Material for CE - Aggr Full Version 2010

8/4/2019 Material for CE - Aggr Full Version 2010

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Aggregates

Heddy R Agah

2010

Property of Materials for Civil EngineeringCES 21005Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Indonesia


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(1) Definition

(2) Classification

(3) Composition and Structures

(5) Aggregate for ASPHALT CONCRETE

(4) Gradation

(6) Aggregate for CEMENT CONCRETE


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Definition

Materials (for construction)

Inert material which, when bound together into a conglomeratedmass by a matrix, form: -concrete, -mastic mortar, -plaster.

An aggregation of sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag or other materialcomposition used in combination with a binding medium to form: -bituminous and Portland cement, -concrete, -macadam, -mastic, -mortar cement, -plaster, or alone as: -railroad ballast, -filter beds,

and -various manufacturing processes such as fluxing


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Classification

NaturalAggregate

ManufacturedAggregate


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Natural Aggregates

Taken from natural deposits without change in their

nature during production, with the exception of

crushing, sizing, grading or washing

Includes:

pumice,

shells,

iron ore,

lime rock


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Manufactured Aggregates

Aggregates produced as a direct product,rather than as a by-product of amanufacturing process

Includes: Blast furnace slag

Clay Shale;

Light weightaggregates


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Synthetic Artificial Aggregates

By-product of an industrial process

Product of process developed tomanufactured aggregate with special

properties

Reclaimed or waste construction materials


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Classification based on Size

FINE

Aggregate passing 9.5mm (3/8) sieve, passing sieve no 4 (4.75mm) and predominantly

retained on 75u (no 200) sieve

Aggregate passing no 4 and retained on the no 200 (75um) sieve

COARSE

Aggregate predominantly retained on the no 4 sieve (for Portland Cement Concrete)

The no 8 or no 10 sieve (for bituminous concrete)


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Composition & Structures

Natural Aggregates

Consist of naturally occurring material of mineralcomposition

Derived from rocks with single mineral or several

different mineral


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NATURALAGGREGATES

METAMORPHICROCK

IGNEOUSROCK

SEDIMENTARYROCK


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IGNEOUS ROCK

COOL MELTING FORMED (ABOVE OR BELOW THE EARTHS

SURFACE)

CONSISTS OF CRYSTAL OR MINERALS IN A CRYSTALLINE (OR

GLOSSY) MATRIX

SIZE IS A FUNCTION OF COOLING RATE


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SEDIMENTARY ROCK

FORMED BY THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEPOSITS, -WEATHERING PRODUCTS AND EROSION OF ROCKS

(EARTH SURFACE)

LESS MECHANICAL COMPACTIONS


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METAMORPHIC ROCK

FORMED BY THE APPLICATION OF INTENSE HEAT AND

PRESSURE TO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

LESS POROUS, STRONG MATRIX (RECRYSTALLIZATION)

STRONGED AND LESS ANISOTROPIC COMPACTED TO

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS


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ROCKS TYPE SpecificGravity

POROSITY(% - vol)

IGNEOUS Basalt

Granite

2.6 3.0

2.6 3.0

50 200

100 250SEDIMENTARY Shale

Limestone

Sandstone

2.0 2.7

2.3 2.8

2.2 2.7

10 100

35 250

20 175

METAMORPHIC StateMarble

Quartzite

2.6 2.92.6 2.8

2.6 2.7

100 200100 250

100 - 300


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Principles and Procedures

The use and process: QUALITY : high (estimate)

COST : low (estimate)

The procedures: Excavation

Transportation

Washing

Crushing

Sizing


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procedures

Processing plant

Site

Transportation (truck, rail,conveyor belt)

Washing : before and/or after

Excavator: digging

Removal of organic material(silt; clay; leaves; mud)

Method: blasting; dragging;pumping


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Sizing and screening

1. Sizing: by crusher

2. Proper and desirable size

3. Crusher type:

size of designedaggregate

Sieve : vibratory screenSet of sieves with designateddiameter


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d

sieve

d

D


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Sieve analysis

h

D

X gram

(X- z) gram

Retained = coarser

X gram coarser

X gram finer

X gram finer


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Grain distribution

10 1 0.1 0.01 0.0.01

0

20

60

80

100

%b

yweightfiner

Diameter, log, mm

40


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End of session


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Aggregate gradation

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UNIFORM G A P

CONTINUOUS


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Gradation and Aggregate Building

Aggregate gradation affects the workability of portland

cement concrete mixes, and the stability and durability of

bituminous concrete mixes, also affects the stability,

drainage and frost resistance of base course

Aggregate grading: dense; gap; uniform; open graded

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Gradation and Aggregate Building

Fuller method:

P = 100 [ d/D] N

p = percentage finer than sieve

D = maximum size aggregate to be used (top size)

d = sieve size in questionN = coefficient of adjustment which adjusts the curve for

fineness or coarseness

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Fuller curve

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100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Percentfinerbywe

ight

Diameter in mm log scale

n = 0.3

n = 0.5

n = 0.7

10 1 0.1


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Fine aggregates limits

SIEVE SIZE PASSINGmm inch %

9.50 3/8 100

4.75 No. 4 95 - 100

2.36 No. 8 80 - 100

1.18 No. 16 50 - 85

600 mm No. 30 25 - 60

300 mm No. 50 10 - 30

150 mm No. 100 2 - 10

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Graphical distribution

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CONTINUOUS

UNIFORM

Increasing particle size (sieve opening)

Increasingcumulativepercent

agepassing

G A P


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Sieve test result

Sieve Size(mm)

no Weightretained (gr)

% retained Cumulativeretained (%)

Cumulativepassing (%)

4.75 4 0 0 0 100

2.36 8 241.9 11.9 11.9 90.6

1.18 16 388.9 19.1 31.0 74.0

0.60 30 505.5 24.9 55.9 51.7

0.30 50 543.4 26.7 82.6 25.1

0.15 100 340.8 16.8 99.4 8.4

pan 11.3 0.6 100.0 0

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Sieve Test Result

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

no 4 no 8 no 16 no 30 no 50 no 100 pan

cumm retained

cumm passing

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TYPICAL GRADATION

Sieve

designation

Percent finer than

A B C

2 in 100 100 100

1 in 100 95 90 100

in 63 85 65 80

No. 4 25 50 30 45

No. 10 15 36 20 35

No. 200 3 7 0 - 5

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TYPICAL GRADATION

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2 in 1 in in No. 4 No. 10 No. 200

a

b

c

c1

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Binding aggregates (2 materials)

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Percent aggregate A

Percent aggregate B

PercentpassingaggregateA

Percentpassingagg

regateB

0 20 40 60 80 100

0 20 40 60 80 100

1.5

3/4

No. 4

No. 10

No. 200


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Aggregates Moisture Phase

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Oven Dry Air Dry Saturated surface dry W e t

Absorption Capacity

Effective Absorption

Surface moisture


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Absorption CapacityWSSD - WOD

WODX 100

Effective Absorption

Moisture Content

Surface Moisture

WAGG - WOD

WODX 100

WWET - WSSD

WSSDX 100

WSSD - WAD

WSSDX 100


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SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Ratio between mass (weight in air) to the mass of an equal

volume of water (for a specific temperature)

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WOD

WSSD - WSW

WSSD

WSSD - WSW

WOD

WOD - WSW

Bulk Specific Gravity, Gb =

Bulk Specific Gravity, Gbsd =Saturated surface dry

Apparent Specific Gravity, Ga =


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Flexible Pavement

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Asphalt concrete

Base course

Sub Base course

Sub Grade

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION


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Aggregate for Pavement Base

GRADATION

PARTICLE STRENGTH

PARTICLE SHAPE

SURFACE TEXTURE

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Gradation

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Fine CoarseMedium


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GRADATION

Gradation affects: stability, drainage, and frostsusceptibility;

The type of gradation: dense graded(maximum stability), open graded (maximumdrainage or frost protection);

The hardness of the aggregate (ie.; aggregatedegradation)

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Aggregate withoutfines

Void filled with fines Void overfilling byfines

STRENGTH Grain to grain contactonly

Grain contactincrease

Resistance to deformincrease

Contact reduced thestrength of mixture

Aggregate float infines

DENSITY Varies (relatively low)

Pervious

Density increase Density decreasePractically impervious

STABILITY High in confinestructure

Low in unconfinedstructure

High for confine andunconfined structure

Low stability

COMPACTION Hard to compact Relatively easy tocompact

No problem

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Particle Strength

To resist the load without breakdown,

minimize degradation

Requires: strength and toughness

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Particle Shape

Angular aggregate characteristics giveaggregate interlock properties; increase thestability of open graded materials.

Rounded aggregate:Herrin and Goetz: crushing rounded gravels add significantly only to thestability of one size aggregate mixes, to open graded mixes a very little,

and to dense mixes not at all

Thin and elongated aggregate:Size segregation; low strength

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Particle Texture (surface)

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Aggregate for Bituminous Mixture

Gradation and Size:

(High volume of traffic: dense graded aggr., with sufficient void to leave

room for fine and asphalt)

Strength and Toughness:

To prevent aggregate breakdown under traffic and subsequent los of

stability)

Particle shape

(angular aggr. gives aggr., interlock properties increasing stability of open

graded materials)

Porosity

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Gradation for typical sand asphalt

Sieve

designation

passing

Percentage of total by weight

Grading A Grading B Grading C

100 100 100

No. 4 95 100 95 100 90 100

No. 10 80 100 80 100 50 100

No. 40 50 80 50 95 35 70

No. 80 10 30 5 30 5 30

No. 200 0 8 0 8 0 8

Bitumen 4.0 6.0 4.0 6.0 4.5 6.5

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Note: Base course mixture


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Aggregate for PC Concrete

Aggregate gradation control workability of plastic concrete

Aggregate used in PC concrete are blend of coarse and fine aggregate to

achieve economical mix

Aggregate coarse and fine are similar with aggregate for asphalt concrete,

with and addition of the term of fineness modulus.

The bond between the aggregate and the cementing materials of portland

cement is influenced by surface texture, rough surface texture will

increase bond strength.

i. Fineness modulus is the relative fineness of sand and defines as one-hundred ofthe sum of the cumulative percentage held on the standard sieves test of sand.

ii. The smaller the value of the fineness modulus, the finer the sand.

iii. The fineness modulus for food sand is between 2.25 and 3.25

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Aggregate & Quality of PC Concrete

Low and moderate strength

Play the role of a filler materials

Not need high content of sand, cement and water cement

ratio

High strength

Low water cement ratio provided for a high strength mortar High strength of aggregate required to prevent failure under

design load

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Selected types

Weak aggregate:

Sandstone, soft shale, limestone

Not sufficient strong to serve moderate concrete;

Hard aggregate:

Crushed granite

This type is necessary for very high strength of

concrete

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Characteristics

Surface texture

Particle size

Angularity

Porosity

Chemical composition

Thermal properties


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Bonding

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SurfaceTexture

Rough surface

Smooth

surface

Less water cement ratio

Better bonding

Higher strength

Better bonding condition


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Particle shape

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Angular

Rounded

Workability ofplastic concrete

Need more mortar

to fill voids

Separate aggregate

for workability

Required more

water content


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Test Used for Concrete Mixes

Test Purpose

Sampling aggregate To sample fine and coarse aggregate

Sieve analysis To determine the particle size of fine and coarse aggregate to

be used in various tests.

Specific gravity and

absorption of coarse

aggregate

To determine (ultimately) the solid volume of coarse aggregate

and the unit volume of the dry rodded aggregate, weight-

volume characteristics

Bulk specific gravity is used to determine the volume occupied

by the aggregate

Specific gravity and

absorption of fineaggregate

To determine the bulk and apparent specific gravity of fine

aggregate as well as absorption.

Unit weight of

aggregate

To determine the unit weight of fine, coarse or mixes

aggregate.

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This is end of session

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Assignment

1. Jenis batuan yang paling cocok untuk perkerasan jalanadalah igneous rock. Mohon komentar dan penjelasanmengenai keterangan tersebut.

2. Bagaimana bentuk (shape) dari partikel mempengaruhipenggunaannya untuk: -beton semen; -beton aspal?

3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan gradasi batuan?

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Sieve Size 4 8 16 30 50 100

Weight Retained(gr) 26 130 240 252 210 138

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1. Analisis saringan dari 1.000 gram batuan halus (fine) menghasilkandata sebagai berikut pada tabel. Mohon saudara gambarkan grafikgradasinya dan hitung modulus kehalusan (fineness modulus) danapa saran saudara terhadap gradasi tersebut

Assignment


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1. Pelajari dan gambarkan grafik gradasinya dari beberapa

standar teknis (technical specification) mengacu kepada

ASTM standar untuk gradasi batuan yang digunakan untuk:

campuran beton aspal

campuran beton semen

Documents

Material for CE - Aggr Full Version 2010