PIPE INSTALLATION HANDBOOK

Matched Tapered Bell & Spigot Joints

•REDTHREAD®II •GREENTHREAD® •SILVERSTREAK® •F-CHEM®

ManualNo.F6000April1,2007

FIBER GLASS SYSTEMS L. P.PIPE INSTALLATION HANDBOOK

Matched Tapered Bell & Spigot Joints

Thisfabricationmanualisofferedtoassistyouintheproperfabricationand installationprocedureswhenassemblingyourFiberGlassSystems(FGS)pipingsystem.

If you do not find the answer to your questions in themanual,feelfreetocontactusoryourlocalFGSdistributor.

FGSproductsmustbe installedandused inaccordancewithsound,provenpracticeandcommonsense. The information supplied by FGS in itsliteraturemustbeconsideredasanexpressionofguidelinesbasedonfieldexperienceratherthanawarrantyforwhichFGSassumes responsibility. FGS offers a limited warranty of itsproductsintheTerms and Conditions of Sale.Theinformationcontained in the literature and catalogs furnished by FGScannotensure,ofitself,asuccessfulinstallationandisofferedtocustomerssubjecttotheselimitationsandexplanations. It is the policy of FGS to improve its products continually.Therefore, the company reserves the right, without notice, tochangespecificationsand/ordesignatanytimewithoutincurringan obligation for equipment previously sold. DescriptionscontainedinthiscatalogareforthepurposeofidentificationandneitherlimitnorextendthestandardproductlimitedwarrantysetforthintheTerms and Conditions of Sale and Trade Customs.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iFabrication&InstallationAssistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Part IPIPE PRODuCTS

PipeProducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 DescriptionofPipeProducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 PipeGrades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Adhesives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 FabricationAccessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6JoiningSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Part IISITE CONSIDERATIONS

StorageandHandling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Tools,Equipment,andSupplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10SuggestedCrewSetUp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12AdverseWeatherRecommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14BurialRecommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Anchors,GuidesandSupports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Part IIIGENERAL INSTALLATION

ReadThisFirst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24CuttingFGSPipe................................25

Part IVFABRICATION OF RED THREAD II, GREEN THREAD, AND

SILVER STREAK PIPE AND FITTINGS

TaperingFGSPipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26TaperingToolReferenceChart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28JointPrep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29AdhesiveMixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30JointAssembly..................................31 CloseTolerancePiping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Take-OffDimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 1”-6”BellxSpigotJoints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 8”-24”BellxSpigotJoints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 T.A.B.Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40JointCure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 HeatCollars&HeatPacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

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PART VFABRICATION OF F-CHEM PIPE AND FITTINGS

JointPrep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50JointAssembly..................................50JointCure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 HeatBlankets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 TappingintoaLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Part VI INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS

Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60Start-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63WaterHammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64ConnectingtoOtherSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73PaintingPipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Part VIIHELPFuL INFORMATION

Conversions....................................76DecimalEquivalentsofFractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77DefinitionofTerms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78HowToReadFlangedorReducingFittings . . . . . . . . . . . .83HowToFigurea45°Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

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©2005,NATIONALOILWELLVARCO

®TrademarkofVarcoI/P,Inc.

RT REDTHREAD®IIpipingsystemsRTPP REDTHREADIIPerformance Plus pipingsystemsGT GREENTHREAD®pipingsystemsGTPP GREENTHREADPerformance Plus pipingsystemsSS SILVERSTREAK®pipingsystemsFC F-CHEM®pipingsystems

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Standard Abbreviations

FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION ASSISTANCE

Installing FGS fiberglass pipe is different from installingcarbon steel, stainless steel, lined steel and even otherfiberglass piping systems. Learning the proper methods toprepareandmake-upbell&spigotjointscanhelpensurethereliabilityandlong-termperformanceofyourpipingsystem.

FGS offers the TQI Plus (ASME B31.3) Fabricationand Assembly certification program. Qualified Field ServiceRepresentativestrainfabricationandassemblycrews,conductandsupervisefabricationwork,andinspectworkinprogress.

For complete information concerning these trainingseminars,contactyourlocalFGSdistributororFGS.

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SAFETYThissafetyalertsymbolindicatesanimportantsafetymessage.Whenyouseethissymbol,bealerttothepossibilityofpersonalinjury.

CAuTIONAsthispipemaycarryhazardousmaterialand/oroperateatahazardouspressurelevel,youmustfollowinstructionsinthismanualtoavoidseriouspersonalinjuryorpropertydamage. Inanyevent, improper installationcancauseinjuryordamage.Inaddition,installersshouldreadandfollow all cautions and warnings on adhesive kits, heatpacks, propane torches, etc. to avoid personal injury.Also, observe general safety practices with all saws,tools, etc. to avoid personal injury. Wear protectiveclothing when necessary. Make sure work surfacesare clean and stable and that work areas are properlyventilated.

!

PART IPIPE PRODuCTS

DESCRIPTION OF PIPE PRODuCTS

The performance characteristics of a fiberglass pipesystem depend on several important elements including theresinandcuringagent,aswellasthemanufacturingprocessandtypeandthicknessofthepipe’scorrosionbarrier. FGSpipingsystemsaremanufacturedusingepoxy,vinylester,orisophthalicpolyesterresinsystems.Allareheatcuredfor optimum chemical resistance and physical properties.Match your temperature, pressure and chemical resistancerequirementstothepipingsystem.

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FGS PIPE GRADES

RED THREAD II & RED THREAD II Performance PlusEpoxy pipe grade that provides long service life, lightweightand corrosion resistance. Used for light chemical servicesinsalts,solventsandpH2 to13solutionsup to210°Fandpressures to 450 psig.Available in 2”-24” pipe sizes.T.A.B.(Threaded and Bonded bell & spigot) is the primary joiningmethodfor2”-6”diameterpipe.Matchedtaperedbell&spigotjoiningmethodisusedfor8”-24”pipe.

GREEN THREAD & GREEN THREAD Performance PlusEpoxy pipe with 15-35 mil resin-rich liner that providesexcellent chemical resistance to dilute acids and caustics.Rated for temperatures up to 225°F and pressures to 450psig.Matchedtaperedbell&spigotconnectionisprovidedonall1”-24”pipesizes.

SILVER STREAKCustomfilamentwoundpipeisspeciallydesignedforabrasiveand corrosive services found in flue gas desulfurization. Itis a proprietary blend of epoxy resin and abrasion-resistantadditives. Rated for temperatures to 225°F and 150 psig.Availablein2”-24”pipesizes.

F-CHEM Custom filament wound construction offers more flexibilityin resin systems, corrosion barriers and wall thickness thanourstandardproducts.Rated for temperatures to250°Fand150 psig. Let us assist you in selecting the right pipe for aspecific application. Available in 1”-72” pipe sizes. Joiningmethodsincludeplainendbuttandwrap,O-ringbell&spigotormatchedtaperedbell&spigot.

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FITTINGS

FGSfittingsarecolorcoded.GREENTHREADfittingsaregreen and may be used with REDTHREAD II and GREENTHREADpipe.SILVERSTREAKfittingsareblack.F-CHEMfittings are color matched to the pipe. Be sure to use thecorrectgradeofpipeandfittingsforyourservice.ConsultFGSFittings &Accessories Bulletins for pressure rating limits onvariousfittings.Thelowestratedfittingdeterminesthesystempressurerating. Mostcompression-moldedfittingshaveacenterlinedotorcrosswhichwillassistyouinmakingmeasurements.

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ADHESIVES

FGS adhesives are formulated for specific use withthe companion pipe grades. Use only the recommendedadhesivewitheachpipegrade-donotmixsystems!Standardadhesivesareatwo-componentsystem(PartsAandB)whichmustbemixedpriortouse.Detailedinstructionsforadhesivesareprovidedwitheachkit.Readtheseinstructionsthoroughlyandfollowtherecommendedprocedures.Thecuretimeandpot-life of the adhesive is dependent on temperature. Referto the adhesive instructions. Ambient temperatures above100°Frequireextracarebythefabricatortoassuresufficientworking time of the adhesive. Refer to Adverse Weather Recommendationsonpage14.

ADHESIVE SELECTION

FGSstandardadhesivekitsaredesignedtobeusedwithspecificpipingsystemsasshowninTable2.

ADHESIVE WORKING LIFE

Workinglifeorpotlifeisthetimeittakesfortheadhesivetohardeninthemixingcan.RefertoTable1below.

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TABLE 1. Fiber Glass Systems Adhesives Estimated Pot Life

NOTE:Potlifeisthetimeavailableforfabrication.Timesmayvarydependingupontemperature,humidity,quantitymixed,etc.

Pipe Resin

Systems Adhesive

Pot Life@ 70°F (min.)

(see note)

Pot Life@ 90°F (min.)

(see note)

Epoxy 7000 25 15

Epoxy 8000 15 8

VinylEster CL-100 20 10

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Num

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1"11

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2"3"

4"6"

8"10

"12

"14

"16

"18

"20

"24

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RTI

I/GT

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8069

84

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Num

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14"

16"

18"

20"

24"

30"

36"

42"

48"

54"-

72"

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100

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11/2

11

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1 /4

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FABRICATION ACCESSORIES

Heat Collars and Heat Blankets:FGS offers high temperature heatcollars and silicone heat blanketsfor use in curing of adhesive joints.Theblanketsandcollarshaveapre-set thermostat which controls thetemperature of the unit. See page44 for heat collar page 54 for heatblanket cure times for adhesive jointfabrications.

Heat Guns:Highwattageelectricheat guns are also available toheatF-CHEMadhesivejoints.Theheatgunsare1600wattcapacity.

FGS Heat Packs: A heat pack unit consisting of ties andreactants in a plastic bag attached to foil paper is alsoavailable.Heatpackswillcurejointswithinonehour.

Tapering Tools: FGSmatchedtaperedjointsrequirevarioustools formakingthetaperedspigot in the field(RT,GT,SS).Refer toTable6onpage28 forselectionofproper taperingtool.

Come-Along: Specificallydesigned hydraulic come-alongsare available for 8”-24” pipingsystems (RT,GT,SS).Especiallyuseful for long straight runs ofpipe.

Manual Come-Along: Kit consistsof two manual cable puller come-alongsandonestrapclampkit.Itisamechanicalaidusedtojoinlargerdiameter piping. The come-alongismostuseful for8”-16”pipesizes

toaidinthealignmentandlandingofthespigotendintothebell.

Strap Clamp Kit: FGS offersStrap Clamp Kits that can beused in conjunction with come-alongsforbonding8”-24”fittings.

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JOINING SYSTEMS

Bell and Spigot Joint: The adhesive bonded, tapered belland spigot joint is a primary joining method for the followingproducts: 1"-24"GREENTHREADpipingandpipetofittings 2"-24"REDTHREADIIpipingandpipetofittings 2”-24”SILVERSTREAKpipetofittings 4”-72”F-CHEMpiping* *Pipetopipejointsalsoavailableinbutt&wrap.Pipe is suppliedwith one endtapered(thespigot)and the other endbelled (integral bellor factory bondedcoupling) to accept a tapered spigot. The joint is made byapplyingadhesivewhich,whencured, iscompatiblewiththepipingsystemsforjointstrengthandcorrosionresistance.

T.A.B. (Threaded and Bonded) Joint:TheT.A.B.jointistheprimaryjoiningmethodforthefollowingproduct:

2"-6"REDTHREADIIpipingandpipetocou-plings.

The joining sys-tem combinesboth threads andadhesives on thebonding surfaces.The mechanical locking action of these promotes positivemakeup which prevents backout during adhesive curing.Standardtaperedbellfittingsareusedwiththissystem.

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PART IISITE CONSIDERATIONS

STORAGE AND HANDLING

A. Pipe and Fittings Fiberglassreinforcedpipe,fittings,andadhesivesrequirespecial storage and handling. Care should be taken intransporting, unloading, handling, and storing FGS productstopreventimpactandotherdamage. When transportingpipe, thespacersunderandbetweenthe pipe joints must be of sufficient width to avoid pointloading, which could produce cracking or buckling damage.Aminimumoffourspacersshouldbeusedforsupporting14"andlarger40'longpipejoints.Morespacersshouldbeusedforsmallerpipeorifpipeisstackedovereightfeethigh. Due to its light weight, lifting equipment is usually notrequiredfor1"-14"pipe.Whenliftingequipmentisrequired,use nylon slings or chokers. Do not allow chains or cablesto contact thepipeduring transport orhandling. If apipeorfabricationismorethan20feetlong,useatleasttwosupportpoints. For storage, a board (2 x 4 minimum) should be placedunder each layer of pipe approximately every five feet. Theintent is to support the pipe and distribute the load evenly.Thepipeshouldalsobebracedoneithersideofthepiperackto prevent unnecessary pipe movement.Avoid placing FGSpipe on sharpedges, narrow supports, or other objects thatcouldcausedamagetothepipewall.WhenstoringFGSpipedirectlyontheground,selectaflatareafreeofrocksandotherdebristhatcoulddamagethepipe. FGSpipeisfurnishedfactorypackagedincompact,easy-to-handlebundlescompletewithprotectiveendcaps.Leavethesecaps inplaceuntil installation time toprotect thepipeendsaswellas topreventdirtorothermaterial fromgettingintothepipe.Fittingsarepackagedincardboardboxesandshouldbestored inadryarea. If fittingsare removed fromtheboxes,protectmachinedbellsandspigotsfromexposuretodirectsunlight. FGSpipecanbedamagedwhenjointsorbundlesofpipeare dropped during handling or shipping. Severe localizedimpactblowsmayresultindamagetothefiberglassreinforcedstructure in the pipe wall. Before installation, inspect the pipe's outer surface for any damage.DonotusedamagedpipeunlessinspectedandapprovedbyaFGSrepresentative.If impact damage occurs, the damaged areas may be

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recognizedbyastartypefractureonthepipe.Pipethathasbeendamagedshouldhavealengthcutawayapproximatelyonefooteithersideoftheimpactedsite.

Note: weight. straps.

B. AdhesiveFGS vinyl ester adhesives can be damaged by storage inwarm places. FGS recommends that CL-100 adhesive bestoredinadryareawheretemperaturesdonotexceed80°F.Refertoadhesiveinstructionsincludedineachkitforstorageliferecommendations.

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Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are available from FGS at http://www.smithfibercast.com

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TOOLS, EQuIPMENT and SuPPLIES REQuIRED FOR INSTALLATION

Formaximumefficiency,thefollowingtoolsandequipmentarerecommendedpriortoanyinstallation:

clampkit• HandTools -Level-MarkingPen-TapeMeasure-PipeWrap -Hacksaw(22-28teeth/inch) -Taperingtool(Seepages26-28) RT,GT,SS)• PowerTools -Powertaperingtools(Seepages26-28) aluminumoxide,carbideordiamond cuttingblade -Heatgun,heatblanketorcollar -T.A.B.wrenches(for2”-6”T.A.B.jointpipingsystems)• Expendables -Clean,Dry,Lint-FreeShopCloths SS),(30-60gritforF-Chem) -Impermeablegloves -Chemicalsplashgoggles

NOTE: Youmustuse theproper tool for taperingeachsizeandtypeofpipe(seepages26-28).

Equipment for Cool Weather (Below 70°F) pipe assembly:• Heatsource -Portabletorchwithspreadertip,or -Portableelectricheatlamp,or -Industrialhotairgun• Ameansofmaintainingadhesivekitsat70°-80°F: -Aboxwitha25wattlightbulb,or -Insideofavehicle.• Heatassistedcuring -Electricheatingcollarsorblankets -Chemicalheatpacks

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Additional equipment for 8”-24” pipe assembly (RT, GT, SS):•Hydrauliccome-alongortwocome-alongswithmanilarope ornylonslings(forreducedslippage)•Strapclampkit•Sledgehammer,12-16lbs.,anda4x4blockofwood

Additional equipment for applying saddles:•Powersanderwith30-60gritsandingdisc(preferred for6”andlargersaddles).•Hoseclamps

SuGGESTED LABOR TIMES FOR FGS BELL X SPIGOT PIPING SYSTEMS

Table 2.1(1)Placinginhangersfiguresarebasedonone-workeroperationfor1"-4";twoworkersfor6"-10";threeworkersfor12"-24".Totaltimesshouldbefiguredbymultiplyingfiguresgivenbyworkersneededperoperation.(2)2000seriesPowerTools

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PipeSize

Placingin

Hangers(Min/Ft)

(1)

SetUp(Min.)

(10)

Scribe&Cutting(Min/Jt)Hand/power

HandTapering(MinJt)

PowerTapering(Min/Jt)

JointMakeup

(Min)(7/8)

1" .7 3.0 1.33/1.25 1.0 .25(2) 1.011/2" .7 3.0 1.33/1.25 1.5 .25(2) 1.0

2" .7 3.0 1.50/1.25 2.0 .25 1.53" .7 3.0 2.0/1.33 3.0 .25 2.04" .8 4.0 5.0/2.5 4.0 .25 3.06" 1.0 5.0 7.0/3.0 5.0 2.5(3) 4.08" 1.2 7.0 4.5/3.5 22.0 8.0(4,5,9) 5.0

10" 1.4 7.0 NA/5.0 35.0 10.0(9) 6.012" 1.7 8.0 NA/5.0 40.0 12.0(9) 8.014" 2.3 9.0 NA/5.0 NA 12.0(5,9) 10.016" 2.3 10.0 NA/6.0 NA 12.0(9) 12.018" 2.5 12.0 NA/8.0 NA 25.0(6) 14.020" 3.0 12.0 NA/8.0 NA 28.0(6) 16.024" 3.0 14.0 NA/10.5 NA 30.0(6) 20.0

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(3)2"-6"HandTaperingTool(4)IndividualTaperingTool(5)8"-16"GrindingTaperingTool(6)18"-24"GrindingTaperingTool(7)Eachjointmakeupcalculationincludescleaning,sand-ing,applyingadhesiveandproperengagement.Allowthreeminutesformixingadhesive.(8)Theunits(time)listedabovearebasedonusingexperi-encedcrewsonfittingintensiveruns.Forstraightrunpipe,contactyourlocalFGSrepresentative.(9)TimedoublesforPerformancePlusproducts.(10)Includessetupforhydraulicormanualcome-alongandsettingpipestandlevels.

These numbers are based on installations using experi-enced crews in typical installation conditions. They do not include extreme weather conditions, time used for gathering supplies and tools, break time, manpower is-sues, etc. Assume 6 hours of productive labor for every 8 hours worked. Adjustment factors should be applied to these base units to compensate for prevailing production and job conditions. Because of all the variables involved, Fiber Glass Systems is not responsible for any differen-tial between these numbers and actual results.

SuGGESTED CREW SET-uP AND ASSEMBLYManpowerrequirementschangedependingonwhether

theinstallationissimple,consistingoflong,straightruns,orcomplex.Italsodependsonpipesize,installationtem-perature,andothersimilarinfluences.Followingaresomegeneralguidelinesthatareapplicabletomostinstallations.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleasecontactanFGSrepresenta-tiveforinformation.

A. Suggested Crew Size for 1” - 6” straight run pipe (long runs)

Athree-workercrewistheminimumrecommendedcrewsize.Afour-workercrewissometimesmoreefficient,evenwheninstalling1”-6”diameterpipe.

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Man # Crew Description #1 Clean/prep/align

Removesendcaps,sandsandcleansjointandalignspipeforbonding.

#2 Adhesive mixer/bonder Mixesadhesiveandappliestobellandspigot.

#3 Assembly man Helpsmakeupjointandchecksforlockup.

#4 Pre-heat/prep/supplies

(optional through 4"; recommended on 6”) Pre-heatsjointsandhelpskeeppipealigned.Alsoapplies

heatcollarsduringcoolweather.(Allhelpinmovingsup-pliesandequipmentfromjointtojoint.)

B. Suggested Crew Size for 8” - 48” straight run pipe (long runs)

Asixorsevencrewmembersisrecommended.

Man # Crew Description #1 Clean/prep/align

Removesendcaps,sandsandcleansjointandhelpsalignjointforinsertion.

#2 Adhesive mixer/bonder

Mixesadhesiveandappliestobellandspigot.Marksinsertiondepthanddetermineswhenjointislockedup.Assistswithcome-along.

#3 Adhesive mixer/Bonder

Helps#2withadhesiveandassistswithcome-along.

#4 Pre-heat/alignment man Pre-heatsjoints,helpsalignjointsandassistswithcome-

along.

#5 Alignment man Setslevelofpipeandalignsjointforproperinsertion;

directstractordriver.

#6 Truck driver/Supply man (optional) Drivessupplytruckandassistswithallaspectsofinstal-

lation.Alsocoordinatesheatcollarsduringcoolweatherandicechestduringhotweather.

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#7 Tractor Operator Operatessideboomtractor,trachoeorbackhoe. (Allhelpinmovingsuppliesandequipmentfromjointto

joint.)

C. In more complex pipe assemblies,thecrewsizewilldependontheamountoftaperingandprefabricationneeded.Inmostcases,athree-workercrewisthemini-mumforanysizepipinginstallation.Insomeinstances(smalljobswithonlyafewjoints)onlyoneortwocrew-menwillberequired.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FABRICATION IN ADVERSEWEATHER CONDITIONS

FGSpipingcanbeinstalledinadverseweathercondi-tionswhenthenecessaryprecautionsaretaken.

Actualworkwilloftenbemorequicklycompletedinhightemperatureconditions.Lowtemperaturescanincreasetheworktime20%-35%overnormalshopconditions.Asimilarincreaseiscommonforhighmoistureconditions.

Hot Weather Installation TipsHotweatherconditions,temperaturesabove90°F,will

greatlyreducetheworkingtimeoftheadhesive.Thefollow-ingstepsarerecommendedwhenfabricatinginhotweatherconditions:1. Avoiddirectsunlightonthejoiningsurfaces.2. Storeadhesiveinacoolarea.3. KeepF-CHEMadhesiveinicechestpriortomixing.4. Keepmixedadhesiveinanicechestwithsealedbagof

iceoricepack.4. Refertothefieldfabricationinstructionssuppliedinthe

adhesivekitfortheproperamountofcatalystinCL-100.

Cold Weather Installation TipsAdhesivecuretimeisdirectlyrelatedtothetemperature.

Coldertemperaturesresultinlongercuretimes.Thefollowingstepsshouldbeusedwhenfabricatingin

coldertemperatures:1. Adhesivekitsshouldbeplacedinawarmroomforsixto

twelvehoursbeforeapplicationinordertoreachtempera-turesof80°F-100°F.Thiswillmakemixingmucheasierandspeedcuretimes.Oruseaboxwitha25-wattlightbulbtowarmadhesivekits.

14

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2. Whenpossible,pipingshouldbebondedindoorsintosubassemblies.Thewarmerconditionsoftheseareaswillallowfastercuretimes.

3. Pre-warmbondingsurfacesto80°F-100°Fwhentempera-turefallsbelow70°F.

4. Refertothefieldfabricationinstructionssuppliedintheadhe-sivekitfortheproperamountofcatalystforvinylesterkits.

5. Aheatgun,collarorblanketmaybeusedtoobtainafastercuretime.Applyalayeroffiberglassinsulationoraweldingblanketaroundtheheatcollarsorblanketswheninstallationtemperaturesarebelow50°F.

Extreme Moisture

Adhesive Joints• Iffittingsorpipehavemoistureonthebondingsurface,

wipethemdrypriortosanding.• Sandpipeorfittingsimmediatelybeforeapplyingthe

adhesivetobondthejoint.Sandsurfacesuntilafresh,drysurfaceispresent,thenremovedustwithacleandrycloth,andapplyadhesive.

• Cureperthepreviousrecommendationsfornormal,ex-tremeheatorextremecoldtemperatures.

BuRIED INSTALLATIONS

Thesearegeneralguidelinesonly.FormoredetailsseeFGSEngineeringandDesignGuideE5000.ForinstallationsusingULlistedREDTHREADIIApipingseespecialinstruc-tionscontainedinManualNo.B2160.

15

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16

Pipe Bending Allowance for Standard RED THREAD

Size(In)

X (Ft)(Straight run from

pipe)

Y (Ft)(Offset from straight

run)

2

10 0.8020 3.7030 9.0040 18.10

3

10 0.5520 2.5030 5.9040 11.10

4

10 0.4220 1.9030 4.4040 8.20

6

20 1.2230 2.9040 5.4050 8.60

8

20 0.8940 4.0060 9.4080 17.50

10

20 0.7140 3.2060 7.5080 13.80

12

20 0.6040 2.7060 6.3080 11.60

14

20 0.5340 2.4060 5.5080 10.00

16

20 0.4640 2.1060 4.8080 8.80

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* Basedon1000psisoilmodulus.Contactthefactoryfordetailedinformationforyourspecificapplication.

** F-CHEMisdesignedforspecificburialapplicationsac-cordingtoAWWAC950.

A. Burial Depth1. MinimumBurialDepth Minimumdepthinunpavedareasforpipesubjected

tovehicularloadsdependsonpipegrade,pipesize,vehicleaxleweight,andthebeddingmaterial.Withastandardlegalaxleloadof34,000lbs.,themini-mumdepthofcover(fromthetopofthepipetothe

17

Size(In)

X (Ft)(Straight run from

pipe)

Y (Ft)(Offset from straight

run)

18

20 0.4140 1.9060 4.3080 7.90

20

20 0.3740 1.7060 3.9080 7.10

24

20 0.3140 1.4060 3.2080 5.90

TABLE 3. Burial Depths*

Product Minimum (Ft.)

Maximum (Ft.)

1"-4"REDTHREADII 2 15

6"-24"REDTHREADII 3 15

1"-12"GREENTHREAD 2 15

14"-24"GREENTHREAD 3 15

1"-12"SILVERSTREAK 2 15

14"-24"SILVERSTREAK 3 15

F-CHEMCustomPiping** 3-5 12-20

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surface)formoderatelycompactednon-claybearingsoilsisshowninTable3.

Thepipeshouldalwaysbeburiedbelowthefrostline.

2. MaximumBurialDepth Maximumburialdepthisdependentonthebackfill

material.Formoderatelycompactedsoilsthatdonotcontainlargeamountsofhighlyexpansiveclays,themaximumburialdepthisshowninTable3.

B. Trench Preparation Finalbeddingofthetrenchmustbeasuniformandcon-

tinuousaspossible.Beforebackfilling,fillallgapsunderthepipewithproperbeddingmaterial.Avoidsharpbendsandsuddenchangesinslope.Itisimportanttoremoveallsharprocks,cribbage,orotherforeignobjectsthatcouldcomeincontactwiththepiping.

C. Bedding Requirements Fiberglasspipecanbedamagedbypointcontactorwear

withthetrenchbottomandwalls,improperbeddingmate-rials,oradjacentpipe.Userecommendedbeddingmate-rialaminimumof6inchesthickatthebottom,sides,andtopofthepiping(refertoTable4).Adjacentpipesshouldbespacedthegreaterof6inchesoronepipediameter.Thepipingcanbelaiddirectlyontheundisturbedtrenchbottomifthenativesoilmeetstherequirementsofarecommendedbeddingmaterial(refertoTable4).Neverlayfiberglasspipingdirectlyagainstnativerockorshale.Alwaysusedry,unfrozenbeddingmaterialsthatdonotcontainforeignobjectsordebris.Neverusewaterfloodforcompaction.Slurriescanbeusedthatareintendedforburialofflexiblepipingsystems.Whenusingslurries,caremustbetakentopreventfloatingordeformationofthepiping.

18

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D. Pipe Support Fiberglasspipeisflexibleandrequiresthesupportofthe

beddingmaterialtokeepthepiperoundinburialapplica-tions.Itisveryimportantthatarecommendedbeddingmaterialisproperlycompactedaroundtheentirecircum-ferenceofthepipe.(RefertoTable4)Tampthebeddingmaterialunderthebottomhalfofthepipingtopreventvoidsorareasoflowcompaction.Vibratoryorsimilartampingequipmentcandrivesmallstonesordebrisintothepipewalliftheyarepresentinthebeddingmaterial.Avoidstrikingthepipewithtampingequipmentasthepipemaybefractured.

19

CompactedNativeFill

Backfill

Bedding

Areas“a”mustfirmlysupportpipehaunches

TABLE 4. Recommended Bedding MaterialsBeddingMaterial CompactionProctor

Density

Crushedrockorpeagravel3/4”maximumsize

NotRequired

Coarse-grainedsandorsoilwithlittleornofines

75-85%

Coarse-grainedsandorsoilwithmorethan12%fines

85-95%

Sandorgravelwithmorethan30%coarse-grainedparticles

85-95%

Sandorgravelwithlessthan30%coarse-grainedparticles

Greaterthan95%

6" Min.

6" Min. SITE C

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Consult the factory if the pipe will be subject to vacuum or high water tables.

E. Road Crossings Whenlayingfiberglass

pipeunderroadcross-ings, itmaybeneces-sary to pass the pipethroughconduittopro-tect the pipe. Pad thepipetopreventrubbingor point loads againsttheconduit.

F. Wall Penetrations Wherethepipegoesthroughorpassesunderaconcrete

structure,precautionsmustbetakentopreventbendingorpointloadingofthepipeduetosettling.Aminimum2"thickpadofresilientmaterialshouldbewrappedaroundthepipetoprovideflexibilityandpreventcontactwiththeconcrete.Ifboltsareusedintheresilientmaterial,careshouldbetakenthatthebolts,nuts,orwasherscannotcomeintopointloadcontactwiththepipe.Beddingdepthunderthepipeshouldbeincreasedtoaminimumof12"oronepipediameter,whicheverisgreater,foronepipejointlengthawayfromtheconcrete.

20

Proper Bedding Improper Bedding

EnsureFirmCompaction

NoVoids

SelectBedding

ThickPadofRe-silientMaterial

“O”RingBell&Spigot

ThickProtectiveLayerofResilientMaterial

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G. Timing Testandcoverthepipeassoonaspossibletoreducethe

chanceofdamagetothepipe,floatingofthepipeduetoflooding,orshiftingofthelineduetocave-ins.

H. Two Point Lifting of Red Thread II

ThistableprovidesinformationconcerningsafeliftpointsforRTIIduringinstallation.Thefollowingtablehasbeencompiledfortwoliftpointsandthemaximumlengthofpipethatmaybesafelyliftedandthecriticallocationoftheliftpoints.

21

TABLE 4.H

NominalSize(In)

PipeLengths(Feet)

CantileverLength(Feet)

Mid-SpanLengths(Feet)

Number Length Min. Max. Min. Max.

8 3 120 24 26 68 72

10 3 120 20 28 64 80

12 3 120 22 31 58 76

14 3 120 22 31 58 76

16 3 120 20 35 50 80

18 3 120 19 36 48 82

20 4* 160 31 37 86 98

24 4* 160 29 40 80 102

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ANCHORS, GuIDES AND SuPPORTS

A. Pipe Hangers Pipehangerssuchasthoseshownareoftenusedto

supportFGSpipeinbuildingsandpiperacks.However,theuseoftoomanyhangersinsuccessioncanresultinanun-stablelinewhencontrolvalvesoperate,andduringpumpstart-upandshutdown.Toavoidthiscondition,thedesignershouldincorporateauxiliaryguidesperiodicallyinthelinetoaddlateralandaxialstability.

B. Pipe Guides Guidesarerigidlyfixedtothesupportingstructureand

allowthepipetomoveintheaxialdirectiononly.Properguideplacementandspacingareimportanttoensurepropermovementofexpansionjointsorloopsandtopre-ventbucklingoftheline.

Theguidingmechanismshouldbeloosesoitwillallowfreeaxialmovementofthepipe.“U”bolts,double-nuttedsotheycannotbepulleddowntight,areoftenutilizedforguides.

Primaryandsecondaryguides,i.e.,thoseimmediatelyadjacenttoexpansionjoints,arespacedmorecloselythanintermediateguides.RefertoFGSManualNo.E5000,Engineering & Piping Design Manual, fordetails.

Pipingenteringexpansionjointsorexpansionloopsre-quireadditionalguides.RefertoFGSManualNo.E5000, Engineering & Piping Design Manualfordetails.

C. Pipe Supports: PipingsupportsforFGSpipeshould

bespacedatintervalsasshownintheproductbulletins.

22

1/16”Min.-1/8”Max.clearanceperside

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NOTE:Properlyspacedsupportsdonotalleviatetheneedforguidesasrecommendedintheprecedingsection.Supportsthatmakeonlypointcontactorthatprovidenarrowsupportingareasshouldbeavoided.Somemeansofincreasingthesupportingareashouldbeused;sleevesmadefromhalfofaFGScouplingorpipearesuitable.Supportpumps,valvesandotherheavyequipmentindependentofthepipe.Refertopumpandvalveconnectioninstructionsonpage74.

D. Pipe Anchors: Pipeanchorsdivideapipelineintoindividualexpandingsections.Inmostapplications,majorpiecesofconnectedequipment,suchaspumpsandtanks,functionasanchors.Additionalanchorsareusuallylocatedatvalves,nearchangesindirectionofthepiping,atblindendsofpipe,andatmajorbranchconnections.Provi-sionsforexpansionshouldbedesignedintoeachoftheindividualpipesec-tions.

Caution: Donotinstallmorethanoneexpansionjointbe-tweenthesametwoanchorsinanystraightpipesection.

DonotanchorFGSpipebyapplyingexternalpres-sureaspointloads,suchasa"U"-bolt,directlytothebarepipe.RefertoFGSManualNo.E5000,Engineering & Piping Design Guide,forathorough

discussiononsupports,anchorsandguides.

23

!

AnchorSleeves

Clamp,snugbutnottight

WeldorBoltAnchortosupportmember

Snugfit

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PART IIIGENERAL INSTALLATION

INSTRuCTIONS

Beforebeginningtheactualassemblyprocedures,readandmakesureallinstallersthoroughlyunderstandthefollow-inginstructions.

All bonding surfaces must be clean, dry and factory fresh in appearance before applying adhesive.Whenendcapshavebeenlost,surfaceswillweatherandresultinlossofbondstrengthWhensurfacesareweathered,re-taper(RT,GT,SS)spigots.SandbellsandF-CHEMspigotstoachieveafactoryfreshappearance.(Note:T.A.B.™couplingsthathaveweatheredmustbereplaced.)

Matching tapered bell and spigot joints require a very thin adhesive bond line for maximum strength and du-rability. Theadhesiveusedwithtaperedjointsisverystrongwhenusedinbondlinesafewthousandthsofaninchthick.Thesameadhesivemaybebrittleinthicksectionsresult-inginpoorbondstrength.Toachieveathinbondline,thematchedtaperedanglesofthejointaredesignedtomechani-cally“lock-up”whenwedgedtogether.

using mechanical force assures “lock up” and a thin bond line. Hammeringawoodenblockplacedagainstthebellendofpipe,orusingmechanicaldevicessuchascome-alongsshouldbeusedto“lockup”thejoint.

Note:ForT.A.Bjoints,specialT.A.B.wrenchesarerequiredtoachievethemechanicallockupinthejoint.

Adverse weather conditions require special precau-tions when bonding pipe.(Seepage14,Recommendations for Fabrication in Adverse Weather Conditions)Theadhesiveisveryviscous(thick)whencoolorwhenappliedtocoolpipe.Thethickadhesivecanactuallybestiffenoughtopreventjoint“lockup.”Whentheadhesiveishotorwhenitisappliedtohotpipe,theavailableworkingtimemaybesignificantlyreduced.

Matched tapered bell and spigot joints that are not “locked up” can fail prematurely.

24

IMPORTANT • READ THIS FIRST

RT,

GT,

SS

FAB

RIC

ATIO

N

CuTTING FIBERGLASS PIPE

FGSpipeshouldbecutusingoneofthemethodsreferredtounderToolsandEquipmentonpage10.

1. Measurepipe,rememberingtoallowforspigotandfittingdimensions.

2. Scribeacuttingguidearoundthepipetoensureaper-pendicularcutforproperfit.

3. Holdthepipefirmlybutnottothepointofcrushing.Ifchainvisesorothermechanicalholdingdevicesareused,careshouldbetakentopreventcrushingorpointloadingofthepipe.Topreventdamagetothepipe,180degreesectionsofFGSpipecanbeusedforprotectivecovers.

4. Sawthepipeassmoothlyaspossible.Thepipeendsshouldbesquarewithin1/8inch.

PART IV

25

Note:Forintegraljoint(IJ)bellends,thebellendmustbecutoffbeforetapering.MeasuretheO.D.ofthepipenearthebellenduntilyouseetheO.D.starttogetlarger.Cutthepipeatthispoint.Dependingonpipesizethedistancefromtheendofthebellcanvaryanywherefrom12"to36".

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

FABRICATION OF RED THREAD II, GREEN THREAD AND SILVER STREAK PIPE AND FITTINGS

TAPERING FGS PIPEVarioustoolsareavailablefromFGSformakingtheta-

peredspigotinthefield.Toreproduceastandardtaper,thetaperingtoolmustbe

markedoradjusted.Theprocessvariesdependingonthetoolbeingusedandtheproductbeingtapered.Pleaserefertoindi-vidualtoolinstructionsfortapering.

RefertoTable6onpage28forspecificbulletinnumberandpropertaperangleforeachsizeandtypeofpipe.

Do not taperoverthebellendofintegraljointpipe.Seepage25forcuttinginstructions.

A. 1"-6" Tool (Bulletin F6600)-Ahand-heldtoolthatcanbeadaptedforpowerwhenalargenumberoftapersisnecessary.Differentpipingsystemsrequiredifferentmandrels.

B. Model 2100/ 2102 Tool (Bulletin F6625/ F6624)-PowertoolfortaperingandscarfingREDTHREADIIandREDTHREADIIApiping.

C. Model 2300 Tool (Bulletin F6627)-Powertoolespeciallydesignedfortapering1”-4”GREENTHREADpiping.

D. 8", 10", or 12" Tapering Tool (Bulletin F6608 or F6612)-Thesetoolsaredesignedformanualorpower(i.e.,Ridgid300or700powerdriveorequal)operation;thereisatoolforeachsizepipe.

26

RT,

GT,

SS

FAB

RIC

ATIO

N

E. 8"-16" Grinding Tapering Tool (Bulletin F6616)-Thisisanelectricallypoweredgrindingtool.Thetoolcomeswithdifferentsizemandrelstotaper8"-16"pipe.

Additional material will be needed:1.Sturdyworkbench(preferablywithametaltop)orstandtoholdthetool2.Two20"longpiecesof1"diametersteelpipe.Mounttheseontopofthebenchparalleltoeachother,ona2-footcenter,extendingoffthebench12".3.Twoadjustablepipestandswithhardrubberrollersat90degreeangletopipe,i.e.thestandmustallowthepipetorotate.4.Thistoolrequiresapproximately3,000wattsof115vacpowerforoperation(30ampbreaker).Werecommend5,000watts(50ampbreaker).Asthelengthofextensioncordsin-creases,thepowerlostinthecordincreases.Table5showsmaximumallowablelengthsforvarioussizecords:

F. 8"-16" Taper/Scarf Tool (Bulletin F6622)-Thisisanelectricallypow-eredtaperingtool.Thetoolcomeswithdifferentsizemandrelstotaper8"-16"pipe.

G. 18"-24" Tapering Tool (Bulletin F6621)-Thisisanelec-tricallypoweredtaperingtool.Thetoolcomeswithdifferentsizemandrelstotaper18"-24"pipe.

Note: Sometoolsmaybeusedwithotherpipesystemswithspecial-ordertooling.Inthesecases,supplementaltoolinstruc-tionsarealsoavailable.Besuretospecifywhichpipesystemyouwillbetaperingwhenorderingtools.

27

TABLE 5. Extension Cord LengthWire Size

(AWG)Suggested Length

(Ft.)Maximum Length

(Ft.)12 20 22

10 30 36

8 50 57

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

28

TABLE 6. Tapering, Scarfing and Cutting Tool Reference Chart

Tool

Prod

uct

Tool

Tap

er A

ngle

Bul

letin

#C

omm

ents

1"-

6"H

and

Tape

ring

RT

GT

1"=

3°;

11 /

2=

21/2

°2"

-6"

=1

3 /4°

F660

0S

peci

fyp

rodu

ctto

rece

ive

corr

ectm

andr

els.

Pow

era

dapt

er

sepa

rate

.Use

sR

idgi

d®7

00o

requ

ival

entp

ower

driv

ew

itha

R

idgi

d77

4ad

apte

r.

2"-

6"M

odul

ar

RT/

GT

13/4

°F6

603

Spe

cify

the

prod

uctt

ore

ceiv

eco

rrec

tman

drel

s.

2100

Pow

erR

T13

/4°

F662

5Ta

pers

2”&

3”;

Sca

rfs3

”&4

”21

02P

ower

RT

13/4

°F6

624

Tape

rs2

”-4

”;S

carfs

3”

2300

Pow

erG

T1"

=3

°;2

=2

1 /2°

3"-

4"=

13 /

4°F6

627

Tape

rs1

”-4

”

2700

Pow

erS

S13

/4°

F663

2To

olfo

r2"-

4"S

ilver

Stre

ak

2"-

6"(

Uni

que)

S

SA

djus

tabl

eF6

605

2”-6

”tap

era

ngle

=13

/4°.S

etto

olo

n11 /2

° to

cutc

orre

ctta

per.

Use

sR

idgi

d70

0or

equ

iv.w

ith7

72a

dapt

er.

8"T

aper

ing

RT

GT

0or

1°

F660

8(T

aper

)F6

609

(Sca

rf)Ta

pers

and

sca

rfs.U

ses

Rid

gid

700

ore

quiv

alen

tpow

erd

rive

with

aR

idgi

d77

4ad

apte

r.10

"&1

2"

Tape

ring

RT

GT

0or

1°

F661

2(T

aper

)F6

613

(Sca

rf)Ta

pers

and

sca

rfs.O

rder

sca

rfing

ada

pter

kit

forS

econ

dary

C

onta

inm

ent.

Use

774

ada

pter

.

8"-

16"

Tape

ring/

Sca

rf

RT/

GT

SS

MO

S0

or1

°F6

616

(Tap

er)

F661

7(S

carf)

F662

2

Tape

rsa

nds

carfs

.Som

eS

ILV

ER

STR

EA

Ka

ndP

erfo

rman

ce

Plu

sw

illh

ave

tob

edo

uble

cut

.

8"-

24"T

aper

ing

RT

1°-

Sta

ndar

d11

/4°

-MO

SF6

621

Tape

rs1

8”-

24”

JOINT PREP forRED THREAD II, GREEN THREAD and SILVER STREAK

Allbondingsurfacesmustbecleananddrybeforebonding.• ForT.A.B.joints,cleanwithanacceptablesolventand

cleanrag.WirebrushesmayalsobeusedforcleaningT.A.B.surfaces;however,theymustbecleanandfreeofoilycontaminates.

• Forsmoothtapers,sandpaperorsolvent(orboth)maybeused.Sandjustlightenoughtoremoveanycontami-nates.

• Usecautionasoversandingcanchangethetaperangleorenddimension,andcreateflatspotsonthespigot.

• Whensurfaceshaveweathered,sandorretaperspigotsandsandbellstoachieveafactoryfreshappearance.Cutatleast1”fromspigotsbeforeretapering.T.A.B.couplingsmustbereplaced.

• Bondingsurfacesmustbedry,sobesureallsolventhasevaporatedbeforeapplyingadhesive.

Note: use of a solvent as a cleaning method is optional.Somealternatecleaningsolventsareacetone,methylenechloride,andmethylethylketone.Aftercleaning,besureanyresidualsolventhasevaporatedbeforeapplyingadhesive.DONOTUSESOLVENTSTHATLEAVEANOILYFILMONTHEBONDINGSURFACES.

WARNING: Somedegreasersandsolventsareextremelyflammable.Donotsmokeorusenearanopenflame.Weareyeprotection.Besuretoreadwarninglabelsoncontainers.

Neverusegasoline,turpentine,ordieselfueltocleanjoints.

Solventcontainersmaybeunderpressure.Usecautionwhenremovinginnerseals,especiallyinwarmweather.Usewithadequateventilation.

29

!

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

ADHESIVE MIXING

Whentheweatheriscoolortheadhesivehasbeenstoredinacoolenvironment(below70°F),prewarmtheadhesivekits.(Donotheatabove100°F!)1. Forepoxyemptyallofthecontentsofthehardenerbottle

intothecanofbaseadhesive.2. Mixallofthebaseepoxyadhesivewithallofthehardener.

NEVERATTEMPTTOSPLITAKIT.Cutthroughtheadhe-sivewiththeedgeofthemixingsticktoassistinmixingthetwocomponents.

3. Mixuntiltheadhesivehasauniformcolorandaconsistentflowoffthemixingstick.Wipedownthesides,bottom,andundertherimofthecanwiththemixingsticktoassurecom-pletemixture.

Completeinformationandsafetyprecautionsarepackagedwitheachadhesivekit.Reviewallsafetyprecautionsthor-oughlybeforemixingtheadhesive.

30

ADHESIVE DISPOSAL: Once the adhesive and hardener havebeen mixed and reacted, nothing can be extracted, and it isclassified as non-hazardous material. Dispose of in a nor-mal manner as other solid waste. Excess adhesive andhardener can be mixed, allowed to react, and disposed of asabove. If extra jars of adhesive or hardener have accumulatedwithouttheothercomponenttomixandreact,contactyourFGSregionalmanager.Hardener jars,whenemptyarenotsubject toEPAregulationandcanbedisposedofinanormalmanner.Theseguidelinesarebasedonfederalregulations.Stateandlocalregula-tionsandordinancesshouldbereviewed.

RT,

GT,

SS

FAB

RIC

ATIO

N

JOINT ASSEMBLY forRED THREAD II, GREEN THREAD and SILVER STREAK

A. Close Tolerance Piping ThetaperedbellandspigotsystememployedbyFGScanbereadilyusedtoachievedimensionalaccuracywhererequiredbyaparticularpipelayout.Aswithanymatchedtaper,minorvariationsintoleranceinthebellorspigotwillaf-fecttheinsertiondepth.Inapplicationswherethefinalmake-uplengthofanassemblyisnotcritical,thesevariationsareofnoconsequence.However,whentheinstallationissuchthatclosetolerancesmustbemaintained,youmustcompensateforthesevariations.Itispossibletoaccuratelyreproducetapers(spigots)inthefieldwiththefieldtaperingtools.Thisprovidesameansofachievingdimensionalaccuracy.Calculation to Achieve a Desired Length

Mostclosetoleranceinstallationsaremadetoprintscall-ingoutCLtoCL(centerlinetocenterline)dimensions.

Whenfabricatingtothesedimensions,followthesepro-ceduresperthefigurebelow.1. Obtainthecenterlinetofacedimension(A)offittings

tobeusedfromTables8or9onpages33-36.2. Createaninsertiongaugebycuttingashortsection

ofpipe;12”longforsmalldiametersand18”longforlargerdiameters.Taperthepipeusingtheinstruc-tionssuppliedwitheachtool.Checkdryinsertion.Theinsertionlengthshouldbewithin+1/8”ofafactoryspigotinsertion.

3. Obtaininsertionlength(IL)byinsertingthegauge(madewiththetoolbeingused)intoafittingandmeasuring.(Note:Measureeachendofeachfitting,becausetheinsertionmayvaryforeachbell.)Youcanprepareanduseashortnippleasastandardinsertion

31

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

gauge.(Note:Youmustprepareanewgaugeifyouchangetaperingtoolsormakeanychangestothetoolyouareusing.)Alwaysaddamake-updimension(refertoTable7)tothismeasurement,sincetheadhesivewillactasalubricantandallowgreaterpenetrationthanwhenthesurfacesaredry.TABLE 7. Approximate Make-up Dimensions (M)*

Pipe Diameter (In.) Approximate Make-up Dimensions* (In.)

1and11/2 1/16

2 1/83and4 3/16

6 1/48 3/8

10and12 5/814 3/416 118

Usefielddevelopeddimensions2024

4. ToachieveaspecifiedCLtoCLdimension,thelengthofpipetocutisequaltotheCLtoCLdistanceminusthesumofthecenterlinetofacedimensionofthefittings(“A”dimension)plusthesumofthemeasured

insertionlengths(IL)plusthesumofthemake-upallowance(M),or

LengthofPipetoCut=(CLtoCL)-(A+A)+(IL+IL)+(M+M)

Note:Eachbellofeachfittingmayhaveaslight-lydifferentinsertiondepthwithastandardtaper.Eachbellofeachfittingshouldbechecked

withastandardtaperandmarked.

ConsultFGSFittingsBulletinsNo.A1350orA1355forcompletefit-tingdimensions.

32

*CAUTION:Make-updimensionsdependonthetightnessofthedryfit.Ifthefielddevelopeddimensionsvary,usefielddevelopeddimensions.

RT,

GT,

SS

FAB

RIC

ATIO

N

33

TAB

LE 8

. T

ake-

off D

imen

sion

s fo

r RT,

GT

Fitti

ngs

(Con

tact

FG

S fo

r SS

Dim

ensi

ons)

Dim

ensi

ons

are

used

toc

alcu

late

pip

ele

ngth

requ

irem

ents

to

mee

tpip

elin

ece

nter

lin

eto

cen

terl

ine

dim

ensi

ons.

Size

(In.

)45

° El

bow

90°

Elbo

wTe

eLa

tera

l (In

.)C

ross

AB

123

/823

/423

/437

/821

/223

/411

/227

/833

/833

/851

/431

/433

/82

25/8

33/8

33/8

65/8

23/4

33/8

333

/445

/845

/873

/441

/445

/84

37/8

51/8

51/8

943

/851

/86

43/8

61/8

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121 /

253

/461

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81/8

115 /

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5 /8

161 /

473

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1085

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1 /8

131 /

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5 /8

83/4

131 /

8

1291

/214

1424

3 /4

113 /

414

1412

1 /2

1919

321 /

215

3 /4

1616

131 /

420

1 /4

201 /

435

3 /4

173 /

417

1 /4

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

34

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35

INSERTION DEPTHS FOR SILVER STREAK

SizeCoupled/Mitered

FittingsFilament Wound

Fittings2 1.84 2.64

3 2.36 2.86

4 1.99 3.13

6 2.87 2.76

8 3.47 5.28

10 4.34 5.12

12 4.82 6.40

14 5.47 4.55

16 6.27 5.61

Table8.2Takeoffandnominaldryinsertiondimentionsforlowpressure,150/225 psig, SILVER STREAK products. Refer to BulletinA2000orwww.smithfibercast.comformoreinformation.

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

36

TAB

LE 9

. T

ake-

off D

imen

sion

s fo

r RT/

GT

Perf

orm

ance

Plu

s Fi

tting

s

Siz

e(In

)

45º

Elb

ow(L

ong

Rad

ius)

(In)

90º

Elb

ow(L

ong

Rad

ius)

(In)

Tee

(In)

Flan

ges

(In)

Ax-

RT

x-G

TA

x-R

Tx-

GT

Ax-

RT

x-G

TA

-Van

Sto

ne8

12½

65⅛

19½

65

⅛13

½6

5 ⅛

6¼

1014

½6½

6½

23¼

6½

6½

15¾

6½

6½

712

16½

77

277

717

¾7

77

¾14

17¾

5¾5

¾30

5¾

5¾

19½

5¾

5¾

816

205¾

5¾

345

¾5

¾21

½5

¾5

¾9

1824

⅞40

26 ⅜

10½

2029

⅝47

¼31

¼12

½24

35 ⅞

5735

15½

Xdimensionsarenominaldry insertionlengths.Pipemustbedriventogetherandfullylockeduptoassurefulljointstrength.Actualinsertionsshouldbe+¼"for8"andlargerjoints.Insertion depths are for tool set up only. Do not use insertion depths (x) for close tolerance piping. Refer to joint assembly instructions forcompelteinformationonjointlockup.

Dimensionsareusedtocal-culatepipelengthrequirementstomeetpipelinecenterlinetocenterlinedimensions.

RT,

GT,

SS

FAB

RIC

ATIO

N

B. 1” - 6” Bell & Spigot Joint THESPIGOTMUSTBEALIGNEDANDLOCKEDINTHEBELL.Acockedormisalignedjointwillresultinfalse“lockup”andprematurejointfailureeitherduringtestingoratalaterdate.

1. Whenambienttemperatureisbelow70°F,prewarmthebondingsurfaces.Useahotairgun,propanetorchorothercleanburningheatsourcethathasaspreader

typetip,andapplyheatuniformlytobellandspigotuntilwarmtothetouch.Checktemperaturebytouch-ingoutsideofthebellandinsideofthespigottoavoidcontactwithcleanbondingsurfaces.Ifhottothetouch,letcoolbeforeapplyingadhesive.Whenusingatorchtopreheat,warmthebellfirst.Itisthickerandwillholdheatlonger.Ifanelectricheating

collarisusedtoprewarm,placethejointtogetherdry,thenheattheO.D.ofthebelltoavoidcontami-natingthespigot.CAuTION: Donotusechemicalheatpacksforprewarming.

2. Brushadhesiveonboththebellandspigotbondingsurfaces,applyingathinuniformcoatingtoeach.To

minimizecontamination,applyadhesivetothebellfirst.Adhesiveshouldalwaysbeworkedintothemachinedsurfacebyapplyingpressureduringapplication.Thiswill“wetout”themachinedsurfaceandmaintaintherequiredthinbondline.Besurethatadhesiveisdeepdownintothebellpasttheinsertiondepthandthatallmachinedtapersurfacesonthespigot

andthecutendofthepipeareuniformlycovered.Excessadhesivewillmakethejointmoredifficulttolock.

3. Alignandlockthejoint.For2"orsmallerpipe,insertthespigotintothebelluntilsurfacestouch,thenpush

andturnatthesametimeuntilalockisachieved.Onlyaquartertoahalfturnisusuallyneeded.On3”-6”diameterpipeoronfittings,pushingandturningtolockthejointisimpracticalanddrivingforcemustbeused.Ahammermaybeusedtoassistinjointlock-up.Placea2x4board

flatacrossthebell.Thefirstfewrapsshouldbelighttopreventanytendencyofthejointtobackout.

37

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

Iftheadhesiveorthepipesurfacesarecool,pushandholdforafewsecondstoallowtimefortheadhesivetostartflow-ingoutofthetaperedjoint.

4. Checklockupbymovingfreeendofthepipeinanupanddownorsidetosidemotion.Themovementmustbesufficienttomovethejointbeingchecked.Nomovementshouldbevisibleinthejoint.Ifanymove-mentexists,thejointisnotproperlylockedup.Avoidexcessmovementasthiscoulddamagethespigot.

C. 8” - 24” Bell & Spigot Joint1. Longruns(ditchpiping)mustbesupportedatthejoint

sectionatalltimesuntilfullycured.Liftingnearthecenterofthepipewithabackhoeorsideboomtractorwithoutpropersupportunderthejointcancausedam-agetojointsthatarenotcured.Liftingnearthecenterofthepipeforalignmentisacceptableaslongasthejointdoesnotsupporttheweightofthepipingsection.Blocksorskidsshouldbeusedtosupporttheentirejointsectionuntilthejointisfullycured.Installpipeinstraightalignment;neverinstallpipeinabind.

2. 8"-24" hydraulic come-alongisrecommendedforpipetopipeconnections.Alljointspulledtogetherwiththistypeofdevicemustbevibratedduringinstallationtohelpalignthespigotinthebellandpreventafalselockuporcockingofthejoint.RefertoBulletinsNo.F6618orF6619fordetailedinstructionsonhydrauliccome-alongs.

a. Whenusingahydrauliccome-alongon8”-24”pipe,makesurepipeisrestingonblocksbeforecome-alongcollarsareremoved.Donotremovecollarswhilepipeisstillattachedtocableortractor.Ifcollarsarerestingonblocksafterbonding,leavepressureoncome-alongandliftgentlywiththechains,justenoughtoremovecollars.Donotplaceexcessivebendingstressacrossthejoint.

38

RT,

GT,

SS

FAB

RIC

ATIO

N

3. Strap clamp kitsareavailablefromFGSforpipetofittingconnections.Whenusedinconjunctionwiththehydrauliccome-along,aheavydutyband(strap)clampandtworingbeltstrapsareusedtopullthejointtogeth-er.RefertoBulletinNo.F6641fordetailedinstructionsonStrapClampKits.

4. Ratchet-type come-alongscanbeusedasanalterna-tivetothehydrauliccome-alongs.Usetwo,oneoneachsideofthejoint.Useaheavy-dutystrapclampkittoattachthecome-alongstothepipe.Slings,or5/8”orlargermanilaropes,arealsoacceptable.Aseriesofhalf-hitcheswillgripthepipewhenusingrope.Allowroomtooperatethecome-alongsbyplacingthestrapclamps,slingsorropes18”-24”oneachsideofthejoint.Takeupcome-alongstogethersothatthejointstaysinalign-ment.Forcethejointtogetheruntilitissolid.Rapthejointtogetherwitha12-15lb.sledgehammerandaboardwhilekeepingpressureonthecome-alongstoensurethejointisfullyengaged.

5. Fitting to pipe jointscanbemadebyplacingthe

fittingagainstasolidstructuresuchasawall,sideofthetrench,truckbumper,etc.Drivethespigotendofthepipeintothefittingusinga12-16lb.sledgeham-merandalargeblockofwood.Placetheblockagainstthepipeendawayfromthefitting.Careshouldbetakenwhilehammeringasexcessiveforcecandamagethepipeendorfitting.

39

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

Pipe PipeSize HydraulicPressure Grade (In.) (psig)RT,GT,SS 8-10 1500-1750 12-16 1750-2000

RTPP,GTPP 8-10 1500-2000 12-16 2000-2500

TABLE 10. Hydraulic Come-Along Pressures

D. T.A.B. Joint: T.A.B.Jointinstallationproce-duresfollowthenormalbellandspigotoperationsofcleaning,ad-hesivemixing,etc.asdescribedabove.TwoT.A.B.wrenchesarerequiredwhenjoiningT.A.B.pipe.SeparatewrenchesareavailablefromFGSforeachsizepipe.Thewrencheslockaroundthepipeandforcethepipeintoaveryslightovalshape.Therefore,thewrenchesmustbe6"to12"awayfromthejointtoassuregoodjointmakeup. 1. Coverallmachinedareasonthespigotandatleastone-halfinchbeyondthelastthreadinthebellwiththeproperadhesive.

2. ScrewthepipetogetheruntilfirmusingT.A.B.jointwrenches.DONOTOVERTIGHTEN.

Connectionsintofittingsaremadeusingthenormalbellandspigotmethods.Athreadedspigotcanbebondedintoasmoothbell(fitting),orasmoothspigotcanbebondedintoathreadedbell.

E.SaddlesandReductionsNote:3033Adhesiveisrecommendedforsaddles.

Positionthesaddleonthepipeandmarkaroundthesaddlebase.Useafile,asander,orroughsandpaper(16to40grit)toremoveallsurfaceglossfromthepipeO.D.wherethesaddleistobebonded.(Forlargediameterpipe,adiscsanderisusuallymorepractical.)Usecircularorrandompat-ternmotionduringsandingtoeliminategroovesonthepipesurface.Aftersanding,positionthesaddleonthepipeandmarktheholetobecutinthepipe.Cutaholethesamesizeasthesaddleoutletusingapilotdrillandcircularholesaworsabresaw.Donotforcethecutteroritwillfraytheedgesoftheholeexcessively.Cleanallbondingsurfacesasrequired.Note:Besurecleaner(ifused)hasevaporatedbeforeap-plyingadhesivetothebondingsurfaces.ApplyaheavycoatofadhesivetotheO.D.ofthepipe,I.D.ofthesaddle,andtheedgesofthepipewallexposedbythehole.Placethesaddleovertheholeandclampwithtwohoseclampsorabandingtool.(Note:Bandingtoolmustbeatypethatdoesnotleaveslackinthebandswhenthetoolisremoved.Use

40

RT,

GT,

SS

FAB

RIC

ATIO

N

T.A.B.Wrenches

41

metalbanding.)Usingalargescrewdriver,handtightenthehoseclampsalternatelyuntilsecureandadhesivesqueezesoutallthewayaroundthesaddle.ThiswillensurethatthepipeO.D.conformstothesaddleI.D.Youcanremovetheclampsorleavetheminplaceaftertheadhesiveiscured.Allow adhesive to cure before bonding in the side run. Usetwobandingtoolstopullthesidesofthesaddledownalternately.Iftwotoolsarenotavailable,tightenthefirstbandsnug,thesecondbandtight,andaddathirdband,pulledtight,onthefirstside.Three-quarterinchbandingisrecommended.Ifthesaddlesareusedonnon-standardpipe(pipenotlistedinFGSlitera-ture),contactyourFGSrepresen-tativeforspecialinstructions.

F.Reducer BushingsInstallreducerbushingsusingablockofwoodandahammerandthesameproceduresasforbellandspigotpipe.Thewoodblockshouldbesizedtoallowthereducerbushingtobecounter-sunkinthebell.Somereducerbushingswillbecoun-ter-sunkbeforetheyareactuallylockedup.Formaximumchemicalresistancewith8"andlargerGreenThreadreducerbushings,coatallmachinedsurfaceswithadhesivejustbeforeassembly.

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

42

JOINT CuRE

A. Ambient CureCuretimeisthetimerequiredfortheadhesiveinthe

assembledjointtoharden.Curetimedependsonthetypeofadhesiveandtheambienttemperature,asshowninTable11.

Youcanshortencuretimebyapplyingheat.Althoughalloftheadhesiveswillcureatambienttemperaturesabove70°F,itisrecommendedtheybeheat-curedattemperaturesofatleast275°Ftomaximizephysicalpropertiesandcorro-sionresistance.Seepage43forinstructionsforusingFGSheatcollarsforheat-curingjoints.

B. High Temperature Heat CollarRefer to Bulletin No. F6640 for complete operating

instructions.

TABLE 11. Adhesive Ambient Cure TimeAdhesive Type Temperature (°F) Cure Time (hrs.)

7000

110 290 380 570 860 1855 24

8000

110 190 280 470 660 1255 18

NOTE:Curetimeisthetimebeforethelinecanbetested.Timesmayvarydependingupontemperature,humidity,etc.

RT,

GT,

SS

FAB

RIC

ATIO

N

NOTE:Donotbendorfoldheatingcollarasthismaybreaktheheatingelementsandcausethecollartoworkimproperlyornotatall.

For Pipe and Fittings:1. Usethesamesizeheatingcollarasthepipesizeyou

areinstalling,withtheexceptionofflanges.Donotuseaheatingcollarthatisdesignedforalargersizepipe.

2. Withtheun-insulatedflaponthebottom(nexttothefitting),carefullywraptheheatingcollararoundthejoint.Feedthestrapthroughthesquarering.CAUTION:Theun-insulatedflapisextremelyhotwhenthecollarison.DONOTTOUCHwithbarehands.

3. Tightenthestrapsuntiltheheatingcollarissnugagainstthejoint.

For Flanges:1. For1",11/2"and2"flanges,anindustrialheatgunmaybe

usedtocurethejoint.Besurethattheendofthegunisatleastsixinchesfromtheopeningoftheflange.

2. For3"through16"flangejoints,useaheatingcollarthatisonepipesizesmaller.Removethestrapsfromtheheatingcollar.

3. CarefullyturnthecollarinsideoutwiththeheatedareafacingtheI.D.ofthepipe.PlacetheheatingcollarintheI.D.oftheflange.Asplitringofpipemaybeusedtoholdthecollarinplacewhilethejointiscuring.

For Saddles:1. Placetheheatingcollaroverthesaddleoutlet.During

coolweather,awindshieldisrecommendedtokeepheatonthejoint.Saddlesmustbeheatcuredfortwohours.

Allowthejointtoreturntoambienttemperaturebeforeapply-ingstresstothejoint.NOTE: FGSHighTemperatureelectricheatingcollarsarede-signedtofitaroundfittings,andwilloverlaponpipejointsandcouplings. Exceeding the recommended cure time on pipejointswheretheheatingcollaroverlapsmayshortenthelifeoftheheatingcollarand/ordamagethepipe.Theuseofinsulationmaybenecessarybelow40°Ftopreventheatloss.

43

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

NOTE: Heatblanketcure time refers to that timewhen theheatsourcecanberemovedandthepipeinstalledandtestedat recommended pressures. Heat blanket hours pertain to70°F-100°Ffabricationenvironment.Curetimeswillbelongerfor colder temperatures. For temperatures below 70°F, see“Cold Weather InstallationTips” on page 14 or consult FGSTechnicalServices.Ifnoheatsourceisavailable,adhesiveswillcureatambienttemperaturesof70°F-100°Fin24hours.(1) Includessleevecouplings.

250°F(3) 18"jointsrequiretheuseofone8"andone10"heatingcollar 20"jointsrequiretheuseoftwo10"heatingcollars 24"requirestheuseoftwo12"heatingcollarsC. FGS Heat Packs FGSheatpacksthatcurejointsinapproximatelyonehourarealsoavailable.RefertoBulletinNo.D4500forcompleteinstructionsthatareincludedwitheachkit.Observeallsafetyprecautionslistedontheinstructionsheetsthataccompanytheheatpacks.

44

TAB

LE 1

2. H

igh

Tem

pera

ture

Hea

t Col

lar C

ure

Tim

es fo

r Adh

esiv

e Jo

int F

abric

atio

n

Pipe

Sys

tem

&

Adh

esiv

e G

rade

Pipe

Siz

e (In

.)C

ure

Tim

e (M

inut

es)

Pipe

(1)

Fitti

ngFl

ange

(2)

Perf

. Plu

sR

edT

hrea

dII

7000

or8

000

Ser

ies

Adh

esiv

e

2-6

1020

15N

/A8

2020

2030

1027

2727

3512

3030

3040

1434

3434

4516

3838

3860

18(3

)70

7070

120

20(3

)80

8080

120

24(3

)90

9090

120

Gre

enT

hrea

dS

ilver

Stre

ak80

00S

erie

sA

dhes

ive

2-6

1220

15N

/A8

2020

2030

1027

2727

3512

3030

3040

1434

3434

4516

3838

3860

18(3

)70

7070

120

20(3

)80

8080

120

24(3

)90

9090

120

Caution:Theadhesivebeadwillcurefasterthantheadhesiveinthejoint.Itisimportantthatthejointnotbepressurizeduntilithasbeensubjectedtothe

propertime-temperaturecycle.Atemperatureversustimetopressurecurveisindicatedintheinstructionspackagedwitheachadhesivekit.

REPAIRS for RED THREAD, GREEN THREAD & SILVER STREAK Piping Systems

Fiberglasspipingsystemsarerelativelysimpletorepair.Normally,repairmeanscuttingoutafittingoradamagedsec-tionofpipeandreplacingitwithnewmaterial.

Caution:Alwaysdetermineexactlywhatfluidhasbeeninthepipingsystem.Contactmaybeharmfultohumans.Takenecessaryprecautions.

Alwaysusethesamepipegrade,fittings,andadhesiveonnewpartsasisintheexistingsystem.Donotmixpipegrades.

Inspecting for Potential Causes of Joint Failure

Joint Backout–Ifthebeadisnolongernexttotheedgeofthebell,thejointbackedoutbeforetheadhesivecured.

Cocked Joint–Ifajointiscockedormisaligned,therewillusuallybealargegapbetweenthebellandspigotononeside.

Improperly Cured Joint–Iftheadhesivebeadissoftorflexible,theadhesiveisnotsufficientlycured.

Weathered Joint–Ifthemachinedareaappearsyellow,thejointmayhavebeenexposedtoUVdegradation.

Alldamagedorimproperlyassembledjointsmustberepairedorreplacedasindicatedbelow.

REPAIRING WEATHER DAMAGEIfmachinedsurfacesofpipeorfittingsareexposedto

directsunlightpriortoinstallation,alossofjointbondingstrengthmayoccur.Ifultravioletexposureisgreaterthantwohours,thefollowingstepsmustbetaken:1. Forexposedspigotends,use80to120gritsandpaper

orEmeryclothandlightlysandtoremoveUVdegrada-tion.Avoidoversandingasthismayalterthetaperangleofthespigotandmayresultinvoidsinthebondline.IfUVdegradationistoosevere,cut1”fromtheendofthepipeandretaper.

45

RT, G

T, SS FA

BR

ICATIO

N

!

!

2. Forexposedbellends(pipeorfittings),sandthoroughlyuntiltheentiresurfaceappearsfresh.Handsandingwith40gritsandpaperisrecommended.Usealightsandingoperationtopreventchangingthetaperangle.

NOTE:COUPLINGSORINTEGRALBELLSWITHT.A.B.THREADSTHATHAVEBEENOVEREXPOSEDMUSTBEREPLACED.

REPAIRING MINOR DAMAGEFordamagedareaslessthanoneinchindiameterinlightchemicalorwaterservice.

A. Flanged Systems:Ifpossible,simplyreplacetheentireflangedlength.Otherwise,cutoutthedamagedsection,thenbondnewflangestotheremainingpipeendsaccord-ingtorecommendedprocedures.Next,fabricateanewflange-by-flangespooltothelengthrequired.Boltinthenewpipesection.

Flangedfittingsshouldberemovedfromthesystemwhen

damagedandreplacedwithanewfitting.

B. Tapered Systems: Makeapatchtocoverdamagedarea.1. Cutalengthofgoodpipetoadequatelycoverthe

damagedareaandextend3”-4”oneithersideofthedamagedarea.

2. Slitthis“patch”length-wisetwiceandremoveasectionsothataboutthree-fourthsofthecircumferenceremainsfor1"-4"pipeandone-halfthecircumferencefor6"andlargerpipe.

3. Thoroughlysandtheinnersurfaceofthepatchandsandacorrespondingareaonthepipearoundthedamagedsection.

4. Cleanthebondingsurfaces,thenap-plyathickcoatingofadhesivetobothsurfaces,snapthepatchinplace,andapplypressurewithhoseclamps.Theclampsmaybeleftonorremovedaftercuring.

46

RT,

GT,

SS

FAB

RIC

ATIO

N

REPAIRING EXTENSIVE DAMAGEWhenthedamagedareainthepipewallislargerthanoneinchindiameter,orforrepairofpipeinseverechemicalser-vicethatrequiresalinedproduct,followtheseinstructions:

1. Whendamageislocal(lessthanoneinchlong,butmorethantwoinchesaroundthecircumferenceofthepipe),checktoseeifthereisenoughslackinthepipetocutoutthedamagedsec-tion,re-taperthecutends,andbondasleevecouplingbetweenthetaperedends.

2. Whendamageisextensive(toolargeforreplacementbyasinglesleevecoupling),cutoutthedamagedsection,taperthecutends,andinstalltwosleevecouplingsandapipenipple.This procedure requires sufficient slack in the line to make the final joint by lifting the pipe (or moving the pipe to one side) to engage the bell and spigot joint.

3. Ifthelinecannotbemovedsufficientlytoinstallasleevecouplingorasleevecouplingspoolpiece,taperbothendsofthepipeandinstallflanges.

4. Ifitisimpossibletotaperthepipeintheditch,youcaninstallanewsectionofpipebyoverwrappingtheplaincutends.a. Cleananarealargeenoughforinstallerstoworkon

bothsidesandunderthepipe.Cutoutthedamagedsectionofpipeandmeasurethegap.Cutasectionofgoodpipethatisnotmorethanone-halfinchshorterthanthelengthtobereplaced(1/4"maximumgaponeachend).

b. Sandtheendsofthepipetoremoveallresingloss.Alignthereplacementpipesectionwiththepipelineandblockupallsectionstomaintainalignment.Allsectionsmustberigidsotheywillnotmoveduringtheoverwrappingprocedure.Tackweldsshouldbeusedbyplacing1"x2"patchesofglassclothandad-hesive(fourpatchesspacedat90°intervalsaroundthepipe).SeeOverwrapping.

47

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REPAIRING LEAKING JOINTSOverwrapping–Ifajointleaksbecauseofimproperinstal-lation,youcanrepairitbyoverwrappingwithglassclothandresin.Thetemperatureintheworkareashouldbe75°F-90°F.Besuretoprotecttheoverwrapfromthesun.

1. Use7-10oz.glassclothfromFGS.Componentsfortheepoxyoverwrapareavailableinan8088repairkits(seeTable13).

2. Useagrinderorsanderwithcoarsesandpaper(40gritorless)toremoveglossfiveinchesoneithersideofthejoint.

3. Beveltheshouldertoblendinwiththepipewallandaddputtytomakeasmoothtransitionfromfittingtopipe.Thelengthofthisputtyshouldbeheldtoaminimum,becausetheputtyhaslimitedpressurecapabilities.

48

TABLE 13. WELDFAST 8088-S Overwrap Repair KitsPipe

Size (In.)Layers

of GlassGlass Width

(In.)Number of kits

Required per Joint1 4 8 0.25

11/2 4 8 0.252 6 8 0.753 6 8 0.754 6 8 1.006 6 8 1.508 8 8 2.50

10 10 8 3.5012 12 8 5.0014 14 8 6.5016 16 8 8.00

RT,

GT,

SS

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CAuTION: There must not be any pressure on the line or any fluid leaking from the joint when performing this procedure.

4. Re-sandandcleansurfacesincludingbevel.5. Thoroughlymixtheadhesiveandhardenerwiththestir

stickuntilthereisauniformcolorandaconsistentflowoffthestirstick.

6. Usingapaintbrush,applythemixedadhesivetoallsandedareas.

7. Eachpieceofglassclothmustbeslightlylongerthanthepreviouspiece,becausetheO.D.ofthepipebecomeslargerasyouaddglasscloth.Cutthefirstpiecetoallowfortwoinchesofoverlap.Whenthislengthisnolongersufficienttooverlapatleastone-halfinchontheends,determineanewlengthwithtwoinchesofoverlap.

8. Centerapieceofglassclothoverthejoint.Pullontheclothwhilepositioningitandwetitoutbypaintingwithadhesive.Brushtoremoveanytrappedairbubblesinthewrap.Startatoneendoftheclothandworkaroundthecircumference,wettingtheclothwithresin.Worktheclothawayfromthestartingendandfromthecenteroftheclothtothesides.Theclothmustbethoroughlywet-tedwithadhesive,butdonotspendalotoftimeinoneareaastheclothwillwetout(loseitsshiny,whiteappear-ance)withtime.Bythetimetheclothhasbeenworkeddownsmoothlywithnoairbeneathit,mostofitwillbewettedout.

9. Topreventthicksectionsorhumpsintheoverwrap,cen-terthenextpieceofglassclothonthejointstartingfromanewpointonthecircumference.RepeatStep8untilalllayersareapplied.

10.Shouldtheoverwrapstarttogiveoffheat,discontinuewrappingandletthejointcureandcoolwithafan.Sandthecuredlayerstoremovetheglossbeforerestartingtheoverwrapprocedure.

11. Payparticularattentiontothebottomoftheoverwrapasthisistheareathatmaysagandismostdifficulttosee.

12. Intemperaturesabove90°F,protecttheoverwrapfromdirectsunlight.

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PART VFABRICATION OF F-CHEM PIPE AND FITTINGS

A. Matched Tapered Bell and Spigot Joint PrepNote:Itisessentialthatpipeandfittingsurfacesbe

sanded,clean,dry,andfreeofoil,grease,andsolventcon-tamination.

1. Preparethebellandspigotendsofthepipebysandingthebondingsurfaceswith36to60gritabrasive.

Thesandedareashouldextendatleast1/2"beyondthelengthofthebell.

2. Neversandmorethantwo(2)hoursbeforemakingthejoint.

3. Wipethesandedareawithaclean,dry,lint-freecloth,andavoidtouchingthesurfaceswithbarehandsordirtygloves.

DO NOT uSE SOLVENTS.

Note:F-CHEMfittingsareavailablewithflangedorplainendsonly.SeeManualNo.F6080, Pipe Installation Hand-book for Socket Joints and Butt & Wrap Joints,forjoiningF-CHEMfittingsandpipewithbutt&wrapjoints.

B. Joint Assembly1. Coupler Instructions Attachthebandsorchains

tothepipe.Havethejacksandallothermaterialready,priortomixingtheresinandcatalyst.

Placebandclampsorchainsapproximately3to4feetfromthejointonboththebellandthespigotpieces.Slipthe"D"ringsintoplaceonthehorizontalcenter-line,onbothsidesofthepipe,priortoattachingthecouplerhooks.

Unreelthecouplersandhookthejacksintoplace.Thecablesmaybeleftunattachedtoallowworkingroomfortheapplicationoftheadhesive.

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2. Mixing Weldfast CL-100 Adhesivea. MixthecanofPart"A"

resintofullydisperseanyliquidwhichmayhaveseparatedduringstorage.Itshouldbealightpurplecolor.

b. AddtherecommendedtubesofPart"B"catalysttothePart"A"resincan.

c. Mixthoroughlyforaminimumof twominutesoruntilthecolorisa consistentlightgreen.

3. Pot Life Potlife(workingtime)mayvarywithchangesintempera-

tureandhumidity.

4. Applying Weldfast CL-100 and Bonding Pipea. Usethebrushtoapplygen-

erousamountsofcatalyzedresintothebellendfirst,thenapplytothespigotend.

b. Alignthejointandguidethespigotendintothebell.

c. Attachcouplerhooksandjackthejointintofirmengagement.Checkaroundthejointlinetobesurethatitiseven,whichindicatesproperalignment.

d. Usebrushtofillinanygapsinadhesive.Leavecouplerinplaceduringinitialcure(approximatelyonehour).

TABLE 14. CL-100 Adhesive Estimated Pot Life

Pipe PotLife PotLifeResin @70°F @90°FSystem Adhesive (min.) (min.)

VinylEster CL-100 20 10

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C. Joint CureCuretimeisthetimerequiredfortheadhesiveinthe

assembledjointtohardenanddependsontheambienttem-perature.Cure Time for CL-100 Adhesive is 24 hours.Curetimecanbedecreasedandjointstrengthincreasedbyheatingthejointfrom175°Fto225°F.Heatcureisstronglyrecom-mendedforpipingsystemscarryingfluidsattemperaturesabove120°F.

52

ADHESIVE DISPOSAL: Once the adhesive and catalyst havebeenmixedandreacted,nothingcanbeextracted,anditisclassi-fiedasnon-hazardousmaterial.Disposeofinanormalmannerasothersolidwaste.Excessadhesiveandcatalystcanbemixed,al-lowedtoreact,anddisposedofasabove.Ifextracansofadhesiveor tubesof catalysthaveaccumulatedwithout theother compo-nenttomixandreact,contactyourFGSregionalmanager.Cata-lysttubes,whenemptyarenotsubjecttoEPAregulationandcanbedisposedof inanormalmanner.Theseguidelinesarebasedonfederalregulations.Stateandlocalregulationsandordinancesshouldbereviewed.

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INSTRuCTIONS FOR uSING FGS SILICON RuBBER HEAT BLANKET

Caution:ReadOperatingInstructionsBeforeUsing.• Useonlywith120voltpoweroutlet.• Blanketshouldnotbeusedinwetconditions.• Tears,cutsorpuncturesintheblanketcancreatea

potentialsafetyhazard.• Thethermostatmustbewrappedintheblankettoprevent

overheating.

1. Useonlythepropersizeheatblanketforthepipebeingjoined.

2. Aftertheadhesivefillethashardened,wraptheblanketaroundthejointbyfirstplacingthethermostatendoftheblanketagainstthejointwiththethermostatfacingout.Wraptheremainderoftheblankettightlyaroundthepipe.Holditinplaceduringtheheatingprocess.

NOTE:Checkheatblankettemperaturetobesureitis heatingproperly.

3. Avoidexcessflexingoftheblanket.Abnormalflexingcancausebreakageandshortentheservicelifeoftheblanket.DONOTcreasetheheatblanket.

4. Usealuminumfoiltoprotectheatblanketfromadhesive.5. DONOTusecleaningsolvents.Solventspenetratethe

rubberanddamagetheheatingwires.6. DONOTcarryormovetheblanketbyliftingitwiththe

cordalone.Supporttheweightoftheblanketseparatelyfromthecordtoavoidabusingthecord-to-blanketcon-nection.

Impropersizingoruseoftheheatblanketscancauseexcessheatingwhichcandamageboththepipingandheatblankets.

53

TABLE 15. 110 Volt Silicon Rubber Heat Blanket Models(For use with F-CHEM pipe)

PipeSize 4”-8” 10”-14” 16”-20”

Model C D E

F-CH

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FAB

RIC

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TABLE 16. Silicon Rubber Heat Blanket Cure Times for Adhesive Joint Fabrication

NOTE:Heatblanketcuretimereferstothattimewhentheheatsourcecanberemovedandthepipeinstalledandtestedatrecommendedpressures.Heatblankethourspertainto70°-100°Ffabricationenvironment.Curetimeswillbelongerforcoldertemperatures.Fortemperaturesbelow70°F,see"ColdWeatherInstallationTips"onpage14orconsultFGSTechnicalServices.Ifnoheatsourceisavailable,adhesiveswillcureatambienttemperaturesof70°-100°Fin24hours.

54

Piping System/Adhesive Grade

Pipe Size(In.)

B&S Joints(hrs.)

F-CHEMCL-1004-14 1

16-20 4

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REPAIR & MODIFICATIONfor F-CHEM PIPING SYSTEMS

Fiberglasspipingsystemsarerelativelysimpletorepair.Normally,repairmeanscuttingoutafittingoradamagedsec-tionofpipeandreplacingitwithnewmaterial.

Caution:Alwaysdetermineexactlywhatfluidhasbeeninthepipingsystem.Contactmaybeharmfultohumans.Takenecessaryprecautions.

Alwaysusethesamepipegrade,fittings,andadhesivewhenrepairingorreplacingdamagedsections,ormodifyingthesystem.

Ifyouhaveanyquestionsaboutthechemicalservice,pipegradeselection,orsystemoperatingconditions,callyourlocalFGSDistributororFiberGlassSystemsdirect.

NOTE: Whenmakingrepairs,besureallsurfacestobebonded

aredry,cleanandthoroughlysanded.Goodadhesiveconnectionscannotbemadeonwetorcontaminatedsurfaces.

REPLACING DAMAGED PIPEPipeleaksthroughthepipewallarealmostalwaystheresultofphysicaldamagetothepipefromimpact,vacuum,excessivebending,orotherabusiveconditions.Thedam-agedsectionshouldalwaysbereplacedusingthefollowingprocedures:

Flanged Systems:Ifpossible,simplyreplacetheentireflangedlength.Other-wise,cutoutthedamagedsection,thenbondnewflangestotheremainingpipeendsaccordingtorecommendedproce-dures.Next,fabricateanewflange-by-flangespooltothelengthrequired.Boltinthenewpipesection.

Flangedfittingsshouldberemovedfromthesystemwhendamagedandreplacedwithanewfitting

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Tapered Bell & Spigot Systems:Cutoutthesectionofpipewhichleaks,makingsurecutsaresquare.Drythepipeends.Cutanewlengthofpipethesamelengthasthepiecethatwascutout.UsetwoFGSbutt&wrapkitstobondthenewpipeintoplace.RefertoManual No. F6080 for Butt & Wrap Jointdetailedinstructions.

REPLACING DAMAGED FITTINGSIfaleakdevelopsinanF-CHEMfitting,itwillusuallybenecessarytocutouttheleakingpartandreplaceit.UseFGSbutt&wrapkitstobondthenewfittingintoplace.Referto Manual No. F6080fordetailedinstructions.TEMPORARY FIXES, OVERWRAP

ButtWrap ButtWrap

ButtWrapJoint

ProblemFitting

Step1-CutoutSection

Asatemporaryrepair,aleakingfitting,pipeorjointcanbeoverwrappedwitharesinandglasslay-up.Thisrequiresresin,catalyst,fiberglassreinforcement,tools,andaclean,dryworkarea.Manytimesanoverwrapisthepreferredmethod,particularlywhenfittingsareinaclose,complexmanifoldorassembly.Customoverwrapkitsareavailableforeachpipesizeandpressureclassification.ContactFGS.

Application Procedure:Beforemakingtheover-wrap,readtheseinstructionscarefully.1. Sandthesurfaceareathoroughlyforanequaldistance

oneachsideoftheleak.Thesandedsurfaceshouldextendatleast1/2”beyondthewidestlayerofglasssup-pliedwiththekit.Removeallsurfaceglazes,paint,oil,grease,scale,moisture,orotherforeignmaterialtoen-sureproperbondingoftheresinmaterialtothesurface.

2. Usetheapplicatorbrushtoremovealldustfromthesandedarea.

3. Ifrepairingabell&spigotpipejoint,usetheWELDFASTadhesiveputtysup-pliedinthekittoformataperedbeadasshowninthissketch.Thebeadwillprovideasmoothtransitionfromfittingtopipe.

4. Layouttheprecutfabmatandsurfacingveilonaflat,clean,drysurface(i.e.,cardboard,plywood,etc.).

5. AddcontentsofPart"B"tube(s)tocontainerofPart"A"(resin).Usingoneofthewoodenstirrers,mixthecontentsthoroughlyforatleastoneminute.

6. Usetheapplicatorbrushtoapplyaliberal,evencoatingoftheresinmixturetotheentiresandedsurface.

7. Usingthe3"roller,thoroughlysaturatethefabmatlaidoutonyourworkingsurface.Applywet-outfabmattothejointtobeoverlaidplacingthematsidedown.Usingthe3"roller,continuetorolloutthematerialuntilallentrappedairhasbeenrolledoutandthefabmatiscontouredsmoothlytothesurface.

8. Forjointsizes4"andlarger,repeatStep#7above.

57

TaperedWeldfastBead

Veil &FabmatOverlay

SpigotEnd

BellEnd

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9. Placesurfacingveiloverthefabmatand,againusingthe3"roller,applyaliberalamountofresinandworkoutallairasinStep#7.

Be sure that the pipe surface is thoroughly wet out with catalyzed resin.

Some guidelines on the overwrap are:1. Theoverwrapshouldbeequallyspacedoneachsideof

thepointoftheleak.2. Theoverwrapshouldbearoundtheentirecircumference

ofthepipeorfitting.3. Thepressureratingandpipediameterwilldeterminethe

overwrapthickness.ConsultFGStechnicalservicestodeterminespecificinformationaboutdesignoftheover-wrap.

4. Theresinsystemoftheoverwrapshouldbecompatiblewiththeresinsystemoftheexistingpipeorfittings.

5. Curetheoverwrapcompletelybeforepressuretesting.

RefertoManualNo.F6080Butt & Wrap Joint Sectionfordetailedinstructions.

TAPPING INTO AN F-CHEM LINEThemostcommonmethodfor

addingabranchortappingintoanexistingF-CHEMlineistheuseofaT-Miter.Forcompleteinstruc-tions,seeBulletin Nos. D4235, D4240 or D4242,suppliedwitheachT-Miterkit.

Application of a T-Miter:1. Cuttheendofthenewbranchpipewithacontourto

matchtheexistinglinepipeoutsidediameter.2. Trialfitthebranchpipetothelinepipetoensureminimal

gapsandmarkfortheholeinthelinepipe.3. Cutaholeinthelinepipethesamediameterasthe

branchpipeinsidediameter.4. Sandbothpipeswitha36-60gritabrasivetocomplete

roughenthebondingsurface1/2”beyondthewidestlayeroffiberglasstobeapplied.

5. Usetheadhesivesuppliedinthekittosealtheedgesofthepipeandbondthebranchtotheexistingpipe.

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6. Mixtheresinsuppliedinthekitandwetoutthesandedpipesurfacesandsuppliedfiberglass.

7. ApplythefiberglasstothepipejointaccordingtotheinstructionssuppliedintheT-Miterkit.

8. Curethefiberglasslayup.

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PART VIINSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS

TESTING RECOMMENDATIONS

THESE PROCEDuRES MuST BE FOLLOWED IN OR-DER TO AVOID SERIOuS PERSONAL INJuRY OR PROP-ERTY DAMAGE. FAILuRE TO DO SO WILL RESuLT IN LOSS OF WARRANTY, AND BuYER, INSTALLER, OR ANY EMPLOYEE, AGENT, OR REPRESENTATIVE THEREOF, ASSuMES THE RISK OF ANY DAMAGE OR INJuRY TO PERSON OR PROPERTY.

NOTE:Followallapplicablelocalcodesandprudentengineeringpractices.

HYDROSTATIC TESTINGWhereverpossible,FGSpipingsystemsshouldbehydro-

staticallytestedpriortobeingputintoservice.Careshouldbetakenwhentesting,asinactualinstallation,toavoidwaterhammer.Locatealltestequipmentawayfromtheendofthepipingsystem.

AboveGround:Allanchors,guidesandsupportsmustbeinplacepriortotesting.

BuriedSystems:Beforetesting,makesurethepipingsys-temissecureintheditchwithcompletebeddingunderthepipeandenoughbackfillmaterialinthemiddleofthepipetoholdthepipeinplace.Jointsshouldbeleftopenforvisualinspectionduringtest.

Tohydrostaticallytesttheline,observethefollowing:Watershouldbeintroducedatthelowestpointinthesystemandtheairbledoffthroughapartiallyopenvalveorlooseflangeatallthehighpoints.Slowlyclosethevalve,andbringthesystemgraduallyuptothedesiredpressure.

A. Test Procedures (RT, GT, SS) Thenormalrecommendedprocedureistoconducta

cyclicpressuretest.Thepipingsystemissubjectedto10pressurizationcyclesat11/2timestheanticipatedordesignoperatingpressure.Pressureisthenkeptonthesystemfor1-8hourswhilethelineisinspectedforleaks.Whenhighertestpressuresaredesired,thetestpressureshouldnotexceed11/2timesthemaximumratedcyclicpressureforthelowestratedcomponentinthesystem.Forlowpressureapplications,suchasdrainlines,thecyclictestmaybereplacedbyasteadypressuretest.Linesthatcanbesubjectedtoseveretemperaturecycles,suchas

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steamcondensatelines,hotwaterlines,andcoldwaterlines,shouldbetestedusingthecyclictestprocedureat11/2timesthecyclicpressurerating,evenifthesystemistooperateatrelativelylowpressure.Vacuumorexternalpressuretestingmustnotexceedtheexternalpressurerating.

B. Test Procedures (F-CHEM) Testpressureshouldnotbemorethan1-1/2timesthe

workingpressureofthepipingsystem,andneverexceed1-1/2timestheratedoperatingpressureofthelowestratedcomponentinthesystem.Whentestingiscomplet-ed,openalloftheairbleedsbeforedrainingthepiping.Thiswillpreventvacuumcollapseofthepipe.

WARNINGS:Air Testing:Hydrostatictestshouldbeusedinsteadofairorcompressedgasifpossible.Whenairorcompressedgasisusedfortesting,tremendousamountsofenergycanbestoredinthesystem.Ifafailureoccurs,theenergymaybere-leasedcatastrophically,whichcanresultinpropertydamageandpersonalinjury.Incaseswheresystemcontaminationorfluidweightpreventstheuseofhydrostatictest,airtestmaybeusedwithextremecaution.Toreducetheriskofairtesting,usethetablebelowtodeterminemaximumpressure.Whenpressurizingthesystemwithairorcompressedgas,theareasurroundingthepipingmustbeclearedofpersonneltopreventinjury.Holdairpressureforonehour,thenreducethepressuretoonehalftheoriginal.Personnelcanthenentertheareatoperformsoaptestofalljoints.Again,extremecautionmustbeexercisedduringairtestingtopreventpropertydam-ageorpersonnelinjury.If air or compressed gas testing is used, FGS will not be responsible for any resulting injury to personnel or damage to property, including the piping system.Airorcompressedgastestingisdoneentirelyatthediscretionandriskofmanagementatthejobsite.

Forlargerdiameters,contactFiberGlassSystems.

61

Pipe Diameter 1” 11/2” 2” 3” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16”

psig 25 25 25 25 25 25 14 9 6 5 4

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C. Test Frequency It is strongly suggested that pressure tests be per-

formed on small sections of the installation as they are completed to assure that the installation tech-niques are satisfactory.

•READ THIS CAREFuLLY•

D. SAFETY PRECAuTIONS Asinanysystemwherepressureisemployed,adequate

safetyprecautionsshouldbeexercised. Locatepressuregaugesincloseproximitytothepressurizingequipment,notdirectlyonthepip-ingsystem.Stayawayfromtheendsofthepipeline.Donotstraddlepipe.Useofapressuregauge,withthetestpressureatmid-scale,isrecommended.

Inburiedapplications,itissuggestedthatlongpiperunsbepartiallybackfilledatvariouspointstosecuretheminplace.Alljointsandconnectionsshouldbeleftexposedforinspection.

Inexposedpipesystems,standardpipeguidesandhang-erswillnormallybesufficienttorestrainthepipeduringtesting.

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SYSTEM STARTuP

Onanypressurizedpipingsystem,theinitialstart-upshouldbegradualtopreventexcessiveloadsandpressuresurgeswhichmaydamageorweakenthepiping.

Onemethodistoslowlyfillthesystemwhilebleedingoffallairbeforestartinganypumpsoropeningvalvesintopres-surizedpiping.Analternatemethodistostartthecentrifugalpumpagainstaclosed,adjacentvalve;thenslowlyopenthevalvetograduallybuildupsystempressure.Theairshouldbebledoffwhilethelineisfillingasinthefirstmethod.

Forpositivedisplacementpumps,consultFGSEngineer-ingforrecommendations.

WATER HAMMER - AVOIDING PROBLEMS

WaterHammerisatermgenerallyusedtodescribesitu-ationswhereapressuresurgeinthepipingsystemcausesviolentmovementofthesystem.Usuallythispressuresurgeiscausedbyasuddenvalveclosing,electricaloutage,pumpfailure,orsomeotherout-of-theordinarysituation.Thepres-suresurgeisusuallybrief,butdamagecanbesevere.InFRPpiping,waterhammerusuallyresultsinfailedfittingsduetopipesystemmovementcausedbypressure.Insufficientsys-temanchors,guidesandsupportsallowexcessivemovementofthepipingandcreatesfittingfailures.

Installingslowoperatingvalves,apumpbypassorsurgeprotectorsinthesystemisrecommended.

Airinasystemcanalsocausewaterhammer.Besuretobleedairoutofthepipingpriortofullpressureoperation.Anypipesystemwhichmovessuddenly,createsalotofnoise,orisunstableissusceptibletowaterhammer.

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FIBERGLASS FLANGES

Beforebondingtheflangeontothepipe,makesuretheboltholeslineupwiththematingboltholesontheothersys-tem.Donotbolttheflangebeforebonding,unlessinsertiondepthofthespigotispreviouslycheckedtobecertainthatthespigotdoesnotbottomoutorextendthroughtheflange.Theuseofflatwashersonallnutsandboltsisrequired.ThemaximumallowabletorqueisindicatedoneachflangeandisalsoshowninTable6.3.

FGSflangesaredesignedtomeetANSIB16.5,Class150boltholestandards.Full-facegasketingmaterials,1/8"thick,withaShoreAhardnessof60to70durometer,arerecom-mendedforfiberglassflanges.GasketsmadefromTeflon®andPVCusuallyhavehighdurometerratingsandarenotacceptable.

ConnectingtoFlat-FaceFlanges:Fiberglassflangesmaybejoinedtoflat-faceflangesattherecommendedtorquelevels(SeeTable6.3)whenusingpropergasketingmaterial.

ConnectingtoRaised-FaceSteelFlanges:Whenconnectingtoaraised-facesteelflange,oneofthefol-lowingmustbeutilized:

a.Usefilamentwoundfiberglassflanges,

b.Usemoldedfiberglassflangesandmachinethesteelflangefaceuntilitisflatoruseametalspacerringtofillthevoidbetweentheraised-facesteelflangeandthefiberglassflat-faceflange(normallymoredifficultthanmachiningthesteelflangeface).Ifmetalspacerringsarenotavailable,itisacceptabletousespacerringsmadefrommaterialsthatareatleastashardasthefiberglassflange.

c.Usemetalback-upringsbehindmoldedfiberglassflanges(SeeFigs.8.4and8.5).

ConnectingtoLugorWaferValves:MostlinedvalvesneedaflatsurfacetosealagainstandasealingsurfacethatisclosetotheirownI.D.toproperlyseatthelining.Unlinedvalveswithsealingcomponentsinthefaceareinthesamecategoryaslinedvalves.Sometimesthe

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FIGuRE 8.3

sealingridgesonthevalvefacecanfallinthewrongplaceforthegroovesinfiberglassflangefaces,ortheycanbetooclosetotheI.D.toseal.Whenconnectingtovalveswithotherthanflat-facedflanges,followtheserecommendations:1)Forunlinedlugandwafervalveswithoutintegralseals,

usefilamentwoundflangeswithnoback-upringsormoldedflangeswithmetalback-uprings.(SeeFig.8.3,8.4,and8.5)

2)Forlugandwafervalvesthatarelinedorhaveintegralseals,usea¼"steelspacerplatewithanI.D.equaltoSchedule40steelorasrequiredbythevalvemanufacturer.(SeeFig.8.6)

SUMMARY• FGSmolded flanges aredesignedtobeusedagainstflat-faceflanges.Whenjoiningtoraised-faceflangesandlugorwafervalves,steelback-upringsshouldbeused,orspacersfabricatedfromanymaterialcapableofpreventingtheflangefacefrombending.•FGSfilament wound flangesmaybematedtoraised-faceflangesandlugorwafervalveswithnoback-upringsorspacersifthebolttorquelimitsshowninTable6.4arenotexceeded.• Whenusinglugandwafervalveswithintegralseals,itmaybenecessarytousea¼"thicksteelflangebetweenthevalveandthefiberglassflangetoachieveaproperseal.A⅛" thick full-face gasket should be used between the steel flangefaceandthefiberglassflange.• Whenusingsmooth-face flanges (non-standard)forpressuresabove25psig,itisnecessarytogluea0.20"toa0.35"diameter,80durometerO-ringtothefull-facegasket.AcompositeretainerO-ringgasketmayalsobeusedtosealsmooth-faceflanges.

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FIGuRE 8.4 FIGuRE 8.5

Back-upRingThicknessPipeSize RingThickness

1"-8" 1/2"10"-12" 3/4"

FIGuRE 8.6

66

STANDARD BOLTING CONDITIONSFGSflangesaredesignedtomeetANSIB16.5Class

150boltholestandards.For RT, GT & SS,full-facegasket-ingmaterials,1/8"thick,withaShoreAhardnessof60to70durometer,arerecommended.F-CHEM flangesrequirefull-facegasketingmaterial1/4"thickorO-ringsealsdependingonpressureratings.RefertoTable17.

FlatgasketsmadefromTeflon®andPVCusuallyhavehighdurometerratingsandarenotacceptable.

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TABLE17.Gasket&O-RingRequirementsforF-CHEMStubFlanges&FlangedFittings

PipeSize(In.)

PressureRating(psig)

Gasket(1)I.D.O.D.(In.)(In.)

O-Ring(2)CrossI.D.Section

14 50-100125-150

143/16-

21-

-.275

-15.475

16 50-100125

163/16-

23½-

-.275

-17.455

18 50-100125

183/16-

25-

-.275

-19.455

20 50-75100

203/16-

27½-

-.275

-21.629

24 50-75100

243/16-

32-

-.275

-26.129

30 50-75100

303/16-

38¾-

-.375

-31.975

36 50-75100

363/16-

46-

-.375

-36.180

42 5075-100

423/16-

53-

-.375

-44.620

48 5075-100

481/16-

59½-

-.500

-50.680

54 50-75 - - .500 56.770

60 50-75 - - .750 62.590

72 50-75 - - .750 75.340

(1)UseANSI16.5Class150lb.drillinggasketwithahardnessof50to70durometerontheShoreAscale.(2)Use O-ring with a hardness of 50-70 durometer on theShoreAscale.

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TABLE 18. Bolt, Washer & Torque Requirements forRT,GT,SSFlanges&FlangedFittings(1)

(1) Most flanged fittings are available with molded flanges.Filamentwoundflangesareavailableonrequest.(2) Bolt lengths are nominal. When joining FGS flanges toflanges of other material or manufacturers products, boltlengthmustbecalculated.(3) 1"-24" flanges are ANSI B16.5 Class 150 lb. bolt holestandard.

NOTE:Washersarerequiredwithallnutsandbolts.

Recommended Bolt Torquing Sequencefor FGS Flanges Before bonding the flange onto the pipe, make sure thebolt holes line up with the mating bolt holes on the othersystem.Donotbolttheflangebeforebondingunlessinsertiondepthofthespigotispreviouslycheckedtobecertainthatthespigotdoesnotbottomoutorextendthroughtheflange.ThemaximumallowabletorqueisindicatedoneachflangeandisalsoshowninTables18,20,and21.

FlangeSize(In.)

Numberof

Bolts(3)

MachineBolt(2)Size

StudBolt(2)Size

MaximumAllowableTorqueinFt.Lbs.

1 4 ½-13x3 ½-13x4 25

1½ 4 ½-13x3 ½-13x4 25

2 4 ⅝ - 11x3 ⅝ - 11x4 30

3 4 ⅝ - 11x4½ ⅝ - 11x5½ 30

4 8 ⅝ - 11x4½ ⅝ - 11x5½ 30

6 8 ¾-10x5½ ¾-10x6 30

8 8 ¾-10x5½ ¾-10x6½ 100

10 12 ⅞ - 9x6 ⅞ - 9x7½ 100

12 12 ⅞ - 9x6 ½ ⅞ - 9x7½ 100

14 12 1-8x7 1-8x8 100

16 16 1-8x7 1-8x8 100

18 16 1⅛ - 7x7½ 1⅛ - 7x8¾ 100

20 20 1⅛ - 7x7½ 1⅛ - 7x8¾ 100

24 20 1¼-7x7¾ 1¼-7x9½ 100

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TABLE 20. Bolt, Washer & Torque Requirements for RTPP and GTPP Van Stone-Type Flanges(2)

Flange Machine Stub Maximum Allowable Size No. of Bolt (3) Bolt Torque in Ft. Lbs. (in.) Bolts Size Size RTPP, GTPP

8 12 7/8-9x11 7/8-9x12 100 10 16 1-8x12 1-8x13 100 12 16 11/8-7x131/2 11/8-7x15 100 14 20 11/8-7x15 11/8-7x161/2 100 16 20 11/4-7x171/2 11/4-7x19 100 18 24 11/4-7x201/2 11/4-7x22 200 20 24 11/2-6x23 11/2-6x25 200 24 24 11/2-6x27 11/2-6x281/2 200

(1) On3”,14”and16”45°flangedelbowsandonall8”,10”and12”flangedfittings,fourholesarerecessedforclearanceduringassembly.Studsarerecommendedforassembly.Studlengthisdependentonadjacentflange.(2) FlangesareANSIB16.5Class300-lb.boltholestandard.(3) Boltlengthsarenominal.WhenjoiningFGSflangestoflangesofothermaterialormanufactures,boltlengthmustbecalculated.

Note:Washersarerequiredwithallnutsandbolts.

TABLE 19. Recessed Bolt Hole Data for RT, GT, SS(1)

Flange Stud Recess Washer No. Size Size Depth O.D. of (In.) (In.) (In.) (In.) Studs

3 5/8 1/4 15/16 4 8 3/4 1/2 11/2 4 10 7/8 5/8 13/4 4 12 7/8 3/4 13/4 4 14 1 1/2 2 4 16 1 1/2 2 4

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TABLE 21. Bolt, Washer & Torque Requirements for F-CHEM Flanges & Flanged Fittings

(1)Usetwowasherswitheachbolt.UseSAEstandardwashersunderallnutsandboltheadsupto48”size.UseUSSwroughtwashersfor54”andlargersizes.(2)Boltlengthsarenominal.Whenjoiningflangestoflangesofothermaterialormanufacturer,boltlengthmustbecalculated.Note:Specialboltlengthsarerequiredforblindflanges.

Pipe Pressure No. of Machine Stub Size Rating Bolt Bolt Bolt (in.) (psig) Holes Size Size (Nom) (Max) 14 50 12 1-8x41/2 1-8x6 75 100 75 12 1-8x5 1-8x6 85 110 100 12 1-8x5 1-8x7 90 120 125 12 1-8x51/2 1-8x7 50 100 150 12 1-8x6 1-8x7 50 100 16 50 16 1-8x41/2 1-8x6 75 100 75 16 1-8x5 1-8x6 85 110 100 16 1-8x51/2 1-8x7 90 120 125 16 1-8x6 1-8x7 50 100 18 50 16 11/8-7x5 11/8-7x6 75 100 75 16 11/8-7x51/2 11/8-7x7 85 110 100 16 11/8-7x6 11/8-7x7 90 120 125 16 11/8-7x61/2 11/8-7x8 50 100 20 50 20 11/8-7x5 11/8-7x7 90 120 75 20 11/8-7x51/2 11/8-7x7 105 140 100 20 11/8-7x6 11/8-7x8 75 125 24 50 20 11/4-7x51/2 11/4-7x7 90 120 75 20 11/4-7x6 11/4-7x8 105 140 100 20 11/4-7x61/2 11/4-7x8 75 125 30 50 28 11/4-7x6 11/4-7x8 105 140 75 28 11/4-7x61/2 11/4-7x8 120 160 100 28 11/4-7x7 11/4-7x9 75 125 36 50 32 11/2-6x61/2 11/2-6x9 105 140 75 32 11/2-6x71/2 11/2-6x9 120 160 100 32 11/2-6x8 11/2-6x10 100 150 42 50 36 11/2-6x7 11/2-6x9 120 160 75 36 11/2-6x8 11/2-6x10 100 150 100 36 11/2-6x81/2 11/2-6x10 100 150 48 50 44 11/2-6x71/2 11/2-6x9 120 160 75 44 11/2-6x8 11/2-6x10 100 150 100 44 11/2-6x9 11/2-6x11 100 150 54 50 44 13/4-5x8 13/4-5x10 100 175 75 44 13/4-5x9 13/4-5x11 100 175 60 50 52 13/4-5x81/2 13/4-5x11 100 175 75 52 13/4-5x91/2 13/4-5x12 100 175 72 50 60 13/4-5x91/2 13/4-5x11 125 200 75 60 13/4-5x11 13/4-5x13 125 200

Bolt Torque(ft.lbs.)

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Recommended Bolt Torquing Sequence for FGS Flanges

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CONNECTING TO OTHER SYSTEMSItisoftennecessarytoconnectafiberglasspipingtoanotherpipingsystemormakeaconnectionthatwillnotbepossibleusingflanges.Twotypesofadaptersareavailable:bellorspigotbygroovedendsandbellorspigotbythreadedends.

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ADAPTERSNote:Whenusingadapterswithspigotends,itmaybenec-essarytocutoffaportionofthefactorypipebellifthegrooveorthreadsarenotfullyexposed.

A. Grooved Adapters RT,GT,SSProduct:Do

notusecouplingsdesignedforplasticorcement-linedsteelastheycanleakduetoadifferenceingroovedimensions.GroovedadaptersaremachinedtoESdimensions.Usestandardhighpressure(VictaulicStyle77)couplingorequivalent.

B. Threaded Adapters Whenusingthreaded

adapters,threadthemintotheothersystembeforebondingontoFGSpipe.Otherwise,unlessaunionisused,itmaybeimpossibletoturntheadapterintothematingthread.Usesoftset,nonmetallicthreadlubricantortwowrapsofTeflontape.Caution:Donotovertighten.Tightentheadaptersasiftheywerebrassorothersoftmate-rial.

NOTES:1. TheuseofFGSadhesivetobondasteelormetalpipe

intoafiberglassflangeisnotrecommended.2. Ifmatingafiberglasssystemtosteel,thepreferred

methodiswithflanges.TerminatetheoldsystemwiththeirflangeandbolttheFGSflangeonthenewsystem.

3. Besuretochecktheanchors,guides,andsupportsofanexistingsystemtoavoidtransferofanystressesorthermalexpansionloadsintothefiberglasssystem.

4. Donottrytothreadpipeorfittings.

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Threaded Adapters

Grooved Adapters

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SPECIAL BOLTING CONDITIONSItisoftennecessarytomatefiber-glassflangeswithothercompo-nentswhichdonothaveafullflat-facesurfacesuchasraisedfaceflanges,butterflyorcheckvalveshavingpartiallinerfacings,andVanStoneflangehubs.Theaddi-tionofahardspacerringorsteelback-upringplacedbetweentheraisedfaceandtheouteredgeoftheflangetoformafullflatfaceonthematingflangeisrecommended.Thepurposeofthespaceristofillthegapoutsidetheraisedfacetopreventboltloadsfrombendingandbreakingthefiberglassflange.

Pump & Equipment ConnectionFiberglasspipeconnectionstopumpsorotherequipmentthatinvolvevibration,shockloadsorothermechanicalmove-mentsshouldincludeflexibleconnectors.Theseflexiblecon-nectorsallowfortheabsorptionofvibrationandeliminatetheplacingofunduestrainonthepipeandfittings.Abellows-typeexpansionjointisrecommended.

PAINTING PIPEAllpipingO.D.surfacesshouldbecleananddrybeforepaint-ing.Useafast-dryingsolventsuchasacetoneortrichloroeth-ylenetocleantheO.D.ofRT,GT,orSS.Forlongerlastingresults,andforF-Chempipe,theO.D.shouldbethoroughlysandedorsandblasted.Ifsandblasting,becarefulnottocutorgroovethepipeO.D.withanaggressivespray.FGSpipecanbepaintedwithanygoodqualityepoxyetherortwo-partepoxypaint.Contactyourlocalpaintsupplierforadetailedrecommendation.

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MetricUnits U.S.EquivalentsLengths 1millimeter . . . . . . . . . . .0.03937inch 1centimeter. . . . . . . . . . .0.3937inch 1meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39.37inchesor1.094yards 1kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . .1093.61yardsor0.6214mileAreas 1squaremillimeter . . . . .0.00155squareinch 1squarecentimeter. . . . .0.155squareinch 1squaremeter . . . . . . . .10.764squarefeet or1.196sq.yards 1squarekilometer 0.3861squaremile

Volumes 1cubicmillimeter. . . . . . .0.000061cubicinch 1cubiccentimeter . . . . . .0.061cubicinch 1liter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61.025cubicinches 1cubicmeter . . . . . . . . . .35.314cubicfeet or1.3079cubicyardsCapacities 1milliliter(0.001liter) 0.0338U.S.fluidounce 1liter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1134U.S.liquidpints 1liter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0567U.S.liquidquarts 1liter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2642U.S.gallonWeights 1gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03527avoir.ounce or15.4324grains 1kilogram(1000grams). .2.2046avoir.pounds

u.S. System units Metric EquivalentsLengths 1inch 25.4millimeters or2.54centimeters 1foot. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3048meter 1yard. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9144meter 1mile . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6093kilometersAreas 1squareinch . . . . . . 645.16squaremillimeters or6.452squarecentimeters 1squarefoot...... 0.0929squaremeter 1squareyard. . . . . . 0.8361squaremeter 1squaremile . . . . . . 2.59squarekilometersVolumes 1cubicinch. . . . . . . 16,387.2cubicmillimeters or16.3872cubiccentimeters 1cubicfoot . . . . . . . . 0.02832cubicmeter 1cubicyard . . . . . . . 0.7646cubicmeterCapacities 1U.S.fluidounce . . 29.573milliliters 1U.S.liquidpint . . . 0.47317liter 1U.S.liquidquart . . 0.94633liter 1U.S.gallon . . . . . . 3.78533liters

Weights 1grain. . . . . . . . . . . 0.0648gram 1avoir.ounce . . . . . . 28.35grams 1avoir.pound . . . . . 0.4536kilogram 1Troyounce. . . . . . 31.1035grams

PART VIIHELPFuL INFORMATION

CONVERSIONS

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Inches DecimalofanInch Inches DecimalofanInch

DECIMAL EQuIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS

1/64 .015625 1/32 .03125 3/64 .046875 1/20 .05 1/16 .0625 1/13 .0769 5/64 .078125 1/12 .0833 1/11 .0909 3/32 .09375 1/10 .10 7/64 .109375 1/9 .111 1/8 .125 9/64 .140625 1/7 .1429 5/32 .15625 1/6 .1667 11/64 .171875 3/16 .1875 1/5 .2 13/64 .203125 7/32 .21875 15/64 .234375 1/4 .25 17/64 .265625 9/32 .28125 19/64 .296875 5/16 .3125 21/64 .328125 1/3 .333 11/32 .34375 23/64 .359375 3/8 .375 25/64 .390625 13/32 .40625 7/16 .4375

29/64 .453125 15/32 .46875 31/64 .484375 1/2 .5 33/64 .515625 17/32 .53125 35/64 .546875 9/16 .5625 37/64 .578125 19/32 .59375 39/64 .609375 5/8 .625 41/64 .640625 21/32 .65625 43/64 .671875 11/16 .6875 45/64 .703125 23/32 .71875 47/64 .734375 3/4 .75 49/64 .765625 25/32 .78125 51/64 .796875 13/16 .8125 53/64 .828125 27/32 .84375 55/64 .859375 7/8 .875 57/64 .890625 29/32 .90625 59/64 .921875 15/16 .9375 61/64 .953125 31/32 .96875 63/64 .984375 1 1.0 H

ELPFuL

INFO

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ATION

DEFINITION OF TERMS

ADAPTER–Afittingusedtojointwopiecesofpipe,ortwofittings,whichhavedifferentjoiningsystems.ADHESIVE–Amaterialformulatedtobondtogetherpipeandfit-tingsresultinginhighstrengthandcorrosionresistantfabrications.ANCHORS–Devicetopositivelyrestrainthemovementofthepipeagainstalllateralandaxialforces.BELL AND SPIGOT–Ajoiningsysteminwhichtwotrun-catedconicalsurfacescometogetherandbondadhesively.Thebellisthefemaleend.Thespigotisthemaleend.BuSHING–Afittingusedtojointwodifferentsizesofpipebyreducingthesizeofthefemaleendofthejoint.Jointsmaycomethreadedortapered.CATALYST–Seehardener.COLLAR–Seecoupling.COMPRESSIVE FORCE–Theforcethatoccurswhenop-posingloadsactonamaterial,crushing,orattemptingtocrushit.Inpipe,circumferentialcompressiveforcesresultfromexternalcollapsepressure,actualcompressiveforcesfromheatingofanend-restrainedfiberglasspipe.COMPRESSION MOLDING–Aprocessformakingfittingsinwhichamoldingcompoundisformedandcuredintothefinishedpartconfigurationthroughpressureandheatinadie.CONCENTRIC REDuCER–Apipefittingusedtojointwodiffer-entsizesofpipewhilemaintainingthesamecenterline.CONTACT MOLDING–Aprocessformakingfittingsinwhichcutpiecesoffiberglassreinforcementarelaidonamold,saturatedwithresin,andcuredtothefinishedpartshape.COuPLING (collar)–Ashortheavywallcylindricalfittingusedtojointwopiecesofthesamesizepipeinastraightline.Thecouplingalwayshasfemaleconnectionendswhichcanbebell,threadedoramechanicaljoiningmethod.CuRE–Thehardeningofathermosetresinsystembytheactionofheatorchemicalaction.CuRE STAGES–Stagesdescribethedegreetowhichathermosetresinhascrosslinked.Threestages,inorderofincreasingcrosslinking,includeB-stage,gelled,fullycured.CuRE TIME–Thetimerequiredforathermosetmaterialtoreactanddevelopfullstrength.Thetimeisdependentuponthetemperatureofthematerial.

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CuRING AGENT–Seehardener.CuT AND MITERED FITTINGS–Fittingsmanufacturedbycutting,assemblingandbondingpipesectionsintoadesiredconfiguration.Theassembledproductisthenoverwrappedwithresin-impregnatedrovingorglasscloth,toprovideaddedstrength.EPOXY RESIN–Athermosettingresin,usuallymadefromBisphenolAandepichlorhydrin,curedbyavarietyofagentssuchasanhydridesandamines.Theseresinscontaincyclicethergroups.Seethermoset.FRP–FiberglassReinforcedPlastic.FILAMENT WOuND –Amanufacturingmethodforpipeandfittingsinwhichresinimpregnatedcontinuousstrandrovingwrapsaroundamandreltoachievehighreinforcementcon-centrationandprecisefilamentplacement.FILLERS(extender,pigments,inerts;i.e.,sand,etc.)–Materialsaddedtoaresinwhichdonotaffectthecureoftheresinbutmayinfluencethephysicalpropertiesoftheresinsystem.FITTING TYPES–Theclassificationoffittingsbythemethodofmanufacture;i.e.,molded,cutandmitered,filamentwound,contactmolded.GEL TIME –Thetimeittakesforaresinsystemtohardentoarubber-likestate.GuIDE– Devicethatallowsfreeaxialmovementofthepipe,butrestrainslateralmovement.HAND LAY-uP–Theformingofresinandfiberglassintofin-ishedpipeproductsorfittingsbymanualprocedures.Theseproceduresincludeoverwraptechniques,contactmolding,handmoldingandothers.HARDENER(accelerator,catalyst,curingagent,promoter)–Chemicalsaddedtotheresin,singleorincombination,whichspeedupthehardeningprocess,orcausehardeningtooccur.HEAT BLANKET or HEAT COLLAR–Anelectricaldeviceusedtoheatafabricationtoreducecuretime.HYDROSTATIC TEST–Apressuretestofacompletedfab-ricationtoconfirmgoodquality.Typically,thesystemisfilledwithwaterandheldattheselectedpressurewhilecheckingforleaks.

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IMPACT RESISTANCE–Theabilityofaparttoabsorbastrikingblowwithoutdamage.JOINING(connectingsystems)–Anyofavarietyofmethodsforconnectingtwoseparatecomponentsofapipingsystemtogether.Includedarebellandspigot,threadedandcoupled,mechanicaldevices,etc.JOINT–Atermusedtodescribeanindividuallengthofpipeortheactualjoiningmechanism;i.e.,adhesivebondedbellandspigot,threadedandcoupled,etc.)LINER–Agenerictermusedtodescribetheinteriorsurfaceinpipe.Generally,linersareresin-richregionsfrom0.005to0.100in.thick.Linersmaybereinforcedwithfibrousmate-rialsuchasveilormat.Linerscanprovideextracorrosionprotectionforseverechemicalservice.Theyalsoformaleakbarrier(elastomerbladder).Themanufacturermayaddalinerbefore,during,orafterconstructionofthepipewalldepend-ingonthemanufacturingprocess.LOCK-uP–Abellandspigotjointengagedsufficientlytoeliminatepivotactioninthejoint.MATRIX–Thematerialusedtobindreinforcementandfillerstogether.Thismaterialmaybethermoplasticorthermosettinganddictatestoalargeextentthetemperatureandchemicalserviceconditionsallowableforapipeorfitting.MECHANICAL FORCE–Physicalexertionofpowerusedtoachievelock-upintaperedbellandspigotjoints.MOLDED FITTINGS–Pipefittingsformedbycompressingresin,choppedfiberandotheringredientsinamoldunderheatandpressure.MOLDING –Anyofseveralmanufacturingmethodswherepressureorcompressionmoldingshapesresinandreinforc-ingmaterialsintofinalproducts.POLYESTER RESIN–Anyofalargefamilyofresinswhicharenormallycuredbycrosslinkingwithstyrene.Thephysi-calandchemicalpropertiesofpolyesterresinsvarygreatly.Somehaveexcellentchemicalandphysicalpropertieswhileothersdonot.Vinylestersareaspecifictypeofpolyesterresin.Otherpolyesterresinswithpropertiessuitableforuseinthemanufactureoffiberglasspipeinclude:isophthalicBisphenolAfumarateandHETacidpolyesters.Eachtypeofresinhasparticularstrengthsandweaknessesforagivenpipingapplication.POT LIFE–Thetimeavailabletousethermosetadhesivesafterthereactivematerialshavebeenmixed.

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PRESSuRE RATING–Themaximumanticipatedlongtermoperatingpressureamanufacturerrecommendsforagivenproduct.Alsoreferredtoasworkingpressure,pressureclassordesignpressure.REINFORCEMENT–Typically,fibersofglass,carbonorsyntheticmaterialusedtoprovidestrengthandstiffnesstoacompositematerial.Thetypeoffiberusedasreinforcementplaysamajorroleindeterminingthepropertiesofacomposite,asdoesthefiberdiameterandthetypeofsizingused.Termsrelatingtothephysicalformofthereinforcementinclude:

ChoppedFiber-Continuousfiberscutintoshort(0.125to2.0-in.)lengths.Filament-Asinglefiberofglass;e.g.,amonofilament.Mats-Coarsefabricsheetsmadefromchoppedstrandsrandomlyplacedandheldtogetherbyresinbinders.MilledFibers-Glassfibers,groundormilled,intoshort(0.032to0.125-in.)lengths.Roving-Acollectionofoneormorefilamentswoundintoacylindricalpackage.Thetypicalformofglassfiberusedinthemanufactureoffilamentwoundpipe.Veil-Surfacingmatofporousfabricmadefromglassorsyntheticfilaments.Usedtoprovidearesinrichlayerorliner.Yarn-Glassfiberfilamentstwistedtogethertoformtextile-typefibers.Yield-Thenumberofyardsofmaterialmadefromonepoundoftheproduct.Resin(polymer)-Asappliedtofiberglasspipe,resinisthepolymerorplasticmaterialusedtobindtheglassfiberstogether.

RESIN–Thepolymer(liquidplastic)materialwhichhardenswithcuretoprovideasolidform,holdingthefiberglassrein-forcementinplace.ResinsprovidethecorrosionresistanceinFRPparts.SADDLE–Afittingwhichisbondedtotheexteriorofapipetomakeabranchconnection.SHELF LIFE–Thestoragetimeforamaterialuntilitbe-comesunusable.SOCKET JOINT–Ajoiningsysteminwhichtwostraightcylindricalsurfacescometogetherandbondadhesively.SPACERS–Woodenstripsusedtosupportpipeduringstor-ageandhandling.

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STRESS–Theforceperunitofcrosssectionalarea.Mea-suredinpoundspersquareinch(psi).Thisshouldnotbeconfusedwithhydraulicpressures,measuredaspsigorpsia,whichcaninducestress.SuPPORT SPACING(span)–Therecommendedmaximumdistancebetweenpipesupportstopreventexcessivepipedeformation(bending).SuRGE PRESSuRE–Atransientpressureincreaseduetorapidchangesinthemomentumofflowingfluids.Waterham-merisonetypeofsurgepressure.Rapidopeningorclosingofvalvesoftenresultinasurgepressureorwaterhammer.THERMAL CONDuCTIVITY–Therateatwhichamaterial(pipe)transmitsheatfromanareaofhightemperaturetoanareaoflowertemperature.Fiberglasspipehaslowthermalconductivity.THERMAL EXPANSION–Theincreaseindimensionsofamaterial(pipe)resultingfromanincreaseintemperature.Adecreaseintemperatureresultsinthermalcontraction.THERMOSET–Apolymericresincuredbyheatorchemicaladditives.Oncecured,athermosetresinbecomesessentiallyinfusible,(cannotbere-melted)andinsoluble.Thermoset-tingresinsusedinpipegenerallyincorporatereinforcements.Typicalthermosetsinclude:•Vinylesters •NovolacorepoxyNovolac•Epoxies •UnsaturatedpolyestersTHRuST FORCES–Commonlyusedtodescribetheforcesresultantfromchangesindirectionofamovingcolumnoffluid.Alsousedtodescribetheaxialorlongitudinalendloadsatfittings,valves,etc.,resultantfromhydraulicpressure.TORQuE–Usedtoquantifyatwistingmoment(torsion)inpipe.Torqueismeasuredasaforcetimesthedistancefromtheforcetotheaxisofrotation.Torqueisexpressedinfoot-pounds(ft-lb)orinch-pounds(in-lb).TWO HOLING–Amethodofaligningflangesontopipeorfit-tingssothattheboltcirclewillmatewiththeadjoiningflange.VINYL ESTER–Apremiumresinsystemwithexcellentcorro-sionresistance.Vinylesterexhibitshighversatility,tempera-tureresistanceandexcellentcorrosionresistancetoacids.WATER HAMMER–Pressuresurgesinapipingsystemcausedbysuddenchangeinfluidvelocity,suchasoperationofavalve,pump,orothercomponent.WORKING LIFE –SameasPOTLIFE.

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HOW TO READ FLANGED OR REDuCING FITTINGS

Theabovesequenceshouldbeusedwhendescrib-ingfittingoutlets.Drawingsorsketchesshowingoutlettypes,locations,sizesanddimensionalrequirementsarerequiredformorecomplicatedfittingconfigurations.

TEE

RunxRunxBranch

LATERALRunxRunxBranch

CROSSRunxRunxBranchXBranch

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HOW TO FIGuRE A 45° OFFSET

˚

OffsetLength

OffsetLength

TrueLength

45

TrueLength=offsetx1.414Offset=truelengthx.707

EXAMPLES:IF:offset=12"

12"x1.414=16.968=1'-5"truelength=1'-5"(tonearest1/16")

IF:truelength=24"24x.707=16.968=1'-5"

offsetlength=1'-5"(tonearest1/16")

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2700W.65thStreetLittleRock,AR72209-8592

Phone:(501)568-4010•Fax:(501)568-4465

25S.MainStreetSandSprings,OK74063

Phone:(918)245-6651•Fax:(918)245-7566

http://www.fgspipe.com

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