCH commodities in FMOH funding arrangements including in pool funds (SDG) and

budget support to RHBs and WoHOs

Strengthen existing donor coordination mechanisms under the leadership of the Ethiopian

government with regular schedules representatives from different relevant stakeholders and

minutes and action point tracking

Ensure sustainable financing for MNCH commodity security

17

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 35: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

18

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 36: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSIONS

31 Number of Facilities Assessed

The assessment team surveyed 100 SDPs (29 hospitals and 71 health centers) which received supplies

from 11 PFSA hubs Figure 2 details the hub-based disaggregation of assessed SDPs

Figure 1 Number and Type of SDPs Visited by Hub Catchment April 2017

32 Source of Supply and Funds for Commodities at SDPs

As part of the assessment respondents were asked for the main source of supply for various items

and to the best of their knowledge the funding source (Table 2) Data should be interpreted cautiously

as there are multiple supply sources and supply systems and multiple funding sources thus

respondentsrsquo perceptions may be incorrect Program or free items could be supplied through PFSA by

UNICEF by other implementing partners or by RHBs (received from UNICEF) RDF items in general will

be supplied through PFSA (facilities pick up supplies)

Respondents cited RHBsWoHOszones or PFSA hubs as the main supply source for MNCH

commodities As shown in Table 2 RHBsWoHOszones are the main supply sources for six tracer

commodities chlorhexidine gel gentamycin sulfate 20 mg2ml and 80 mg2ml misoprostol 200 mcg

tablets amoxicillin 250 mg dispersible tablets zinc 20 mg dispersible tablets and ferrous sulfate +

folic acid (150 mg + 05 mg tablets) The PFSA hub is the main supply source for ceftriaxone 1gml

amoxicillin 125 mg suspension hydralazine 20 mgml methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml

19

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 37: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

injection magnesium sulfate 50in20ml albendazole 400 mg tablet oxytocin 10 IUml injection and

oral rehydration salts

Funding sources vary certain items such as amoxicillin dispersible tablets ferrous sulfate magnesium

sulfate misoprostol and zinc tablets are generally available free of charge Others such as oral

rehydration salts and hydralazine have a much more diverse range of funding sources

Table 2 Percentage of SDPs with Most Common Source of Supply and Funding by Medicine Type

April 2017

Tracer List

Source of Supply () Source of Funds ()

PFSA RHBsZones

WoHOs Partners Programs RDFs Both

Albendazole 400 mg tab 58 40 2 58 17 25

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension 71 26 3 15 45 40

Amoxicillin 250 mg

dispersible tablet 34 64 2 100 0 0

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL injection 78 22 0 15 42 43

Chlorhexidine gel 20 80 0 78 7 15

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid

150 mg + 05 mg tablet 45 54 1 81 9 10

Hydralazine 20 mgml

injection 71 26 3 41 27 32

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml injection 61 35 4 89 6 5

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

02 mgml injection 67 31 2 43 31 26

Misoprostol 200 mcg tablet 21 52 27 87 7 6

Oral rehydration salts 56 40 4 34 29 37

Oxytocin 10IUml 57 41 2 56 18 26

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tablet 38 59 3 91 4 5

33 Availability and Utilization of Stock Records

The assessment also recorded whether the SDP pharmacy store managers were keeping bin cards for

the medicines they managed and whether those bin cards were up-to-date on the day of the visit This

was defined either by when the bin card updated with the last transaction or if the facility was stocked

out of the item when the bin card had been updated to reflect a balance of 0 The results were

20

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 38: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

More than half (51) of SDPs had bin cards available

Of the facilities having bin cards on average 94 percent of items had updated bin cards

However there is a significant variation in availability of bin cards by tracer medicine from as low as

16 percent for chlorhexidine gel and as high as 69 percent for ceftriaxone 1gml injection (Figure 3)

Bin cards are less consistently available than expected and the wide variation in their availability is

surprising Overall facilities were less likely to keep bin cards for items that nongovernmental partners

had supplied and more likely to keep cards for commodities they received through governmental

mechanisms This may be because facilities expect to be held accountable for government-supplied

commodities but not necessarily for commodities sourced from other stakeholders

Figure 2 Percentage of SDPs with Bin Cards Available and Updated by Tracer Medicine Type

April 2017

While the availability of bin cards was not ideal the bin cards that were being kept were up-to-date

from 87 to 100 percent of items had up-to-date bin cards

34 Stock Status

The assessment team measured the stock status at each SDP they visited this included a review of

stock availability for both the current stock levels and stock levels for the six-month period prior to the

assessment However due to the limited availability of updated bin cards six-month availability data

including duration of stockouts is not included in this report

21

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 39: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Stock Status of Specific Tracer Medicines

Figure 4 shows that the percentage of SDPs stocked out of any of the maternal and child health tracer

medicines at time of visit was high Stockouts of maternal commodities at time of visit ranged from 77

percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets to 9 percent for oxytocin 10IUml injection For child health

commodities stockout rates vary from 74 percent for chlorhexidine gel to 19 percent for zinc 20 mg

dispersible tablets Chlorohexidinersquos low availability was associated with its recent introduction for

newborn cord care

Figure 3 Percentage of SDPs Stocked Out of Specific Tracer Medicines at Time of Visit April 2017

Zinc 20mg Dispersible tab

Oxytocin 10unitsml

ORS

Misoprostol 200mcg tab

Methyl-ergometrin Maleate

Magnesium Sulphate 5020ml

Hydralazine 20mgml

Ferrous Sulphate + Folic Acid 150mg + 05mg tab

Chlorhexidine gel

Ceftriaxone 1 g mL

Amoxicillin 250mg Dispersible tab

Amoxicillin 125mg suspension

Albendazole 400mg tab

15

9

21

24

25

32

31

21

25

47

74

68

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

22

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 40: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Figure 4 Percentage of Hospitals and Health Centers Stocked Out of Specific Medicines at

Time of Visit April 2017

For all medicines stockouts were significantly higher at health centers than at hospitals For example

methyl-ergometrine maleate 02 mgml injection was stocked out in 54 percent of health centers mg

compared to 11 percent of hospitals At hospitals stockout rates varied from 0 percent for oxytocin

10IUml injection to 17 percent for chlorhexidine gel while for health centers the range was 9 percent

for oxytocin to 62 percent for misoprostol 200 mcg tablets

Figure 6 shows the number of items available in SDPs at day of visit disaggregated by maternal (7)

and child health (6) commodities

23

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 41: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Figure 5 Percentage of SDPs with Number of Commodities Available for Maternal and

Child Health Medicines on Day of Visit April 2017

35 32

Perc

en

tag

e o

f S

DP

S 30 27

3

24 25 23

22

20 16

14 15 12

10 8 6

43

1 5

0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Commodities Available

Maternal Child

For maternal health-related commodities 6 percent had only one item 8 percent two items and so

forth Child health-related commodities were more available all sites had at least one item 3 percent

had only one 14 percent two items and so forth Four percent of facilities had all seven tracer

maternal health commodities available while 3 percent had all six child health items

The Last Mile

The assessment team defined health posts as dispensing units and therefore did not directly include

them in their assessment However in Ethiopia a country whose largely rural widespread population

does not always have ready access to health centers or hospitals health posts are a critical source of

health commodities While there are instances where partners may supply particular items directly to

health posts this is frequently limited and of an ad hoc nature A reasonable assumption is that if a

health center does not have an item then the health post will also be stocked out with the reverse not

necessarily true just because the health center has an item does not mean a health post will have it

Health posts are located often several kilometers from a health center transport is limited and almost

always health extension workers must collect their medicines and carry them back to their health post

Recommendations

The assessment provided valuable information that can help stakeholders better understand the

MNCH logistics system and strengthen MNCH commodity availability at public-sector health facilities

Many issues were identified most of which are problems across the entire health supply chain The

recommendations presented here focus on three major issues that can be addressed over the short

and medium term where significant improvement is possible and where improvements will lead to

immediate and lasting impact

24

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 42: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

1 Strengthen the linkages between forecasting supply planning and resource mobilization

The full impact of IPLS integration can only be achieved if MNCH items (or at least priority MNCH

items) are in full supply in other words target populations can access items sustainably and

financial resources will be made available to meet program goals The next concern in supply are

more likely to relate to planning and coordination rather than availability of funding per se

National quantification was led by PFSA but the full benefits of quantification will only be realized

through strong linkages between forecasting and supply planning The supply plan needs to be

linked to resource mobilization through the national and partner budgetary process and budget

releases for procurement

2 Integrate MNCH commodity management into the IPLS

IPLS has a reasonably well-developed information system with standard tools and a degree of

automation though the system needs overall strengthening it remains by far the best option for

MNCH commodity management Integration with IPLS would mean demand-driven ordering

forms and SOPs leveraging existing training programs for lower level staff on the use of those

forms and routine direct delivery to many SDPs

3 Increase data visibility for MNCH commodities

All 17 hubs and about 658 SDPs use automated warehouse information system (AIDSFree 2017)

remaining sites use a paper system PFSA uses an automated transactional inventory management

system the HCMIS in which data flow into a supply chain dashboard that provides live data on

MNCH stocks at the central and hubregional levels Integrating what is being distributed by

parallel mechanisms would enhance data visibility the PFSA ldquosupply chain dashboardrdquo shows stock

on hand at central and hub levels and what stock has been issued to facilities Syncing suppliersrsquo

data including UNICEF datamdashprocurement data warehouse stock on hand and warehouse

issuesmdashto PFSA dashboards is feasible and in the short term would allow decision-makers to

better identify shortages and potential overstocks and to enhance utilization of resources and

supply chain performance Even though PFSA has a web-based supply chain dashboard that

provides real-time logistics data it should be improved to increase data visibility for decision-

making

Other important issues that must be addressed are utilization of stock-keeping records and improving

storage conditions both important areas of interventions to increase data visibility The assessment

team believes the three issues recommended above can be championed and led by the MNCHLTWG

for quick results and real impact

25

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 43: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

26

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 44: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

REFERENCES

Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) 2017 ldquoJoint Supportive Supervision Report (2nd Round SS)rdquo

CHAI Boston MA USA httpwwwpfsagovetwebadminuploadPFSA-RHBs-PFSA 2nd Round

SS report finalpdf

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2015 Health Sector Transformation Plan 201516-201920 Addis

Ababa Ethiopia FMOH

Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) 2017 Pharmaceutical Supply Process Reengineering

for Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia PFSA

Shewarega Abiy Paul Dowling Welelaw Necho Sami Tewfik and Yared Yiegezu 2015 Ethiopia

National Survey of the Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System Arlington VA USAID | DELIVER

PROJECT Task Order 4 and PFSA

httpappswhointmedicinedocsdocumentss21807ens21807enpdf

Strengthening High Impact Interventions for an AIDS-free Generation (AIDSFree) Project 2017

AIDSFree Progress Report for 2017 AprilndashJune 2017 Arlington VA AIDSFree

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2015 National Health Facility Assessment on Reproductive

Health Commodities and Services in Ethiopia 2015 UNFPA and FMOH Addis Ababa Ethiopia

httpethiopiaunfpaorgenresourcesnational-health-facility-assessment-reproductive-health-

commodities-and-services-ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2015mdashEstimates by

WHO UNICEF UNFPA World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division WHO

Geneva Switzerland httpswwwuniceforgeaproMMR_executive_summary_final_mid-respdf

27

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 45: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

28

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 46: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

1 Center Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree wnigatuetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Seid Ali CHAI saliclintonhealthaccessorg

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

2 Addis Ababa Azeb Fisseha AIDSFree afissehaetjsicom

Elizabeth Kassaye GHSCndashPSMPMED ekassayeghsc-psmorg

Tilahun Berhane PFSA tilahun3berhanegmailcom

Etenesh Gebreyohannes MOH mhexpert3mhgmailcom

3 Afar Mesfin Arega AIDSFree maregaetjsicom

Kedir Mohammed AIDSFree kedo999mahamedgmailcom

Mohammed Jude GHSCndashPSM momohammedghsc-psmorg

Tesfaye Molla PFSA na

RHB Representative RHB na

4 Tigray Habtamu Berhe AIDSFree hberheetjsicom

Fantaye Teka PFSA fantaphargmailcom

Kahsu Aregawi AIDSFree karegawietjsicom

Giday GMichael GHSCndashPSM ggebremichaelghsc-psmorg

Birhane Meressa CHAI btekluclintonhealthaccessorg

Dawit GYesus PFSA hub dawieaabgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB fantaphargmailcom

5 Amhara Woinshet Nigatu AIDSFree WNigatuetjsicom

Miraf Tesfaye MOH tesfayemirafgmailcom

Tesfaw Silesh AIDSFree tsileshetjsicom

Bayew Zeleke GHSCndashPSM bzelekeghsc-psmorg

Mastewal Ezezew PFSA mastewalezezewgamilcom

Fikru Bekele USAID CO fbekeleusaidgov

Chane RHB tesfayemirafgmailcom

6 Oromia

(Team 1)

Adama

Wondimagehu Gezahege AIDSFree wgezahegnetjsicom

Girma Habtamu AIDSFree ghabtamuetjsicom

Driba Enkossa GHSCndashPSM denkossaghsc-psmorg

Bezaye Kifelew PFSA bezayek2006gmailcom

29

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 47: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

No Teams Facilitators Organization Email

RHB Representative RHB na

Oromia

(Team 2)

Jimma

Readwan Mohammed AIDSFree rmohammedetjsicom

Biyensa Negera PFSA biyanaga2484gmailcom

Gulilat Teshome GHSCndashPSM gteshomeghsc-psmorg

Tadesse Dessie AIDSFree na

Tekalegn Admasu PFSA tekepharmgmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

7 SNNP Abebe Bogale AIDSFree abogaleetjsicom

Alula Tadesse AIDSFree atadesseetjsicom

Fikregiorgis Kebede GHSCndashPSM fkebedeghsc-psmorg

Muluken Yilema PFSA efratayilmagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

8 Dire Dawa

and Harari

Welelaw Necho AIDSFree wnechoetjsicom

Dagne Bililign GHSCndashPSM dbililigneghsc-psmorg

Ebrahim Abdulahmid PFSA boruroba30yahoocom

RHB Representative RHB na

9 Benshangul AdmasuTeshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Jiregna Wiratu AIDSFree jwhunde2020gmailcom

Hymanot Dibaba PFSA hub hymanotdibabagmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

10 Gambella Admasu Teshome AIDSFree ateshomeetjsicom

Sisay Kebu AIDSFree skebuetjsicom

Tilahun Tamiru PFSA tilahuntamiru7065gmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

11 Somali Messay Tadesse AIDSFree mtadesseetjsicom

Nejash Abdu AIDSFree PFSA nabduetjsicom

Habtamu Kelemu na habteakelemugmailcom

RHB Representative RHB na

30

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 48: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Qualitative Discussion Logistics System Assessment Participants

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Muluken Moges Addis Ababa Hub Hub Manager

Reweda Kedir Addis Ababa Hub Warehouse amp Distribution Officer

Solomon Getnet Addis Ababa City HB Pharmacy process owner

Lakew Alemayehu Addis Ababa City HB Logistics Officer

Tesfaye Terefe Addis Ketema Sub City Medical Service Process Owner

Yeshiwork Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Nejib Sefa Addis Ketema Sub City Logistics Officer

Azeb Addis Ketema Sub City Family Health Officer

Tamene Chamo Bole Sub City Head of the Sub City Health Bureau

Senait Lulseged Bole Sub City Family Health Officer

Betew Admasse Bole Sub City Logistics Process Owner

Ato Workine Abebe PFSA Adama Hub Stock and Distribution Officer

Ato Ashenafi Irena PFSA Adama Hub HR Manager

Kebede Bejiga Boset Woreda HOffice MCH Coordinator

Belay Abera Boset Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Roman Demissie Boset Woreda H Office WoHO Deputy Head

Ebisa Kumsa Adea Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Asefa Adea Woreda H Office WoHO Head

Asahil Yigzawo PFSA hub-Mekelle Distribution Manager

Araya Teklu PFSA hub-Mekelle Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Alemash Micheal Tigray RHB Pharmacy Team Coordinator

Tsigabu Gebru Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Distribution

Tazebew Alemu Tigray RHB Pharmaceutical Purchasing

Tirhas Asmelash Tigray RHB Maternal Health Expert

Yemane Hadush Tigray RHB Child Health Expert

Nafkot Birhanu Gemede SNNP RHB Medicine amp Medical Equipment Supplies amp Services

Process Owner

Gebre Selassie Tege Hawassa Hub Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Muluken Hawassa Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Miritus Iwaka Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Officer

Matteas Dansamo Aleta Wondo WoHO Logistics Coordinator

Shimeles Shigu Aleta Wondo WoHO MNCH Coordinator

Tesgaye Taye Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

31

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 49: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Yifru Wakeyo Wondogenet WoHO Logistics Officer

Sadik Mohamed Somali RHB Pharmacy Services Coordinator

Tsega GKidan Somali RHB MCH Officer

Mohamed Kuma Jigjiga PFSA Storage and Distribution Coordinator

Samuel Jigjiga PFSA Forecasting and CB Officer

Mustefa Mohamed Kebribeya WHO Logistics Officer

Abdi Mohamed Jigjiga City Council MCH Officer

Addis Wondimagegn Jigjiga City Council Logistics Officer

Seid Mohammed Afar RHB Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Hawa Abdu Afar RHB Family Health Case Team Leader

Tatek Mulugeta Semera PFSA Forecasting amp CB Coordinator

HMichael GMedihin Semera PFSA Human Resources Officer

Dawd Yesuf Semera Logia WOHO Health Promotion amp Disease Prevention Logistics

Officer

Abebe Deresegn Semera Logia WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Essie Mohammed Semera Logia WoHO Head WoHO

Ahmed Abubokir Amibara WoHO Head WoHO

Tezera Petros Amibara WoHO Health Commodity Logistics Officer

Awoke Mekonen Amibara WoHO Health Promotion amp Prevention Officer

Keno Feyessa UNICEF Ethiopia Health Section Logistics Officer

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Bizuhan Gelaw UNICEF Ethiopia Community-Based Health Specialist

Sergut Mulatu UNICEF Ethiopia Supply Specialist

Edmealem Admasu Amhara RHB Health Commodities Supplies Core Process Owner

Nibret Eyasu Amhara RHB Family Planning Officer

Simeneh Worku Amhara RHB Mothers and Children Case Team Leader

HaftuBerhe Bahir-Dar Distribution and Storage Team Leader

Tadele Awoke Bahir-Dar Supply Division Senior Officer and Acting Hub

Manager

Yenework Alem Mecha WoHO Supply Officer

Andulaem Molla Debube Achefer WoHO Supply Officer

Tigest Tefra Debube Achefer WoHO Cold Chain Store Manager

Lamsgen Worket Debube Achefer WoHO Store Manager

Derese Abera Oromia RHB Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Unit

Coordinator

32

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 50: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Name RegionHub Organization and Position

Tekalign Admasu Jimma Hub Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Nura Mohamaed Agaro Town Health Office Acting Logistics Officer

Wondwosen Gebremedhin Kersa Woreda H Office Logistics Officer

Berhie Kalayu Gambella RHB Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Tesfaye Zelalem Gambella RHB Distribution Officer

Tilahun Tamiru Gambella PFSA Distribution Coordinator

Nigus Abebaw Gambella PFSA Forecasting and Capacity Building Officer

Lua Almero Gambella Zuria Woreda Delegate Head

Okelo Oman Gambella Zuria Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Habtamu Mulugeta Gambella Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

Mengistu Mengesha PFSA Assosa Hub Manager

Haimanot Asefa PFSA Assosa Forecasting and Capacity Building Coordinator

Haimanot Diba PFSA Assosa Distribution Coordinator

Ahmed Yesuf Benshangul Gumuz RHB Distribution Officer

Ahmed Sulman Komosha Woreda Curative and Rehabilitative Process Owner

33

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 51: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

34

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 52: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE

AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Table A21 Facility-Level Data Collection Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool

Informed Consent

Introduce all team members and ask facility representatives to introduce themselves

Good day My name is ________________ My colleague and I are representing ______________________ (eg the

MOHPFSA in the country under study) We are conducting MNCH Commodities Logistics Management

qualitative and quantitative assessment at selected health facilities We will be looking at the availability of

selected MNCH commodities and information how you order and receive those products We are visiting

selected health facilities throughout the country this facility was selected to be in the assessment The

objective of the assessment is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive view of all aspects of MNCH

logistics system

The results of this national survey will provide information to make decisions and to promote

improvements The data collected during our visit will not be used to assess job performance or facility

performance

We would like to ask you a few questions about the products and supplies available at this facility In

addition we would like to actually count selected MNCH products you have in stock today and observe the

general storage conditions We will be looking at a variety of forms These include stock cards ledgers

RIVs receipt books and forms etc Do you have any questions

Ask the facility-in-charge and other staff members if they have any questions before proceeding with the

interview questions

May we continue Yes 1

No 0 STOP

Ask the in-charge person to introduce the team to the person managing commodities Extend the

invitation to the in-charge to stay with the team but explain that we are aware that heshe has other

responsibilities Offer to check back with himher before leaving the facility

I Information About Interview

Date

Interviewer name(s)

DAY MONTH YEAR

35

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 53: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

NO Code Classification Remark

II Facility Identification

1 Name of the facility

2 Region

3 Zone

4 Woreda

5 Citytown

6 Type of facility 1=Hospital

2=Health Centre

7 Name title and mobile phone number

of person interviewed for this

assessment

Name _____________________

Title _______________________

Mobile number ______________

8 Number of years and months you have

worked at this facility

Years ______

Months ________

III MNCH Commodities Under Assessment

Oxytocin 10unitsml Chlorhexidine

Hydralazine 20 mgml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor suspension

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml Amoxicillin 250 mg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL Amoxicillin 125 mg suspension

Misoprostol ORS

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150 mg + 05 mg tab Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate Gentamycin sulfate 20 mgml 40 mg2ml

Chlorhexidine Albendazole 400 mg tab

36

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 54: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Table A22MNCH Commodities Source of Supply and Reporting

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

1

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

2

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

3

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

4

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

5

Mis

op

rost

ol

6

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

7

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

8

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

9

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

10

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

11

OR

S

12

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

13

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

14

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

15

Go

To

1 Is the facility expected to manage

MNCH commodities (Yes No)

2 What is the usual or most

common source (select only one)

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD

4=WOHO NA = for products not

managed by the facility 5=Other

specify)

3 If the direct source of supply for

MNCH commodities is PFSA how

does PFSA deliver the product to

the facility 1=Direct delivery

2=Indirect (PFSA delivers to

Woreda zone and facility collects)

3=Other

4 How do you get the MNCH

commoditymdashis it for free or for

budget 1=program (free) 2=RDF

for budget 3=both

37

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 55: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

5 Does the facility usually get the

quantities of MNCH products it

orderedrequested during the past

six months 1=Yes 0=No NA for

facilities not requesting

Comments

6 If the answer to Q5 is No why

not 1=The resupply point does not

have adequate supplythe resupply

point was stocked out 2=Order

amount was changed at the

resupply point 3=Not sureDonrsquot

know 4=Other (specify)NA=Not

applicable

7 Does the health facility compile If

and send MNCH consumption no

Part reports to higher level for resupply

III andor reporting 1=Yes 0=No

8 If yes to Q7 sent to whom

(1=PFSA 2=RHB 3=ZHD 4=

WoHO 5=Other specify)

38

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 56: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

9 What are the formsformat used

by the facility to request and report

MNCH commodities supplies and

supplies (1=RRF 2=Other specify)

If no

go

to

Q11

10 If the answer to Q9 is RRF Is the

most recent RRF complete 0=No

1=Yes (Must be verified with

completed report completed report

means all the columns for all

products listed in the report are

filled and at least one product is

listed under each program mdash unless

the facility is not managing the

product)

11 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=if yes

only stock on hand 2=if yes only

quantities used 3=if yes only loss

adjustment 4= if yes to 1 amp 2 5=if

yes 1amp3 6=if yes 2amp3 7=if yes 1

2amp3

39

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 57: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

MNCH Commodities Sources of

Supply and Reporting

Oxyto

cin

10

un

its

ml

Hyd

rala

zin

e2

0 m

gm

l

Mag

nesi

um

sulf

ate

50

2

0m

l

Ceft

riaxo

ne1

gm

l

Mis

op

rost

ol

Ferr

ou

s Su

lfate

+fo

lic

aci

d1

50

mg

+0

5 m

g

Meth

yl-

Ero

go

meti

nr

male

ate

Ch

lorh

exid

ine

Am

oxic

illin

250

mg

tab

Am

oxic

illin

125

mg

susp

en

sio

n

OR

S

Zin

c 2

0 m

g d

isp

ers

ible

Gen

tam

yci

n S

ulf

ate

20

mg

mlo

r 4

0 m

gm

l

Alb

en

dazo

le 4

00

mg

Go

To

12 How often are you supposed to

send MNCH commodity reports to

the higher level within six months

(Circle all that apply 1=Every two

months 2=Quarterly 3=Semi-

annually 4=Not regularly 5=Other

specify 6=Do not know

13 How many reports have you

sent to the direct supplying

organization during the past six

months 1=Never 2=One report

3=Two reports 4=Three reports 5=

Four reports 6= other 7=donrsquot

know

14 Do reports include the following

essential data items Write 1=yes

only stock on hand 2=yes only

quantities used 3=yes only loss

adjustment 4=yes 1amp2 5=yes1amp3

6=yes 2amp3 7=yes 1 2amp3

Comments

40

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 58: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

MNCH Commodities Availability

Stock Status

(Specify for a full six-month period prior to the survey and for the day of the visit)

Column

1 Name of all authorized products that will be counted

2 Unit of count for the productcommodity

Note Columns 1 and 2 will be filled out before questionnaires are printed for the survey

3 Record whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Check if the bin card is available answer Y for yes or N for no

5 Check if the bin card has been updated WITH THE LAST TRANSACTION answer Y for yes or N for no

Note If the bin card was last updated with the balance of 0 and the facility has not received any of that product since the date of that entry consider the bin

card up-to-date

6 Record the balance on the bin card

7 Record if the facility has had any stockout of the product during the 6-month period from Meskerem 1-Yekatit 30 2009 EC

answer Y for yes or N for no

8 Record how many times the product was stocked out during the 6-month period Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC according to

bin cards if available

9 Record the total number of days the product was stocked out during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

10 Record the quantity of product issued from the storeroom during Meskerem 1ndashYekatit 30 2009 EC only

11 Record the number of months the issue data represents (may be 6 months or less) record the months for which there are any

data available including 0

41

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 59: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

12 Record the physical count in the storeroom

13 Record if the facility is experiencing a stockout of the product on the day of the visit answer Y for yes or N for no If products are

available outside the storeroom there is no stockout Visually verify that usable products are in stock

14 Record if the facility has expired products If there are products that are near expiry (within three months) note the product and

quantity in the comments section

Note For any product that was stocked out in the last six months (including the day of the visit) please note reasons (by product)

42

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 60: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Table A23 Store Stock Data for MNCH Commodities

(for the past 6 months and day of the visit)

for stockouts please complete Table 3

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin

10unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1 g

mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-

ergometrinmaleate

Chlorhexidine

43

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 61: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Product

Un

its

of

co

un

t

Man

ag

ed

at

this

facilit

y

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

) N

A

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(qu

an

tity

) N

A

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s (Y

N)

NA

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f N

o o

f

sto

cko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash

sto

rero

om

(q

uan

tity

)

Sto

cko

ut

tod

ay

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

44

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 62: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Table A24 Stock Status in Dispensary Units

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Oxytocin 10

unitsml

Hydralazine 20

mgml

Magnesium sulfate

5020ml

Ceftriaxone 1g mL

Misoprostol

Ferrous sulfate +

folic acid 150 mg +

05 mg

Methyl-ergometrin

maleate

Chlorhexidine

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab andor

suspension

45

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 63: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Product

Un

its

of

cou

nt

Man

ag

ed

at

this

faci

lity

(YN

)

Bin

card

availab

le

(YN

)

Bin

card

up

date

d

(YN

)NA

Bala

nce o

n b

in c

ard

(q

uan

tity

)

NA

Sto

cko

ut

mo

st r

ecen

t 6

mo

nth

s

(YN

)na

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f n

o o

f st

ocko

uts

To

tal n

um

ber

of

days

sto

cked

ou

t

To

tal is

sued

(m

ost

recen

t 6

mo

nth

s)

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nth

s o

f d

ata

availab

le

Ph

ysi

cal in

ven

torymdash s

tore

roo

m (

qu

an

tity

)

Sto

ck

ou

t to

day

(YN

)

Availab

ilit

y o

f exp

ired

pro

du

ct

(YN

)

Amoxicillin 250 mg

tab

Amoxicillin 125 mg

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg

dispersible tab

Gentamycin sulfate

20 mgml 40

mg2ml

Albendazole 400

mg tab

Comments

46

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 64: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

MNCH Commodities Data Quality

Does the facility use Reporting and Requisition Form (RRF) to report and request MNCH commodities consumption and supply

Yes =1 No = 0

For facilities using RRF complete the following table using the most recent LMIS report for facilities not using RRF and find that

completing the information in Table 2 is difficult ask the personpeople you interviewed if they want to ask you any questions

Columns

1 Will it be pre-populated with the same products as in Table 1

2 Whether or not the product is managed at this facility answer Y for yes or N if no

3 Check if bin cards and RRF are available answer Y for yes or N for no

4 Get the most recent RRF report showing the selected products and record the stock on hand (ending balance) from the RRF

report in column 3

5 Write the quantity of usable stock on hand from the bin card from the same time (date) as the selected RRF report

6 Note the reasons for any discrepancy if easily determined or as reported

47

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 65: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Table A24 Usable Stock on Hand at Time of Most Recent LMIS Report

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxytocin 10unitsml

Hydralazine 20 mgml

Magnesium sulfate 5020ml

Misoprostol 200 mcg tab

Ceftriaxone 1 gmL

Ferrous sulfate + folic acid 150

mg + 05 mg tab

Methyl-ergometrin maleate

Amoxicillin 250 mg tab andor

suspension

ORS

Zinc 20 mg dispersible tab

48

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 66: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

Product

Usable Stock on Hand (at time of most recent LMIS report)

Managed at the

facility

No = 0

Yes = 1

Are order records

available (bin card and

RRF)

(If No to RRF or bin card

skip to next itemmdashonly

use acceptable data

sources)

No = 0

Yes = 1

Stock on

handending

balance

(according

to most

recent RRF

report)

Stock on

handending

balance (from bin

card from same

time as RRF report)

Reasons for

discrepancy

Gentamycin sulphate 20 mgml

40 mg2ml

Chlorohexidine gel

Albendazole 400 mg tab

Ask the interviewee(s) if they have any questions or would like to make any comments

Interviewee Comments

Thank the personpeople who talked with you Reiterate how they have helped the program achieve its objectives and assure them that the

results will be used to develop improvements in MNCH commodities logistics and commodity security issues and opportunities

49

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Page 67: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System ...Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Logistics System Assessment, Ethiopia. Arlington, VA: Strengthening High Impact Interventions

50

- -

- -

-

AIDSFree

1616 Fort Myer Drive 16th Floor

Arlington VA 22209

Phone 703-528-7474

Fax 703-528-7480

Email infoaids-freeorg

Web aidsfreeusaidgov

  • CONTENTS
  • ACRONYMS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • FOREWORD
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • PART 1 INTRODUCTION
  • PART 2 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • PART 3 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1 LIST OF DATA COLLECTORS
  • APPENDIX 2 MNCH COMMODITIES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT