Materials and Methods Materials and Methodsshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4796/18/18_chapter 4.pdf · Erdas Imagine 8.7, Arc GIS 9.3, Autocad 2000i, Minitab 8.0, etc

CHAPTER- IV

Materials and Methods Materials and Methods

Chapter– IV Materials and Methods

49

Chapter – IV

Materials and Methods

4.1. Introduction

Geoinformatics is a scientific art to generate, compile and analyse the spatial data

using the modern tools such as Satellite Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS, supplemented

with adequate field data and knowledge. Besides Geoinformatics, Questionnaire and in-

depth interview with the various Stakeholders of medicinal plants of KMTR were carried

out to make this study more holistic.

4. 2. Materials Used

Materials used for collection of physical data can be classified into 5 categories

based on the nature, source and application of the materials.

4.2.1. Satellite data

Satellite imagery, IRS – P/6 LISS III FCC hard and soft copies of 18th February

2005 of path, 101 and row 67 and 68. (Vide Map – 4.1)

4.2.2. Primary data

a) Field survey: Data collection on vegetation was carried out by field survey using

nested quadrat method. Floral sample, Soil sample, various Geomorphologic and

Geological data, etc were also collected (Plate-4.1).

b) Phytochemical Analysis by Gas Chromatograph -Mass detector (GC-MS)

Method:

GC-MS was used for analyzing the biochemical properties for three ‘Critically

Endangered’ plant species namely Phyllanthus singampattiana (Sebastine &

Henry) Kumari & Chandrab.; Janakia aryalpathra Joseph & Chandras and

Syzygium nessianum Arn. as pilot study at Indian Institute of Crop Processing

Technology, (IICPT),Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu by the Author (Sarcar,2009).

c) Questionnaire and Interview Method with Stakeholders:

Data collection on existing conservation and management practices, the various

Acts, Rules and Policies in managing the flora particularly the medicinal plants of

the study area were done from the various Stakeholders of medicinal plants. For

collection of Cultural data, 9 sets of Questionnaire (Annexure-VII) and Interview

method were used (Plate-4.2).

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Kadayam

Karaiar

Sivasilam

Papanasam

Nalumukku

Inchikuli

Nambi Koil

Narkadu RH

Manalturai

Bana Tirtam

Kodamadi RH

Uttu Estate

Kudirayetti

Nandimankadu

Neterikal RH

Kottanatalam

Perumal Kani

Murugan Kovil

Kannikatti RH

Sengalteri RH

Kulur mantapam

Tiruppanipuram

Panditheri Pass

Mundanthurai RHTaravattamparai

Kakkachi Estate

Mailar Kanikudi

Upper Kodayar RH

Muttukuzhi Palace

Manjolai Tea Estate

Talaimalaiayyan Kovil

Lakshminarayana Estste

595

475

350

561

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873

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903

670

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Agastianagar

77° 15' E 77° 30' E

77° 15'E 77° 30' E

KALAKAD - MUNDANTHURAI TIGER RESERVE (KMTR)

GEO CODED SATELLITE IMAGERY (FCC)²

S c a l e

Manimuttar Reservoir

8°45'

N

8°30'N

8°45'N

8°30'

N

Ramanadi Reservoir

Gatana Reservoir

Hope Lake

5 0 5 102.5 km


Map - 4.1: Geocoded Satellite imagery (FCC of bands 2,3, and 4)

IRS P6 (LISS III) - 18 th Feb, 2005, PATH 101:ROW 67 AND 68SOURCE:

Foot paths

MetalledUn Metalled

!. LocationsDams/Reservoirs

Study area Boundary# Peak points in mts

LEGEND

Floristic Study in Field and Ground Truth Verification in KMTR

a b

d

e f

g h

Plate – 4.1 Floristic Study in Field and Ground verification in KMTR:a- Quadrat survey at Kakachi; b- Ground Truth Verification at Sengaltheri; c- Team in search of threatened medicinal plants with Dr. Gopalan ,B.S.I .; d- In the back drop of Hopea utilis at Inchikuzhi; e- Montane grassland at Upper Kodayar; f- Recording GBH of Poeciloneuron pauciflorum; g- Locating position of Phyllanthus singampattiana grove at Inchikuzhi; h- Taxonomic Identification of plants at Kudiraivetti Forest Resthouse.

c

Data Collection from Stakeholders of Medicinal plants

a

b

Plate – 4. 2 Data Collection from Stakeholders a. Interview with Kani Tribes at Agasthiamalai Hamlet (Stakeholders of MP Users & Folk medicine Practitioners). b. Interview with local officials, Ayurvedic Practitioners and Villagers (Stakeholders) of MP Users & ISM practitioners).


50

4.2.3. Secondary data

a) Survey of India (SOI) Topographical sheet numbers, 58 H/1, 58 H/2, 58 H/5, 58

H/6, 58 H/7, 58 H/10 and 58 H/11,

b) Census report data from National Informatics Centre;

c) Literature and Herbarium specimens related to endemic and threatened medicinal

plants;

d) Forest Working plans and Management plans of KMTR;

e) Tamil Nadu Forest Manual;

f) Acts and policies related to protection and conservation of wild Flora and Fauna in

KMTR;

g) Eco Development Status Report of KMTR, 2004

4.2.4. Software

Erdas Imagine 8.7, Arc GIS 9.3, Autocad 2000i, Minitab 8.0, etc.

4.2.5. Field Materials

Digital camera and Field note-books, Soil moisture and pH meter, GPS, Spade,

Shovel, Steel-tape, Hand-pruner, Billhooks, U-dig-it shovel, Haga’s altimeter, Quadrate

straps, Plant press, Perimeter ribbon-marker, Rubber bands, Polythene bags, Permanent

marker-pen and Rope.

4.3. Methodology

The general plan of the present study is summarized in the Figure- 4.1 and 4.2.

4.3.1. Mapping of Forest Types, Canopy Density, their Accuracy assessment

(Figure- 4.3) Preparation of digital data:

Satellite (IRS1D) digital data of February 2005, was corrected radio metrically.

Ground control points (GCPs) were collected from the Topographical sheets and the

Satellite data were rectified geometrically. As the study area falls in two scenes of IRS P

6 LISS III data (path: 101 and row: 67 and 68), they were mosaicked and FCCs (False

colour composite) of the Study area were generated.

Subsetting:

The Reserved Forest boundary was traced from the respective Topographical sheets,

digitized using Arc GIS 9.3 and was overlaid on the mosaicked FCC and subset.


51

The product (FCC) now has only the Reserved Forest area. Preliminary field check was

carried out in the field with Topographical sheets, FCC, Directional-compass and GPS.

Figure - 4.1 Methodology

Primary data THEMATIC MAPS

Base map

S.O.I map Multi spectral image

fusion – IRS 1D- LISS III and PAN

CLIMATE

GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY,

SLOPE & SOIL

WATERSHED & DRAINAGE NETWORK & DRAINAGE DENSITY

INVENTORIZATION OF FLORA

BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT/

FLORISTIC EXPLORATION & ENLISTING MPs

IDENTIFICATION OF STAKE

& STAKEHOLDERS OF MPs

ENLISTING OF EXISTING POLICY

FRAMEWORKS & LEGAL PROVISIONS

SPECIES RECOVERY PLAN,

CONSERVATION & DEVELOPMENT MODEL

AREAS OF FUTURE STUDY

SUMMARY / POLICY

RECOMMENDATIONS

FOREST TYPES , DENSITY,

TIMBER, FUEL SERIES, ENCLAVES,

FIRE & BURNT AREAS

THEM

ATI

CM

APS

PRIM

AR

YD

ATA

Geoinformatics


52

DATA�SOURCES�

SOI-SHEETS

GEO-RECTIFICATION Arc GIS 9.2

Questionnaire Survey

QUADRAT SURVEY PLOTS (120)

TREE: 20mx20m SHRUB: 5mx5m HERBS: 1mx1m

DATA CONVERSION

DATA�INTEGRATIONABIOTIC�FACTOR�&�BIODIVERSITY�ANALYSIS

FLORA SPECIES 1106

NON MEDICINAL PLANTS SPECIES

334

ENDEMIC & THREATENED MP’S

122

CONSERVATION�&�MANAGEMENT�OF�ETMP’S�KMTR

SPECIES�RECOVERY�PLANNING

Forest types

Forest typesForest types

Canopy Density

Relief

Slope

Drainage Density

Geomorphology

GeologySoils

Forest Types

ENDEMIC & THREATENED

42

KMTR / SWGHATS - 58

GLOBAL/ REMAINING

WGHATS/OTHERS 35+24+5 ETMP-CATEGORIES

Critically Endangered 17 Endangered

23 Vulnerable 16 Near Threatened

2 Data Deficient 1

KMTR

IRS-P6 (LISS3)GPS-SURVEY GSI-GEOLOGY

SRTM- TERRAIN

CONSERVATION�&�DEVELOPMENT�MODEL

MEDICINAL PLANTS SPECIES

772

GIS

Figure - 4.2 Integrated Methodology


53

Interpretation:

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was prepared in the Images and

recorded into 4 classes based on the density viz., very dense (>70 %), dense (40 – 70 %),

open (10 – 40 %) and degraded (< 10 %). Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was prepared

by Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). Based on the field knowledge and secondary

data of altitudinal distribution of Forest type in the Western Ghats, the DEM was

recorded. Knowledge classifier module was used to classify the forest using the above

recorded DEM and NDVI.

Field check and correction:

Final field check was carried out in the field with classified map, FCC,

Topographical sheets, Compass and GPS (GARMIN – GPS 72). Corrections were made in

the classified map and finalized. Final Forest type and Cover Density map of February

2005 was prepared.

Figure - 4.3 Flow chart in preparing Forest type and Canopy density map of the

KMTR

Radiometric & Geometric correction & Mosaicing

Subset (RF) generation - 2005

Reserve Forest boundary

Satellite digital data Topographical sheets 58H/1,2,5-7,10 & 11

Contours & DEM

NDVI –2005

Forest Canopy Density & Forest Types of 2005

Field check and Correction

Final Forest Types / Canopy Density map 2005

Accuracy assessment


54

Accuracy assessment:

The Forest types of the year 2005 map thus prepared was validated for inherent and

user errors. Accuracy assessment of final classification was performed using overall

performance based on the Error Matrix (De Bruin and Gorte, 2000) using the formula

Number of spots classified correctly Percentage of Accuracy assessment = x 100 Total number of spots checked

4.3.2. Thematic mapping of abiotic and biotic factors operating in forests

GIS has become another important tool in assessing, estimating and mapping the

influences of topography and climate on biological resources (August et al., 1996) by

simple overlay techniques (Armstrong and Van Hensgergen, 1999; Ferrier, 2002).

Geospatial thematic maps such as location and Base map of the study area,

Geology, Elevation zones, Geomorphology, Slope, Drainage Network, Drainage Density,

Watersheds, Bio-climate, and Soil etc were generated. Further the thematic maps showing

the Centers of Endemism, Distribution of Endemic and Threatened Medicinal Plants in

Western Ghats (ETMPs), Distribution of Endemic and Threatened Medicinal Plants in

Southern Western Ghats (including KMTR), Zonation map of Floristic Species Richness,

Zonation map of Species Richness with reference to Medicinal Plants, Map showing the

Hot spots of Endemic and Threatened Medicinal Plants and finally map showing the

Probable factors that led to the Threat status of the Endemic and Threatened Medicinal

Plants in the study were generated based on the results of 120 Quadrat survey.

The Base map of KMTR prepared from the Digital Topographical maps in

1:50,000 scale obtained from Survey of India, Chennai .The Topographical map Index

numbers are 58H/1, 58H/2, 58/H3, 58/H5, 58/H6, 58/H7, 58/H10 and 58/H11. The base

map includes all Physical and Cultural details.

The satellite data, IRS-P6-LISS III digital data (P101; R67 and 68) FCC hard

copies were used with respective Survey of India Topographical sheets. The Geological

formation studies and preparation of map is done from Geological Survey of India, with

the scale of 1:50,000.

Elevation zones and Relief, Slope and Geomorphology maps were derived from

SRTM (Shuttle Rader Topographic Mission) digital data and compared with existing

Survey of India sheets as mentioned above and corrected by field check. For preparation


55

of Drainage system details were extracted from Survey of India map as mentioned above

in digital form (Vector).

62 Soil Samples were collected from120 sample quadrats laid in different RFs

and RL of the study area to find out various soil characteristics like soil pH , available

Macro-nutrients and Micro-nutrients , Electrical conductivity, Organic Carbon, etc. The

required Soil Testing Analysis of the soil samples were carried out by the Agricultural

Officer, Soil Testing Laboratory, Tiruchirapalli – 620020 and the Agricultural Chemist,

Soil Testing Laboratory, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli – 2. Further, data regarding soil types

and their various characteristics were also collected from Soil survey and Land use / Land

cover organization Coimbatore, Tami Nadu.

Bio-climatic map was generated from the secondary source of J.P.Pascal, 1982,

which were sub-setted with present study area boundary. The sub-set details are

reclassified for the study area following Pascal (1982).

4.3.3. Biodiversity Study (Floristic indices)

The Study area has been divided into eight localities, five in Tropical and three in

Subtropical montane regions, based on watershed. Non-contiguous plots of the size of 20

m x 20 m were taken depending upon microclimatic variations for each Forest type from

each locality.

4.3.3.1. Sampling Design

Stratified random sampling in homogenous vegetation classes (Roy et al., 1993a)

was adopted for analyzing the vegetation composition in vegetation types to generate

database on forest communities. There are different sampling plot shapes and sizes, each

having its own advantages and disadvantages (Parthasarathy and Karthiikeyan, 1997a &

b).Square shaped nested quadrats of 20 m x 20 m were found advantageous when one

considers compactness and mapping easiness (Ferreira and Prance, 1998). The Area

percentage method and the sampling plots (quadrats) are fixed as per the total area size

i.e., 0.0 1 % for smaller area to 0.005 % for larger area for the present study (Table- 4.1).

To get all the variation in each vegetation type as far as the heterogeneity of the forest stand is

concerned; this study has taken optimum sampling spots so as to cover all variations

within each type of the vegetation. For any Biodiveristy study a minimum of 0.001 percent

of the area are to be sampled (NRSA, 1998). In the present study the total area sampled


56

by the quadrats was 4.8 ha, which comes to more than 0.005 percent of the area and i.e

more than the required area.

Table - 4.1 Percentage share of Sample Survey Quadrats for various Forest types

Forest Type Area in ha

Sample sizein %

Quadrat (20 m x 20 m)

Extent in ha For sampling Required Laid

Southern hill top tropical evergreen forest 1,023.78 0.01 0.1024 2.55 3

Southern tropical wet evergreen forest 23,335.62 0.005 1.1667 29.164 29

Tropical semi- evergreen forest and Tirunelveli semi-evergreen forest 10,140.56 0.005 0.5070 12.67 13

Southern moist mixed deciduous forest 16,300.42 0.005 0.8150 20.38 20

Tropical riparian fringing forests. 469.51 0.01 0.0469 1.17 3

Southern tropical Dry teak forest 1,968.85 0.005 0.0984 2.46 3

Southern dry mixed deciduous forest 18,475.35 0.005 0.9237 23.09 26

Southern tropical Dry savannah & Dry grasslands 2,710.16 0.005 0.1355 3.38 4

Southern tropical thorn scrub 2,669.56 0.005 0.1335 3.33 3

Southern subtropical hill forest- Reed brakes (Ochlandra) 4,487.75 0.005 0.2243 5.60 5

Southern montane wet temperate forest (Shola) 1,431.66 0.01 0.1431 3.57 4

Southern montane wet grassland / Rocky Out crops 3,005.38 0.01 0.3005 7.5 7

Total 86,018.60 120

Old plantations 544.34

Non Forest area 2,285.50

Intensive field study was carried out using 20 m x 20 m nested quadrat technique.

The geo-coordinates of all 20 m x 20 m plots (120 plots) were located by GPS and

recorded (Vide Map – 4.2). A total of 4.8 ha area was sampled and all Tree species above

15 cm GBH were enumerated and their girth was measured. Shrubs (less than 15 cm at

GBH) were enumerated in 5 m x 5m quadrats and Herbs were enumerated in 1 m x 1 m

quadrats within all the plots.

The species were identified in field and unidentified specimens were collected and

herbarium prepared using standard procedures and identified at Rapinat Herbarium,

Tiruchirappalli (RHT), Madras Herbarium and Coimbatore (MH). For multi-stemmed

trees, girth of the boles was measured and basal area calculated separately and summed up

and the buttressed trees girth was measured just above the buttress. The methodology

followed to carry out the floristic diversity analysis is also explained in the Figure – 4.4

and the dimensions of the nested quadrates are given in Figure – 4.5.

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vari

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dai

Kannikatti Odai

Kiretandkavayan Odai

Melakkosu Odai

Mottachi Odai

Kiretandkavayan Odai

Kadayam

Karaiar

Sivasilam

Papanasam

Nalumukku

Inchikuli

Nambi Koil

Narkadu RH

Bana Tirtam

Kodamadi RH

Uttu Estate

Kudirayetti

Neterikal RH

Kannikatti RH

Sengalteri RH

Kulur mantapam

Panditheri PassMundanthurai RH

Taravattamparai

Upper Kodayar RH

Muttukuzhi Palace

R 4R 4

R 5R 5

R 2R 2

R 1R 1

G 3G 3

G 2G 2

M 3M 3

M 2M 2 M 1M 1

M 9M 9

M 8M 8

M 7M 7

M 5M 5

S 7S 7

S 3S 3

S 2S 2

S 1S 1

S 6S 6 S 5S 5

S 9S 9

S 4S 4

S 8S 8

D 9D 9

D 8D 8

G 1G 1 D 5D 5

D 4D 4D 3D 3

D 2D 2D 1D 1

T 5T 5

T 4T 4

T 3T 3

A 5A 5

G 5G 5

A 4A 4A 3A 3

N 5N 5

N 2N 2

N 9N 9

A 7A 7

A 6A 6

T 1T 1

K 4K 4 K 3K 3

K 2K 2 K 1K 1

K 5K 5

K 8K 8 K 9K 9

T 2 BT 2 B

T 2 AT 2 A

M 1 AM 1 A

T 1 AT 1 A

M 4 BM 4 B

M 1 2M 1 2

M 1 1M 1 1

M 1 0M 1 0

S 1 8S 1 8 S 1 2S 1 2

S 1 6S 1 6

S 2 6S 2 6

S 3 5S 3 5S 3 1S 3 1

S 2 4S 2 4

S 3 2S 3 2S 2 8S 2 8 S 2 9S 2 9

S 1 7S 1 7S 1 5S 1 5

S 1 4S 1 4

S 1 3S 1 3S 1 1S 1 1

D t 2D t 2

D t 1D t 1

D 1 5D 1 5

D 2 5D 2 5

D 2 3D 2 3

D 2 2D 2 2

D 2 1D 2 1

D 2 0D 2 0

D 1 9D 1 9

D 1 8D 1 8

D 1 7D 1 7

D 1 6D 1 6

D 1 1D 1 1

D 1 0D 1 0

A 9 aA 9 a

N 1 4N 1 4

A 1 9A 1 9

A 1 7A 1 7

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S 2 3 AS 2 3 A

S 2 3 BS 2 3 B

S 1 8 AS 1 8 A

77° 15' E 77° 30' E

77° 15'E 77° 30' E

KALAKAD - MUNDANTHURAI TIGER RESERVE (KMTR)

LOCATIONS OF SAMPLE QUADRATS²

S c a l e


8°45'

N

8°30'N

8°45'N

8°30'

N

Ramanadi Reservoir

Gatana Reservoir

Hope Lake

Map - 4.2: Locations of sample quadrats for floristic studies

5 0 5 102.5 km

Compiled by author based on the Survey of India Topographical sheets and GPS

K A L A K K A D R F

VIRAPULI R F

THERKUVEERAVANALLUR R F

MANPOTHAIR F

KOLUNDHUMAMALAIR F

S I N G A M P A T T Y R L

P A P A N A S A M R F

KALAMALAI R F

VALLIYUR R F

K a t t a l a i ma l a i Es t a t e

L E G E N D

Foot paths

MetalledUn Metalled

Dams/Reservoirs

Study area Boundary

# Peak points in metre

Forest Types

Sl.No No.of Samples

Forest Types

Hilltop evergreen

Dry teak

Wet evergreen

Moist mixed deciduousRiparian fringing

Semi-evergreen

Dry mixed deciduous

Dry grasslands

Thorn scrub

Reed Brakes

Montane temperate (Shola)

Montane grassland

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

3

29

13

20

3

26

4

3

5

4

7

3

120

Quadrats occurence

S-2,M-1

S-6,K-5,T-1,N-1

S-20,M-5,N-4

A-7,M-6,S-4,N-2,D-1

A-3

D-18,K-3,T-3,A-2

G-4

T-3

R-4,N-1

S-2,M-1,N-1

K-2,S-2,M-1,N-1,T-1

Dt-2,M-1

Total Quadrats

Details of quadrats for floristic studies

A

D

Dt

G

K

M

N

R

S

T

!H

!H

!H

!H

!H

!H

!H

!H

!H

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Sl.No Symbol No.of SamplesSeries

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

19

2

4

10

15

10

4

36

8

120Total Quadrats


57

Figure - 4.4 Paradigm for field floristic survey for plant diversity analysis

Figure- 4.5 Dimension of Quadrat for Field Survey

(Source: CES, IISC, Bangalore,)

4.3.3.2. Floristic diversity analysis

The Floristic diversity analysis can be divided into two parts i.e., Primary and

Secondary analysis.

The following Primary analysis was carried out using the formulae described

below (Chaturvedi and Khanna, 1982; Boom, 1986, Magurran, 1988; Balee and

Final Forest cover type map 2005

Homogenous Vegetation strata

(HVS)

Sampling site distribution

Field floristic survey (Nested quadrat)

Estimates of various diversity indices

1 m 1 m

20 m � 20 m = for tree and lianas 5 m � 5 m = for shrubs 1 m � 1 m = for herbs

20 m

5 m

5 m


58

Campbell, 1990; Roy et al., 1993a; Ferreira and Prance, 1998) using a specific package

created in MINITAB 8.2 software for the purpose.

Species Count: It pertains to simple species count for each forest type.

The following diversity indices were calculated for the recorded species

In the present study following diversity indices were calculated.

1. Frequency: (Magurran, 1988) in percentage (%)

2. Density: (Magurran, 1988)

Density is the number expressed in unit area – per hectare

3. Abundance: (Magurran, 1988) Abundance is the number of individuals in a given area.

4. Basal area: Basal Area is an area of the tree trunk at Breast Height.

5. Relative frequency: (Balslev et al., 1987)

6. Relative density: (Balslev et al., 1987) Relative Species Density is the total number of

individuals of a species expressed as proportion (or percentage) of the total number of

Individuals of all species.

7. Relative basal area: (Balslev et al., 1987)

8. Importance Value Index: (IVI) Importance Value Index gives an overall estimate of

the influence or importance of a plant species in the community.

IVI = Relative Frequency (RF) + Relative Density (RD) + Relative Basal Area

(RBA)

Basal area of a species X 100

Sum of Basal area of all the speciesRBA =

Frequency of a speciesX 100

Sum of frequency of all the species RF =

C2

4 �BA = where C is circumference at Breast Height

Total number of individuals of the species

Total number of quadrats in which the species occurred Ab =

D = Total number of quadrats studied

Total number of individuals of the species

Total number of quadrats in which the species occurred

Total number of quadrats studiedF (%) =

Sum of Density of all the speciesX 100Density of a speciesRD =


59

9. Shannon’s Index: (Shannon and Weiner, 1963) Shannon’s diversity index is a quantitative measure of habitat diversity. The

equation is: H= -sum (pi ln pi) or H’ = pi log pi

The term pi is the decimal ratio of individuals of a species to the total number of

individuals overall. The S-W Index is used to measure habitat quality. High diversity

means that there is a high degree of uncertainty in predicting the next organism we will

see in the ecosystem. A low S-W Index means a high degree of certainty in predicting the

next organism.

10. Simpson Diversity Index: (Balslev et al., 1987)

Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity. In Ecology, it is often used to

quantify the Biodiversity of a habitat. Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity

which takes into accounts both richness and evenness.

Simpson's Diversity Indices (D) can be calculated as

D = (n / N) 2

n = the total number of organisms of a particular species, N = the total number of organisms of all species,

Value of D ranges between 0 and 1, with this index, 0 represents infinite diversity and 1, no diversity. That is, the bigger the value of D, the lower the diversity.

Or Simpson's Diversity Indices = pi 2

pi =

11. Rarity (R) One or two individuals in the concerned Forest types are considered as

rare

% 'R =

A / % F

The Abundance to Frequency ratio to understand the distribution patterns i.e.,

<0.025 (regular), 0.025 - 0.05 (random) and >0.05 (contagious).

12. Species Richness

The Species Richness map was tied using Margalef (1958) diversity index as

studied by Ravan and Roy (1997). It is given by Margalef (Mg) Index: d = (S � 1) / log N,

Number of individuals of the species

Total number of individuals

Number of rare species Total Number of species

X 100


60

where d is the richness index, S is the number of species, and N is the number of

individuals.

4.3.4. Short listing of Endemic and Threatened Medicinal Plant species

The Structure of the IUCN Red List categories (IUCN, 2000) is shown in

Figure-4.6. Short listing of Endemic and Threatened Medicinal plant species of the study

Area i.e., KMTR from the total inventory of the floral species is shown in Figure - 4.7 in

two segments by applying a logically conclusive selection method. First four sets of the

segment are made to select the Threatened plant species from KMTR to be studied in

detail and the remaining three sets of the other halves are made to evolve the Management

strategies for such short listed species by making a Conservation Management Model.

Figure- 4.6 Structure of the IUCN Red List categories (IUCN, 2000)

Extinct (EX) Critically Endangered (CR)

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

(Adequate data) Threatened Endangered (EN)

Near Threatened (NT) (Evaluated) Vulnerable (VU)

Taxon Least Concern (LC) Data Deficient (DD)

Not Evaluated (NE)


61

Figure- 4.7 Short listing of Endemic &Threatened MPs from Inventory data

CHECKLIST PREPARATION OF MPs (772MPs)

CHECKLIST OF ENDAMIC & THREATENED MPs (58)

Preparation of Select list of ETMP species

1 Eugenia singampattiana (Small tree) 9 Bentinckia condapanna (palm-tree)

2 Phyllanthus singampattiana (shrub) 10 11

Garcinia travancorica(Tree) Trichopus zeylanicus subsp. travancoricus(Herb)

3 Syzygium gambelianum (Tree) 12 Anoetochilus elatus(Zewel orchid) 4 Elaeocarpus venustus (Tree) 13 Baccaurea courtallensis (Tree) 5 Hopea utilis (Tree) 14 Kingiodendron pinnatum ( Big Tree) 6 Janakia arayalpathra (Shrub) 15 Coscinium fenestratum (Woody

Climber) 7 Poeciloneuron pauciflorum,(Tree) 16 Gymnema sylvestre (Climber) 8 Hydnocarpus macrocarpa (Tree)

Plotting

Stress level / Utility of Each ETMP in Quadrant

Diagnosis of Problem of Individual Species

Data Analysis for Making Prescriptions

Development of Recovery Plan / Management Strategies

a) Endemic character b) Declined in wild population c) Rarity of occurrence in Wild d) Phylogenetically distinct taxon e) Actively Traded f) Convenience for study

Sele

ctio

n Pr

oces

s of

ETM

PsM

anag

emen

t Str

ateg

y Ev

olvi

ng P

roce

ss

BASIS OF PRIORITIZATION OF ETMPs

INVENTORY OF FLORAL SPs IN KMTR – (1106)


62

4.3.5. Development of Methodology to select plant species to evolve Conservation / Management Strategy

Based on the details collected from the field survey, literature and experience, a

check list of ETMPs of the Study Area is prepared. The Coloured photograph / album

such species of ETMP were shown to the various Stakeholders during the time of

interview for making diagnosis of problem of individual plant. To find out the stress level

of each Medicinal Plant Trade / Utility and Threat Status are plotted in a quadrant to

diagnose the actual problem of individual plant to make appropriate prescription

accordingly. Based on the findings from the plotting, a Conservation Model is planned to

prepare for this selected species for evolving Recovery plan / Management Strategies.

Sanjib Phansalkar (2001) prepared two Management frameworks for developing

Business Development Plans for Conservation of Medicinal Plants. These Management

frameworks were studied and applied here to develop species specific recommendations

for selected Endemic and Threatened Medicinal Plants in KMTR. The methods used to

develop the Plans for Conservation of Medicinal Plants are as follows:

The first framework priorities the medicinal plants deserving conservation attention.

A quadrant is developed with the X-axis showing the status of a specific Medicinal plants

in Trade utility and the Y axis indicated the present threat status of the same Medicinal

Plants. For any specific area for which such management plan is planned for, we shortlist

the medicinal plant from the Field survey / list of flora of the area. Further, we short list

the medicinal plant under different degrees of threats. Now for a particular threat species

both the utility level and its threat status are plotted in the quadrant based on the degree of

utility and threat status. Likewise all the medicinal plants of the area can be plotted in

the quadrant. Based on this plotting we can find out the group of plants as found in four

categories namely (Figure - 4.8)

A) Top left – High risk - Low Utility value B) Bottom left – Low risk - Low Utility

C) Top right – High risk - High Utility D) Bottom right – Low risk - High Utility


63

Now based on the location of a particular species where it got plotted, accordingly

prescription or Recovery Planning / Strategy Plan is done for all the selected ETMP

species.

The quadrant of high trade and high threat merit the highest attention, followed by

high trade and low threat status. The quadrant of high threat and low trade requires close

surveillance and the last quadrant of low threat and low trade is of least concern. The

medicinal plant species are marked on this graph using available data on threat and trade

status. After prioritization, the specific strategy for each species needs to be worked out.

This grouping will help us to select the plant species for conservation priority for

example plants grouping in top right and top left should be prioritized for

conservation.

Figure – 4.8 Model Showing the Priority Analysis for of a Few Selected Medicinal Plants in KMTR

4.3.5.1. Species Specific Recovery Plan for Selected Threatened Medicinal Plants

Prioritization of plant species becomes redundant unless an appropriate Species

Recovery Plan is evolved for each prioritized plants. This was explained by Sanjib

UTILITY

EW = Extinct in Wild; EN = Endangered; Vu = Vulnerable; LR-cd = Low Risk –conservation dependent, LC = Least Concern; E = Endemic, W = Wildly distributed, Dest..= Destructive; (�,�) = Movement towards end of axis, 0 =Status quo. Note - Figures of Trade from 5 % sample study of collectors of medicinal plants, undertaken by a coalition of South Indian NGOs and Commissioned by FRLHT (1999).


64

Phansalkar (2001) in his second Management framework which uses the species as rows

in a matrix and the specific recommendation as columns. This recovery plans take into

account all the factors that led to the present threat status of that species Figure-4.9 show

the various factors considered in the present study and a subsequent operation plan.

Species Specific Recovery Plan and Management recommendations table for

selected endemic and threatened medicinal plants of the Study Area are prepared and

elaborated under Results and Discussions in Chapter-V.

Figure- 4.9 SPECIES SPECIFIC RECOVERY PLAN

4.3.6 Phytochemical Analysis by Gas Chromatograph -Mass detector (GC-MS) Method:

GC-MS method was used for analyzing the biochemical properties that can be used

for ethno botanic purpose for three critically endangered plant species namely

Phyllanthus singampattiana (Sebastine & Henry) Kumari & Chandrab.; Janakia

aryalpathra Joseph & Chandras and Syzygium nessianum Arn. as pilot study at Indian

Institute of Crop Processing Technology, (IICPT) Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu by the Author.

Plant sample extraction

Ten gram-powdered sample of each of the four samples Janakia arayalpatra

[Tuber Dust] 123; Phyllanthus singampattiana [Leaf Dust] 124; and [Stem Dust] 125;

Syzygium nessianum [Fruit Dust] 126 is extracted with 30ml ethanol overnight and filtered

in a ash less filter paper with sodium sulphate [2gm] and concentrated the extract to 1ml

Nursery Techniques/Cultivation

Practices

Species Location-identification

Species Population

Habitat (Abiotic & Biotic)

Existing Management Issues (Legal

supports, conservation Practices etc

SPECIESRECOVERY

PLAN

Recommended Package of Practices for Conservation & Management of ETMPs in

KMTR

(Illustrated under Results & Discussions in Chapter-V)

Species identifying characters & their Growth habit

Conservation Assessment Management Plan (CAMP)


65

by bubbling nitrogen into the solution. The extracted material is taken for GC MS

analysis.

GC-MS Laboratory, (IICPT) Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

1. GC Programme:

Column: Elite-1 (100% Dimethyl poly siloxane), 30 x 0.25mm x 1�mdf

Equipment: GC Clarus 500 Perkin Elmer

Carrier gas: 1 ml per min, Split: 10:1

Detector: Mass detector: Turbo mass gold-Perkin Elmer

Software: Turbomass 5.4.2

Sample injected: 2�l

Oven temperature programme: -

110°C-2 min hold

Up to 200°C at the rate of 10°C / min-no hold

Up to 280°C at the rate of 5°C / min-9 min hold

Injector temperature: 250°C

Total GC running time: 36 min

2. MS Programme:

Library used: NIST Version-Year 2005

Intel line temperature: 200°C

Source temperature: 200°C


66

Electron energy: 70 eV

Mass scan: (m/z): 45-450, Solvent Delay: 0-3 min

Total MS running time: 36 min

4.3.7. Data collection by Questionnaire Survey from different groups of Stakeholder

A Stakeholder analysis of medicinal plants was performed after analyzing more

than 210 questions asked among the various Stake holders during this study in KMTR and

all other related Stakeholders outside. After deciding the focus area to be studied further in

depth interview was carried out with other Senior Managers, Policy Elites of Forest

Departments who worked in the Department earlier and attained experience in tackling the

problem of Natural Resource Management.

Other details like medicinal plants, the parts of plants and seasons of the year

collected by the various stakeholders were gathered from the forest abutting villages of

KMTR. Similar details were also collected from the Kani tribe who live in and outside the

KMTR. In depth method of interview was used for different distinctive stakeholders

namely policy makers, experts, environmentalists those who are interested in protection of

threatened plant species with broad perspective. On the other hand, for the common

stakeholders of forest abutting villages, a comprehensive questionnaire was prepared and

communicated to them well in advance and details were collected. In similar way, an

interview method was applied for common stakeholders among the Forest abutting

villagers of KMTR. The interview method is also used for the field staff of Forest

Department those who are in charge of protection duty.

The various groups of Stakeholders of Medicinal Plants and their specific Stakes

were identified in the study area and grouped into 5 major categories based on their stakes

namely.

1. Resource Custodian Stakes (State Forest Department, Tamil Nadu)

2. Users Stakes (Local communities like Kanni tribes, Self Help Group under EDP).

3. Economic Stakes [(Medical practitioners under the Department of Indian Systems

of medicine) (Business / Commercial users e.g. Traders & Manufacturing traders,

& Plant collectors)]

4. Knowledge Stakes (Training & Research Institutes & Professional experts)

5. Interface Stakes (NGOs & Voluntary agencies)


67

4.3.8. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis

A SWOT analysis first starts with defining a desired end state or objective. A

SWOT analysis may be incorporated into any strategic planning model. An example of a

strategic planning technique that incorporates an objective-driven SWOT analysis is

Strategic Creative Analysis (SCAN). More thrust has been given for Strategic Planning,

including SWOT and SCAN analysis.

� Strengths: Attributes of the Study Area (Man and Material) that are helpful to

achieve the objective.

� Weaknesses: Attributes of the Study Area (Man and Material) that have

negative effect in achieving the objective.

� Opportunities: External conditions those are helpful to achieve the objective.

� Threats: External conditions which could do damage to the business

performance.Figure - 4.10 SHOWING SWOT ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

Helpful to achieve the objective

Harmful To achieve the objective

Inte

rnal

Orig

in

to a

chie

ve t

he

obje

ctiv

e

S

W

Exte

rnal

Orig

in

to a

chie

ve th

e ob

ject

ive

O

T

Thus the methodology ensures systematic collection of relevant data from relevant

resources and logical analysis so as to address the objectives of short listed for the present

study.

This management concept has been applied in finalizing the findings of the study

with further recommendations required for the conservation and management strategies

for Endemic and Threatened Medicinal Plants of the Study Area.

Strength Weakness

Opportunities Threats

Documents

Materials and Methods Materials and Methodsshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4796/18/18_chapter 4.pdf · Erdas Imagine 8.7, Arc GIS 9.3, Autocad 2000i, Minitab 8.0, etc