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Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
MATERIALS IN
PRACTICE
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Office Hours: Tuesday, 16:30-17:30
[email protected], [email protected]
Phone: +90 – 252 211 19 17 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Nanoscience and nanotechnology primarily deal with the
synthesis, characterization, exploration, and exploitation of
nanostructured materials.
These materials are characterized by at least dimension in
the nanometer (1 nm = 10-9 m) range. Nanostructures
constitute a bridge between molecules and infinite bulk
systems.
Individual nanostructures include clusters, quantum dots,
nanocrystals, nanowires, and nanotubes, while collections of
nanostructures involve arrays, assemblies, and superlattices
of the individual nanostructures.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
“Nano” – From the Greek word for “dwarf” and means 10-9, or one-billionth.
Here it refers to one-billionth of a meter, or 1 nanometer (nm).
1 nanometer is about 3 atoms long.
“Nanotechnology” – Building and using materials, devices and machines
at the nanometer (atomic/molecular) scale, making use of unique properties
that occur for structures at those small dimensions.
http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
What is Nanotechnology
Nano-Engineering
Nano-Biotechnology
Nano-Electronics
Nano-Materials
Nanotechnology - Promises
Benefits already observed from
the design of nanotechnology
based products for renewable
energy are:
An increased efficiency of
lighting and heating
Increased electrical storage
capacity
A decrease in the amount of
pollution from the use of energy
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Nanochemistry: In its broadest terms, the utilization of synthetic
chemistry to make nanoscale building blocks of different size and
shape, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality. In a
self-assembly construction process, spontaneous, directed by
templates or guided by chemically or lithographically defined surface
patterns, they may form architectures that perform an intelligent function
and portend a particular use.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology congers up visions of making,
imaging, manipulating and utilizing things really small
Stimulus for this growth can be traced to new and improved ways of
making and assembling, positioning and connecting, imaging and
measuring the properties of nanomaterials with controlled size and
shape, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality for
use in the macroscopic real world.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
How small is a nanometer? (and other small sizes)
http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More
http://www.stanford.edu/~su1/pub/MATSCI316/course%20files/9.+Probing+the+nanoscale.pdf
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More
http://www.stanford.edu/~su1/pub/MAT
SCI316/course%20files/9.+Probing+th
e+nanoscale.pdf
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanostructure Size Material
Clusters, nanocrystals Quantum
dots Radius, 1–10 nm
Insulators, semiconductors, metals, magnetic
materials
Other nanoparticles Radius, 1–100 nm Ceramic oxides
Nanobiomaterials,
Photosynthetic reaction center Radius, 5–10 nm Membrane protein
Nanowires Diameter, 1–100 nm Metals, semiconductors, oxides, sulfides,
nitrides
Nanotubes Diameter, 1–100 nm
Carbon, layered Chalcogenides, BN, GaN
Nanobiorods Diameter, 5 nm DNA
Two-dimensional arrays of
nanoparticles
Area, several nm2
–µm2 Metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials
Surfaces and thin films
Thickness, 1–100 nm Insulators, semiconductors, metals, DNA
Three-dimensional superlattices
of nanoparticles
Several nm in three
dimensions
Metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials
Nanotechnology
Nanostructures and Their Assemblies
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Why is Small Good?
Faster
Lighter
Can get into small spaces
Cheaper
More energy efficient
Different properties for very small structures
http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Reasons to Miniaturize
Miniaturization Attributes Reasons
Low energy and little material
consumed
Limited resources
Arrays of sensors Redundancy, wider dynamic range, increased selectivity through pattern
recognition
Small Small is lower in cost, minimally invasive
Favorable scaling laws Forces that scale with a low power become more prominent in the micro
domain; if these are positive attributes then miniaturization favorable (e.g.
surface tension becomes more important than gravity in a narrower
capillary)
Batch and beyond batch
techniques
Lowers cost
Disposable Helps to avoid contamination
Breakdown of macro laws in
physics and chemistry
New physics and chemistry might be developed
Smaller building blocks The smaller the building blocks, the more sophisticated the system that
can be built
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Why you want nanotechnology in your life?
Nanotechnology will increase your standard of living — no
ifs, ands, or buts. Done right, it will make our lives more
secure, improve healthcare delivery, and optimize our use
of limited resources. Pretty basic stuff, in other words.
Mankind has spent millennia trying to fill these needs,
because it has always known that these are the things it
needs to ensure a future for itself. If nanotechnological
applications pan out the way we think they will pan out, we
are one step closer to ensuring that future
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Security
Security is a broad field, covering everything from the security of our borders to the security of
our infrastructure to the security of our computer networks. Here’s our take on how
nanotechnology will revolutionize the whole security field:
Superior, lightweight materials: Imagine materials ten times stronger than steel at a fraction of
the weight. With such materials, nanotechnology could revolutionize tanks, airframes, spacecraft,
skyscrapers, bridges, and body armor, providing unprecedented protection. Composite
nanomaterials may one day lead to shape-shifting wings instead of the mechanical flaps on
current designs. Kevlar, the backbone fiber of bulletproof vests, will be replaced with materials
that not only provide better protection but store energy and monitor the health status of our
soldiers. A taste of what’s to come: MIT was awarded a $50 million Army contract in 2002 to
launch the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN) developing artificial muscles, biowarfare
sensors, and communications systems.
Powerful munitions: Nanometals, nano-sized particles of metal such as nanoaluminum, are
more chemically reactive because of their small size and greater surface area. Varying the size
of these nanometals in munitions allows us to control the explosion, minimizing collateral
damage. Incorporating nanometals into bombs and propellants increases the speed of released
energy with fewer raw materials consumed — more (and better-directed) “bang” for your buck.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Security Advanced computing: More powerful and smaller computers will encrypt our data and
provide round-the-clock security. Quantum cryptography — cryptography that utilizes the
unique properties of quantum mechanics — will provide unbreakable security for
businesses, government, and military. These same quantum mechanics will be used to
construct quantum computers capable of breaking current encryption techniques (a
needed advantage in the war against terror). Additionally, quantum computers provide
better simulations to predict natural disasters and pattern recognition to make biometrics
— identification based on personal features such as face recognition — possible.
Increased situational awareness: Chemical sensors based on nanotechnology will be
incredibly sensitive - capable, in fact, of pinpointing a single molecule out of billions.
These sensors will be cheap and disposable, forewarning us of airport-security breaches
or anthrax-laced letters. These sensors will eventually take to the air on military
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), not only sensing chemicals but also providing
incredible photo resolutions. These photos, condensed and on an energy-efficient, high
resolution, wristwatch-sized display, will find their way to the soldier, providing incredible
real-time situational awareness at the place needed most: the front lines.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Healthcare
Making the world around us more secure is one thing, but how about making the world inside
us more secure? With nanotechnology, what’s beneath our skin is going to be more accessible
to us than it’s ever been before. Here’s what we see happening:
Diagnostics: Hospitals will benefit greatly from nanotechnology with faster, cheaper diagnostic
equipment. The lab-on-a-chip is waiting in the wings to analyze a patient’s ailments in an
instant, providing point-of care testing and drug application, thus taking out a lot of the
diagnostic guesswork that has plagued healthcare up to now. New contrast agents will float
through the bloodstream, lighting up problems such as tumors with incredible accuracy. Not
only will nanotechnology make diagnostic tests better, but it will also make them more portable,
providing time sensitive diagnostics out in the field on ambulances. Newborn children will have
their DNA quickly mapped, pointing out future potential problems, allowing us to curtail disease
before it takes hold.
Novel drugs: Nanotechnology will aid in the delivery of just the right amount of medicine to the
exact spots of the body that need it most. Nanoshells, approximately 100 nm in diameter, will
float through the body, attaching only to cancer cells. When excited by a laser beam, the
nanoshells will give off heat — in effect, cooking the tumor and destroying it. Nanotechnology
will create biocompatible joint replacements and artery stents that will last the life of the patient
instead of having to be replaced every few years.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Resources
The only thing not in short supply these days is more human beings and we’re not about to see
a shortage of them any time soon. If we are going to survive at all - much less thrive - we are
going to need to find ways to use the riches of this world more efficiently. Here’s how
nanotechnology could help:
Energy: Nanotechnology is set to provide new methods to effectively utilize our current energy
resources while also presenting new alternatives. Cars will have lighter and stronger engine
blocks and frames and will use new additives making fuel more efficient. House lighting will
use quantum dots - nanocrystals 5 nm across - in order to transform electricity into light instead
of wasting away into heat. Solar cells will finally become cost effective and hydrogen fuel cells
will get a boost from nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Our Holy Grail will be a reusable
catalyst that quickly breaks down water in the presence of sunlight, making that long-wished-
for hydrogen economy realistic. That catalyst, whatever it is, will be constructed with
nanotechnology.
Water: Nanotechnology will provide efficient water purification techniques, allowing third-world
countries access to clean water. When we satisfy our energy requirements, desalinization of
water from our oceans will not only provide enough water to drink but also enough to water our
crops.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology Commercialization Timeline
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Some of the important concerns of materials scientists
in the nanoscience area are:
Nanoparticles or nanocrystals of metals and semiconductors,
nanotubes, nanowires, and nanobiological systems.
Assemblies of nanostructures (e.g., nanocrystals and nanowires)
and the use of biological systems, such as DNA as molecular
nanowires and templates for metallic or semiconducting
nanostructures.
Theoretical and computational investigations that provide the
conceptual framework for structure, dynamics, response, and
transport in nanostructures.
Applications of nanomaterials in biology, medicine, electronics,
chemical processes, high-strength materials, etc.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
The physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials can differ significantly
from those of the atomic-molecular or the bulk materials of the same
composition.
The uniqueness the structural characteristics, energetics, response,
dynamics, and chemistry of nanostructures constitutes the basis of
nanoscience.
Suitable control of the properties and response of nanostructures can lead to
new devices and technologies.
The themes underlying nanoscience and nanotechnology are twofold: one is
the bottom-up approach, that is, the miniaturization of the components,
articulated by Feynman, who stated in the 1959 lecture that “there is plenty of
room at the bottom”; and the other is the approach of the self-assembly of
molecular components, where each nanostructured component becomes part
of a suprastructure. The latter approach is akin to that of Jean-Marie Lehn.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Bottom-up approaches
These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.
DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson–Crick basepairing to
construct well-defined structures out of DNA and othernucleic acids.
Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis
(inorganic and organic synthesis) also aim at designing molecules with well-
defined shape.
More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of
supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause
single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some
useful conformation.
Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to
deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip
pen nanolithography. This technique fits into the larger subfield
of nanolithography.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Bottom-up approaches
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Top-down approaches
These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.
Many technologies that descended from conventional solid-state silicon methods for
fabricating microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm,
falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives
already on the market fit this description, as do atomic layer deposition (ALD)
techniques. Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007 for
their discovery of Giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of spintronics.
Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known
as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related tomicroelectromechanical
systems or MEMS.
Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable
precursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used
routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in Transmission electron
microscopy.
Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a resist,
which is then followed by an etching process to remove material in a top-down method.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
The melting point of gold particles decreases dramatically
as the particle size gets below 5 nm
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Size-Dependent Properties : Metallic Particles
http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
The color of gold changes as the particle size changes at the nanometer scale.
http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
http://www.dddmag.com/sites/dddmag.com/files/legacyimages/Articles/2009_09/pnp.jpg
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
1985: R. Smalley, R. Curl and H. Kroto discovers Buckminsterfullerene or Bucky ball.
Nobel in 1996.
Nano-abacus of C60 molecules
http://jcrystal.com/steffenweber/POLYHEDRA/p_00.html
A C60 molecule
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
General belief and excitement over buckyballs lies in their sheer strength for use in
building materials. There is considerable belief that in the 21st century buckyballs and
buckytubes may replace silicon as the building blocks for future electronic devices in
computers and communication devices. Buckytubes are also the strongest materials
known and are already finding applications in composite materials, as surface coatings
to improve wear resistance, and as components in scientific instruments. Buckyballs
may find application in drug delivery systems.
Because fullerenes are very large graphitic systems, they can easily accommodate
extra electrons. When you add three electrons to C60 you get ionic solids of the general
formula A3C60, where A is any metal in Group I (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium,
cesium). These materials are actually metals, and display sup erconductivity at
somewhat low temperatures. Current research is aimed at getting the maximum
superconducting temperature (or Tc) to higher values.
C60 is just the right size to fit into the activ e cavity of HIV Protease, an enzyme
important to the activity of the virus which causes AIDS. Cramming a buckyball into the
active cavity would deactivate the enzyme and kill the virus. Ways of getting the
molecule to the enzyme are under investigation.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Carbon Nanotubes
1991:
Sumio Ijima discovers carbon nanotubes
http://www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~maruyama/wrapping.files/frame.html
1997:
DNA based micromechanical device built
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs; also known as buckytubes) are allotropes of carbon
with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-
diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than any other material.
These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties, making them potentially
useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields
of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields.
Armchair and zigzagcarbon nanotube Multiwall nanotubes
Carbon Nanotubes
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology for Aerospace Application
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Carbon Nanotubes Offer a Remarkable Combination
of Properties of High Potential
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Carbon Nanotubes Offer a Remarkable Combination
of Properties of High Potential
Bucky Paper
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Graphene: the nano-sized material with a massive future
Graphene's amazing properties excite and confound in equal measure. How can something one
million times thinner than a human hair be 300 times stronger than steel and 1,000 times more
conductive than silicon? The very first application where graphene is going to be used is probably
as a replacement for (the relatively expensive metal) indium selenide in solar cells.
Graphene is a
one-atom thick
layer of carbon
atoms arranged in
a honeycomb
lattice.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology for Aerospace Application
Estimated Impact of
Carbon Nanotube
Innovations
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Nano, Food & Agriculture
Fertilizer (more efficient delivery)
Water conservation (nanoporous membrane from organic
waste reduces consumption by 50%)
Environmentally friendly packaging with improved
performance (shelf life, antimicrobial, interactive/smart)
Sensors (predict, control and improve yield)
Functionalized foods (targeted to deliver nutrients in body
where one needs them; improved taste and texture)
Growing metal nanoparticles (e.g. Ag in fungi): green
manufacturing, no solvents involved
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
Nano and Energy
Lighter materials (transport sector)
Higher temperature coatings (efficiency)
Storage (electrode material for batteries,
Hydrogen storage,…)
Generation (fuel cells)
Insulation (smart windows)
Manufacturing (catalysis)
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
SOLAR CELLS
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Improved efficiencies: novel
nanomaterials can harness more
of the sun’s energy
Lower costs: some novel
nanomaterials can be made
cheaper than alternatives
Flexibility: thin film flexible
polymers can be manipulated to
generate electricity from the sun’s
energy
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
BATTERIES
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Higher energy storage capacity and
quicker recharge: nanoparticles or
nanotubes on electrodes provide high
surface area and allow more current to
flow
Longer life: nanoparticles on
electrodes prevent electrolytes from
degrading so batteries can be
recharged over and over
A safer alternative: novel nano-
enhanced electrodes can be less
flammable, costly and toxic than
conventional electrodes
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
WATER PURIFICATION
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Easier contamination
removal: filters made of
nanofibers that can
remove small
contaminants
Improved desalination
methods: nanoparticle
or nanotube membranes
that allow only pure
water to pass through
Lower costs
Lower energy use
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n5/abs/ncomms2892.html
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
COMPUTING
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Faster processing speeds:
miniaturization allows more transistors to
be packed on a computer chip
More memory: nanosized features on
memory chips allow more information to
be stored
Thermal management solutions for
electronics: novel carbon-based
nanomaterials carry away heat
generated by sensitive electronics
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
NEXT GENERATION COMPUTING
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
The ability to control
atomic scale phenomena:
quantum or molecular
phenomena that can be
used to represent data
Faster processing speeds
Lighter weight and
miniaturized computers
Increased memory
Lower energy consumption
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
NANOROBOTICS Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
The ability to control
atomic scale
phenomena: quantum
or molecular
phenomena that can be
used to represent data
Faster processing
speeds
Lighter weight and
miniaturized computers
Increased memory
Lower energy
consumption
http://robotnor.no/expertise/robotic-systems/nanorobotics/
Nanorobotics is an emerging and wide-spanning field. It can either be
defined as a system where the dimensions of the parts approach the
scale of a nanometer, or where the positional resolution approaches
the scale of a nanometer. A typical concept of a nanorobot is a
controllable device at the size of bacteria, which can be used in the
human body for medical purposes. This does not exist yet, but
research might eventually lead us there.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
DRUG DELIVERY Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
New vehicles for delivery:
nanoparticles such as
buckyballs or other cage-like
structures that carry drugs
through the body
Targeted delivery: nano
vehicles that deliver drugs to
specific locations in body
Time release: nanostructured
material that store medicine in
nanosized pockets that release
small amounts of drugs over
time http://www.ediblecomputerchips.com/Applications.htm
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
SPORTING GOODS AND EQUIPMENT Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Increased strength of materials:
novel carbon nanofiber or nanotube-
based nanocomposites give the
player a stronger swing
Lighter weight materials:
nanocomposites are typically lighter
weight than their macroscale
counterparts
http://shop.reebok.com/
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=30661.php
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
SPORTING GOODS
AND EQUIPMENT
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=30661.php
Added advantages of incorporated
nanomaterials in sporting equipments.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
CLOTHING
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Anti-odor properties: silver
nanoparticles embedded in textiles kill
odor causing bacteria
Stain-resistance: nanofiber coatings on
textiles stop liquids from penetrating
Moisture control: novel nanomaterials
on fabrics absorb perspiration and wick it
away
UV protection: titanium nanoparticles
embedded in textiles inhibit UV rays from
penetrating through fabric
http://t-shirtseller.com/tag/truly/
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Increased strength of
materials: novel carbon
nanofiber or nanotube
nanocomposites are
used in car bumpers,
cargo liners and as step-
assists for vans
Lighter weight
materials: lightweight
nanocomposites mean
less fuel is used to make
the car go
The automotive sector is a major consumer
of material technologies – and
nanotechnologies promise to improve the
performance of existing technologies
significantly.
Applications range from already existing –
paint quality, fuel cells, batteries, wear-
resistant tires, lighter but stronger
materials, ultra-thin anti-glare layers for
windows and mirrors – to the futuristic –
energy-harvesting bodywork, fully self-
repairing paint, switchable colors, shape-
shifting skin.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
The basic trends that nanotechnology enables for the
automobile are
lighter but stronger materials (for better fuel consumption
and increased safety)
improved engine efficiency and fuel consumption for
gasoline-powered cars (catalysts; fuel additives; lubricants)
reduced environmental impact from hydrogen and fuel cell-
powered carsimproved and
miniaturized electronic systems better economies (longer
service life; lower component failure rate; smart materials for
self-repair)
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=18972.php
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Outlook: Today, only a limited number of nanotech products are integrated into
automotive applications. The performance-to-cost ratio is a major hurdle for broader
market acceptance, since nano-objects are still expensive and their added value is not
always sufficient to balance their cost. The evolution of these fillers is linked to nano-
object prices, which will certainly decrease as production capabilities develop. Generally
speaking, nanofiller prices are much higher than those of standard fillers. This increase in
rawmaterial costs can be balanced by a reduction of the filler content and the reduced
final weight of parts, combined with improved properties. Thus, the addition of nanofillers
often requires rethinking the part (design changes) and the processing technologies (new
moulds, modified rheological behaviour, etc.), which also needs to be considered in the
part’s cost calculations.
Nanocomposites are developing in the automotive market, but proof of the competitive
advantage of nano-objects remains to be confirmed, taking into account cost and
performance. Significant further development and modification of current processing may
yet be required (rethinking of the global system, including part design). Moreover,
nanotoxicity and recycling are important subjects that must be taken into account while
using these new materials.
http://www.jeccomposites.com/news/composites-news/nanocomposites-automotive-research-activities-and-business-realities
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
FOOD AND BEVERAGE Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Better, more environmentally
friendly adhesives for fast food
containers
Anti-bacterial properties: Nano
silver coatings on kitchen tools
and counter-tops kill
bacteria/microbes
Improved barrier properties for
carbonated beverages or
packaged foods: nanocomposites
slow down the flow of gas or water
vapor across the container,
increasing shelf life
Food packaging
For now, nanotechnology is likely to
have a bigger impact in food packaging.
Nanoscale polymers are already used in
some packaging to prevent oxygen
leaking through, which extends a
product's shelf life.
Researchers have developed sensors
based on nanoparticles that change
colour in response to changing acidity
levels or the presence of bacteria, which
could indicate when food has spoiled.
Eventually, such sensors could even
trigger the release of preservatives
when they detect food beginning to
spoil.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
BODY ARMOR Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Stronger materials for better
protection: nanocomposites that
provide unparalleled strength and
impact resistance
Flexible materials for more form-
fitting wearability: nanoparticle-based
materials that act like “liquid armor”
Lighter weight materials:
nanomaterials typically weigh less than
their macroscale counterparts
Dynamic control: nanofibers that can
be flexed as necessary to provide CPR
to soldiers or stiffen to furnish additional
protection in the face of danger
Kevlar body armor
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology for Aerospace Application
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology will be in Future of Flight
In futuristic scenario, aircraft could weight as little as half of
the conventional aircraft manufactured with today's
materials.
Such novel materials would be extremely flexible, allowing
the wing to reshape instantly and remaining extremely
resistant to damage at the same time.
In addition, these materials would have “ self – healing”
functionality. The high strength to weight ratio of nano
materials could enable new airplane design that can
withstand crashes and protect the passages against injury
…
NASA, 2001
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology for Aerospace Application
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology for Aerospace Application
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology for Aerospace Application
Nano Roadmap—12 Priorities
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology for Aerospace Application
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
SENSORS
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Higher sensitivity: high surface
area of nanostructures that allows for
easier detection of chemicals,
biological toxins, radiation, disease,
etc.
Miniaturization: nanoscale
fabrication methods that can be used
to make smaller sensors that can be
hidden and integrated into various
objects
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
CANCER
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Earlier detection: specialized
nanoparticles that target cancer cells
only – these nanoparticles can be
easily imaged to find small tumors
Improved treatments: infrared light
that shines on the body is absorbed
by the specialized nanoparticles in
the cancer cells only, leading to an
increased localized temperature that
selectively kills the cancer cells but
leaves normal cells unharmed
This is a picture of two cancer
cells splitting and dividing to
become four cancer cells.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
In order to
successfully detect
cancer at its
earliest stages,
scientists must be
able to detect
molecular changes
even when they
occur only in a
small percentage of
cells. This means
the
necessary tools
must be extremely
sensitive. The
potential for
nanostructures to
enter and analyze
single cells
suggests they could
meet this need.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Miniaturization will
allow the tools for
many different tests
to be situated
together on the
same
small device.
Researchers hope
that
nanotechnology will
allow them to run
many diagnostic
tests
simultaneously.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Another interesting nanodevice is
the nanopore. Improved methods
of reading the genetic code will
help researchers detect errors in
genes that may contribute to
cancer. Scientists believe
nanopores, tiny holes that allow
DNA to pass through one strand
at a time, will make DNA
sequencing more efÞcient. As
DNA passes through a nanopore,
scientists can monitor the shape
and electrical properties of each
base, or letter, on the strand.
Because these properties are
unique for each of the four bases
that make up the genetic code,
scientists can use the passage of
DNA through a nanopore to
decipher the encoded
information, including errors in
the code known to be associated
with cancer.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology
may also be useful
for developing ways
to eradicate cancer
cells without
harming
healthy, neighboring
cells. Scientists
hope to use
nanotechnology to
create therapeutic
agents that
target speciÞc cells
and deliver their
toxin in a controlled,
time-released
manner.
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanomaterials
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Nanotechnology
The Risk of Nanotechnology
The REAL Risk:
Utilizing nanotechnology without evaluating the
consequences: assess advantages and down sides
Example:
The widespread introduction of nanoparticulates into the
ecosphere when their toxicological impact is not known
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Thanks for your kind
attention
THE END
Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
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