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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Route Design
Unit 4: Service Planning & Network Design
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Service Planning Steps
Crew scheduling
Vehicle scheduling
Timetabling
Frequency determination
Route design and stop layout
Network design
Adapted from Mark Hickman
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Agenda
• Connections
• Route Design Basics
• Stop Spacing
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
TRANSFERS CONNECTIONS
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Simple City
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Simple City
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Simple City
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Direct Service Option
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Connective Option
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Reasons to connect
• Geometrically required
• Politically required
• Technologically required
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Requirements for easy connections
• Station design• Station amenities• Schedule coordination• Joint fares• Excellent information
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Types of connections
Origin / Destination Short Headway Long Headway
Short Headway Case AAlways short, convenient
Case CVaries greatlyInfo required
Long Headway Case BAlways short, convenient
Case DVariable depending on headways:1. Equal and
simultaneous2. Equal but not
simultaneous3. Different
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Timed Transfer System
• Transit arrives simultaneously• Three keys
1. Schedules prepared with network design2. Reliable operations3. Information and education
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Pulse Headways
• Ideally repeat every hour• Two choices– 15 minutes (7.5, 30, 45, 60)– 20 minutes (10, 40, 60)
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Source: Vuchic
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Adjusting T
• Lengthen terminal times
• Increase operating speed through preferential
treatment
• Change line length
• Change number of vehicles (TU)
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Multifocal Network
Source: Vuchic
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
In-class:Graphic representation of
synchronized schedules
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
ROUTE DESIGN BASICS
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Trade-offs in Route Design
• Stop density – passenger access vs. route speed
• Route length and circuitousness– direct service vs. service reliability
• Trip generators – frequency vs. coverage
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Route Length vs Access
Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Frequency vs Coverage
Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Types of Routes
• Line haul - high frequency / capacity• Loops - coverage for lower-density or
circulation• Short turn routes – shorter segment• Branching routes – split a route• Feeder routes – connect to line haul• Limited and express routes - improve travel
times, balance loads• Zonal service - some sections
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
STOP SPACING
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Stop Density
• Generally higher stop densities at higher land use density (downtown)
• Lack of stops = deter ridership
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Station Planning Objectives
• Serve major centers and transfers• Minimum passenger travel time• Maximum area coverage• Maximum passenger attraction• Minimum system cost
model for optimum spacing
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Optimum Station Density
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Coverage vs Speed
Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Coverage vs Speed
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Impact of Stop Spacing on Speed
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Express
Rapid Local
Skip-stop Service
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Source: http://www.humantransit.org/2011/04/basics-walking-distance-to-transit.html
Impact of Street Network
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Rail Stop Spacing
Environment Spacing Range Typical Spacing
Urban Metro 600 m – 1200 m 900 mRegional Rail 1400 m – 1800 m 1600 mLRT 1000 m – 1500 m 1250 mRail with P&R 1600 m – 4000 m 2000 m
Vuchic, 2005, Table 5.2
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Bus Stop Spacing
Environment Spacing Range
Typical Spacing
CBD 300’ – 1000’ 600’Urban 500’ – 1200’ 750’Suburban 600’ – 2500’ 1000’Rural 650’ – 2640’ 1250’
TCRP Report 19: Guidelines for the Location and Design of Bus Stops
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Stop Location
• Close to supportive land uses
• Near intersections
• Remember “Near-side” vs “Far-side”
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Conclusion
• Connections allow agencies to build a more extensive network
• Route design involves trade-offs in stop density, route length and circuitousness, and trip generators
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Reference
Materials in this lecture were taken from:• Jarrett Walker, “Human Transit” (2012)• Vukan Vuchic, “Urban Transit Operations,
Planning and Economics” (2005)• Mark Hickman, Fundamentals of
Transportation wikibook, “Network Design & Frequency”, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/Network_Design_and_Frequency
• TCQSM• TTI, “TCRP Report 19: Guidelines for the
Location and Design of Bus Stops” (1996)