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Masterclass energy storage & power‐to‐gas
Oostende26/11/2014
Masterclass energy storage & power‐to‐gas
Peter ClauwaertOostende ‐ 26/11/2014
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How to store electricity?
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Share of renewable electricity in the grid
Source: Eurostat, Nat. action plans
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Challenges for the electricity system: flexibility
Share renewable electricity flexibility of the energy
‐ Improving transmission and distribution in the electricity grid‐ Increasing flexible electricity production‐ Increasing flexible electricity consumption‐ Increasing electricity storage
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Storage of electricity
1) Mechanical storage2) Electrical storage3) Electrochemical storage4) Thermal storage5) Chemical storage
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1) Mechanical energy storage
a) Pumped hydro energy storage (98,9%)b) Compressed air energy storage (0,3%)
I. DiabaticII. AdiabaticIII. Isothermal
c) Fly wheel (0,04%)
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1) Mechanical energy storage
Pumped hydro energy storage (98,9% ‐ 127 GW)
+ Mature technology+ High storagecapacity
-‘Expensive’ (1.100-3.300 €/kW)-Geographicallimitations
= 70-85%
Source: Deme
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1) Mechanical energy storage
a) Pumped hydro energy storage (98,9%)b) Compressed air energy storage (0,3%)
I. DiabaticII. AdiabaticIII. Isothermal
c) Fly wheel (0,04%)
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1) Mechanical energy storage
Compressed air energy storage (0,3%) = 42 - 54%
(70 – 80%?)
+ Mature technology+ High storage capacity
Cost: 600 – 1500 €/kW
- (Dependent on naturalgas)- (Low efficiency)50-70 bar
Diabatic ( Adiabatic Isothermal)
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1) Mechanical energy storage
a) Pumped hydro energy storage (98,9%)b) Compressed air energy storage (0,3%)
I. DiabaticII. AdiabaticIII. Isothermal
c) Fly wheel (0,04%)
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1) Mechanical energy storage
Fly wheel (0,04%)
+ High efficiency + Fast start-up
Cost: 3000 – 3500 €/kW
- High self discharge (20% / h) short term energy storage- High investment cost
Electrical energy kinetic energy electrical energy
= 90 - 95%
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2) Electrical energy storage
1) (Super)Capacitors2) Superconducting magnetic energy storage
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2) Electrical energy storage
Supercapacitors
+ High efficiency + Fast response time (<1s)
Cost: 1200 – 2000 €/kW
- Self discharge (14% /month)- in R&D stage for renewableenergy storage
= 85 - 95%
Zhang and Zhao, 2009
Electrostatic and electrochemical storage!
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2) Electrical energy storage
1) Supercapacitors2) Superconducting magnetic energy storage
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2) Electrical energy storage
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
+ High efficiency + Fast start-up
Cost: ? €/kW
- Deep cooling- High magnetic radiation- in R&D stage forrenewable energy storage
= 95% ?
Source: energy storage sense
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3) Electrochemical energy storage:
1) Batteries (0,58% ‐ car batteries not included)2) (Redox)Flow batteries
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3) Electrochemical energy storage
Batteries
Points of attention:
self discharge (2-100% /month) scarcity of metals efficiency
Costs: 250 - 2500 €/kW
= 60 – 92%
I. NaS batteries (0,25%)II. Lead batteriesIII. Nickel batteriesIV. Lithium batteriesV. Metal-air batteriesVI. …
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3) Electrochemical energy storage:
1) Batteries (0,58% ‐ car batteries not included)2) (Redox)Flow batteries
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3) Electrochemical energy storage
(Redox)Flow batteries
+ No self discharge of electrolyte+ Decoupling of power and energy+ Transportable elektrolyte
Cost: 1100 - 3100 €/kW
- In R&D stage for renewableenergy storage- Complexity?
= 70 – 85%
• Vanadium redox flow• Polysulfide bromide redox flow• Zinc-Bromium• Zinc-Cerium• …
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4) Thermal energy storage:
1) Cryogenic storage2) Heat‐electricity storage (0,17%)
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4) Thermal energy storage
Cryogenic storage = 50 (70?)%
e.g. air, N2, CO2: gas + electricity ↔ liquid (- 200 °C) + heat
+ Transportable+ Relatively cheap?
Cost: < 1000 €/kW ?
- Low efficiency
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4) Thermal energy storage:
1) Cryogenic storage2) Heat‐electricity storage (0,17%)
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4) Thermal energy storage
Pumped heat‐electricity storage (PHES) = 70 - 80 ?%
Electricity heat (500°C) & pressure (12 bar) electricity
Cost: ? €/kW
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5) Chemical energy storage:
1) Power‐to‐Gas2) Other
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5) Chemical energy storage
Power‐to‐gas Electricity
H2
CH4 CH4 H2 NH3
CO2 N2
CO
Reversewater gas shift = 60%
Electrolysis2 H2O O2 (anode)+ 2 H2 (cathode)
Chemicals
+ (Power-to-storage)
Electricity Heat Mobility
= 70-80 %
= 50 - 55 % = 90%
