STUDY ON EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF

LAMBS IN ARID ZONE OF RAJASTHAN

jktLFkku ds 'kq"d {ks= esa HksM+ ds cPpksa ds fodkl vkSj mRiknu ds

izn'kZu ij izksck;ksfVd iwjd dk v/;;u

NUPUR CHANDEL B.V.Sc. & A.H.

THESIS

MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

(Livestock Production Management)

2018

Department of Livestock Production Management College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner

Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334001 (Rajasthan)

STUDY ON EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF

LAMBS IN ARID ZONE OF RAJASTHAN

jktLFkku ds 'kq"d {ks= esa HksM+ ds cPpksa ds fodkl vkSj mRiknu ds

izn'kZu ij izksck;ksfVd iwjd dk v/;;u

THESIS

Submitted to the Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE (Livestock Production Management)

FACULTY OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

By

NUPUR CHANDEL B.V.Sc. & A.H.

2018

3

Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner

College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner

CERTIFICATE- I

Date ……......……

This is to certify that Nupur Chandel had successfully completed the

Comprehensive examination held on …………………as required under the

regulation for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science.

(S.C.Goswami)

Head

Department of Livestock Production Management

College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner

4

Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner

College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner

CERTIFICATE- II

Date…….........…..

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Study on effect of supplementing

probiotics on growth and production performance of lambs in arid zone of

Rajasthan” submitted for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science in the subject

of Livestock Production Management of the Rajasthan University of Veterinary and

Animal Sciences, Bikaner embodies bonafide research work carried out by Nupur

Chandel under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been

submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during this work

have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the

advisory Committee on ……….

(S.C.Goswami) Head

Department of Livestock

Production Management

College of Veterinary and

Animal Science, Bikaner

(S.C.Goswami)

Major Advisor

DEAN

College of Veterinary and Animal Science,

Bikaner -334001

5

Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner

College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner

CERTIFICATE- III

Date…….........…..

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Study on effect of supplementing

probiotics on growth and production performance of lambs in arid zone of

Rajasthan” submitted by Nupur Chandel to Rajasthan University of Veterinary and

Animal Sciences, Bikaner, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Master of Veterinary Science in the subject of Livestock Production Management

after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before

the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the

candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory. We

therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.

(S.C. Goswami) Major Advisor

(Vijay Kumar)

Co-Advisor

(R.K. Dhuria) Advisor

(Hemant Dadhich)

Dean, PGS Nominee

(S.C. Goswami)

Head

Department of Livestock Production Management,

College of Veterinary and Animal Science,

Bikaner -334001

Approved

Dean

Post Graduate Studies

RAJUVAS, Bikaner

6

Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner

College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner

CERTIFICATE- IV

Date…….........…..

This is to certify that Nupur Chandel, of the Department of Livestock

Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner has

made all corrections/modifications in the thesis entitled “Study on effect of

supplementing probiotics on growth and production performance of lambs in

arid zone of Rajasthan”. Which were suggested by the external examiner and the

advisory committee in the oral examination held on ……………. . The final copies of

the thesis duly bound and corrected were submitted on …………., are enclosed

herewith for approval.

(S.C.Goswami)

Major Advisor

Department of Livestock Production

Management

Enclosed: One original and two copies of bound thesis. Forwarded to the Dean, Post

Graduate Studies, Rajuvas, Bikaner through the Dean, CVAS, Bikaner.

Dean

C.V.A.S, Bikaner

(S.C.Goswami)

Head

Department of Livestock Production

Management

Approved

Dean

Post Graduate Studies

Rajasthan University of Veterinary

and Animal Sciences, Bikaner

7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the accomplishment of the present study, I hearty thanks to Animal Husbandry

Department, Government of Rajasthan, for providing me enough study leave to successfully

complete Post Graduation and my thesis work.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and admiration to my major advisor, Dr. S.C

Goswami, Pofessor and Head, Department of Livestock Production Management for his guidance,

suggestions and deligent efforts throughout my research programme.

I would like to extend my gratitude to members of my advisory committee, Dr Vijay

kumar Chaudhary, Professor, Department of LPM, Dr Hemant Dadhich, Professor and Head

Department of Pathology, Dr R..K Dhuria, Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, College

of Veterinary and Animal Science, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, for valuable guidance and suggestions

during the period of study.

I respectfully acknowledge the help rendered by Dr (Mrs) Tara Bothra, Asst. Prof, Dept

of LPM, Dr (Mrs) Rajni Arora, Asst.Prof, Dept of LPM, Dr Arun kumar Jhirwal, Asst. Prof,

Dept of LPM , Dr Mohan lal Chaudhary, Asst. Prof ,Dept of LPM, Dr Vijay kumar Vishnoi,

Asst. Prof, Dept of LPM, Dr Vikramjeet and Dr (Mrs) Manju Nehra, Asst. Prof, Dept of

Animal Breeding and Genetics, for their immense support, valuable guidance and constructive

views in my research.

It is my pleasant duty to express the gratitude to LSA Ajeet Kumar Bhati and LSA

Balkishan Khatri, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bikaner for profounding the necessary

facilities for wool analysis of wool samples.

The help and company of staff of livestock Research Station, Kodamdasar, Dr Virendra

kumar, Dr Sunil Kumar Yadav, Dr Kamal Mohan , LSA Dharampal Chhimpa and worker Mhd

Hussain and Premji was outstanding, for providing me ever willfull help for successful completion

of my entire experiment.

The help and company of Staff of LPM,Department Kallaji, Aacharyaji and Vikasji were

outstanding.

I am grateful to my batchmate M.VSc students Dr. S. Preethi, Dr.Gayatri , Dr.Narendra

Poonia and Dr.Manish for their kind help in my research.

Iam obliged to Dr.Jagdish Kumar Vaishnav for his technical skill to analyse the research

data.

The financial assistance provided by the CVAS, RAUVAS,Bikaner in the form of stipend

during the period of studies is thankfully acknowledged.

I would like to thank my parents, my father Sh. Mohan lal Chandel and my mother Smt

Radhika whose love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue.

I would like to pay my sincere affectionate regards to my brother Mr. Ananth, nephew

Aviraj, Avirudra, Mahaan and neice Tanishka for their continuous encouragement, moral support

and affection.

Last, but not least, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me

during my whole research period. My most sincere thanks to the Almighty God who made

everything possible.

Place: Bikaner Date: (Nupur Chandel)

8

LIST OF CONTENTS

S. No. Title Page No.

1. Introduction 1-6

2. Review of Literature 7-22

3. Materials and Methods 23-28

4. Results and Discussion 29-60

5. Summary and Conclusion 61-64

6. Literature cited 65-76

7. Abstract(English & Hindi) 77-80

9

LIST OF TABLE

Table No. Titles Page No.

3.1 Random distribution of animals 23

3.2 Experimental design of animals 24

3.3 Composition and market cost of experimental feed

supplement 24

3.4 Dose of experimental feed supplement 25

4.1 Mean ± SE value of periodic body weight (kg) of

experimental lambs

32

4.2 Analysis of variance of total body weight (kg) of

experimental lambs

32

4.3 Analysis of variance of periodic body weight (kg) of

experimental lambs

33

4.4 Mean ±SE values of weekly average body weight gain (in

gm) of experimental lambs

36

4.5 Analysis of variance of average body weight gain (gm) of

experimental lambs

36

4.6 Analysis of variance of weekly average body weight gain

(gm) of experimental lambs

37

4.7 Body weight and Feed Conversion Ratio 35

4.8 Mean ± SE values of periodic body length (inches) of

experimental lambs

41

4.9 Analysis of variance of total body length (inches) of

experimental lambs

41

4.10 Analysis of variance of periodic body length (inches) of

experimental lambs

42

4.11 Mean ± SE values of periodic body height (inches) of

experimental lambs

45

10

Table No. Titles Page No.

4.12 Analysis of variance of total body height (inches) of

experimental lambs

45

4.13 Analysis of variance of periodic body height (inches) of

experimental lambs

46

4.14 Mean ± SE values of periodic heart girth (inches) of

experimental lambs

48

4.15 Analysis of variance of total heart girth (inches) of

experimental lambs

48

4.16 Analysis of variance of periodic heart girth (inches) of

experimental lambs

49

4.17 Mean±SE values of periodic abdominal girth (inches) of

experimental lambs

50

4.18 Analysis of variance of total abdominal girth (inches) of

experimental lambs

50

4.19 Analysis of variance of periodic abdominal girth (inches)

of experimental lambs

51

4.20 Mean ± SE values of wool parameters of experimental

lambs

54

4.21 Analysis of variance of wool quality parameters 55

4.22 Comparative economics of experimental feed supplement 58

11

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

No.

Titles Page No.

1. Periodic body weight (kg) of experimental lambs 34

2. Total body weight gain (kg) in different treatment groups 34

3. Periodical body length (inches) of experimental lambs 38

4. Periodical body height (inches) of experimental lambs 38

5. Periodical heart girth (inches) of experimental lambs 43

6. Periodical abdominal girth (inches) of experimental lambs 43

7. Staple length (cm) and average number of crimps per cm of

different treatment groups 57

8. Average fineness (micron) and medullation percent of

different treatment groups 57

9. Hairy, Hetero and Pure percent of different treatment

groups 58

12

LIST OF PLATES

Plate No. Particulars

1. Experimental Animals

2. Slot plunger

3. Ermascope

13

ABBREVIATIONS

ADG Average Daily Gain

ANOVA Analysis of Variance

CFU Colony Forming Unit

DF Degrees of Freedom

DM Dry Matter

DMI

ETV

Dry Matter Intake

Enterotoxaemia Vaccine

FCR Feed Conversion Ratio

GDP Gross Domestic Production

GOI Government of India

ISI Indian Standards Institute

IWTO International Wool Textile Organization

M Mean

MS Mean Square

SC Saccharomyces Cerevisae

SE Standard Error

SS Sum of Squares

YC Yeast Cuture

14

INTRODUCTION

15

1. INTRODUCTION

Animal husbandry is an integral component of Indian agriculture supporting

livelihood of more than two- thirds of the rural population. India‟s livestock sector is

one of the largest in the world. The overall contribution of livestock sector in total

GDP is nearly 4.11 percent. India is the third largest country by number of heads of

sheep that is 65.06 million in 2012, declined by 9.07 percent over census 2007

(Livestock census, GOI, 2012- 2013).

According to nineteenth livestock census held in 2012, the total livestock

population in Rajasthan is 577 lakhs and out of the total population around 16 percent

were sheep. Rajasthan ranks third in sheep population and accounts nearly 14 percent

of the total sheep population in the country and contributes to 35 percent of total wool

production. Sheep (Ovis aries) is a quadrapedal, ruminant mammal member of order

Aritodactyla, the even toed ungulates typically kept as livestock. Sheep are

multipurpose animals and raised for their meat, wool, milk, hides, skins and manure.

In Rajasthan state eight recognized breeds of sheep are available that are

Marwari, Malpura, Jaisalmeri, Chokla, Nali, Pugal, Sonadi and Magra. Besides this

huge population of non-descript sheep is also found in the state. In Rajasthan western

districts like Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Pali are known for more sheep

population. Chokla breed is distributed in Nagaur, Sikar and Churu district of

Rajasthan. Chokla breed is light to medium size animal with reddish brown face, skin

is pinkish and the coat is relatively dense and fine. Magra, Pugal and Chokla breeds

are endangered breeds of Rajasthan, the major reason for serious reduction are

adverse climate and insufficient attention is given to the development of feed and

watering resources in their home tracts. Chokla breed is found in north western arid

and semi-arid region in India, major product of breed is carpet wool (Kumar et al.

2015).

The average wool production in India is 0.62 kilogram per sheep per year and

in Rajasthan, it is about 1.12 kilogram per sheep per year. Bikaner district in

Rajasthan is known as Asia‟s largest wool market. Transactions regarding arrival and

sale of wool in Bikaner mandi during 2013-2014 as per data collected by Central

Wool Development Board are 1,72,927 quintal (arrival) and 1,72,960 (sold). The total

meat production in the state was 92 thousand tonnes in 2009-2010 in which 14

16

thousand tonnes of meat were contributed by the sheep with a share of around 16

percent. The consumption of meat has been projected to rise to 8-9 million tonnes by

2020 in which contribution of mutton would be substantial (Birthal and Taneja, 2006).

Sheep is a small sized calm animal and grow rapidly. They contribute greatly

to the agrarian economy, especially in areas where crop and dairy farming are not

economical and play an important role in the livelihood of a large proportion of small,

marginal farmers and landless laborers. Sheep farming require little investment and

we get returns of investment within a very short period.

Indian climate is suitable for sheep. Production practices usually vary

according to the purpose either meat, milk and wool production. Sheep productivity is

influenced by breed, dietary factors (Ram Ratan, 2004) and rearing environment

(Karim et al. 1984). The importance of wool relative to meat has declined. In the

economics of sheep husbandry, wool is now of secondary importance because mutton

fetches maximum return to a sheep farmer (Mehta et al. 1998).

Small ruminants represent an important economic source in small farm

systems and agriculture. To obtain high performance and good quality carcass, diets

with a high proportion of concentrate are used. Ingestion of large amounts of readily

fermentable carbohydrates can lead to changes on rumen fermentation pattern,

resulting in an increase in production of volatile fatty acids and lactate and thus

decreases in pH, which affects the amounts of cellulytic bacteria and reduces fibre

digestibility and the production of microbial mass. Thus, it is necessary to control

fermentation and use additives that maintain rumen health and improve animal

production. Feed is the main component of livestock farming which has gained

special attention to improve animal performance. Many studies have been done to

improve feed utilization through addition of feed additives. For a long period

antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in livestock diets. Due to their

ban in many countries search for alternative feed additives has been intensified.

India‟s huge population of ruminants remains a major source of green house

gases adding to global warming. Livestock sector contributes to global climate change

by emitting green house gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide either

directly from enteric fermentation or indirectly from feed production activities,

deforestation to create new pasture. It also generates almost two-thirds of

17

anthropogenic ammonia which contributes significantly to acid rain and acidification

of ecosystems. Reducing green house gases through mitigation and adaptation

strategies remains a major challenge. The scientific community has discussed the

restriction of growth promoting additives mainly antibiotics in order to avoid risks for

environment and for meat consumers on a search for sustainable and environmentally

friendly animal production. The purpose of using feed additives is to improve the

digestive and production efficiency by lowering the prevalence of pathogens and by

reducing the impact of livestock on the environment (Yirga, 2015).

The first goal of the livestock production is the delivery of safe foods for

human consumption taking into account the welfare of the animal and respect for the

environment. Probiotics are one of these alternatives recognized to be safe to the

animals. Probiotics are defined as live microbial dietary supplement that beneficially

effect host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance (Cruywagen et al,

1996).

Use of probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve

animal health, productivity and immunity. Probiotics improves growth performance

through enhancing the rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed

conversion rate. Moreover, probiotics have been reported to stabilize rumen pH,

increase volatile fatty acids production and to stimulate lactic acid utilizing protozoa,

resulting in a highly efficient rumen function and are known to reduce incidence of

neonatal diarrhea and mortality.

Addition of probiotics in feeding system has been shown not only to improve

post weaning live weight gain in calves but also to stimulate rumen development in

calves during weaning. Use of probiotics, instead of ionophores and antibiotics as

manipulators of rumen fermentation improves animal performance and ruminal

function (Chaucheryas- Durand and Durand, 2010).

Alternatively, there are live yeast cultures, which act as probiotic and have

characteristic that meet international market requirements. Young lambs with high

potential for live weight gain between 60 and 150 days of age need diets with high

protein and energy content according to National Research Council – NRC (2007),

which can hardly be achieved in an exclusive forage diet.

18

The beneficial responses of yeast products on productivity and health in ruminants

have been well recognized (Newbold et al, 1996, Robinson and Erasmus, 2009). It

has been suggested that yeasts may directly digest fibre components and improve

rumen environment by creating favourable pH, supply of micronutrients, scavenger

of oxygen and conductive for the growth of cellulolytic utilization of nutrients.

Various modes of action have been proposed to explain effects that yeast

cultures may have on rumen fermentation and ruminant production. Feeding of yeast

stabilizes rumen pH, increases total volatile fatty acids and reduces ammonia

concentration (Erasmus et al. 1992, Newbold et al. 1996, Tawab et al. 2016).

Increased bacterial population is central to the action of the yeast in improving

ruminant productivity (Wallace and Newbold 1992). Yeasts may stimulate growth

and enzymatic activity of cellulolytic bacteria as well as improve microbial protein

synthesis and fibre digestibility (Bomba et al. 2002). Yeast supplementation reduces

the redox potential that creates better conditions for growth of strict anaerobic

microorganisms produces specific factors, for example Vitamin B12 or branched chain

fatty acids, that way stimulating synthesis of microbial biomass in the rumen

(Chademana et al. 1990, Jouany 2006, Chaucheyras-Durand et al. 2008). Moreover,

yeast supplementation reduces rumen acidosis, stimulates growth and activity of lactic

acid-utilising rumen bacterium. Above activities of yeast lead to stimulation of rumen

fermentation and contribute to improved digestibility and feed utilization.

Supplementation of trace minerals individually or in mixtures increased feed

utilization and performance of animals (Engle and Spears, 2000, Datta et. al 2007, Jia

et. al 2008). Supplementation of trace minerals with Saccharomyces cerevisae (yeast)

may show further better response over Saccharomyces cervisae supplementation by

improving the mineral status of animals. The native breed lambs in farmer‟s field

have a 50-60 gm average daily gain in active phases of growth (Kaushish, Rawat and

Sharma, 1990) whereas under organized feeding management such lambs have

attained 170 gram average daily gain (Karim and Rawat, 1996).

The ability of an organism to be an effective probiotic has been found to be

strain specific and dosage dependent. Thus there is a need for standardization of a

dosage, strain specificity, viability and biosafety of these probiotics before they are

released in the market for usage by consumers (Satyanarayana et al. 2012).

19

Some products on the market guarantee high numbers of live yeast cells (for

example 100 billion CFU per gram) with low recommended feeding rates (0.5-1.0

gram per day), while other products are less concentrated and fed at higher levels of

inclusion (more than 10.0 gram per day) and suggested that live organisms are not

required for beneficial effects because the end products of fermentation (metabolites

produced by the yeast cells) are considered as the active ingredients.

Most recommended doses are based on dose response studies and are yeast

strain-specific. The effects of yeast products on animal productivity are strain

dependent. So, all yeast product preparations are not bioequivalent in efficacy.

Rumen microbiologists and ruminant nutritionists have suggested the use of

feed supplements to manipulate the rumen microbial population and thus rumen

fermentation to maximize the efficiency of feed utilization to further increase

ruminant productivity that is milk, meat and wool production (Nagaraja et al. 1997).

Hence an experiment has been planned for entitled “Study on effect of supplementing

probiotics on growth and production performance of lambs in Arid Zone of

Rajasthan” was undertaken with the following objectives-

1) To study the effect of probiotic (SC) supplementation on body weight and wool

parameters in Bikaneri Chokla lambs.

2) To compare the growth and production performance of Bikaneri Chokla lambs by

supplementation of probiotic alone and probiotic along with minerals in different

groups.

3) To study the comparative economics in cost of production performance.

20

REVIEW

OF

LITERATURE

21

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The probiotics are live organisms (bacteria, yeast and fungi), which when

administered in adequate amounts confers a health benefit to host, improves ruminant

production and satisfy the demands associated with livestock industry.

The concept and advantages of using probiotics have been discussed

extensively in different species of livestock by numerous workers viz. Cole et al.

(1992), Chaucheyeras-Durand & Durand (2010), Erasmus et al. (1992), Engle and

Spears (2000), Datta et al. (2007), Jia et al. (2009) and Yirga (2015) in their studies

concluded that use of probiotic as feed additive improves production performance and

helps in disease prevention through maintenance of a healthy gastrointestinal

environment and improved intestinal function.

The literature related to the present investigation has been reported under the

following headings:-

2.1 Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth and production performance of

ruminants.

2.2 Effect of minerals supplementation on growth and production performance of

ruminants.

2.3 Combined effect of probiotic with minerals supplementation on growth and

production performance of ruminants.

2.1 Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth and production performance

of ruminants

In ruminants, yeast (SC) supplementation in the form of live culture or dead

cells with culture extracts has been proved successful in beneficially modifying rumen

fermentation by improving the microbial balance in its gut, increase animals growth

and improve its health by increasing its resistance to disease. Thus probiotics are

believed to improve the overall health of an animal.

Chademana and Offer (1990) evaluated the effect of dietary inclusion of YC

on digestion in the sheep, conducted an experiment on 6 mature sheep, each fitted

with a rumen cannula. In results found that YC supplementation does not affect the

overall nutrient digestibility of organic matter, neutral-detergent fiber or gross energy.

At every forage and concentrate ratio, YC increased the disappearance of hay organic

22

matter. Results of study concluded that YC supplementation in diets increases the

initial rate of forage digestion in the rumen without changing overall food

digestibility.

Andrighetto et al. (1993) conducted an experiment on 12 sheep and evaluated

the effect of yeast culture addition on digestion in sheep. In trial, fed a high

concentrate diet to sheep and in results found that yeast supplementation decreased

rumen pH and increased total volatile fatty acids concentration and there were no

difference in dry matter and crude protein but ruminal turnover rate and retention time

were similar for the diets.

Karim and Rawat (1996) conducted an experiment on lambs raised under

extensive range management and others on intensive feeding with supplementation

and in results found that the growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, carcass

yield and dressing percentage were higher in lambs maintained under grazing with

supplementation and intensive feeding.

Hadjipanayiotou (1997) evaluated the effect of YC on milk yield, milk

composition and live weight changes. An experiment was conducted with 3 trials, one

with 48 suckling goats and another two with 48 non suckling ewes. The degradability

of feed stuffs fed either a concentrate with or without YC was studied. In results

found that with the exception of the greater (p<0.04) body weights loss by goats on

the yeast diet then those on the control and also there were no differences for dry

matter and crude protein degradability of feed stuffs. Results concluded that inclusion

of yeast does not improve performance of dairy ewes and goats and the degradability

of feed stuffs in the rumen.

Kamel et al. (2000) conducted an experiment on 3 sheep by giving them 3

different diets, Berseem hay (Basal diet), Basal diet plus SC at level of 0.75 per cent

DM intake and Basal diet plus SC at a level of 1.5 per cent DMI. Degradation rates of

DM were significantly increased (p <0.05) at both level of supplementation. Hence,

addition of SC to berseem hay stimulated the proliferation of microorganism, which

in turn associated with enhancement of performance of animal.

Santra et al. (2003) to improve animal productivity they studied on rumen

manipulation, as ruminants in developing countries are predominantly maintained on

low grade roughage and grazing on degraded range land resulting in their poor

23

nutrient utilization and productivity. Hence, manipulation of rumen fermentation was

tried to optimize ruminal fermentation for improving nutrient utilization and

productivity of the animals. According to them, rumen protozoa were eliminated by

defaunation for reducing ruminal methane production and increasing protein outflow

in the intestine, resulting in improving growth and feed conversion efficiency of the

animals. Additionally, probiotics of bacterial and yeast origin had been used in animal

feeding to stabilize rumen fermentation, reduced incidence of diarrhoea and thus

improving growth and feed conversion efficiency of young stalk.

Ghani et al. (2004) evaluated the effect of supplementing different levels of

YC in Zairaibi goat diets on digestibility, milk yield, rumen activity and performance

of Zairaibi goats during lactation period. An experiment was conducted on 15 Zairaibi

does divided in 3 groups. The control group was fed a concentrate mixture and

roughage, while the T2 and T3 groups were fed the same diet supplemented with 3 or

6 gram of YC, respectively. Results revealed that bucks fed YC had higher nutrient

digestion coefficients than the control group. Ruminal volatile fatty acids were higher

(p<0.05) for bucks fed YC at 6 hour post feeding than in the control group. The

lactating goats had higher (p<0.05) milk yield and contents of milk energy, protein,

total solid and solid non fat than the control goats. From this experiment it can be

concluded that inclusion of 6 gram per day of YC in goat diets is recommended under

field condition.

Haddad et al. (2005) evaluated the effect of YC supplementation on nutrient

intake, digestibility and growth performance of lambs. In an experiment 24 Awassi

lambs of same age group were divided in 3 groups. Each animal in group fed with 0,

3, & 6 gram per day of YC supplementation, respectively. From the results of study

concluded that lambs with 3g/day supplementation had a higher (p ≤0.05) weight gain

compared to lambs in the 0 g/day. ADG for lambs in 3g/day group was higher (p

≤0.05) than for lambs in 0 g/day group and FCR was highest in 6 gram per day

supplemented group.

Timmerman et al. (2005) conducted an experiment on one week old veal

calves to assess the influence of probiotics on growth and health indicators. In an

experiment, liquid probiotic supplements were administered daily for fifteen days in

one group and in other groups upto fifty six days. From the results they found that the

probiotics enhanced growth rate during the eight week of experimental period, ADG

24

and FCR were significantly improved in the treated groups and also tended to

diminish mortality.

Titi et al. (2008) studied effects of yeast culture on growth performance and

carcass composition of lambs and kids. In an experiment results shows that yeast

culture supplementation increased digestibility with no effect on growth, feed intake

or feed conversion ratio of fattening lambs and kids. They concluded that yeast

culture supplementation does not affect growth rate or dry matter intake in both kids

and lambs.

Maragkoudakis et al. (2010) evaluated the potential of a Lactobacillus

plantarum isolate from cheese as a probiotic feed supplement in lactating goats and

conducted an experiment in goats lasted for 5 weeks, results shows that the

Lactobacillus plantarum strain had displayed an interesting probiotic potential in

terms of beneficially modulating the goat faecal microbiota and goat production

performance.

Mikulec et al. (2010) conducted an experiment on 36 lambs divided in 2

groups, one control group and other trial group and evaluated the effect of live yeast

cells (SC) on growth performance of lambs, in one group fed 0.5 gram per day and in

other group 1 gram per day of live yeast. From results they concluded that

supplementation of live yeast at different level does not improve growth performance.

Silvia et al. (2010) evaluated body fat, protein, energy contents and nutritional

requirements for body weight gain of lambs in tropical semi-arid conditions. An

experiment was conducted on 32 castrated lambs, as reference for initial body weight

composition 8 lambs were slaughtered remaining 24 were randomly distributed in 3

treatment groups with supplement levels 0.0, 1.0 and 1.5 per cent of body weight of a

corn, soyabean and mineral concentrate mixture. Net requirements for 200 gram body

weight gain per day ranged from 25.99 to 22.09 gram protein and from 0.311 to 0.591

M Cal energy for lambs of 15 to 30 kg body weight. Animals raised in tropical semi

arid region require more protein and less energy than lambs raised in temperate

regions.

Tripathi et al. (2010) conducted a comparative study on probiotics like

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum, and Kluyveromyces marximanus

by feeding lambs. From results of experiment they found that in all lambs with yeast

25

culture supplementation increase in feed efficiency takes place but among the three

yeast cultures, Saccharomyces cerevisiae had the most potential as growth promoting

in lambs.

Sales (2011) conducted an experiment to quantify the effect of yeast

supplementation on ruminal parameters, nutrient digestibility, feed efficiency and

growth in sheep. In an experiment randomly distribute animals in two groups, in one

group with YC supplementation and other non-supplemented. In supplemented no

effects (p>0.05) were detected on the volatile fatty acids. Digestibility of dry matter,

organic matter and crude protein were increased by yeast supplementation with no

effects found for digestibility of fibre components.

Tripathi et al. (2011) conducted an experiment on 60 weaner lambs for 91

days and distribute animals in 5 equal groups. In an experiment allow all lambs to fed

ad- libitum, a composite feed mixture ratio of roughage to concentrate 25:75. In

treatment groups lambs received either Kluyveromyces marximanus, Saccharomyces

cerevisae, Saccharomyces uvarum or mixed culture. From results of experiment found

that dry matter intake was similar among all groups. However, daily gain was higher

in SC and YC supplemented lambs. The Saccharomyces cerevisae, Saccharomyces

uvarum and mixed YC supplementation improved feed intake by 8.0, 13.3 and 18.8

per cent and daily gain by 26.6, 11.7 and 18.8 per cent, respectively in lambs. The SC

culture feeding promoted feed intake and growth by 8 per cent and 26.6 per cent,

respectively showing the suitability of growth promoting microbial feed additive.

Therefore, SC can be used as growth promoting feed additives in meat animal

products.

Allen and Ying (2012) concluded that supplementation of Saccharomyces

cerevisiae fermentation product reduced the rate of ruminal starch digestion in cows

with high yield intake, which could help to stabilize the ruminal environment when

large amounts of starch are consumed to support higher milk production.

Raval et al. (2012) evaluated that probiotic supplementation to lactating cows

significantly improved fat percent.

Santillo et al. (2012) concluded that meat from artificially reared lamb fed

with milk replacer containing probiotics showed an improved fatty acid profile for

human diet. That is blood cholesterol levels in lambs fed milk replacer with

26

Lactobacillus acidophilus was almost halved compare with that found in maternal

milk and milk replacer.

Issacowitz et al. (2013) conducted an experiment in lambs by feeding diet

comprising hay and concentrate rations in two different proportions. In an experiment

they randomly distributed lambs in two groups, in one group diet containing live

yeast supplementation and in other group without live yeast supplementation. In

results they concluded that live yeast supplementation increased the weight and the

carcass length regardless the amount of concentrate added to the diet.

Kamal et al. (2013) conducted an experiment for 120 days on 24 kids of same

age group and distributed animals in 2 equal groups one control and other treatment

group. In experimental group fed SC (5.6x109

cells per head per day). From results of

experiment they found that body weight gain, height at withers and heart girth were

higher with superior FCR in the treatment group. From study they concluded that SC

supplementation improved growth and feed conversion efficiency.

Rufinno et al. (2013) an experiment was conducted in lambs by replacing the

soyabean meal by inactive dry yeast. From experiment results they found that

subcutaneous fat thickness and the intramuscular fat concentration decreases linearly

with increased level of inactive dry yeast in the diet. From following study they

concluded that inactive dry yeast can replace upto 100 percent of soyabean meal in

lamb diet.

Ahmed et al. (2015) evaluated the effects of substitution of berseem hay with

a mixture of Atriplex nummularia and Acacia saligna (1:1 Dry matter) on 36 Barki

lambs for 70 days. They divided them in different groups of 9 lambs in each group. In

an experiment control group with no substitution, in second group Accacia

nummularia and Accacia saligno mixture without fungal treatment and in third group

Trichoderma reesi treated Accacia nummularia and Accacia saligno mixture

supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.5 g/kg. Dry matter of feed replaced

100 per cent of berseem hay in the diet. From results of experiment they found that

significant (p<0.05) interactions occurred between diet and period for feed conversion

efficiency than lambs fed the Accacia saligna and control diet. In conclusion,

untreated halophyte mixtures of Accacia nummularia and Accacia saligna at (1:1 Dry

matter) can be substituted for berseem hay without negative effects on performance.

27

Treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae may improve performance and change

certain biochemical responses.

Ghazanfar et al. (2015) conducted an experiment on 8 heifers for 120 days,

distribute animals in 2 groups. In this trial both groups were offered NRC

recommended diet with or without YC supplementation. From results of experiment

they found that the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral

detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in YC supplemented

group compared with control group. Finally they concluded that incorporation of SC

in the NRC recommended diet improves growth and health performance of dairy

cattle heifer.

Toghyani et al. (2015) evaluated the effect of kefir as probiotic on growth

performance and carcass traits in broiler chickens. In an experiment 192 one day old

broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, each with 12 chicks. Treatment

were as following (1) a basal diet (2) 2% milk kefir in drinking water (3) 2% molasses

kefir in drinking water (4) the diet supplemented with commercial probiotic.

Supplementing 2% kefir increase body weight of broiler at 28 and 42 days of age

(p<0.05). Supplementing 2% molasses kefir improved FCR of broilers during growth

period (p<0.05). From experiment results they concluded that inclusion of 2% milk

kefir in drinking water improves growth performance feed conversion ratio and

increased body weight of broiler.

Dabiri et al. (2016) evaluated the effect of different level of probiotic in diet of

ewes at late pregnancy and early lactation on body condition score, growth

performance and immune system of their lambs. From experiment results they

concluded that probiotic (SC) supplementation in diets of pregnant and lactating ewes

at level of 4.5 gram per day had a positive effect on their lamb growth performance.

Tawab et al. (2016) discussed the potential roles of probiotic as feed additives

on productive performance and health status of small ruminants and confined to

improve animal health, productivity and immunity.

Vohra et al. (2016) studied about current trend in animal nutrition, to provide

feed that meets nutritional needs to maintain healthy status and to lowers the

possibilities of infection and suggested that probiotics is an effective natural strategy

towards improving an animal health and performance. This review focuses on the

28

positive influence of YC supplementation in animal feed and some of the mechanisms

by which these benefits are achieved.

Uyeno et al. (2016) conducted an experiment on 15 Holstein cows and

evaluated the effects of supplementing feed of cows in mid-to-late lactation with an

active yeast product. In an experiment animals were randomly distributed in 3 groups

supplemented with different doses of yeast that is at the rate of 0, 5, 10 gram per day

over 21 day period of study. From results of an experiment they found that there is no

significant difference in feeding and milking performance or blood parameters

associated with supplementation. The population of bacteroides tended to be less and

fibrolytic bacterium fibrobacter significantly increased (p<0.05) in the rumen fluid of

the yeast 10 gram supplemented group compared with that of the control group.

Alsaied et al. (2017) evaluated that feeding of active dry yeast improved the

appetite of animals which leads to increase the feed intake and also daily weight gain

of the treated animals. Adding active dry yeast significantly increase the levels of

thyroid hormones which lead to increase the protein and fat biosynthesis. Benefits of

yeast supplements for ruminants are improving the overall intestinal bacteria balance,

reducing digestive problems, lower the risk of acidosis and reduction in the humidity

of bedding resulting in lower stress levels, improves fertility, weight gain and feed

utilization.

Fremah et al. (2017) evaluated the effect of oral probiotic administration on

growth and global gene expression profile in dairy cows. They conducted an

experiment on Holstein cows for 60 days supplemented with a daily dose of 50 ml of

a commercial probiotic. From results of experiment they found that probiotic

supplementation had no effect on body weight, packed cell volume and total protein

content in plasma (p>0.05), per cent lymphocyte count increased (p<0.05), and per

cent neutrophil count decreased (p<0.05) in probiotic supplemented animals. They

concluded that the utilization of probiotic in animal agriculture impacts genes which

are important to dairy cow health and production.

He et al. (2017) conducted an experiment on Holstein calves and evaluated the

effect of a yeast probiotic supplementation to pre weaning 42 Holstein calves on feed

intake and growth. The SC (Var boulardii) supplemented in milk replacer and fed at 5

29

gram per day per head. From results of an experiment they found that supplementing

SC in milk replacer had no additive effects on animal growth.

Zhu et al. (2017) conducted an experiment to find the effects of SC

fermentation products on performance, rumen fermentation and microbiota in dairy

cows fed a diet containing low quality forage. Trial was performed to evaluate the

effects of different levels of SC fermentation product on lactation performance and

rumen fermentation in mid- lactation of Holstein dairy cows. From results of

experiment they concluded that the increased level of SC linearly increases (p ≤ 0.05)

concentration of rumen total volatile fatty acids, which improves the performance of

animals.

2.2 Effect of minerals supplementation on growth and production performance

of ruminants.

Minerals are essential to the animals, participating as structural components of

tissue and acting in body fluids as electrolytes to maintain acid-base balance, the

osmotic pressure and permeability of cell membranes. Mineral deficiency has been

reported as responsible for low production and reproductive disorders have been

observed among ruminants.

Starks et al. (1953) evaluated that lambs receiving elemental sulphur retained

more nitrogen (p<0.015) and more sulphur (p<0.01). From results of experiment they

found that significantly more wool growth in treatment group than lambs receiving a

basal ration with 0.054 per cent sulphur. Further, in another experiment they also

reported highly significant increase in weight gain and wool growth by addition of

elemental sulphur.

Pastrana et al. (1991) evaluated the effect of selenium supplementation on the

productivity of Columbian sheep. They conducted an experiment on 24 ewes injected

with 0.1 miligram of sodium selenite per kg, one month before mating and 24 ewes in

control group. In treatment group Liver selenium level was higher (p<0.05) as

compared to control group. They concluded that ewes in the treatment group

produced 1036 kilogram lambs per 100 ewes compared to 725 kilogram for control

group at the weaning age of eight weeks.

Engle et al. (1999) conducted an experiment to determine the effect of dietary

phosphorus and trace mineral source on immune response and performance in steers

30

stressed by weaning. In an experiment they gave different treatment to animals. In

trial, in first group they gave inorganic trace mineral, in second group organic trace

mineral, in third group 0.15 percent supplemented phosphorus plus inorganic trace

mineral and in fourth group 0.15 percent supplementation plus organic trace minerals.

From results of experiment they concluded that increasing dietry phosphorus or

replacing inorganic trace minerals with organic forms had little effect on immunity

and performance of steers.

Matusi (2002) evaluated the effects of YC supplementation on phosphorus

absorption. For this conducted an experiment on ruminants and in results found that

fermentation of soyabean meal with Aspergillus usamii completely degraded phytate

and improved phosphorus availability, phytate is easily degraded in rumen and

availability of phytate phosphorus is high in ruminants. Finally, concluded that dietary

yeast phytate increased phosphorus absorption and availability.

Shinde et al. (2003) conducted an experiment on lambs, and in results they

found that concentration of copper and zinc in serum and wool of rams fed with

copper and zinc sulphate or copper and zinc methionine complex is greater than

control group. From experiment results they observed that there was no effect on

nutrient intake, digestibility except wool yield of lambs.

Lesmeister et al. (2004) conducted an experiment on seventy five calves for

forty two days to determine effects of SC supplementation on growth, blood

parameters and rumen development. They recorded growth and blood parameters at

weekly intervals. In results they found that inclusion of YC at 2 percent significantly

increased total DMI, ADG and daily hip width change when compared with the

control treatment. ADG was improved by 15.6 percent for the 2 percent YC treatment.

They concluded that the addition of YC in dairy calf starter at 2 percent enhances

DMI and growth.

Garg et al. (2008) evaluated the effect of organic and inorganic zinc

supplement on growth nutrient utilization and mineral profile. They conduct an

experiment on 18 lambs, for a period of 150 days. Animals in an experimental group

were additional supplemented with 20 miligram zinc per kilogram of diet either

through inorganic zinc sulphate or zinc methionine complex. From results of an

31

experiment they concluded that ADG of lambs and FCR were significantly (p≤ 0.05)

higher in organic feed supplemented group.

Dallago et al. (2015) conducted an experiment on 24 male lambs for 84 days

to evaluate the effect of chromium-picolinate oral supplementation on the

performance and rumen protozoa in sheep. In this experiment lambs were treated with

different level of chromium per animal per day. From results of this experiment they

found no changes in initial and final mean body weight, dry matter intake, daily gain

and total body weight gain of lambs.

Dezfoulian et al. (2012) evaluated the effect of zinc supplementation (zinc

sulphate and zinc proleinate) in a barley basal diet, an experiment was conducted on

20 male lambs for 70 days. From results of experiment they concluded that ADG and

feed efficiency improved with zinc supplementation and improves the performance of

lambs.

Gresakova et al. (2013) conducted an experiment on 15 male lambs of 4

month old age group and evaluated the effects of selenium-yeast supplementation on

sheep. In an experimental trial they distributed animals in two treatment groups, one

supplemented with only selenium at the rate of 0.007 miligram per kilogram per dry

matter and in other group with 0.3 miligram selenium per kilogram dry matter from

selenium-yeast. From results of experiment they demonstrated that the feed

supplemented with selenium from selenium-yeast results in higher absorption of

selenium from the digestive tract and greater body selenium retention in sheep.

Naderi et al. (2015) conducted an experiment on 20 male and 20 female

Sanjabi lambs with aim to investigate the effect of nutrition supplement on skin

follicle activity and wool growth rate in male and female lambs during autumn and

winter season. In an experiment fed control group with basal diet and in treatment

group fed diet with more concentrates. From results of this experiment they found

positive effects of supplementary feeding on both i.e percentage of active primary

follicle and secondary follicle. They concluded that the fibre follicle activity and wool

growth in Sanjabi lambs is mainly under influence of nutrition.

Fouladgar et al. (2016) conducted an experiment to determine effects of

feeding kefir on performance and health of calves. They select thirty, three day old

Holstein female calves. Kefir was added to whole milk and fed twice per day. In

32

results they found that kefir to whole milk directly had no effects on concentration of

blood metabolites. However, body length was greater and improvement in fecal

scores and reduced days of diarrhoea.

Araujo et al. (2017) conducted an experiment on 36 male goat kids grazing in

semi-arid region of Brazil with objective to determine net requirements of

phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for growth. From results of this

experiment they concluded that indigenous goat grazing in the semi-arid region of

Brazil have different mineral requirements from those values recommended by

international committees for dairy and meat.

2.3 Combined effect of probiotic with minerals supplementation on growth and

production performance of ruminants.

In order to maintain general vitality as well as optimum performance, it is

extremely important that the animal should remain in perfect physiological state of

health therefore, it is essential to study the effect of new feed resources.

Erdman and Sharma (1989) conducted an experiment on 20 Holstein cows for

10 weeks to evaluate the effect of YC and Sodium bicarbonate on milk yield and

composition in dairy cows. In an experiment supplemented diet with sodium

bicarbonate and 1per cent YC. From results of this experiment they concluded that

YC and sodium bicarbonate had no effect on DM intake and milk yield. However,

there was a tendency for increased milk protein per cent with added YC and increased

daily production in animals.

Doyle et al. (1990) evaluated the effects of mineral mixture supplementation

in sheep. For this purpose they conducted an experiment by supplementing diet with a

complete mineral mixture or with mineral mixture and urea with sulphate to found the

effects on the intake and digestion of three straws by sheep. From results of this

experiment they concluded that mineral supplemented group had no effect on intake

and digestibility of any of the straws while it reduced or tends to reduce rumen

ammonia levels with two or more digestible straws and no significant effects on non-

ammonia nitrogen flows from the abomassum.

Naqvi and Rai (1990) conducted an experiment on sheep and concluded that

low level of feeding reduced the fleece yield and increased the efficiency of

33

conversion of feed to wool. Staple length and diameter of fibre was reduced at low

level of feeding while crimps/cm increased.

Cole et al. (1992) conducted four experiments and determined influence of

yeast culture on health performance of feeder calves, in the first experiment 108

feeder calves were fed diet containing 0.75 percent YC and phosphorus, in second

experiment 101 calves fed diets containing 0.75, 1.5 percent YC, in third experiment

feeder steers fed diet containing 0.75 percent YC and challenged while in fourth

experiment fasted feeder lambs for 3 days and provided diets containing 1.5 percent

YC. From results of these experiments they concluded that lambs fed YC had greater

nitrogen balance and tends to have greater zinc and iron balance than control lambs

and finally they suggested that supplementation of YC have beneficial effect and

improves metabolism.

Deaville and Galbraith (1992) conducted a comparative study of protein level

and yeast culture on growth performance and mohair fibre characteristics of British

Angora goats. From results of experiment they concluded that there was an increase in

live weight gain with high protein level diet supplemented with yeast culture.

Chiquette (1995) conducted two experiments on steers and evaluated the

effects of addition of feed supplement SC and Aspergillous oryzae. From results of

experiment they found that milk yield, milk composition and feed intake were not

affected by addition of SC to the diet but supplementation of the diet with

Aspergillous oryzae alone or in combination with SC increased the ratio of milk yield

and dry matter intake.

Hinman et al. (1998) evaluated the effects of YC in a barley and potato

processing residue diet on steer growth performance and carcass characteristics. In

this experiment 72 beef steer were randomly distributed in 2 treatment groups, from

results of this experiment they concluded that feeding YC in a barley and potato

processing residue finishing diet improved ADG by 6.9 percent and feed efficiency by

4.5 percent.

Miller et al. (2002) studied the effects of two different yeast cultures on

ruminal microbial metabolism. They conducted an experiment on ruminants and in

results found that both yeast culture products increases dry matter and protein

digestion as compared with control group. They also found that protein production by

34

rumen microbes was different and they concluded that specific yeast cultures have

different modes of action.

Aguiar et al. (2007) concluded that the replacement of corn and soyabean

meal with sugarcane yeast and urea in the diet of sheep adversely affected the energy

intake and animal performance.

Kawas et al. (2007) evaluated the effects of sodium bicarbonate and YC on

nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation of lamb fed finishing diet. From results

of experiment they concluded that lamb consuming diet with sodium bicarbonate had

27 percent more nitrogen retention in contrast with those fed basal diet without

additive.

Gaggia (2010) studied about potential combinations of suitable probiotics and

prebiotics may prove to be the next step to reduce the risk of intestinal diseases and

remove specific microbial disorders.

Malik and Bandla (2010) evaluated the effect of source and dose of probiotics

and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on intake, feed efficiency and growth performance

of buffalo calves. In experiment Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces and Aspergillus and

three fibrolytic enzymes were tested. From results of experiment they found that

average daily gain and feed efficiency were significantly higher (p≤0.01) in fibrolytic

enzyme-2 than fibrolytic enzyme-1. Final body weight was 4 per cent and 12 per

cent and feed efficiency was 2.6 per cent and 1.6 per cent more in fibrolytic

enzyme-2. They concluded that fortification of SC and fibrolytic enzymes together

had more impact on average daily gain and feed efficiency in buffalo calves.

Pal et al. (2010) conducted an experiment and evaluated the effects of yeast

(SC) supplied from dried distillers rice grains with or without a trace mineral

mixture on the performance and nutrient utilization of black bengal kids. From

results of experiment they concluded that yeast supplementation in kids increases

growth, feed intake and nutrient utilization but trace mineral supplementation had

no influence on growth and nutrient utilization.

Estrada et al. (2012) conducted an experiment on lambs and evaluated the

effect of feeding different levels of chromium-enriched live yeast in hairy lambs fed a

corn-based diet on growth performance, dietary energetic, carcass traits and visceral

organ mass, in results they found that chromium enriched yeast supplementation

35

enhances growth rate, longissmus muscle area, and dietary energetic efficiency in

finishing feedlot lambs.

Vosooghi et al. (2014) conducted an experiment on lambs and evaluated the

effects of different level of protein with or without probiotics on growth performance

and blood metabolite during pre weaning and post weaning phases in male lambs. In

results they found that cortisol concentration was significantly lower in lambs fed

with probiotic and they concluded that probiotic supplementation increased feed

intake and rumen ammonia –nitrogen during the pre weaning period.

Pienaar et al. (2015) conducted an experiment on 32 merino lambs to evaluate

the influence of a SC alone or in combination with an ionophore (lasolacid-sodium),

on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in a standard lamb finishing diet. In results

they found that dietary treatment had no effect on the nutrient digestibility of the

finisher diets and they concluded that rumen specific live yeast included alone or in

combination with lasolacid-sodium did not influence apparent digestibility of lambs.

However it enhance apparent total tract crude protein availability.

Smeti et al. (2015) evaluated the combined effect of concentrate with

Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils on ewes. From results of an experiment they

found that rosmerry essential oil increase dry matter intake, nitrogen intake and

increase fat content of colostrums and also decreases lamb mortality.

Kumawat et al. (2016) conducted an experiment on Magra lambs and

evaluated the effects of supplementary feeding and in results found highly significant

effect of treatment on body weight, average weight gain and of wool characteristics

medullation, hairy and pure percent are significantly high in treatment groups.

Shankpal et al. (2016) evaluated the effects of supplementing bypass fat and

YC on feed intake, digestibility, growth performance and FCR in weaner Surti kids.

In experiment twenty four Surti kids were randomly distributed in four groups, first

fed with basal diet, second basal diet with 2 percent YC, third basal diet with 2 per

cent bypass fat and in fourth basal diet with combination of 2 percent YC and 2 per

cent bypass fat. From results of experiment they concluded that inclusion of live yeast

and bypass fat at 2 percent in kid diet improves growth, digestibility of nutrients and

FCR with 6.66 percent less feed cost as compared to control group.

36

Belal and Obeidat (2017) conducted an experiment on awassi ram lambs for

63 days to determine the influence of feeding olive cake and SC supplementation on

performance and blood metabolites. From results of experiment they concluded that

SC supplementation was not showing any significant benefits.

Ahmadzadeh et al. (2017) conducted an experiment on 44 Ghezal ewes (age

2-5 year) to evaluate the effect of supplementing a diet with monensin and SC yeast

on reproductive performance in breeding season. From results of experiment they

found that monensin sulphate and SC treatments had greater number of lambs than

ewes of control group. In blood sample greater concentration of 17 beta estradiol,

progesterone, blood urea nitrogen, glucose than ewes of control group and they

concluded that diet including monensin and SC yeast had beneficial effects on

reproductive performance.

37

MATERIALS

AND

METHODS

38

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

An experiment was planned and conducted to determine the effect of probiotic

(SC) supplementation with different concentration and with or without minerals to

assess the effect on growth and production performance of lambs and an experiment

was conducted on eighteen Bikaneri Chokla lambs for 10 weeks.

The research work was conducted at Livestock Research Station, Kodamdesar

Bikaner (Rajasthan). All the facilities for proposed study exist in Livestock Research

Station, Kodamdesar, Department of Livestock Production Management and

Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Rajasthan, College of Veterinary

and Animal Science, Bikaner.

3.1 Management and Distribution of experimental animals

Eighteen healthy lambs (female) of same age group (4-5 months) were

selected for an experiment from Livestock Research Station, Kodamdesar. During

pre-experimental period each animal had given identification number using

aluminium tags and marking of different colour for easy identification in different

treatment groups. Experimental animals were housed in well ventilated and hygienic

conditions and were allowed to acclimatize for a period of 10 days prior to

experimental feeding. All animals were vaccinated with ETV and were went to de-

worming before the start of experiment by Albendazole as anti-helminthic. All the

lambs were maintained at ambient temperature with natural day light. All the

experimental animals were distributed randomly in different treatment groups as

shown in (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1: Random distribution of animals.

S. No. Tag no. Body wt (kg) S. No. Tag

no.

Body wt

(kg) S. No. Tag no. Body wt (kg)

1 3712 18.5 1 3708 17.3 1 3707 20.4

2 3713 19.5 2 3711 18.7 2 3709 20.7

3 3714 13.2 3 3717 16.5 3 3710 19.5

4 3715 17.8 4 3723 18.3 4 3716 18.7

5 3718 20.3 5 3725 18.6 5 3720 19.5

6 3719 17.5 6 3727 16.7 6 3721 19.9

39

3.2 Experimental design.

All the experimental animals were distributed by randomized block design

into 3 groups of 6 animals in each subjected to one control (T1) and two treatment

groups (T2 and T3) as described in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2: Experimental design of animals

S. No. Experimental

group

Feeding strategy Number of

Animals

Experimental

Period

1. T1 Grazing + Basal diet 6

April, 2017 to

June, 2017

2. T2 Grazing + Basal diet +

Probiotic supplementation

6

3. T3 Grazing + Basal diet +

Probiotic with Mineral

supplementation

6

3.3 Experimental Feed Supplement

Measured quantity of experimental feed supplement was provided to each

animal in both treatment groups during the entire period of experiment. Ingredient

composition of experimental feed supplement given to animals was as shown in Table

3.3 and ingredient composition of basal diet that is concentrate pellet feed (Saras

gold), having 19.8 percent crude protein and 2500 kcal/kg metabolic energy with 11

per cent moisture, 20 percent protein, 10 per cent fibre, 3 per cent sand-silica, 2 per

cent min-mixture and 1.5 percent salt was fed at the rate of 100 gram per animal in

each group, with market cost of Rs. 1700 per 100 kg.

Table 3.3: Composition and market cost of experimental feed supplement.

S.No Name of ingredients Percent ingredients Market cost (Rs.)

1 Probiotic -Yeast(SC) 100 billion CFU Rs. 59 per100gram

2

Probiotic –Yeast(SC) with

minerals

1.5 billion CFU with

minerals (Calcium,

Phosphorus and Zinc)

Rs. 35 per100gram

40

3.4 Dose of Experimental feed supplement

Experimental feed supplement were given to all animals in two treatment

groups T2 and T3 groups as shown in (Table 3.4).

Table 3.4: Dose of Experimental feed supplement

Group Feed Supplement Dose

T2 Probiotic(SC)

(100 billion CFU)

3gram per day per animal

T3

Probiotic (SC) + Minerals

(1.5 billion CFU) + Ca, P, Zn

3gram per day per animal

3.5 Experimental procedure

3.5.1 Feeding and watering

All the animals of experimental groups (T1, T2 and T3) of six animals in each

group were allowed to grazing for 8 hours during morning and evening hours along

with basal diet (concentrate pellets) and are allowed to drink water before and after

grazing hours. In T1 group animals were kept on grazing with basal diet and in T2

group animals 3 gram per day per animal probiotic feed supplement were given along

with grazing and basal diet, whereas in T3 group animals 3 gram per day per animal

probiotic with minerals feed supplement were given along with grazing and basal diet.

3.5.2 Observations

Following recordings were done during the experimental period.

a) Body weight records (kilogram)

Digital platform balance was used to measure the body weight of all

experimental animals at weekly interval. Body weight of all the animals was recorded

individually on the first day of the procurement of experiment and thereafter regularly

at weekly interval upto10 weeks of experimental period.

b) Weekly average weight gain (gram)

The weekly live weight gain was calculated from the difference in body

weight attained at the end and at the start of the period.

c) Feed Conversion ratio (FCR)

Feed conversion ratio of the experimental feed worked out for entire

experimental period by taking into consideration the live weight gain to total feed

consumption was calculated with following formula.

41

Feed conversion ratio= weight gain / Total feed consumed

3.5.3 Body conformation.

External body measurements viz. length, height, heart girth and abdominal girth were

recorded at weekly intervals with the help of measuring tape.

a) Body length

The length in inches from point of shoulder to the point of hip (Tuber Coxae)

is measured as body length of the animal.

b) Body Height

The distance in inches between point of the toe (hoof) to the highest point on

wither (thoracic vertebrae).

c) Heart Girth

Heart Girth of animals is measured as the circumference of the chest in inches

around thoracic cavity behind the elbow.

d) Abdominal Girth

Abdominal circumference in inches around the abdominal cavity was

measured as abdominal girth of the animals.

3.5.4 Wool characteristics

The wool samples for laboratory analysis were collected on the last day of

experiment from all the three experimental group animals. Samples were taken from

left mid-side region above the last 3rd

pair of ribs and as close to skin as possible.

Different Samples were kept in different polythene bags with identification tag no. of

different groups.

Samples were taken to Additional Director office of Animal Husbandry

Department, Government of Rajasthan, CVAS, Bikaner, for analysis of wool sample

and evaluated in wool analysis laboratory.

The methods used for wool analysis

According with procedures laid down by ISI (1964, 1965) IWTO (1967) and

Ryder and Stephension (1968), were used for the measurement of wool parameters

and techniques for the assessment of wool production and its characteristics in

experimental groups.

42

Qualitative estimations

Staple length:

Black velvet board and measurement scale were used to measure the staple

length. On an average 10 random blocks were used to take the average staple length.

The length of the staple was measured from the base of the lock of fibres to the dense

part of tip where majority of the fibres end without stretching the staple. Average

staple length were calculated by taking an average of 10 random blocks and

calculated as follows:

Average staple length = N

X

Where:

∑ = sum of length of individual staple

X = length of individual staple (cm)

N = number of staple measured

Staple crimp:

Staple crimp was counted simultaneously with the measurement of staple

length. The crests or troughs were counted manually.

The average crimps per unit length of staple were calculated as follows:

Average number of crimps (per cm) = L

X

Where:

∑ = sum of number of crimps per staple

X = number of crimps per staple

L = length of individual staple

Fiber metrology

Fibre diameter:

After measuring staple length and number of crimps per centimeter, wool

samples were washed with petroleum ether solution to make free from dirt and fecal

matter. After washing, wool samples were used to make a slide with the help of slot-

43

plunger (plate: 2) and cutted in pieces of 0.5 mm size. The powdered mass was taken

on microscopic slide with the help of needle and thoroughly mixed with liquid

paraffin and a cover slip was placed over it. The slides were examined under

Ermascope (plate: 3).

Frequency distribution of 200 fibres were recorded on data sheet (hairy per

cent, hetero per cent and pure per cent) and mean fibre diameter were calculated.

Medullation percentage:

The number of medullated and non-medullated fibres were recorded under

ermascope and expressed as medullation percentage. The number of hairy, hetero and

pure fibres were recorded and expressed as percentage.

Medullated fibres are with complete wide medullaion and in appearance black

while viewing in ermascope. Hetero fibres have partial medullation and show

characteristic of both wool and hair which occur in the fleeces of indiscriminately

bred sheep and appears indiscriminate while viewing in ermascope. Pure fibres are

non-medullated and in appearance transparent while viewing in ermascope and hairy

fibres are medullated fibre that is higher in the coarser.

3.5.5 Statistical analysis

For statistical analysis of data collected during experiment was subjected to

analysis by adopting methods of analysis of variance as described by Snedecor and

Chochran (1994). Wherever, the significance of mean differences were tested by

Duncan‟s New Multiple Range Test, the variance ratio (F-values) were found

significant at 5 per cent and 1 per cent levels of probability.

3.5.6 Comparative economics

Comparative economics was calculated at the end of 70 days of experimental

period. The total cost of experimental feed was calculated on the basis of prevailing

market prices. The total feed cost per animal during the experimental period was

calculated and from that feed cost per kilogram live body weight gain was calculated.

44

RESULTS

AND

DISCUSSION

45

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The sheep rearing has multiplicity value and plays an important role in

national economy. Across the developing world an adequate supply of nutrients for

livestock is crucial to the livelihood of millions of people. In India there is a large

deficit of feed and fodder. Frequent droughts and floods further widen the gap

between demand and supply of feed and fodder. Due to industrialization and increase

in human population grazing lands are continuously decreasing resulting in decrease

in population of sheep in our country. Due to this imbalance, animals are mainly fed

on poor quality feed which are low in energy and essential nutrients. Therefore, it is

describe to maximize the utilization of nutrients from available feed stuffs by using

various feed additives like probiotics and minerals. Among non antibiotic feed

additive probiotics especially (SC) and minerals have a great potential to alter rumen

fermentation and improve body weight and body length and wool parameters in

sheep. Thus, an experiment was conducted to assess the effect of probiotic

supplementation with or without minerals and with different live yeast concentration

as feed supplement on growth and production performance in lambs.

In T2 group probiotic (SC) with 100 billion CFU live yeast concentration and

are without minerals were used as feed supplement and were given at the rate of 3

gram per day to each animal whereas in T3 group probiotic (SC) with 1.5 billion CFU

live yeast concentration along with minerals were used as feed supplement at the rate

of 3 gram per day to each animal in group to assess the growth and production

performance of lambs. Physical parameters body weight, body length, body height,

heart girth and abdominal girth were recorded at weekly interval for 10 weeks. Wool

samples were collected on the last day of experiment from each animal in each group,

to analyse the wool parameters like fibre diameter, medullation per cent, average

number of crimps per centimeter, staple length, hairy per cent, hetero per cent and

pure per cent.

The results of study conducted in two treatment and control group had been

presented here under in the following headings.

4.1 Chemical composition of different experimental feed used in experiment.

4.2 Body weight, Weekly average weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio.

46

4.3 Body conformation i.e. body length, body height, heart girth and abdominal

girth.

4.4 Wool quality attributes.

4.5 Comparative economics of the different treatment group.

4.1 Chemical composition of different experimental feed used in experiment

4.1.1 T2 group- Probiotic – Yeast (SC)-100 billion CFU.

4.1.2 T3-group- Probiotic –Yeast (SC)-1.5 billion CFU with minerals (Ca, P, Zn).

4.2 Body weight, weekly average weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio

4.2.1 Weekly body weight (kg)

The body weights of experimental lambs were recorded at weekly intervals, as

the changes in body weight is very reliable measure of performance of animals

subjected to different treatment. The weekly body weight in control group, probiotic

and probiotic with mineral added feed supplement increases respectively as shown in

(Table 4.1). The mean initial body weights were found to be 17.53 ± 0.99 kg, 17.4 ±

0.42 kg and 19.41 ± 0.30 kg in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively.

The mean periodic body weight (Table 4.1) was found to increase from 17.53

± 0.99 kg to 22.06 ± 0.98 kg in T1 group, 17.4 ± 0.42 kg to 25.2 ± 0.66 kg in T2 group

and 19.41 ± 0.30 kg to 26.25 ± 0.55 kg in T3 group in 70 days of experiment but

difference was non-significant.

The statistical analysis of data of total body weights gain (Table 4.2) revealed

highly significant effect (p< 0.01) due to treatment. On comparing the means by

Duncan‟s new multiple range test of significance higher total body weights gain were

recorded in animals of supplemented feed group as compared to control (T1) group.

The statistical analysis of periodic body weights data (Table 4.3) revealed non-

significant effect upto IInd

weeks of treatment and from IIIrd

ot VIIth

weeks revealed

significant (p<0.05) effect of treatment than highly significant effect (p<0.01) of

periodic body weight attributed to increase in body weights of lambs with

advancement of age in treatment groups. The significantly higher weight gain in

probiotic supplemented group with more live yeast concentration in comparison to

probiotic with mineral supplemented group and control group indicated positive effect

of the probiotic as feed supplement on body weights. Weekly body weights were

47

depicted (Fig.1) for all the three groups and shows uniform pattern in body weight

gain.

Results of present study were in accordance with Pal K et al. (2010) concluded

that yeast supplementation in kids increase growth, feed intake and nutrient utilization

but trace mineral supplementation had no influence on growth and nutrient utilization.

Further, Estrado-Angulo et al. (2012) evaluated that chromium enriched yeast

supplement enhances growth rate, longissmus muscle area and dietary energetic

efficiency in finishing feedlot lambs. Santra et al. (2003) studied that probiotics of

bacterial and yeast origin have been used in animal feeding to stabilize rumen

fermentation, reduced incidence of diarrhea and thus improve growth and production

performance of lambs. Similar findings were also reported by Ghani et al. (2004),

Karim and Rawat (1996), Issacowitz et al. (2013) they all conduct an experiment on

lambs and concluded that yeast supplementation improves the weight and the carcass

length. Whereas Fremah et al. (2017) conducted an experiment on cows and evaluated

that probiotic supplementation had no effect on body weight.

4.2.2 Weekly average weight gain (gm)

The weekly average weight gain (gm) in lambs of different treatment groups,

obtained during trial have been presented in Table 4.4. Mean ± SE values are 453 ±

36.05 gm, 780 ± 83.61gm and 684 ± 72.42gm in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively.

The statistical analysis of average weight gain (Table 4.5) shows highly

significant effect (p≤0.01) of treatment. The statistical analysis of weekly average

weight gain (Table 4.6) revealed significant effect on IInd

, Vth

and IXth

weeks of

treatment.

The maximum average weight gain was observed in lambs of T2 group (780 ±

83.61) feeding probiotic supplementation with more live yeast concentration followed

by T3 group (684 ± 72.42) feeding probiotic supplementation with less live yeast

concentration along with minerals and the minimum average weight gain was noticed

in the animals of T1 group (453 ± 36.05) in which lambs were kept only on grazing

with basal diet and without probiotic supplementation. Additional weight gain was

depicted in Fig.2 for all the three groups.

48

Table 4.1: Mean ± SE values of periodic body weight (kg) of experimental lambs

S

No.

Period

(Weeks)

T1 (Control

group)

T2 (Probiotic feed

group)

T3 (Probiotic+Mineral feed

group)

1 0 17.53±0.99 17.4±0.42 19.41±0.30

2 I 17.8±1.01 17.68±0.39 19.78±0.29

3 II 18.15±1.00a 18.53±0.39

a 20.53±0.36

b

4 III 18.66±1.05a 19.48±0.40

ab 21.5±0.42

b

5 IV 19.23±1.06a 20.61±0.55

ab 22.38±0.47

b

6 V 19.75±1.07a 21.63±0.44

ab 23.08±0.49

b

7 VI 20.23±1.07a 22.11±0.69

ab 23.98±0.59

b

8 VII 20.23±1.07a 22.98±0.74

ab 24.75±0.61

b

9 V III 21.28±1.03a 23.8±0.64

b 25.33±0.55

b

10 IX 21.78±1.04a 24.65±0.67

b 25.86±0.53

b

11 X 22.06±0.98a 25.2±0.66

b 26.25±0.55

b

Total gain 4.53±1.98a 7.8±0.84

b 6.84±0.6

b

Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)

Table 4.2: Analysis of Variance of total body weight gain (kg) during

experimental period

Source of

Variance DF SS MS F-value

Treatment 2 344 172

22.17**

Error 15 116.5 7.77

**=Highly significant (p<0.01)

Note; a, b, c – Means superscripted with different letters within a row differ significantly from each

other.

49

Table 4.3: Analysis of variance of periodic body weight (kg) of experimental lambs

MEAN SQUARE

Source of

variance

DF

0

week

Ist

week

IInd

week

IIIrd

week

IVth

week

Vth

week

VIth

week

VIIth

week

VIIIth

week

IXth

week

Xth

week

Treatment 2 3NS

3.33NS

2.6* 4.18

* 4.50

* 5.03

* 5.29

* 5.78

* 7.01

** 7.24

* 8.20

**

Error 15 2.54 2.48 2.60 3.04 3.32 3.26 3.98 4.06 3.57 3.63 3.46

Note: **

Significant at 1% (p<0.01) *Significant at 5% (p<0.05)

NS Non-Significant

50

Fig. 1: Periodic body weight (Kg) of experimental lambs

Fig. 2: Total body weight gain (kg) in different treatment groups

15

20

25

30

35

0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

We

igh

t(K

g)

Period (weeks)

Body weight (inKg)

T1

T2

T3

T1, 4.53

T2, 7.8

T3, 6.84

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Treament

Tota

l bo

dy

we

igh

t ga

in (

kg)

Total body weight gain (kg)

51

Results of present study were in accordance with Haddad et al. (2005)

conducted an experiment on lambs and evaluated that lambs with 3 g/day of YC

supplementation had higher (p<0.05) ADG than non-supplement group. Kamal et al.

(2013) conducted an experiment for 120 days on kids found that SC supplementation

improves body weight gain. Alsaied et al. (2017) evaluated that feeding of active dry

yeast improved the appetite, weight gain and feed utilization of animals. Garg et al.

(2008) and Dezfoulian et al. (2012) evaluated the effect of zinc supplementation and

find that ADG were significantly higher in supplemented group. Further, Cole et al.

(1992), Chaucheyeras-Durand & Durand (2010), Erasmus et al (1992), Engle and

Spears (2000), Datta et al. (2007), Jia et al (2009), Yirga (2015) all these with their

experiments concluded that use of probiotic as feed supplement improves growth and

production performance of animals.

4.2.3 Feed Conversion Ratio

Feed Conversion Ratio of T2 and T3 groups were calculated from the per kg

body weight gain to total experimental feed consumed by animals of both treatment

groups and had been presented in Table 4.7.

The additional weight gain (kg) as compared to control group T1 were found

to be 3.27 ± 0.84 and 2.31 ± 0.6 in T2 and T3 groups, respectively.

The feed conversion ratio was observed 1: 2.91 in animals of T2 group and 1:

4.11 in animals of T3 group. The FCR in animals of T2 group was observed greater

than the animals of T3 group.

Table 4.7: BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND FCR

Parameter T1 (Control

group)

T2 (Probiotic

feed group)

T3 (Probiotic +

Mineral feed

group)

Initial Body weight (kg) 17.53±0.99 17.4±0.42 19.41±0.30

Final Body weight (kg) 22.6±0.98 25.2±0.66 26.25±0.55

Total weight gain per animal

(kg) 4.53±1.98 7.8±0.84 6.84±0.6

Additional weight gain as

compare to control group (kg) - 3.27±0.84 2.31±0.6

FCR of additional weight gain - 1:2.91 1:4.11

52

Table 4.4: Mean ± SE values of weekly average body weight gain (gm) of

experimental lambs.

S No. Period

in weeks

T1 (Control

group) T2 (Probiotic feed group)

T3 (Probitic +

Mineral feed group)

1 I 270 280 290

2 II 350a 820

b 830

b

3 III 510 980 970

4 IV 570 1130 880

5 V 550a 1020

b 700

b

6 VI 450 480 900

7 VII 570 870 770

8 VIII 480 820 580

9 IX 500a 850

b 530

a

10 X 280 550 390

Overall

Mean ± SE value 453 ± 36.05

a 780 ± 83.61

b 684 ± 72.42

b

Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)

Table 4.5: Analysis of Variance of average body weight gain (gm) of

experimental lambs

Source of Variation

DF

SS

MS

F

Treatment

2

33.79

16.89

19.30**

Error

15

13.12

0.87

**=Highly significant (p<0.01)

Note; a, b, c – Means superscripted with different letters within a row differ significantly from each

other.

53

Table 4.6: Analysis of variance of weekly average weight gain (gm) of experimental lambs

MEAN SQUARE

Source of

variance

DF

Ist

week

IInd

week

IIIrd

week

IVth

week

Vth

week

VIth

week

VIIth

week

VIIIth

week

IXth

week

Xth

week

Treatment 2 1.22NS

5.34* 3.02

NS 2.90

NS 3.80

* 1.53

NS 1.23

NS 1.30

NS 3.52

* 2.67

NS

Error 15 0.01 0.08 1.12 0.16 0.08 0.24 0.11 0.13 0.06 0.04

Note: **

Significant at 1% (p<0.01) *Significant at 5% (p<0.05)

NS Non-Significant

54

Fig. 3: Periodical body length (inches) of experimental lambs

Fig. 4: Periodical body height (inches) of experimental lambs

15

20

25

30

0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

Bo

dy

len

gth

in in

che

s

Period(Weeks)

Periodic Body length(inches)

T1

T2

T3

15

20

25

30

0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

Bo

dy

he

igh

t in

che

s

Period ( weeks)

Periodic Body height(inches)

T1

T2

T3

55

The results of present study were in accordance with Kamal et al. (2013)

revealed that after 120 days of feeding, the lambs in supplemented group achieved

significantly higher FCR. Toghyani et al. (2015) evaluated that 2 per cent molasses

kefir supplemented in broilers improves FCR during growth period. Shankpal et al.

(2016) evaluated the effect of supplementing bypass fat and YC on growth

performance and FCR in weaner surti kids and concluded that inclusion of live yeast

and bypass fat at 2 per cent to kids improves growth and FCR with 6.66 percent less

feed cost. Malik and Bandla (2010) evaluated that feed efficiency was significantly

higher (p<0.01) in lambs supplemented with dose of probiotics. Hinman et al. (1998)

concluded that feeding YC in a barley and potato processing residue finishing diet in

steers improved feed efficiency by 4.5 per cent. Karim and Rawat (1996) evaluated

that lambs raised under intensive feeding with supplementation improves FCR and

carcass yield and dressing percentage. Haddad et al. (2005) and Tripathi et al. (2010)

also conducted an experiment on lambs and in result found that SC supplementation

increases FCR. Whereas Titi et al. (2008) concluded that YC supplementation does

not affect FCR and similar findings were also reported by Hadjipanayiotou (1997).

4.3 Body conformation that is body length, body height, heart girth and

abdominal girth.

To assess the growth pattern in experimental animals, growth parameters like

the body length, heart girth, body height and abdominal girth were recorded at weekly

interval to compare growth pattern in different treatment groups with different feed

supplement.

4.3.1 Body length

The periodic body lengths of lambs were found to increase in almost uniform

pattern with advancement of age. The mean body length were found to increase

significantly from 16.16 ± 0.47 inches to 19.28 ± 0.56 inches with overall mean of

total body lengths gain was 3.12 ± 0.94 inches in T1 group, from 15.6 ± 0.38 inches to

21.16 ± 0.42 inches with overall mean of total body lengths gain 5.56 ± 0.76 inches in

T2 group and from 17.25 ± 0.35 inches to 22 ± 0.22 inches with overall mean of total

body lengths gain 4.75 ± 0.7 inches in T3 group during feeding trial of experiment.

The increasing trends in body lengths were as shown (Table 4.8 and Fig.3) in animals

of T1, T2 and T3 groups.

56

The analysis of variance of total body lengths gain (Table 4.9) revealed highly

significant (p<0.01) effect due to treatment. The statistical analysis of periodic body

lengths (Table 4.10) revealed significant effect (p<0.05) from Ist week to VII

th weeks

than highly significant effect of body length could be attributed to the increase in

body length of lambs with advancement of age in treatment groups. On comparing the

means, higher total body lengths gain were recorded in animals supplemented with

probiotic with more live yeast concentration than the group supplemented with less

live yeast concentration plus mineral and lowest in control group that is without any

supplementation.

The trend of periodical body lengths gain was depicted (Fig. 3) suggested

uniform trends from 0 to 70 days of experiment.

The results of present study are in accordance with Kamal et al. (2013)

conducted an experiment on lambs for 120 days with 5.6x109

cells per head per day of

SC supplementation and found that height at withers and heart girth are higher with

SC supplementation. Further, Deaville and Galbraith (1992), Aguiar et al. (2007),

Santra et al. (2003) and Dabiri et al. (2016) evaluated the effect of different level of

probiotic in diet of ewes and concluded that probiotic supplementation had positive

effects on growth performance of animals. Whereas Hadjipanayoitou (1997), Titi et

al. (2008), Mikulec et al. (2010) concluded that YC supplementation does not

improve growth performance of animals.

57

Table: 4.8 Mean ± SE values of periodic body length (inches) of experimental

lambs

S. No.

Period

(Weeks)

T1 (Control group)

T2 (Probiotic

feed group)

T3 (Probiotic +

Mineral feed group)

1 0 16.16±0.47ab

15.6±0.38a 17.25±0.35

b

2 I 16.41±0.46a 16±0.36

a 17.83±0.30

b

3 II 16.71±0.46a 16.75±0.46

a 18.41±0.32

b

4 III 17.18±0.45a 17.41±0.52

a 18.91±0.32

b

5 IV 17.53±0.43a 18±0.54

a 19.16±0.42

b

6 V 17.81±0.44a 18.5±0.48

a 19.83±0.30

b

7 VI 18.06±0.44a 19.25±0.43

ab 20.41±0.32

b

8 VII 18.43±0.48a 19.66±0.38

b 20.83±0.33

b

9 V III 18.7±0.49a 20.25±0.40

b 21.16±0.24

b

10 IX 19.03±0.54a 20.78±0.42

b 21.66±0.24

b

11 X 19.28±0.56a 21.16±0.42

b 22±0.22

b

Total gain 3.12±0.94 5.56±0.76 4.75±0.7

Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)

Table 4.9: Analysis of Variance total body length (inches) of experimental lambs

Source of

Variance

DF SS MS F-value

Treatment 2 137 68

21.91**

Error 15 610 3.12

**=Highly significant (p<0.01)

Note; a, b, c – Means superscripted with different letters within a row differ significantly from each

other.

58

Table 4.10: Analysis of variance of periodic body length (inches) of experimental lambs

MEAN SQUARE

Source of

variance

DF

0

week

Ist

week

IInd

week

IIIrd

week

IVth

week

Vth

week

VIth

week

VIIth

week

VIIIth

week

IXth

week

Xth

week

Treatment 2 4.18NS

6.22* 5.288

NS 4.54

* 3.20

NS 6.02

NS 8.39

NS 8.87

* 9.95

** 9.94

** 10.61

**

Error 15 1.00 0.89 1.07 1.16 1.32 1.04 0.98 0.97 0.93 1.08 1.09

Note: **

Significant at 1% (p<0.01) *

Significant at 5% (p<0.05) NS

Non-Significant

59

Fig. 5: Periodical heart girth (inches) of experimental lambs

Fig. 6: Periodical abdominal girth (inches) of experimental lambs

15

20

25

30

0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

He

art

girt

h in

inch

es

Period ( weeks)

Periodic Heart girth(inches)

T1

T2

T3

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

Ab

do

min

al g

irth

in in

che

s

Period (weeks)

Periodic Abdominal girth(inches)

T1

T2

T3

60

4.3.2 Body height

The body heights of lambs were found to increase in almost uniform pattern

with the advancement of age and to judge the influence of feed supplement probiotic

(SC) with different concentration and with minerals on body height, weekly changes

in body height of lambs had been presented (Table 4.11).

The mean of body heights were found to increase from 19.83 ± 0.15 inches to

23.7 ± 0.53 inches with overall mean of total body heights gain 3.88 ± 0.94 inches in

T1 group, from 19.83 ± 0.47 inches to 25 ± 0.42 inches with overall mean of total

body heights gain 5 ± 0.7 inches in T2 group and from 20 ± 0.35 inches to 24.66 ±

0.27 inches with overall mean of total body heights gain 4.83 ± 0.3 inches in T3 group

in feeding trial of experiment. Periodic body height depicted in Fig.4.

The analysis of variance of total heights gain (Table 4.12) revealed non-

significant effect of treatment. The statistical analysis of variance of periodic body

height (Table 4.13) revealed non-significant effect of treatment.

The results of present study were in accordance with Hadjipanayiotou (1997)

and Mikulec et al. (2010) concluded that supplementation of live yeast at different

level does not improve growth performance of lambs. Whereas Tripathi et al. (2011)

concluded that SC can be used as growth promoting feed additives in meat animals.

4.3.3 Heart Girth

The mean heart girth measurement in different treatment groups had been presented

(Table 4.14). The mean heart girth were found to increase from 18.46 ± 0.66 inches to

28.45 ± 0.70 inches with overall mean of total heart girth gain 9.99 ± 0.08 inches in T1

group, from 17.53 ± 0.44 inches to 29.66 ± 0.42 inches with overall mean of total

heart girth gain 12.13 ± 0.88 inches in T2 group and from 17.16 ± 0.44 inches to 29.66

± 0.21 inches with overall mean of total heart girth gain 12.5 ± 0.98 inches in T3

group. Mean ± SE values of weekly heart girth (in inches) of experimental lambs

given (Table 4.15). The trend of heart girth was shown (Fig. 5).

The analysis of variance of total heart girth gain (Table 4.15) revealed non-significant

effect of treatment in animals. The statistical analysis of variance of periodic heart

girth (Table 4.16) revealed non-significant effect of treatment.

The results of present study were in accordance with Hadjipanayiotou(1997),

Titi et al. (2008) and Mikulec et al. (2010).

61

Table 4.11: Mean ± SE values of periodic body height (inches) of experimental

lambs

S

No. Weeks

T1 (control

group)

T2 (Probiotic feed

group)

T3 (Probiotic+Mineral

feed group)

1 0 19.83±0.15 19.83±0.47 20±0.35

2 I 20.06±0.43 20.41±0.32 20.5±0.22

3 II 20.7±0.50 20.91±0.32 21.25±0.17

4 III 21.36±0.60 21.41±0.32 21.75±0.17

5 IV 21.8±0.61 22.05±0.38 22.16±0.16

6 V 22.1±0.61 23.33±0.42 22.58±0.15

7 VI 22.48±0.61 22.66±0.40 23.08±0.32

8 VII 22.86±0.60 23.01±0.41 23.66±0.27

9 V III 23.23±0.58 24.4±0.41 24.16±0.27

10 IX 23.5±0.57 24.78±0.38 24.41±0.23

11 X 23.7±0.53 25±0.42 24.66±0.27

Total gain 3.88±0.94 5±0.7 4.83±0.3

Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)

Table 4.12: Analysis of variance of total body height (inches) of experimental

lambs

Source of

Variance

DF SS MS F-value

Treatment 2 17 8.57

2.66NS

Error 15 628 3.22

Note: NS

Non-Significant

62

Table 4.13: Analysis of variance of periodic body height (inches) of experimental lambs

MEAN SQUARE

Source of

variance

DF

0

week

Ist

week

IInd

week

IIIrd

week

IVth

week

Vth

week

VIth

week

VIIth

week

VIIIth

week

IXth

week

Xth

week

Treatment 2 0.05 0.46 0.59 0.25 0.19 0.50 0.85 1.46 1.90 2.47 2.43

Error 15 0.76 0.68 0.77 1.01 1.09 1.11 1.33 1.23 1.19 1.06 1.09

Note: NS

Non-Significant

63

4.3.4 Abdominal girth

The mean abdominal girth measurement were found to increase from 27.58 ±

0.28 inches to 32.26 ± 0.58 inches with overall mean of total abdominal girth gain

4.68 ± 0.56 inches in T1 group, from 26.43 ± 0.20 inches to 33.33 ± 0.35 inches with

overall mean of total abdominal girth gain 6.9± 0.3 inches in T2 group and from 26.91

± 0.20 inches to 33.66 ± 0.24 inches with overall mean of total abdominal girth gain

6.75 ± 0.08 inches in T3 group in an experiment and had been presented (Table 4.12)

The analysis of variance of total abdominal girth gain revealed non-

significant effect of treatment. The trend of periodic abdominal girth was depicted

(Fig. 6). The statistical analysis of variance of periodic abdominal girth (Table 4.19)

revealed non-significant effect of treatment.

The results of present study were in accordance with Hadjipanayiotou (1997),

Titi et al. (2008) and Mikulec et al. (2010) evaluated that inclusion of YC does not

improve performance of lambs. Whereas Deaville and Galbraith (1992), Santra et al.

(2003), Aguiar et al. (2007), Kamal et al. (2013) and Dabri et al. (2016) in their

experiments shows positive results of probiotic supplementation on growth

performance of animals.

4.4 Wool quality attributes

At the end of experiment, wool quality attributes were recorded to know the

effect of probiotic (SC) with different concentration and with or without minerals as

feed supplement.

4.4.1 Average staple length in cm

The average values recorded for staple length were presented (Table 4.17) and

shown as (Fig.7) and were found to be 6.43 ± 1.57, 6.6 ± 0.62 and 6.35 ± 0.53 cm for

T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively.

The statistical analysis of data for staple length values (Table 4.18) revealed

non-significant effect of staple length due to treatment. The comparison of means

using Duncan‟s new multiple range test revealed non-significant effect on staple

length in probiotic supplemented group T2 and T3 as compare to T1 control group.

These finding of investigation indicated that supplementation of probiotic and

probiotic with minerals resulted in non significant improvement in staple length.

64

Table 4.14: Mean ± SE values of periodic heart girth (inches) of experimental

lambs

S

No.

Period

(Weeks)

T1 (Control

group)

T2 (Probiotic feed

group)

T3 ( Probiotic

+Mineral

feed group)

1 0 18.46±0.66 17.53±0.44 17.16±0.44

2 I 18.66±0.67 18±0.44 17.66±0.49

3 II 19.81±0.79 19.33±0.55 19.41±0.52

4 III 20.88±0.81 20.83±0.65 20.91±0.52

5 IV 22.63±0.60 22.5±0.77 22.41±0.68

6 V 23.76±0.62 23.83±0.70 24±0.57

7 VI 25.2±0.57 25.16±0.65 25.41±0.37

8 VII 26.35±0.63 26.41±0.61 26.5±0.34

9 VIII 27.11±0.66 27.66±0.61 27.83±0.16

10 IX 27.8±0.69 28.75±0.47 28.83±0.16

11 X 28.45±0.70 29.66±0.42 29.66±0.21

Total gain 9.99±0.08 12.13±0.88 12.5±0.98

Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)

Table 4.15: Analysis of Variance of total heart girth (inches) of experimental

lambs

Source of

Variance

DF SS MS F-value

Treatment 2 0.282 0.141

0.0079NS

Error 15 3455 17.71

Note: NS

Non-Significant

65

Table 4.16: Analysis of variance of periodic heart girth (inches) of experimental lambs

MEAN SQUARE

Source of

variance

DF

0

week

Ist

week

IInd

week

IIIrd

week

IVth

week

Vth

week

VIth

week

VIIth

week

VIIIth

week

IXth

week

Xth

week

Treatment 2 1.51 0.86 0.16 0.003 0.02 0.11 0.06 0.018 0.50 1.34 2.07

Error 15 1.78 1.80 2.42 2.74 2.70 2.42 1.79 1.79 1.68 1.46 1.42

Note: NS

Non-Significant

66

Table 4.17: Mean ± SE values of periodic abdominal girth (inches) of

experimental lambs

S. No.

Period

(Weeks)

T1 (Control

group)

T2 (Probiotic feed

group)

T3 (Probiotic+Mineral

feed group)

1 0 27.58±0.28 26.43±0.20 26.91±0.20

2 I 27.83±0.32 26.91±0.20 27.75±0.22

3 II 28.38±0.34 27.75±0.25 28.33±0.10

4 III 29.11±0.31 28.5±0.36 29±0.12

5 IV 29.81±0.40 29.41±0.41 29.75±0.21

6 V 30.23±0.40 30±0.60 30.25±0.17

7 VI 30.8±0.47 30.58±0.55 31±0.25

8 VII 31.3±0.51 31.33±0.51 31.83±0.42

9 VIII 31.56±0.52 32.16±0.51 32.41±0.30

10 IX 31.91±0.52 32.75±0.47 33±0.28

11 X 32.26±0.58 33.33±0.35 33.66±0.24

Total gain 4.68±0.56 6.9±0.3 6.75±0.08

Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)

Table 4.18: Analysis of Variance of total abdominal girth (inches) of

experimental lambs

Source of

Variance

DF SS MS F-value

Treatment 2 6.54 3.27

0.681NS

Error 15 936 4.80

Note: NS

Non-Significant

67

Table 4.19: Analysis of variance of periodic abdominal girth (inches) of experimental lambs

MEAN SQUARE

Source of

variance

DF

0

week

Ist

week

IInd

week

IIIrd

week

IVth

week

Vth

week

VIth

week

VIIth

week

VIIIth

week

IXth

week

Xth

week

Treatment 2 6.08 3.24 1.96 1.27 0.35 0.10 0.21 0.38 0.92 1.65 3.03

Error 15 0.32 0.39 0.37 0.50 0.77 1.15 1.19 1.40 1.24 1.16 1.05

Note: NS

Non-Significant

68

The results of present study were in accordance with Kumawat et al. (2016)

concluded that staple length revealed non-significant effect of supplementary feeding.

4.4.2 Average number of crimps per centimeter

The average values recorded for crimps per cm were presented (Table 4.14)

and as shown (Fig. 7) and were 1.66 ± 0.16, 1.58 ± 0.11 and 1.56 ± 0.10 per cm for

T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively.

The statistical analysis of data for average number of crimps per cm values

(Table 4.19) revealed non-significant effect of average number of crimps per cm due

to treatment. The comparison of means revealed non-significant effect on average

number of crimps per cm in supplemented feed group T2 and T3 as compare to T1

control group. These finding of investigation indicated that supplementation of

probiotic and probiotic with minerals resulted in non-significant improvement in

average number of crimps per cm.

The results of present study were in accordance with Kumawat et al. (2016)

concluded that number of crimps revealed non-significant effect of supplementary

feeding.

4.4.3 Diameter (Average fineness in micron)

The mean values of fibre diameter (average fineness in micron) were

presented (Table 4.14) and as shown (Fig. 8) and were found to be 30.43 ± 1.73, 31.0

± 0.94 and 28.13 ± 1.34 in microns for T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively.

The analysis of variance as shown (Table 4.15) revealed non-significant effect

of fibre diameter due to treatment. The comparison of means revealed non- significant

effect on fibre diameter in supplemented feed group T2 and T3 as compare to T1

control group. These findings of investigation indicated that supplementation of

probiotic and probiotic with minerals resulted in non-significant improvement in fibre

diameter.

The results of present study were in accordance with Kumawat et al. (2016)

concluded that average fineness in micron revealed non-significant effect due to

supplementary feeding.

69

4.4.4 Medullation percent

The mean values recorded for medullation per cent were presented (Table

4.20) and as shown (Fig. 8). These values were 72 ± 3.16, 78.5 ± 4.16 and 53.83 ±

4.19 per cent for T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. Regarding medullation percent,

significantly low values were recorded in T3 group in comparison to T2 and T1 group.

The statistical analysis for medullaion per cent values (Table 4.21) revealed highly

significant effect (p≤0.01) in T3 group than T1 and T2 group.

These results indicated significant increase due to probiotic with mineral

supplementation on medullation per cent. The results of present study were in

accordance with Kumawat et al. (2016) concluded that average fineness in micron

revealed non-significant effect of supplementary feeding. Similar findings were also

reported by Naderi et al. (2015) and Shinde et al. (2013).

4.4.5 Hairy percent

The mean values of hairy fibres were recorded (Table 4.20) and as shown (Fig. 9).

These values were 20.76 ± 2.80, 31.33 ± 6.01 and 10.85 ± 1.67 for T1, T2 and T3

treatment groups, respectively. Regarding hairy percent significantly low values were

recorded in T3 group in comparison to T2 and T1 group. The statistical analysis for

hairy percent values (Table 4.21) revealed highly significant effect (p≤0.01) in T3

group then T1 and T2 group.

These results indicated significant difference due to probiotic with mineral

supplementation on hairy per cent and these results were in accordance with Kumawat

et al. (2016) and Naderi et al. (2015).

4.4.6 Hetero percent

The mean values of hetero per cent were recorded (Table 4.20) and as shown

(Fig. 9). These values were 50.4 ± 1.80, 46.83 ± 3.5 and 42 ± 4.3 per cent for T1, T2

and T3 treatment groups, respectively. The analysis of variance as shown in Table

4.21 revealed non-significant effect on hetero per cent due to treatment. The

comparison of means revealed non-significant effect on hetero per cent in

supplemented group T2 and T3 as compare to T1 control group.

These finding of investigation indicated that supplementation of probiotic and

probiotic with minerals resulted in non significant improvement in hetero per cent.

Similar findings were also repoted by Kumawat et al. (2016).

70

Table 4.20: Mean ± SE values of wool parameters of experimental lambs

Treatment Staple

length(cm)

Crimps

(per cm)

Diameter

(micron)

Medullation

Per cent

Hairy

Per cent

Hetero

Per cent

Pure

Per cent

T1 (Control group) 6.43 ± 1.57 1.66 ± 0.16 30.43 ± 1.73 72 ± 3.16b 20.7 ± 2.80 50.4 ± 1.80 27.96 ±3.17

a

T2 (Probiotic feed

group) 6.6 ± 0.62 1.58 ± 0.11 31.03 ± 0.94 78.5 ± 4.16

b 31.33 ± 6.01 46.83±3.55 21.5±4.16

b

T3 (Porbiotic +

Mineral feed group) 6.35 ± 0.53 1.56 ± 0.10 28.13±1.34 53.88 ± 4.91 10.85 ±1.67

a 42 ± 4.31 47.15±4.66

Note: a, b, c-Means superscripted with different letters within a row differ significantly from each other

71

Table 4.21: Analysis of variance of wool parameter

MEAN SQUARE

Source of

variance

DF Staple length Crimp Diameter Medullation Hairy Hetero Pure

Treatment 2 0.04NS

0.16NS

1.23NS

9.48**

6.72**

1.54NS

10.85**

Error 15 2.16 0.16 11.39 102.98 93.65 69.04 98.33

Note:-**

Significant at 1% (p<0.01) NS

Non-Significant

72

4.4.7 Pure percent

The mean values of pure percent were recorded (Table 4.20) and as shown

(Fig. 9). These values were 27.96 ± 3.17, 21.5 ± 4.16 and 47.15 ± 4.66 percent for T1,

T2 and T3 treatment groups, respectively. Regarding pure percent significantly high

values were recorded in T3 group in comparison to T2 and T1 group. The statistical

analysis for pure per cent values (Table 4.21) revealed highly significant effect

(p≤0.01) in T3 group than T1 and T2 group. These results indicated significant increase

due to probiotic with mineral supplementation on pure percent.

The results of present study were in accordance with Deavillie and Galbraith

(1992) conducted a comparative study of YC on mohair fibre characteristics of

Angora goats and noticed improvement in fibre characteristics of a supplemented

group. Starks et al. (1953) evaluated that lambs receiving elemental sulphur had

significantly (p<0.01) more wool than lambs receiving a basal proportions that is

0.054 per cent sulphur. Naderi et al. (2015) investigated the effect of nutrition

supplement on skin follicle and wool growth rate in lambs and find that fibre follicle

activity and wool growth in lambs is mainly under the influence of nutrition. Further

Shinde et al. (2013) evaluated that copper and zinc supplementation in lambs

improves the quality and quantity of wool.

4.5 Comparative economics of the different treatment groups

To economize the production, it is necessary to provide balanced feed at

optimum cost. Therefore considering the proportion of individual ingredients and

their prevailing market rate, the total cost of feed supplement were calculated and as

shown (Table 4.22).

The total feed cost per animal during the experimental period were calculated

and from that feed cost per kg live body weight gain were worked out for additional

weight gain as compare to control group.

Feed cost per kg live body weight gain was higher in T2 group animals (Rs.

44.40) as compared to T3 group (Rs. 40.16).

From the results it was appeared that the feed cost in T3 group is

approximately 4.24 percent less than T2 group animals.

Net profit for additional mutton production per animal is more in T2 group

animals supplemented with more live yeast concentration compared to T3 group

animals supplemented with less live yeast concentration plus minerals, indicating that

probiotic supplementation with more live yeast concentration is more economical than

probiotic supplementation with less live yeast concentration plus minerals to obtain

optimum production in Bikaneri Chokla lambs.

73

Fig. 7: Staple length and Average number of crimps of different treatment

groups

Fig. 8: Average fineness (micron) and Medullation per cent of different

treatment groups

30.43

72

31.03

78.5

24

53.88

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Avg. fineness in micron

% Medullation

T1 T2 T3

6.43

1.66

6.6

1.58

6.35

1.56

Staple length No. of crimps/cm

Staple length(cm) and No. of crimps/cm

T1 T2 T3

74

Fig. 9: Hairy, Hetero and Pure per cent of different treatment groups

Table 4.22: Comparative economics of experimental feed supplement

Parameter T1

group

T2

group

T3

group

Feed supplement intake per animal during entire

period of experiment(gm) _ 210 210

Cost of feed supplement(Rs./100gm) 59 35

Total cost of feed supplement intake per animal

(Rs.) _ 123.9 73.5

Total weight gain per animal (kg). 5.01 7.8 6.84

Additional weight gain as compare to control group. _ 2.79 1.83

Additional mutton production (kg) per animal _ 1.39 0.915

Return of additional mutton production (Rs.) per

animal. _ 417 274.5

Net profit for additional mutton production (Rs.) per

animal. _ 293.1 201

Cost per unit live gain for additional weight gain

(Rs.). _ 44.40 40.16

Prevailing market rate of mutton Rs.300 per kilo-gram and assuming 50 per cent dressing percentage.

20.76

50.4

27.9631.33

46.83

21.5

10.85

4247.15

%Hairy %Hetero %Pure

Hairy, Hetero and Pure per cent

T1 T2 T3

75

Deaville and Galbrith (1992) conducted a comparative study of protein level

and YC on growth performance and mohair fibre characteristics of British Angora

goats and concluded that high protein level diet supplemented with YC would be

economical for obtaining optimum growth. Karim and Rawat (1996) concluded that

carcass yield and dressing percentage were higher in lambs maintained under grazing

with supplementation and intensive feeding. Similar findings were also reported by

Rufino et al. (2013) and Haddad et al. (2005).

Results of this experiment suggested that supplementation of probiotic (SC)

with more live yeast concentration increases growth and production performance in

lambs. Regarding wool quality attributes, medullation and hairy per cent decreased

and pure per cent increased due to probiotic with minerals supplementation.

76

SUMMARY

AND

CONCLUSION

77

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The sheep rearing has multiplicity value and plays an important role in

national economy. The first goal of the livestock production is the delivery of safe

foods for human consumption. To achieve this goal probiotics are one of the

alternatives to antibiotics. Probiotics are recognized to be safe to the animals, taking

into account the welfare of the animal and respect for the environment. Use of

probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve animal health,

productivity and immunity. Probiotics supplementation improves growth performance

through enhancing of rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed

conversion rate. Feeding of probiotic (SC) stabilizes rumen pH, increases total

volatile fatty acids and reduces ammonia concentration. Yeast supplementation

reduces rumen acidosis and stimulates growth activity of lactic acid-utilising rumen

bacterium and also reduces the incidence of neonatal diarrhea and mortality. Hence an

experiment was conducted on lambs to find the effect of supplementation of probiotic

(SC) alone and in combination with minerals with different live yeast concentrations.

Animals were randomly distributed in 3 groups of 6 animals in each group. In

control group (T1) animals were allowed for free grazing with basal diet and in T2

group along with grazing and basal diet probiotic (SC) supplementation with live

yeast concentration (100 billion CFU) is given as feed supplement whereas in T3

group besides grazing and basal diet animals were supplemented with probiotic (SC)

plus minerals with live yeast concentration (1.5 billion CFU) as feed supplement.

The effect of feed supplement were judged by body weight gain, certain

growth parameters like body length, body height, heart girth, abdominal girth and

wool quality parameters like staple length, number of crimps, medullation, hairy,

hetero and pure per cent. In addition to this, comparative economics was also

analysed to compare different types of feed supplement.

The mean initial body weight of lambs selected randomly in three

treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were 17.53 kg, 17.4 kg and 19.41kg, respectively.

The total weight gain 4.53 kg in T1 group, 7.8 kg in T2 group and 6.84 kg in T3 group.

Though the total gain was found to be higher in T2 group followed by T3 group

compared to control group and the effect due to treatment was highly significant

(p<0.01).

The mean values of total body weight gain were found to be highest in T2

group (7.8 ± 0.84) followed by T3 group (6.84 ± 0.6) and then T1 group (4.53 ± 1.98).

78

Though the average weight gain found higher in T2 group receiving probiotic

supplementation with more live yeast concentration in the ration than T3 group

receiving probiotic supplementation with less live yeast concentration along with

minerals in the ration and the minimum weight gain was found in the animals of T1

control group and the statistical analysis of data, shows highly significant effect

(p<0.01) in treatment groups as compared to control group.

The FCR in T2 group 1: 2.91 greater in comparison to T3 group 1: 4.11, when

additional total weight gain calculated compared to T1 group.

Total gain in body conformation i.e body height, heart girth and abdominal

girth in T1, T2 and T3 treatment groups revealed non-significant effect due to

treatment. However, analysis of variance of periodic body length revealed significant

effect (p<0.01) of treatment.

The analysis of variance of wool parameter i.e medullation, hairy and pure per

cent in T3 treatment groups supplemented with less live yeast concentration with

minerals revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect while hetero, staple length and

crimp revealed non-significant effect due to treatment in experimental period.

Economics was calculated on the basis of prevalent market prices of

individual ingredients and it was found that the feed cost per kg live body weight gain

was Rs. 44.40 in T2 group and Rs. 40.16 in T3 group it was 4.24 percent higher in T2

group than T3 group. However, net profit for additional mutton production per animal

was more in T2 group animals supplemented with more live yeast concentration as

compare with T3 group animals..

Regarding the comparative study of two different feed supplements with

different live yeast concentration that is probiotic with live yeast concentration (100

billion CFU) and probiotic with live yeast concentration (1.5 billion CFU) plus

minerals in lamb, it can be infered that supplementing probiotic with more live yeast

concentration would be beneficial rather than supplementing probiotic with less live

yeast concentration plus minerals. The effect of supplementing probiotic with more

live yeast concentration had greater influence on total body weight and feed

conversion ratio and was economical as compared to probiotic with less live yeast

concentration plus mineral supplemented group.

79

CONCLUSION

Results of following study concluded that supplementation of probiotic with

more live yeast concentration shows a statistically significant effect on growth and

production performance of lambs and is better than supplementation of probiotic

with less live yeast concentration with minerals whereas probiotic with minerals

supplementation achieve a statistically significant beneficial effect on the wool quality

parameters of lambs. Overall, the results of this experiment suggested that

supplementation of probiotic (SC) is good for growth and production performance of

lambs. More studies under different feeding conditions are necessary to clarify the

effects of different concentration of live yeast cells supplementation in the lamb diets.

80

BIBLIOGRAPHY

81

LITERATURE CITED

Aguiar, S.R., Ferreira, M.A., Batista, A.M.V., Carvalho, F.F.R., Bispo, S.V.,

Monteiro, P.B.S. (2007). Performance of feedlot sheep fed with increasing

levels of yeast and urea. Acta Scientiarum- Animal Science 29(4):411-416.

Ahmadzadeh, L., Hossenkhani, A and Daghighkia, H. (2017). Effect of

supplementing a diet with monensin sodium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

on reproductive performance of ewes. Animal Reproduction Science 188:93-

100.

Ahmed, M.H., Elghandou, M.M.Y., Salem, A.Z.M., Zewei, H.S.I., Kholi, A.E.,

Klieve, A.V. and Abdelrasso, A.M.A. (2015). Influence of Trichoderma

reesei or Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance, ruminal fermentation,

carcass characteristics and blood biochemistry of lambs fed Atriplex

nummularia and Acacia saligna mixture. Livestock Science 180:90-97.

Allen, M.S. and Ying, Y. (2012). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation

product on ruminal starch digestion are dependent upon dry matter intake for

lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 95(11):6591-6605.

Alsaied., Alnaimy., Mostafa and Habeeb (2017). Importance of yeast in ruminants

feeding on production& reproduction. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

2(4):49-58.

Andrighetto, I., Bailoni, L ., Cozzi, G. and Berzaghi, P. (1993). Effects of yeast

culture addition on digestion in sheep fed a high concentrate diet. Small

Ruminant Research 12(1):27-34.

Araujo, M.J., Medeiros, A.N., Teixeira, I.A.M.A., Costa, R.G., Marques, C.A.T.,

Resende, K.T and Mel, G.M.P. (2017). Trace mineral requirements for

growth of Moxoto goats grazing in the semiarid region of Brazil. Revista

Brasileira de Zootecnia 46 (3):231-239.

Belal, S. and Obeidat (2017). The effects of feeding olive cake and Saccharomyces

cerevisiae supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and blood

metabolites of Awassi lambs. Animal Feed and Science and Technology

231:131-137.

82

Birthal, P. S. and Taneja, V.K. (2006). Linking Smallholder Livestock Producers to

Markets: Issues and Approaches. Indian Journal of Agriculture Economy

63(1).

Bomba, A., Nemcova, R., Gancarckova, S., Herich, R., Guba, P. and Mudronova, D.

(2002). Improvement of the probiotic effect of micro-organisms by their

combination with maltodextrins, fructo-oligosaccharides and

polyunsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition 1:95-99.

Chademana, L. and Offer, N. W. (1990). The effect of dietary inclusion of yeast

culture on digestion in the sheep. Animal Production 50(3):483-489.

Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Walker, N.D. and Bach, A. (2008). Effects of active dry

yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: Past, present and future. Animal

Feed Science Technology 145:5–26.

Chaucheyras-Durand, F. and Durand, H. (2010). Probiotics in animal nutrition and

health. NCBI Benef Microbes 1(1):3-9.

Chiquette, J .(1995). Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae, used alone or

in combination, as a feed supplement for beef and dairy cattle. Canadian

Journal of Animal Science 75:405-415.

Cole, N.A., Purdy, C.W. and Hutchenson, D.P. (1992). Influence of yeast culture on

feeder calves and lambs. Journal of Animal Science 70(6):1682-90.

Cruywagen, C.W., Jordan, I. and Venter, L. (1996). Effect of Lactobacillus

acidophilus supplementation of milk replacer on pre weaning performance

of calves. Journal of Dairy Science 79:483-486.

Dabiri, N., Babaei, Y.A., Hemati, B., Bahrani, M. and Mahdavi, A. (2016). Effect of

different Levels of Biosaf Probiotic in Diet of Late Pregnant and Lactating

Iranian Zandi Ewes on Growth Performance and Immune System of their

Lambs. Journal of Fisheries and Livestock Production 4:207.

Dallago, B. S.L., Braz, S.V., Marola, C.M., Caldeira, D. F., Campeche, A., Gomas, E.

F., Paim, T.P. and Borger, B.O. (2015). Blood Parameter and Toxicity of

chromium picolinate oral supplementation in lambs. Biological Trace

Element Research 168:91-92.

83

Datta, C., Mondal, M. K. and Biswas, P. (2007). Influence of dietary inorganic and

organic form of copper salt on performance, plasma lipids and nutrient

utilization of Black Bengal (Capra hircus) goat kids. Animal Feed and

Science Technology 135:191-209.

Deaville, E .R. and Galbraith, M. (1992). Effect of dietary protein level and yeast

culture on growth, blood prolactin and mohair fibre characteristics of British

Angora Goats. Health Advance 38(2-3):123-133.

Dezfoulian, A H., Aliarab, I H., Tabatabae, M. M., Zamani, P., Alipour, D., Bahari,

A. and Fadayifar, A. (2012). Influence of different levels and sources of

copper supplementation on performance, some blood parameters, nutrient

digestibility and mineral balance in lambs. Livestock Science 147(1-3):9-19.

Doyle, P.T. and Panday, S.B. (1990). The feeding value of cereal straws for sheep.

Supplementation with minerals or minerals and urea. Animal Feed Science

and Technology 29(1-2):29-43.

Engle, T.E and Spears, J.W. (2000). Effects of dietary copper concentration and

source on performance and copper status of growing and finishing steers.

Journal of Animal Science 78(9):2446-51.

Engle, T.E., Spears, J.W. and Brown, T.T (1999). Effects of Dietary Phosphorous

and Trace Mineral Source on Immune Function, Mineral Status, and

Performance of Stressed Steers. The Professional Animal Scientist

15(4):238-244.

Erasmus, L. J., Botha, P. M. and Kistner, A. (1992). Effect of yeast culture

supplement on production, rumen fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow

in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75:3056- 3065.

Erdman, R.A. and Sharma, B.K. (1989). Effect of Yeast Culture and Sodium

Bicarbonate on Milk Yield and Composition in Dairy Cows. Journal of

Dairy Science 72(8):1929-1932.

Estrada, A., Valdes, Y.S., Carrillo-Muro, O., Castro-Perez, B.I., Barreras, A., Lopez-

Soto, M.A., Plascencia, A., Davila-Ramos, H., Rios, F.G. and Zinn,

R.A. (2013). Effects of feeding different levels of chromium-enriched live

yeast in hairy lambs fed a corn-based diet: effects on growth performance,

84

dietary energetics, carcass traits and visceral organ mass. Animal Production

Science 53(4):308-315.

Fremah, S.A., Ekwamalor, K., Asimah, E.K., Ismail, H. and Worku, M. (2017). Effect

of probiotic supplementation on growth and global gene expression in dairy

cows. Journal of applied animal research 46(1):257-263.

Fouladgar, S., Foroozandah, A D., Ghalamkani, G.R., Khani, M. and Erickson, P.S.

(2016). Performance of Holstein calves fed whole milk with or without kefir.

Journal of Dairy Science 99(10):8081-8089.

Gaggia, F., Mattarelli, P., Biavati, B. (2010). Probiotic and prebiotics in animal

feeding for safe food production. International Journal of Food

Microbiology 141:15-28.

Garg, A.K., Mudgal., Vishal and Das, R.S. (2008). Effect of organic zinc

supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization and mineral profile in lambs.

Animal Feed Science and Technology 144(1-2):2009-2014.

Ghani, A.E.I.A.A. (2004). Influence of diet supplementation with yeast culture

(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance of Zaraibi goats. Small

Ruminant Research 52:22.

Ghazanfar, S., Anjum, M.I., Azim, A. and Ahmed, I. (2015). Effect of dietary

supplementation of yeast culture on growth performance, blood parameters,

nutrient digestibility & fecal flora of dairy heifers The Journal of Animal

and Plant Sciences 25(1):53-59.

Gresakova, L., Cobanova, K. and Faix. (2013). Selenium retention in lambs fed diets

supplemented with selenium from inorganic or organic sources. Small

ruminant research 111(1-3):76-82.

Haddad, S.G. and Goussous, S.N. (2005). Effect of yeast culture supplementation on

nutrient intake, digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs.

Animal Feed Science and Technology 118:343–348.

Hadjipanayiotou., Miltiades, A.I. and Photiou, A. (1997). Effects of the inclusion of

yeast culture on the performance of dairy ewes and goats and the

degradation of feedstuffs. Livestock Production Science 48:129-134.

85

He, Z.X., Ferlisi, B., Eckert, E., Brown H.E., Aguilar, A. and Steele, M.A. (2017).

Supplementing a yeast probiotic to pre-weaning Holstein calves: Feed

intake, growth and fecal biomarkers of gut health. Animal Feed Science and

Technology 226:81-87.

Hinman, D., Sorenson, S.J., Moment, P.A., Albin, R. and Cole, N.A. (1998). Effect of

Yeast Culture on Steer Performance, Apparent Diet Digestibility, and

Carcass Measurements When Used in a Barley and Potato Finishing Diet.

The Professional Animal Scientist 14(3):173-177.

ISI. (1963). Indian standard specification for mutton and goat flesh. Fresh, chilled and

frozen. IS 2536. Bureau of Indian Standard Institution, New Delhi, India

ISI. (1964). Method of Determination of wool fibre Content of Raw wool. 15: 2899,

1965 Manak Bhawan, 9 Mahtura Road. New Delhi.

ISI. (1965). Method of Determination of per centage of medullation febers in wool.

15 :2899, 1965 Manak Bhawan, 9 Mathura Road. New Delhi.

IWTO. (1967). Specification of test methods (prepared by the sub- committee for the

test methods and values adopted by the International Wool Textile

Organization Technical Committee) published by the International Wool

Secretariate, Research Deprtment Garlton Gardens, London, S. W. I.

Issakowicz, J., Buenom, M.S., Sampaio, A.C.K. and Duarte, K.M.R. (2013). Effect

of concentrate level and live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

supplementation on Texel lambs performance and carcass characteristics

Livestock Science 155(1): 44-52.

Jia,W.B., Jia, Z.H., Zhang, W., Wang, R. L., Zhang, S. W. and Zhu, X. P. (2009).

Effects of dietary zinc on performance, nutrient digestibility and plasma zinc

status in Cashmere goats. Small Ruminant Research 80:68-72.

Jouany, J.P. (2006). Optimizing rumen functions in the close-up transition period

and early lactation to drive dry matter intake and energy balance in cows.

Animal Reproduction Science 96:250-264.

Kamal, R., Dutt, T., Singh, M., Kamra, D.N., Patel, M., Choudhary, L.C., Agarwal

N., Kumar, S. and Islam, M. (2013). Effect of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae

(NCDC-49) supplementation on growth performance and rumen

fermentation pattern in local goat. Journal of Applied Animal Research

41(3):285-288.

86

Kamel, H.E.M., Waziry, A.M.E.I. and Sekine, J. (2000). Effect of Saccharomyces

cerevisae on fibre Digestion and Ruminal Fermentation in Sheep Fed

Berseem Hay as a sole. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 13:139-

142.

Karim, S.A., Singh, M. and Rai, A.K. (1984). Performance of crossbred weaned

lambs under hot environmental conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Science

54: 1087-1090.

Karim, S. A. and Rawat, P. S. (1996). Growth performance of native and crossbred

weaner lambs under intensive feeding. Indian Journal of Animal Science

66:830-832.

Kaushish, S. K., Rawat, P. S. and Sharma, S. C. (1990). Performance of native sheep

(Malpura) and its crosses with Avikalin under semi arid conditions. World

Revolution Animal Production 25(1):43-46.

Kawas, J.R., Garcia, R., Fimbres, H., Garza, F., Hernandes, J.F.G. and Olivares, E.

(2007). Effects of sodium bicarbonate and yeast on nutrient intake,

digestibility, and ruminal fermentation of light-weight lambs fed finishing

diets. Small Ruminant Research 67(2-3):149-156.

Kumar, R., Singh, D.R., Arya, P. and Kumar, A. (2015). Sheep Production System in

Rajasthan. Sheep, wool and meat. Biotech Articles

http//www.biotecharticles.com/Agriculture- Article/ 3774.html.

Kumawat, S., Patel, A.K., Goswami, S.C., Kumar, V. and Saini ,N. (2016). Effect of

supplementary feeding on haemato-biochemical and wool character of

magra lambs in hot arid zone.The Indian Journal of Small Ruminants

23(2):272.

Lesmeister, K.E., Heinrichs, A.J. and Gabler, M.T. (2004). Effects of supplemental

yeast (SC) culture on rumen development, growth character, and blood

parameters in neonatal dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 87(6):1832-9.

Malik, R. and Bandla, S. (2010). Effect of source and dose of probiotics and

exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on intake, feed efficiency, and growth

of male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Tropical Animal Health

Production 42(6) 1263-1269.

87

Maragkoudakis, P.A., Mountzouiris, K.C., Rosu, C., Zoumpopulou, G.,

Papadimitriou, K., Dalaka, E., Hadjiprtrou, A., Theofamous, G., Strozzi,

G.P., Carlini, N., Zervos, G. and Tsakalidou, E. (2010). Feed

Supplementation of Lactobacillus Plantarum PCA 236 modulates gut

microbiota and milk fatty acid composition in dairy goats. Internationl

Journal of Food Microbiology 141 (1):109-116.

Matusi, T. (2002). Relationship between mineral availabilities and dietary phytate in

animals. Animal Science Journal 73(1).

Mehta, S.C., Singh, V.K., Parthasarathy, S. and Chopra, S.K. (1998). Subjective and

objective luster evaluation in Magra breed of sheep. Indian Journal of

Animal Sciences 68(1):91-92.

Mikulec, Z., Masek,T., Habrun, B., Valpoti ikulec, H., Maek, T., Habrun, B. and

Valpoti, H. (2010). Influence of live yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

supplementation to the diet of fattening lambs on growth performance and

rumen bacterial number. Veterinary Archive 80:695-703.

Miller-Webster, T., Hoover, W.H., Holt, M. and Noce, J.E. (2002). Influence of

Yeast Culture on Ruminal Microbial Metabolism in Continuous Culture.

Journal of Dairy Science 85(8):2009-2014.

NRC. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervide, and

New World Camelids. National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington,

DC, USA.

Naderi, N. (2015). Influence of nutrition supplementation on the seasonal change in

fiber growth and skin follicle activity in both male and female Sanjabi

lambs. Small Ruminant research 123(1)103-109.

Nagaraja, T.G., Newbold, C.J., Van Nevel, C.J. and Demeyer, D.I. (1997).

Manipulation of ruminal fermentation. The rumen microbial ecosystem 523-

632.

Naqvi, S.M.K. and Rai, A.K. (1990). Effect of nutritional stress on wool yield,

characteristics and efficiency of feed conversion to wool. Livestock

Research For Rural Development 2:2.

88

Newbold, C.J., Brock, R. and Wallace, R.J. (1992). The effect of Aspergillus

oryzae fermentation extract on the growth of fungi and ciliate protozoa in

the rumen. Journal of Applied Microbiology 15(3):109–112.

Newbold, C.J., Wallace, R.J. and McIntosh, F. M. (1996). Mode of action of the

yeast, Saccharomyces cervisiae as a feed additives for ruminants. British

Journal of Nutrition 76:249-261.

Pal, K., Paul, S.K., Biswas., Patra, A.K., Bhunia, T. and Pakhira, M.C. (2010).

Responses of addition of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from rice

distillers grains with solubles with or without trace minerals on the

performance of Black Bengal kids. Small Ruminant Research 94(1–3):45-

52.

Pastrana, R., McDowell, L.R., Conrad, J.H. and Wilkinson, N.S. (1991). Mineral

status of sheep in the Paramo region of Colombia. Small Ruminant Research

123(1).

Pienaar, G.H., Einkamerer, O.B., Vander Merwe, H.J. and Fair, M.D.(2015). The

effect of an active live yeast product on the digestibility of finishing diets

for lambs. Small Ruminant Research 123(1)8-12.

Ratan , R. (2004). Nutrition and feeding management of sheep for wool production.

In: Proceedings of National Seminar on Opportunities and challenges in

nutrition and feeding management of sheep, goat and rabbit for sustainable

production. Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar

(Rajasthan), February 10-12, 123-32.

Raval, A.P., Gami, Y.M. and Bhagwat, S.R. (2012). Probiotics supplementation on

production performance and Economics of lactating Kankrej cows. Indian

Journal of Animal Production Management 28(3-4):242-244.

Robinson, P.H. and Erasmus, L. (2009). Effects of analyzable diet components on

responses of lactating dairy cows to Saccharomyces cerevisiae based yeast

products: A systematic review of the literature. Health Advance 149(3-

4):185-198.

Rufino, L.D.A., Peireira, O.G., Riberio, K.G., Valadares, S.C., Cavali J.and Paulino

P.V.R. (2013). Effect of substitution of soybean meal for inactive dry yeast

on diet digestibility, lambs growth and meat quality. Small Ruminant

Research 111(1–3):56–62.

89

Ryder, M.L. and Stephenson, S.K. (1968). „Wool growth‟. (Academic press, London).

Sales, J. (2011). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on ruminal

parameters, nutrient digestibility and growth in sheep. A meta-analysis Small

Ruminant Research 100(1):19-29.

Santillo, A., Albenzio, M., Bevilacqua A., Corbo, M.R. and Sevi, A. (2012).

Encapsulation of probiotic lamb bacteria in rennet paste: Effects on the

quality of Pecorino cheese. Journal of Dairy Science 95(7):3489-3500.

Santra, A. and Karim, S. (2003). Rumen Manipulation to Improve Animal

Productivity. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 16(5):748-763.

Satyanarayana, T., Narain, J. and Bhavdish. (2012). Microorganisms in Sustainable

Agriculture and Biotechnology. Springer Science and Business media: 429.

Shankpal, S., Parnerker, S. and Bhanderi, B.M. (2016). Effect of feeding bypass

fat& yeast supplemented total mixed ration on feed intake, digestibility,

growth performance & feed conversion efficiency in weaner Surti kids.

Livestock Research International 4(1):11-17.

Shinde, A.K., Sankhyan, S.K., Kumar, D. and Regar, R.K. (2003). Effects of

supplementation of copper and zinc on nutrient intake utilization, blood

profile, wool and semen quality of Malpura rams. Indian Journal of Small

Ruminants 9(2):96-99.

Silva, A.M.A., Santos, E.M.D., Filho, J.M.P., Bakke, O.A., Neto, S.G.

and Costa

R.G.D. (2010). Body composition and nutritional requirements of protein

and energy for body weight gain of lambs browsing in a tropical semiarid

region. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39 (1).

Smeti, S., Joy, M., Hajji, H., Alabart, J.L., Munoz, F. and Mahouachi, M. (2015).

Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L.essential oils supplementation on

digestion, colostrum production of dairy ewes and lamb mortality and

growth. Animal Science Journal 86(7):679-88.

Snedecor, G.W. and Chochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical methods, 8th

Edition. The

lowa State University Press, Ames, lowa, U.S.A.

90

Starks, P. B., Hale, W.H., Garrigus, U.S. and Forbes, R.M. (1953). The utilization of

feed nitrogen by lambs as effected by elemental sulphur. Journal of Animal

Science 12:480-491.

Tawab, M.M. Abd, El., Youssef, I.M.I., Bakr, H.A., Fthenakis, G.C. and Giadinis,

N.D. (2016). Role of probiotics in nutrition and health of small ruminants.

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19(4): 890.

Timmerman, H.M., Mulder, L., Everts, H., Van Esper, D.C., Vanderwal, E., Klaassen,

G., Rovers, S.M., Hartemink, R., Rombouts, F.M. and Beynen, A.C. (2005).

Health and growth of veal calves fed milk replacers with or without

probiotics. Journal of Dairy Science 88(6):2154-65.

Titi, H.H., Dmour, R.O. and Abdullah, A.Y. (2008). Growth performance and carcass

characteristics of Awassi lambs and Shami goat kids fed yeast culture in

their finishing diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology 142:33–43.

Toghyani, M., Mosavi, S., Modaresi, M. and Landy, N. (2015). Evaluation of kefir

as a potential probiotic on growth performance, serum biochemistry and

immune responses in broiler chicks. Animal Nutrition 1(4):305-309.

Tripathi , M.K. and Karim, S.A. (2010). Effect of individual and mixed live yeast

culture feeding on growth performance, nutrient utilization and microbial

crude protein synthesis in lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology

155(2–4): 163-171.

Tripathi, M.K. and Karim, S.A. (2011). Effect of yeast cultures supplementation on

live weight change, rumen fermentation, ciliate protozoa population,

microbial hydrolytic enzymes status and slaughtering performance of

growing lamb. Livestock Science 135(1):17-25.

Uyeno, Y., Akiyama, K., Hasunuma, T., Yamamoto, H., Yokokawa, H., Yamaquchi,

T., Kawashima, K., Itoh, M., Kushibiki, S. and Hirako, M. (2016). Effects of

supplementing an active dry yeast product on rumen microbial community

composition and on subsequent rumen fermentation of lactating cows in the

mid-to-late lactation period. Animal Science Journal 88(1):119–124.

Vohra, A., Syal, P. and Madan, A. (2016). Probiotic yeasts in livestock sector. Animal

Feed Science and Technology 219:31-42.

91

Vosooghi-poostindoz, V., Forough, A.R., Delkhoroshan, A. and Ghaffar, M.H.

(2014). Effects of different levels of protein with or without probiotic on

growth performance and blood metabolite responses during pre- and post-

weaning phases in male Kurdi lambs. Small Ruminant Research 117(1):1-9.

Yirga, H. (2015). The Use of Probiotics in Animal Nutrition. Journal of Probiotics

and Health 3:132.

Zhu, W., Wei, Z., Xu, N., Yang, F., Yoon, I., Chung, Y. and Wang, J. (2017). Effects

of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on performance and

rumen fermentation and microbiota in dairy cows fed a diet containing low

quality forage. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 8(36).

19 Livestock census (2012) All India report ministry of agriculture Department of

Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi –

110001.

92

ABSTRACT

(ENGLISH &

HINDI)

93

STUDY ON EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF LAMBS IN ARID

ZONE OF RAJASTHAN

Department of Livestock Production Management College of Veterinary& Animal Science,

Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Bikaner (Rajasthan) 334001

Scholar : Nupur Chandel Major Advisor: Dr. S.C.Goswami

ABSTRACT

A feeding trial was conducted in arid zone of Rajasthan to evaluate the effect

of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation with different live yeast

concentration and with or without minerals on growth and production performance of

lambs, wool quality parameters and comparative economics.

An experiment was performed on 18 Bikaneri chokla lambs of same age group

(4-5 months) and uniform conformation were randomly divided into 3 groups of six

animals in each and allotted T1, T2 and T3 group. T1 group (Control group) which was

kept on grazing with basal diet, T2 group (Grazing + basal diet with probiotic live

yeast concentration 100 billion CFU supplementation) and T3 group (Grazing + basal

diet with probiotic live yeast concentration 1.5 billion CFU plus mineral

supplementation) is given at the rate of 3g/day/animal in both the treatment groups.

The effect of probiotic and probiotic with mineral supplementation were made

by determination of body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, body length, body

height, heart girth, abdominal girth, wool characteristics and lastly comparative

economics of the different type of supplementation.

Highly significant effect (p<0.01) were observed on body weight, weekly

average weight gain, feed conversion ratio and body length of probiotic

supplementation with more live yeast culture concentration and of wool parameters

highly significant effect (p<0.01) on medullation, hairy and pure per cent of probiotic

with less live yeast concentration with minerals were observed. Net profit for

additional mutton production per animal is more in T2 group animals supplemented

with more live yeast culture concentration compare to T3 group animals supplemented

with less live yeast culture concentration plus minerals. The results obtained from the

comparative study of two supplementary feeding infered that probiotic

supplementation with 100 billion live yeast culture concentration is economical than

probiotic supplementation with 1.5 billion live yeast culture plus minerals.

The findings of present study in respect with all parameters included in study

indicated that incorporation of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae as feed

94

supplement could be effectively use in the ration of lambs to improve growth and

production performance.

95

96

jktLFkku ds 'kq"d {ks= esa HksM+ ds cPpksa ds fodkl vkSj mRiknu ds

izn'kZu ij izksck;ksfVd iwjd dk v/;;u

i'kq/ku mRiknu izca/ku foHkkx

Ik’kq fpfdRlk ,oa Ik’kq foKku egkfo|ky;

jktLFkku Ik’kqfpfdRlk vkSj Ik’kq foKku fo’ofo|ky;] chdkusj&334001

'kks/kdrkZ % uqiqj pUnsy

eq[; lekns"Vk% MkW- ,l lh xksLokeh

vuq{ksi.k

jktLFkku ds 'kq"d {ks= esa izksck;ksfVd iwjd dk fofHkUu l?kurk o [kfut inkFkZ ds

feJ.k dk ewY;kdu djus ds fy, HksM+ ds cPpksa ij iz;ksx fd;k x;kA ftlesa 18 leku mez

¼vkSlru 4&5 ekg½ ds cPpksa dks rhu lewg esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k] T1 ¼fu;a=.k lewg½ tks

fo'ks"k :i ls pjkbZ o vk/kkjh; vkgkj ij j[kk x;k] T2 lewg&pjkbZ o vk/kkjh; vkgkj ,oa

izksck;ksfVd iwjd&ftlesa thoUr ;hLV dh l?kurk 100 vjc gS vkSj T3 lewg&pjkbZ o

vk/kkjh; vkgkj ,oa izksck;ksfVd iwjd&ftlesa thoUr ;hLV dh l?kurk 15 vjc gS o [kfut

inkFkZ dk fu;a=.kl gSA

vuqiwjd izksck;ksfVd iwjd dk izHkko 'kjhj ds otu] vkSlr nSfud o`f)] :ikUrfjr

[kkn~; vuqikr vkSj 'kkjhfjd ifjekiksa] Åu fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj var esa nks vuqiwjd [kkn~;

ifjf'k"V dh vFkZO;oLFkk xf.kr dh xbZA

'kjhj ds otu] vkSlr nSfud o`f)] :ikUrfjr [kkn~; vuqikr o 'kjhj yEckbZ esa

izHkkoh varj ¼P<0.01½ T2 lewg ds tkuojksa esa mipkjksa ds dkj.k ik;k x;kA

Åu fo'ks"krkvksa esa esMqys'ku] cky o 'kq| izfr'kr esa izHkkoh varj ¼P<0.01½ T3 lewg

ds tkuojksa esa ik;k x;k ftlesa izksck;ksfVd iwjd dh thoUr ;hLV dh l?kurk 1-5 vjc o

[kfut inkFkZ dk fu;a=.k gSA

izfr i'kq vfrfjDr eVu mRiknu ds fy, 'kq) ykHk T2 lewg ds tkuojksa esa vf/kd

ik;k x;k ftlesa [kkn~ iwjd ds thoUr ;hLV dh l?kurk vf/kd gS rFkk T3 lewg ds

tkuojksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ik;k x;kA

okLrfod ykHk izfr fdyksxzke izksck;ksfVd o [kfut feJ.k ls T;knk Fkk] tks ;g

funZsf"kr djrk gS fd izksck;ksfVd&thoUr ;hLV ¼100 vjc½] izksck;ksfVd&thoUr ;hLV ¼1-5

vjc½ o [kfut feJ.k dh rqyuk esa fdQk;rh gS vkSj HksM+ mRiknu ds fy, O;kogkfjd vkSj

fdQk;rh fodYi gSA

97