Master Of Design - Thesis at Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India

8/2/2019 Master Of Design - Thesis at Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/master-of-design-thesis-at-indian-institute-of-technology-kanpur-india 1/152

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:/: Aov|cfygvaco vc Fawjwvi| Eava`jvaco ao Aofaj /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :

:/< X|iwiov Wgioj|ac////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7

:/7 Clbigva}i ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =

:/6 X|cxcwif Eivdcfckc`q /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =

Gdjxvi| < //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 4

</: Wvyfqao` Xcwv Fawjwvi| Wgioj|acw //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 4

</:/: Fimaoavacow /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 4

</:/< Yx`|jfao` ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ::

</< Wqwview cm viexc|j|q wdikvi|w ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :<

</7 Wy|}a}c|w‑ X|ac|avaiw $Itxigvjvacow! //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :7

</6 Wavi wikigvaco g|avi|aj mc| Viexc|j|q Wdikvi|w /////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :7

</6/: Oyeli| cm |imyìiw //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :7

</6/< Myogvacojkavq //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :6

</6/7 Aom|jwv|ygvy|i ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :6

</6/6 Gcoma`y|jvaco /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :6

</6/9 Jggiwwalakavq ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :6

</9 @yafikaoiw ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :9

Gdjxvi| 7 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :=

7/: Yofi|wvjofao` Aofajo Fawjwvi| Eava`jvaco Immc|vw ////////////////////////////////////////////////// :=

7/< Ldyb Ij|vdzyjni cm <88:///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :=

7/7 Mcgyw @|cyx Fawgywwaco ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :0



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7/6 Fjvj Gckkigvaco //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :4

7/9 Raj|jv Ij|vdzyjni cm <884/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// <7

7/= Gcexj|jva}i Wvyfq cm itawvao` viexc|j|q wdikvi|w //////////////////////////////////////////////// <=

7/=/: Gjwi Coi /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// <0

7/=/< Gjwi Vpc/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// <1

7/=/7 Gjwi Vd|ii //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7:

7/=/6 Gjwi Mcy| ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 77

7/=/9 Gjwi Ma}i /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 79

7/=/= Gjwi Wat ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 70

7/=/0 Gjwi Wi}io //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 71

Gdjxvi| 6 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 6:

6/: Wgcxi cm vdi x|cbigv /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 6:

6/< C}i|}aip //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 6:

6/7 Xkjooao` ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 67

6/7/: Gcovitv //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 67

6/7/< Jwwiwweiov ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 67

6/7/7 @c}i|ojogi ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 67

6/7/6 Myofao` //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 66

6/7/9 Lioimagaj|q wikigvaco /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 66

6/7/= Eivdcfw cm jwwawvjogi ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 66

6/7/0 Xj|voi|wdaxw ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 69

6/7/4 Ojvy|jk djrj|fw /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 69

6/7/1 X|c`|jeei xkjo ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 6=

6/6 Fiwaò ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 6=

6/6/: Wavi wikigvaco jof wy|}iqw /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 6=

6/6/< Kjof vioy|i ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 60

6/6/7 Xdqwagjk xkjooao` ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 60

6/6/6 Zyjkavq ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 606/6/9 Vqxiw cm fixkcqeiov /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 64



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6/6/= Io}a|coeiov //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 64

6/6/0 Fawjwvi| |awn |ifygvaco ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 61

6/6/4 Fiwaò cm wdikvi|w //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 61

6/6/1 Fiwaò cm wgdcckw jof dijkvd giovi|w ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 616/6/:8 X|cbigv xkjo //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 98

6/9 X|cfygvaco jof Fixkcqeiov ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 9:

6/9/: Eivdcfw cm Aexkieiovjvaco /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 9:

6/9/< X|cbigv ejojìeiov /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 9:

6/9/7 Ejvi|ajkw jof kcàwvagw ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 9<

6/9/6 Pc|nejowdax ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 9<

6/9/9 Djofc}i| ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 97

Gdjxvi| 9 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 96

Fiwaò X|cgiww //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 96

9/: Jmmaoavq Faj`|je//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 96

9/< L|jaowvc|eao` /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 99

9/7 X|cgiww Mkcp ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 9=

9/6 Afijvaco //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =7

9/9 Gcogixv @ioi|jvaco ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =6

9/9/: Gcogixv : ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =6

9/9/< Gcogixv < ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =0

9/9/7 Gcogixv 7 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 08

9/= Jvv|alyviw Jojkqwaw //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 0<

9/0 X|cvcvqxi X|ixj|jvaco ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 48

9/0/: Wgjkif X|cvcvqxi ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 48

9/0/< Fiwaò Gceeyoagjvaco //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 49



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Gdjxvi| = ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 41

Liqcof Wdikvi|2 Fi}ikcxao` j Wivvkieiov Wv|jvi`q /////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 41

=/: Wavi Xkjooao` /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 41

=/< Wavi Xkjooao` % Xdjwi Coi ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 1:

=/</: Ejwvi| Xkjo mc| Xdjwi Coi /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 1<

=/</< Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je cm x|i%|iàwvi|if ywi|w ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// 17

=/</7 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je cm oip ywi|w ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 16

=/</6 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| wyxxkq jìogaiw /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 19

=/</9 Xcwavacow cm wigy|avq xcwvw ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 1=

=/7 Ga|gykjvaco Kjqcyv % Xdjwi Coi //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 10

=/6 Wavi Xkjooao` % Xdjwi Vpc //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 11

=/6/: Ejwvi| Xkjo mc| Xdjwi Vpc ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :87

=/6/< Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| x|i%|iàwvi|if ywi|w ////////////////////////////////////////////////// :86

=/6/7 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| oip ywi|w ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :89

=/6/6 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| }ykoi|jlki `|cyxw ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// :8=

=/6/9 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| wyxxkq jìogaiw ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :80

=/6/= Xcwavacow cm wigy|avq gdign xcwvw //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :84

=/6/0 Ocawq # Zyaiv J|ijw ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :81

=/6/4 Wavi Jgcywvagw Wgioj|ac //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ::8

=/6/1 Oip Iov|jov‑w ]awaco /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :::

Gdjxvi| 0 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ::<

Gcogkywaco ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ::<

Myvy|i Wgcxi cm Pc|n /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ::7

Jxxiofat % :////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ::9

Zyiwvacooja|i //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ::9

Jxxiofat % <////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ::1

Xkjviw cm Gcogixvyjkarjvaco/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ::1

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Kawv cm Xkjviw ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :79

Kawv cm Ma`y|iw//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :7=

@kcwwj|q //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :74



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mcyof aojfizyjvi ecwv cm vdi vaei/ C}i| vdi kjwv figjfi+ jgva}avaiw |ikjvif vc

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cm ojvy|jk fawjwvi|w ao x|jgvagi/ Ao vi|ew cm x|ac|avaiw mc| fawjwvi| ejojìeiov+ pi

maof vdjv vdi jkkcgjvaco cm maojogajk |iwcy|giw lq vdi @c}i|oeiov $iwxigajkkq vdi

Giov|jk @c}i|oeiov! mc| kco`%vi|e eijwy|iw mc| eava`jvaco jof x|ixj|ifoiww djw

liio }i|q kavvki+ i}io fy|ao` vdi kjwv figjfi ao pdagd Aofaj wyxxcwifkq djw gdjoìf

avw jxx|cjgd vcpj|fw fawjwvi| ejojìeiov/ Ao vdi |igiov `yafikaoiw cm vdi Giov|jk

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vdcwi co`cao` @c}i|oeiov%myofif x|cbigvw pdagd dj}i j xcviovajk mc| fawjwvi| |awn

|ifygvaco+ jof aogkywaco cm fawjwvi| eava`jvaco ikieiovw aovc vdi co`cao` x|cbigvw

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lq Aovi|ojvacojk Wv|jvi`q mc| Fawjwvi| \ifygvaco $YO#AWF\! jof vdi Giov|i mc|

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m|ce vdi itxi|aiogiw cm vdi xjwv fawjwvi|w/ Di|i gceiw j oiif cm fiwaòao` xcwv

fawjwvi| viexc|j|q wdikvi|w jof j gcexkivi igcwqwvie mc| Aofajo wgioj|acw pavd j

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jof gceeaveiov co vdi xj|v cm vdi `c}i|oeiov mc| x|i}iovaco cm jof eava`jvao`

kcwwiw m|ce ojvy|jk fawjwvi|w/

Vjlki :/: % Ojvy|jk Fawjwvi|w cggy||if ao |iwxigva}i gcyov|aiw



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cm vdi Aofajo @c}i|oeiov/ Ao j gcyov|q kani Aofaj+ pdi|i vdi xcxykjvaco fiowavq aw

da`d gcexj|if vc cvdi| ojvacow+ vdi oyeli| cm ka}ikadccfw vdjv ìv jmmigvif lq j

ojvy|jk fawjwvi| aw jkwc ligcei da`d/ Vdaw aw jocvdi| |ijwco vdjv vdi eava`jvaco xkjo

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j wjmi fawvjogi m|ce vdi wavi cm fjejì/ Vdi xicxki j|i vdio wdamvif vc vdiwi xkjgiw

ao j `|jfyjk ejooi|/ Ma|wv jafw jof cvdi| jeioavaiw jkco` pavd vdi fawv|alyvaco cm

mccf jof gkcvdao` j|i j||joìf di|i/ Ywyjkkq mccvljkk c| g|agniv `|cyofw c| joq

cvdi| xkjao mkjv j|ijw j|i gdcwio pdaki wgdcckw jof cvdi| wygd kj|ì wxjgiw j|i vdi

wigcof cxvaco/ Pdio vdi xicxki j|i vjnio gj|i cm ao vdaw ejooi| vdi fixkcqeiov cm

vdi viexc|j|q wdikvi| wdcykf dj}i li`yo/ Vdi `c}i|oeiov wvj|vw v|jowxc|vao` vdi

viovw c| joq cvdi| |izya|if ejvi|ajk m|ce avw ao}iovc|q ao vdi oij|iwv kcgjkavq/

Eijopdaki av ejq jkwc gcovjgv cvdi| O@Cw jof x|a}jvi c|`joarjvacow vc gcov|alyvi

pavd ejvi|ajk c| joq wygd |izya|ieiov/ Vdi oitv wvjì ao vdi xkjo aw vc xkjo jof

wivyx vdi wdikvi|w ao vdi jwwaòif j|ij/ Di|i vdi `c}i|oeiov ejq dj}i dyejo

|iwcy|giw v|jowmi||if mc| vdaw xy|xcwi c| ejq ywi xicxki ao vdi kcgjkavq mc| vdaw

xy|xcwi/

Ao j fawjwvi| wgioj|ac+ vdi|i j|i j oyeli| cm pjqw ao pdagd vdaw xkjo aw fawvy|lif/

Vdi ma|wv jof ecwv gceeco xdioceioco aw gceeyoagjvaco l|ijnfcpo ligjywi cm

vikixdcoi gjlkiw jof ikigv|agjk gjlkiw liao` gyv c| yoij|vdif/ Gceeyoagjvaco

mjaky|i faw|yxvw joq wc|v cm xkjooao` jof fixkcqeiov immc|vw |a`dv m|ce vdi wvj|v/

Vdi wigcof x|clkie aw vdjv cm aovi||yxvif fixkcqeiov ligjywi cm gcoìwvif

|cjfpjqw jof cvdi| wygd yopj||jovif fikjqw/ Vdaw x|clkie aw jvvioyjvif lq vdi

mjgv vdjv vdi wivvkieiovw oiif kj|ì gcovjaoi|w vc li v|jowxc|vif pdagd j|i ocv

ywyjkkq gcofyga}i mc| Aofajo v|jmmag gcofavacow/ Jof maojkkq pdio vdi jmmigvif j|ij

aw |ijgdif vdi|i aw jkwc j oiif cm j kj|ì| wvc|jì xkjgi mc| vdiwi lyknq

gcovjaoeiovw/ Cm gcy|wi vdi|i j|i cvdi| x|clkiew kani aex|cxi| xkjooao`+ |yllkigckkigvaco+ kjgn cm zyjkamaif eifagjk dikx jof aowvjogiw cm }ackiogi/



Xjì { =

Dcpi}i| wcei cm vdi x|clkiew gjo li eiv am vdi wivvkieiov avwikm aw |ifiwaòif/ Ao

wcei gjwiw vdi xicxki ao vdi jmmigvif j|ij i|igv viexc|j|q wdikvi|w pavd j}jakjlki

ejvi|ajk kani a|co wdiivw+ vj|xjykao jof vdi kani/ Jo cxxc|vyoavq mc| wcyof }jkyi

jffavaco vc vdi wyxxkq gdjao jof livvi| ka}ao` gcofavacow mc| vdi v|jyejvag }agvaew

aw afiovamaif co clwi|}ao` vdi x|iwiov eava`jvaco xkjo ao jgvaco/

:/7 Clbigva}i

Jmvi| wvyfqao` vdi ywjì wgioj|ac jof wcei ywi| `|cyxw vdi clbigva}i cm vdi vdiwaw

djw liio |imaoif vc jff|iww vdi xcviovajk ij|vdzyjni jmmigvif xcxykjgi cm vdi

gcyov|q/ Vdi x|clkie afiovamaif aw vdi viexc|j|q wivvkieiov jkkcvvif vc vdie/ Jdyì cxxc|vyoavq aw afiovamaif ao fiwaòao` vdiwi wdikvi|w pdagd pcykf `|ijvkq

aex|c}i vdi ka}ao` gcofavacow cm vdi }agvaew/ J gceeco xdioceioco vdjv djxxiow

ao cy| gcyov|q aw vdjv xicxki iof yx ywao` vdiwi wivvkieiovw mc| jw kco` jw j qij|+

pdaki vdiq pi|i fiwaòif vc eiiv vdia| oiif co j viexc|j|q ljwaw $7 vc 4 piinw!/

Jocvdi| cxxc|vyoavq aw vdjv vdi fiwaò gcykf jgvyjkkq jaf ao vdi v|jowxc|vjvaco cm

vdi wdikvi| avwikm jw pikk jw vdia| wyxxkq gdjao pdagd gcykf li wdc|vioif ijwakq/

:/6 X|cxcwif Eivdcfckc`q

Vc fiwaò j viexc|j|q wdikvi| pdagd pakk gjvi| vdi xcwv fawjwvi| ejojìeiov ao

Aofaj+ j kj|ì fy|jvaco cm vdi x|cbigv aw fifagjvif vc ywi| |iwij|gd jof wavi }awav mc|

yofi|wvjofao` vdi vcxag pavd |iwxigv vc Aofajo gcovitv/ X|ac| vc vdjv pdjv aw liao`

fcoi ao xcwv fawjwvi| wgioj|acw pc|kfpafi djf vc li wvyfaif/ Av dikxif vc gcei

fcpo vc gcogkywacow pdagd my|vdi| dikxif ao figafao` vdi x|cgiww vc yofi|wvjof vdi

Aofajo fawjwvi| eava`jvaco immc|vw/

Vdaw aw mckkcpif lq vdi jojkqwaw cm gjwi wvyfq cm Ldyb+ Aofaj pdagd aw gcex|awif cm

itv|jgvw cm itviowa}i aovi|}aipw jof wavi jojkqwaw/ Vdio+ vc dj}i j l|cjfi|

nocpkifì cm vdi itawvao` viexc|j|q wdikvi|w+ wcei gcogixvw jof mip wdikvi|w

pdagd dj}i liio fixkcqif co fawjwvi| waviw dj}i liio jojkqrif/



Xjì { 0

Wvyfqao` xcwv

Fawjwvi|Wgioj|acw

Yofi|wvjofao`

Aofajo Fawjwvi|Eava`jvaco immc|vw

Jojkqrao` vdi

Gjwi Wvyfaiw

WvyfqaoÌtawvao`Gcogixvw

Ejvi|ajk Wvyfq aoAofajo Gcovitv

Gcogixv@ioi|jvaco

Ecgnyxw jofX|cvcvqxao`

Itxi|vw'Miifljgn

Fiwaò\imaoieiov jof

Maojkarjvaco

Vjlki :/7 % X|cxcwif Eivdcfckc`q mc| vdi x|cbigv



Xjì { 4

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</: Wvyfqao` Xcwv Fawjwvi| Wgioj|acw

Vdi Yoavif Ojvacow djw mc|eykjvif j @yafao` X|aogaxki mc| aovi|ojkkq fawxkjgif

xicxki ao :114/ Vdaw `yafikaoi djw liio mc|eykjvif ljwif co j wvyfq cm

dyejoavj|ajo oiifw mc| xicxki pdc j|i fawxkjgif fyi vc ojvy|jk c| xckavagjk

|ijwcow/ Jkvdcy`d av ejaokq fijkw pavd vdi dyejoavj|ajo |a`dvw cm xicxki pdc dj}i

liio fawxkjgif+ av x|c}afiw }jkyjlki aoxyvw jlcyv vdia| oiifw jof vdi x|cxcwif

ywjì wgioj|acw/

Vdi `yafikaoi wjqw %

—Jkk aovi|ojkkq fawxkjgif xi|wcow dj}i vdi |a`dv vc jo jfizyjvi wvjofj|f cm ka}ao`/‑ ^</:U

Jw av wjqw+ pdjvi}i| vdi wgioj|ac aw+ |i`j|fkiww cm wgjki cm vdi fawjwvi| ijgd

jmmigvif dyejo pakk dj}i vc li x|c}afif pavd jo jfizyjvi jecyov cm ljwag oiifw

}ar/ mccf+ gkcvdiw+ eifagjk jwwawvjogi am oiifif jof j wxjgi vc ka}i % j wdikvi|/

Mc| vdi |ijwco+ limc|i vdaonao` jlcyv vdi wckyvaco % coi wdcykf nocp vdjv pdjvnaof cm x|clkie av aw jof pdjv gcowizyiogiw av pakk dj}i+ xcwv fawjwvi| wgioj|acw

dj}i liio wvyfaif vdc|cy`dkq/ Vdi cyvgcei cm vdi wvyfq aw fawgywwif ao vdi

mckkcpao` wigvacow/

</:/: Fimaoavacow

Wdikvi| % J Wdikvi| aw j ljwag wv|ygvy|i c| lyakfao` vdjv x|c}afiw gc}i|/^</<U

Av aw j

fpikkao` pdi|i vdi|i aw j |ccm c}i| coi‑w dijf/ J wdikvi| aw j dcei pavd j x|cxi|

io}a|coeiov vdjv x|c}afiw x|cvigvaco m|ce vdi pijvdi|+ jvvjgn+ ivg/

Vdi vi|e wdikvi| aw my|vdi| gjvi`c|arif aovc }j|acyw vqxiw |i`j|fao` vdi pjq av aw

`cao` vc wi|}i vdi ywi|/ Mc| aowvjogi+ j wdikvi| gjo li j lyoni|+ a`kcc c| j v|ii

dcywi jkwc/ Mc| j Fawjwvi| ejojìeiov xkjo+ pi dj}i vd|ii xdjwiw ao pdagd j

wdikvi| v|jowmc|ew aovc jocvdi| jw xi| vdi oiif jof vdi vqxi cm ywi|/ Vdi

\idjlakavjvaco wdikvi| djw vdi mckkcpao` vqxiw jw xi| vdi |iwxigva}i xdjwi2 %



Xjì { 1

J fawjwvi| ejojìeiov x|c`|jeei djw vdi mckkcpao` vaei xdjwiw/ Ijgd xdjwi aw

xkcvvif co vdi ljwaw cm vdi vaei av vjniw vc wvj|v jof vc iof/ Vdi xdjwiw j|i2%

X|i Fawjwvi| Xdjwi % X|ixj|ifoiww # Eava`jvaco # \awn |ifygvaco/

Xdjwi : % Aeeifajvi |ikaim xi|acf+ Iei|ìogq xdjwi $Aexjgv vc Fjq 0!/

Xdjwi < % \idjlakavjvaco xi|acf $Fjq 0 vc 7 ecovdw aogkywa}i!/

Xdjwi 7 % \igcowv|ygvaco xi|acf $7 ecovdw copj|f!/

Xdjwi : % Vdaw aw vdi |ikaim xi|acf aeeifajvikq jmvi| vdi fawjwvi| wv|aniw j xkjgi/

Vdaw xdjwi gjo jkwc li gjkkif jw jo Iei|ìogq xdjwi pdi|i jfeaoawv|jvaco aw

wyxxcwif vc x|c}afi vdi oigiwwj|q vdao`w kani mccf+ eifagaoiw+ jof j xkjgi vc ka}i/

Di|i+ vdi wdikvi| pdagd djw vc li fixkcqif aw cm jo iei|ìogq vqxi/

Iei|ìogq Wdikvi| % Iei|ìogq wdikvi|w j|i xkjgiw mc| xicxki vc ka}i viexc|j|akq

pdio vdiq dj}i liio wv|ygn lq j ojvy|jk fawjwvi| kani ij|vdzyjni jw vdiq gjoocv

ka}i ao vdia| x|i}acyw |iwafiogi/ Jo iei|ìogq wdikvi| vqxagjkkq wxigajkariw ao

xicxki itxi|aiogao` j wxigamag vqxi cm wavyjvaco+ wygd jw fakjxafjvif dcywiw+

}agvaew cm fceiwvag }ackiogi ao ìoi|jk+ c| }agvaew cm ojvy|jk fawjwvi|/ Xicxki

wvjqao` ao iei|ìogq wdikvi|w j|i ec|i kanikq vc wvjq jkk fjq+ itgixv mc| pc|n+

wgdcck/ Iei|ìogq wdikvi|w wceivaeiw mjgakavjvi wyxxc|v `|cyxw jof x|c}afi eijkw/

Ec|i gcex|idiowa}i wyxxc|v ejq jkwc aogkyfi mjgakavaiw wygd jw eiovjk dijkvd

gcyowikao`/

Xcwv%fawjwvi| iei|ìogq wdikvi| aw cmvio x|c}afif lq c|`joarjvacow kani vdi \if

G|cww jof \if G|iwgiov+ YODG\ c| `c}i|oeiovjk iei|ìogq ejojìeiov

fixj|veiovw+ ao |iwxcowi vc ojvy|jk fawjwvi|w+ wygd jw j mkccf c| ij|vdzyjni/ Vdiqviof vc ywi viovw c| cvdi| viexc|j|q wv|ygvy|iw/ Am vdi xkjgi pdagd djw liio wv|ygn

lq j fawjwvi| djw wcei xylkag lyakfao`w wygd jw j dcwxavjk+ gdy|gd+ wvjfaye+

xkjq`|cyofw> i}io vdio vdiwi xkjgiw gjo jkwc li ywif mc| vdi iei|ìogq xy|xcwi/

Xdjwi < % Vdaw aw vdi |idjlakavjvaco xi|acf pdi|i }j|acyw c|`joarjvacow jof vdi

ojvacojk `c}i|oeiov v|q vc |ilyakf vdi wcgaivq jw av pjw limc|i vdi fawjwvi|/ Di|i+

xwqgdc%wcgajk wyxxc|v pc|nw pikk vc iodjogi vdi ka}iw cm v|jyejvarif xicxki/ Jwvdaw xdjwi kjwvw mc| j kcoì| xi|acf cm jlcyv = ecovdw+ pdagd i}iovyjkkq fixiofw



Xjì { :8

yxco vdi immagaiogq cm vdi jfeaoawv|jvaco+ vdi|i aw j wv|co` oiif cm wdikvi|w vc li

x|c}afif vc vdi jmmigvif xcxykjvaco/

V|jowavacojk wdikvi| % Vdaw aw |joì cm wdikvi| cxvacow vdjv dikx xcxykjvaco fawxkjgif

lq gcomkagv c| ojvy|jk fawjwvi| yovak vdiq |ivy|o vc xi|ejoiov jggceecfjvaco/

Vdaw aw |ikjva}ikq j oip vi|eaockc`q j|cwi vc makk j gcogixvyjk `jx ao v|jfavacojk

|imyìi gjex+ pdagd kimv xcxykjvacow ka}ao` cmvio mc| ejoq qij|w ao fig|ixav

iei|ìogq wdikvi|/ Vdi gcwv immigva}ioiww cm vdaw vqxi cm wdikvi| wckyvaco djw liio

j xcaov cm gcogi|o ligjywi cm |ixijvif gcwvw aogy||if pavd fika}i|ao`/ Wi}i|jk

c|`joarjvacow dj}i fi}ikcxif j wdikvi| wckyvaco vdjv fixkcqw jof vdi wdikvi| avwikm

v|jowavacow vd|cy`d vdi }j|acyw xdjwiw cm |igc}i|q jof wvjqw pavd vdi |igaxaiov/

Vdaw vqxi cm v|jowavacojk wdikvi| |ifygiw vdi gcwvw cm |ifixkcqeiov jof x|c}afiw

wigy|avq m|ce vdi }i|q cowiv cm vdi fawjwvi|/ V|jowavacojk wdikvi|+ ao avw mykkiwv wiowi+

aw j wv|jvi`q pdagd wiinw vc wyxxc|v gceeyoavaiw ljgn vc xi|ejoiov

jggceecfjvaco+ eaoaearao` fawxkjgieiov+ jof vjnao` aovc jggcyov vcpo xkjooao`+

wjoavjvaco+ kjof vioy|i+ dyejo |a`dvw+ oia`dlc|ao` xcxykjvacow+ vdi kcgjk igcoceq+

wigy|avq jof gykvy|jk mjgvc|w/

Ao vdi oj||cpi| wiowi+ j v|jowavacojk wdikvi| aw j wv|ygvy|i ao pdagd ywyjkkq j mjeakq

gjo ka}i+ pavd faòavq+ mc| jw kco` jw vdia| xi|ejoiov jggceecfjvaco vjniw vc lyakf

c| |iwvc|i/ Afijkkq av pakk li lyakv m|ce kcgjk ejvi|ajkw jggc|fao` vc kcgjk eivdcfw+

jof li jfjxvjlki vc gkaejvi jof gykvy|i/ Av pakk li kcgjvif jfbjgiov vc vdi fiwv|cqif

jggceecfjvaco+ jof gjo li fawjwwielkif jof vdi ejvi|ajkw |iywif c| |iwckf/

Xdjwi 7 % \igcowv|ygvaco xi|acf gcogiov|jviw yxco vdi x|cgiwwiw pdagd dikx xicxki

jof jfeaoawv|jvaco vc |ilyakf vdi wcgaivq ao vi|ew cm vdi aom|jwv|ygvy|iw jof vdi

oigiwwj|q jeioavaiw cm vdi |iwxigva}i wavi/ Vdaw xdjwi wdcykf jkwc x|c}afi vdi

ywi|w+ jo io}a|coeiov pdi|i gceeyoavq lcofao` pakk jkwc li djxxioao` pavdao vdi

wivvkieiov/ Vdaw pcykf li }i|q aexc|vjov mc| vdi }ykoi|jlki `|cyxw kani pceio+

gdakf|io jof ckf jì xicxki/



Xjì { ::

Wiea%xi|ejoiov wdikvi| % Vdaw fpikkao` pakk li itviofao` c}i| j |ikjva}ikq kcoì|

vaei/ Av pakk li j kco`%vi|e+ gceeyoavq%ljwif dcywao` vdjv djw wyxxc|va}i wi|}agiw

mc| dceikiww aofa}afyjkw/ Av pakk li wyxxc|va}i dcywao` pdagd iojlkiw fawxkjgif

xcxykjvacow vc ka}i jw aofixiofiovkq jw xcwwalki ao j xi|ejoiov wivvao`/ Vdi

wyxxc|va}i wi|}agiw ejq li x|c}afif lq vdi c|`joarjvaco ejojào` vdi dcywao`

fixkcqeiov/ Wiea xi|ejoiov wivvkieiov gjo li x|c}afif ao coi wv|ygvy|i c| wi}i|jk

wv|ygvy|iw jv coi wavi c| ao eykvaxki wv|ygvy|iw jv wgjvvi|if waviw/

</:/< Yx`|jfao`

My|vdi| aex|c}ieiovw pakk li |izya|if vc li fcoi am vdi v|jowavacojk wdikvi|w dj}i

liio ywif mc| j wvjofj|f kamiwxjo cm av/ Vdi|i pcykf li mipi| gdjoìw c|yx`|jfjvaco pavd vdi dikx cm pdagd vdi wjei wdikvi| gjo li ywif mc| jo jffavacojk

wxigamag vaei/

Yx`|jfao` pc|nw j|i |izya|if mc| wyl%wvjofj|f wdikvi|w vdjv j|i ocv mav%mc|%xy|xcwi+

wygd jw wdikvi|w vdjv gjoocv pavdwvjof vdi ecowcco+ da`d paofw> fc ocv dj}i x|cxi|

mcyofjvacow c| mkcc| wkjl+ dj}i wv|ygvy|jk fimagaiogaiw $yowjmi!> j|i x|coi vc

mkccfao` c| fc ocv dj}i jggiww vc jfizyjvi pjvi| jof wjoavjvaco/

Yx`|jfao` pc|nw j|i jkwc |izya|if vc l|ao` j wdikvi| ao kaoi pavd `c}i|oeiov

xckagq pdagd |imi|w vc Wxdi|i wvjofj|fw a/i/ aog|ijwao` vdi gc}i|if wxjgi/ Am av aw

aojfizyjvi+ |ixkjgieiov cm xkjwvag wdiivao` pavd ec|i fy|jlki jof jxx|cx|ajvi

ejvi|ajkw+ x|c}awaco cm ikigv|agavq+ ivg/

Ma`y|i </: % Wvjìw cm j Wdikvi|



Xjì { :<

</< Wqwview cm viexc|j|q wdikvi|w

Ljwif co j fiejof jof gjxjgavq kcàg vdi viexc|j|q wdikvi|w‑ wqwvie gjo li

fa}afif aovc vd|ii wyl%wqwview jw mckkcpw2%

Viexc|j|q dcywao`/

Viexc|j|q wcgajk ikieiovw/

Viexc|j|q gceeco wi|}agiw c| mjgakavaiw/

Ijgd cm vdi jlc}i wyl%wqwview djw avw wxigamag wxjvajk yoavw jof vdiwi yoavw gjo li

cm vd|ii vqxiw jof vdiq j|i x|a}jvi vqxi+ wieax|a}jvi vqxi jof xylkag vqxi/

Av aw wy`ìwvif vdjv vdiwi yoavw wdcykf li xkjooif+ ljwif yxco vdi mckkcpao`

eijwy|iw2%

X|c}afao` j eaoaeye ki}ik cm gcemc|v jof pikmj|i/

X|c}afao` vdi eiovjk wyxxc|v vc jmmigvif/

Mckkcpao` vdi wvjofj|fw mc| }j|acyw myogvacow cm wxjgiw/

C|`joarao` vdi wxjgiw ljwif co vdia| x|i%xkjooif myogvacow/

Vjnao` aovc gcowafi|jvaco vdi kcgjk jof io}a|coeiovjk mjgvc|w/

Gcowafi|ao` eykva%myogvacoao` mc| wcei wxjgiw+ am xcwwalki/

G|ijvao` vdi viofiogq cm |ivy|oao` ljgn vc xi|ejoiov |iwafiogi/

Gcowafi|ao` vdi wywvjaojlki fi}ikcxeiov x|aogaxkiw/

Mckkcpao` vdiwi eijwy|iw+ vdi cyvxyv pakk li livvi| jof vdi ljwag itxigvjvacow wiv

lq vdi Ywi|w jof vdi jfeaoawv|jva}i xjoik pakk li mykmakkif/ Wcei cm vdi x|ac|avaiw

dj}i liio wy`ìwvif lq Dyejo \a`dvw+ YO Fawjwvi| \ikaim @ioi}j/ ^</7U



Xjì { :7

</7 Wy|}a}c|w‑ X|ac|avaiw $Itxigvjvacow!

Wy|}a}c|w wdcp gi|vjao fawvaogv x|imi|iogiw mc| vdia| wdikvi| ao vdi jmvi|ejvd cm

fawjwvi|/ Vdi i}afiogiw wy`ìwv vdjv vdia| x|ac|avaiw j|i2%

Vc |iejao jw gkcwi jw xcwwalki vc vdia| fjejìf c| |yaoif dceiw jof vdia|

eijow cm ka}ikadccf/

Vc ec}i viexc|j|akq aovc vdi dceiw cm mjeakaiw c| m|aiofw/

Vc aex|c}awi viexc|j|q wdikvi|w jw gkcwi jw xcwwalki vc vdi wavi cm vdia|

|yaoif dceiw/ Vdiwi wdikvi|w gjo li m|izyiovkq ao}ck}if aovc |ilyakv dcywiw/

Vc cggyxq lyakfao`w pdagd dj}i liio viexc|j|akq fiejofif mc| ywi/

Vc cggyxq viovw i|igvif ao c| oitv vc vdia| |yaoif dceiw/

Vc li i}jgyjvif vc fawvjov kcgjvaco $gcexykwc|q i}jgyjvaco!/

</6 Wavi wikigvaco g|avi|aj mc| Viexc|j|q Wdikvi|w

Vc wikigv jo jxx|cx|ajvi wavi mc| viexc|j|q wdikvi|w wi}i|jk g|avi|aj djw liio

wy`ìwvif lq }j|acyw wgdckj|w/ Vdiwi g|avi|aj gjo li wyeej|arif jw2%

Oyeli| cm |imyìiw

Myogvacojkavq cm vdi wavi

Aom|jwv|ygvy|iw j}jakjlki jv vdi wavi

Gcoma`y|jvaco cm vdi wavi

Jggiwwalakavq

</6/: Oyeli| cm |imyìiw

Pavd |i`j|f vc oyeli| cm jmmigvif xicxki vpc ejao awwyiw wdcykf li gcowafi|if

pdagd j|i oyeli| cm xicxki ao fammi|iov wivvkieiov `|cyxw jof vdi ejtaeye

gjxjgavq cm ijgd gcexkit/ Lckcòj^</6U

djw wy`ìwvif vd|ii oyeli|w cm :88+ <98+

jof 688 jw jxx|cx|ajvi coi mc| vdi ejtaeye oyeli| cm xicxki ao wivvkieiov

`|cyxw+ fixiofao` co vdi vcvjk oyeli| cm dceikiww xicxki+ vdi oyeli| cm jaf

pc|ni|w jof vdia| gjxjlakavaiw+ wavyjvaco cm jaf/



Xjì { :6

</6/< Myogvacojkavq

\ikjva}ikq da`d immagaiogq+ eaoaeye jf}i|wi aovi|jgvaco pavd cvdi| gcexcoiovw cm

vdi gavq pavd }j|acyw myogvacow jof itawviogi cm cxio j|ijw mc| |izya|if

fi}ikcxeiov j|i vdi awwyiw pdagd j|i vc li gcowafi|if pavd |i`j|f vc myogvacojkavq

cm vdi wavi/

</6/7 Aom|jwv|ygvy|i

Pjvi| jof pjwvipjvi| wqwview+ ioi|`q wyxxkq wqwvie+ wy|mjgi pjvi| f|jaojì

wqwvie jof gceeyoagjvaco wqwvie j|i vdi awwyiw |ikjvif vc vdi aom|jwv|ygvy|iw/

Xj|nw jof cvdi| xylkag `|iio j|ijw+ ejkkw+ wvjfaj jof xj|nao` kcvw j|i xcviovajkkq

`ccf xkjgiw+ pdagd ywyjkkq dj}i iocy`d aom|jwv|ygvy|iw/

</6/6 Gcoma`y|jvaco

Pavd |i`j|f vc vdi wavi gcoma`y|jvaco vdi kjof ìceiv|q+ `|cyof wkcxi jof

c|aiovjvaco wdcykf li vjnio aovc gcowafi|jvaco/ Ao vdi gjwi cm kaeavif wxjgiw mc|

viexc|j|q wdikvi|w+ vdi j|gdavigvy|jk fiwaò |ckiw pakk li eygd aexc|vjov vc ejni

vdi liwv ywi cm vdi kaeavif j}jakjlki j|ij/

</6/9 Jggiwwalakavq

Fawvjogiw m|ce vdi iwwiovajk mjgakavaiw kani dcwxavjkw jof da`dpjqw j|i aexc|vjov

awwyiw pavd |i`j|f vc jggiwwalakavq/ Cvdi| aexc|vjov awwyiw ao vdaw |i`j|f j|i vdi

pafvd cm jggiww pjqw jof vdi v|jmmag gy||iov ao vdi jmvi|ejvd cm ij|vdzyjni/



Xjì { :9

</9 @yafikaoiw

Ljwif co vdi ejvvi|w fawgywwif ao vdi x|i}acyw wigvacow av gjo li wjaf vdjv pavdcyv

gceeyoavq xj|vagaxjvaco oc viexc|j|q wdikvi| x|c`|jeei gjo li wyggiwwmyk/ Vdi

gceeyoavq xj|vagaxjvaco ocv cokq |iwykvw ao fig|ijwi ao vdi x|cbigv gcwvw lyv jkwcfig|ijwiw vdi gcowv|ygvaco vaei/ Mc| jvv|jgvao` vdi gceeyoavq xj|vagaxjvaco av aw

wy`ìwvif vdjv vdi mckkcpao` xcaovw gjo li vjnio aovc gcowafi|jvaco2%

Fiwaòao` vdi wdikvi|w ljwif co vdi mjeakq wari/

Gcowafi|ao` wcei iovi|vjaoeiov wxjgiw pavd ijwq jggiww ao vdi gcexkit/

Gcowafi|ao` vdi gykvy|jk viofiogaiw cm }j|acyw `|cyxw cm xicxki jof

g|ijvao` wcei wxjgiw vc eiiv vdia| gykvy|jk oiifw/

Xjqao` jvviovaco vc vdi viofiogq cm vdi xicxki vc dj}i ijwq jggiww vc vdi

fammi|iov jeioavaiw/

V|qao` vc ywi vdi kcgjk ejvi|ajkw am vdiq gjo li ywif jxx|cx|ajvi ao

ij|vdzyjni |iwawvjov fiwaò+ jof am ocv v|qao` vc aex|c}i vdia|

gdj|jgvi|awvagw/

Ejnao` wxigajk immc|vw vc iowy|i vdi mykk jof izyjk xj|vagaxjvaco cm pceio

jof à|kw/

M|iifce cm vdcy`dv+ |ikaàco+ gcowgaiogi+ likaim+ cxaoacow jof itx|iwwacow/

Vikkao` vc xicxki jlcyv vdi gcwvw cm viexc|j|q wdikvi|w cm }j|acyw wvqkiw/

Vdaw i}iovyjkkq pakk |iwykv aovc vdi wjvawmjgvaco cm vdi ywi|w jof vdio vdi|i pakk li

jo ao}ck}ieiov cm gceeyoavq/ Vdaw gjo jkwc dikx ao eaoaearao` }ackiogi jof vdimv

ao vdi wivvkieiov/



Xjì { :=

Gdjxvi| 7

7/: Yofi|wvjofao` Aofajo Fawjwvi| Eava`jvaco Immc|vw

Waogi vdi clbigva}i cm vdi x|cbigv aw vc fiwaò j viexc|j|q wdikvi| mc| Aofajo

gcofavacow+ wvyfqao` wygd wgioj|acw ao Aofajo gcovitv pcykf x|c}i ec|i aowa`dvmyk

jof aomc|ejva}i m|ce vdi fiwaò xcaov cm }aip/

7/< Ldyb Ij|vdzyjni cm <88:

Vdi kjwv aowvjogi cm j da`d \agdvi| ij|vdzyjni cggy||if ao @ybj|jv ao <88:/ Vdaw

aogafiov jof avw immigv co vdi xicxki ao vdi jmvi|ejvd jof vdi `c}i|oeiov‑w

eava`jvaco xkjow jof avw immagaiogq pi|i wvyfaif lq eijow cm kavi|jvy|i wy|}iqw jof

mcgyw `|cyx fawgywwacow pavd vdi }agvaew/

Vdi Ij|vdzyjni pjw cm ejòavyfi =/1 co \agdvi|%Wgjki jof av dav vdi Piwvi|o

Aofajo Wvjvi cm @ybj|jv co vdi <=vd cm Bjoyj|q+ <88:/ Av gjywif itviowa}i fjejì vc

kami - x|cxi|vq/ Vdaw pjw vdi ecwv fi}jwvjvao` ij|vdzyjni ao wgjki jof wymmi|ao` ao

xjwv 98 qij|w/ Vdi ixagiovi| cm vdi zyjni pjw kcgjvif jlcyv <8 ne Oc|vdijwv cm

Ldyb Vcpo cm vdi Nyvgd fawv|agv ao Piwvi|o @ybj|jv/ Jv j fixvd cm cokq <7 new

likcp wy|mjgi vdaw zyjni ìoi|jvif aoviowi wdjnao` pdagd pjw mikv ao 08) |iàco

cm Aofaj jof mj| liqcof ao oia`dlc|ao` Xjnawvjo jof Oixjk vcc/ Vdaw pjw mckkcpif

lq aoviowi jmvi|wdcgnw vdjv ligjei j gcovaoyif wcy|gi cm jotaivq mc| vdi

xcxykjvaco/ Av mjkkw ao Wiaweag Rcoi ]/ Ao kjwv <88 qij|w aexc|vjov fjejào`

ij|vdzyjniw cggy||if ao :4:1+ :466+ :469+ :49=+ :4=1+:19= ao vdi wjei }agaoavq jw

<88: ij|vdzyjni/ Vpiovq%coi cm vdi vcvjk <9 fawv|agvw cm vdi wvjvi pi|i jmmigvif ao

vdaw zyjni/ Vdi jmmigvif j|ijw i}io wx|ijf yx vc 788 ne m|ce vdi ixagiovi|/ Ao vdi

Nyvgd Fawv|agv+ mcy| ejbc| y|ljo j|ijw % Ldyb+ Jobj|+ Ljgdjy jof \jxj| wymmi|if

oij| vcvjk fiwv|ygvaco/ Vdi |y|jk j|ijw ao vdi |iàco j|i jkwc }i|q ljfkq jmmigvif

pavd c}i| 698 }akkjìw jkecwv vcvjkkq fiwv|cqif/^7/:U



Xjì { :0

7/7 Mcgyw @|cyx Fawgywwaco

J mcgyw `|cyx aw j mc|e cm zyjkavjva}i |iwij|gd ao pdagd j `|cyx cm xicxki j|i

jwnif jlcyv vdia| xi|gixvacow+ cxaoacow+ likaimw jof jvvavyfiw vcpj|fw j x|cfygv+

wi|}agi jof gcogixv/ Ao vdi wcgajk wgaiogiw jof y|ljo xkjooao`+ mcgyw `|cyxw jkkcpaovi|}aipi|w vc wvyfq xicxki ao j ec|i ojvy|jk wivvao` vdjo j coi%vc%coi aovi|}aip/

Ao gcelaojvaco pavd xj|vagaxjov clwi|}jvaco+ vdiq gjo li ywif mc| `jaoao` jggiww vc

}j|acyw gykvy|jk jof wcgajk `|cyxw+ wikigvao` waviw vc wvyfq+ wjexkao` cm wygd waviw+

jof |jawao` yoitxigvif awwyiw mc| itxkc|jvaco/ Mcgyw `|cyxw dj}i j da`d jxxj|iov

}jkafavq % waogi vdi afij aw ijwq vc yofi|wvjof+ vdi |iwykvw j|i likai}jlki/ Jkwc+ vdiq

j|i kcp ao gcwv+ coi gjo ìv |iwykvw |ikjva}ikq zyagnkq+ jof vdiq gjo aog|ijwi vdi

wjexki wari cm j |ixc|v lq vjknao` pavd wi}i|jk xicxki jv cogi/

Mcgyw `|cyx fawgywwaco x|cfygiw fjvj jof aowa`dvw vdjv pcykf li kiww jggiwwalki

pavdcyv aovi|jgvaco mcyof ao j `|cyx wivvao` % kawvioao` vc cvdi|w‑ }i|ljkarif

itxi|aiogiw wvaeykjviw eiec|aiw+ afijw jof itxi|aiogiw ao xj|vagaxjovw/ Vdaw aw

jkwc nocpo jw vdi `|cyx immigv pdi|i `|cyx eieli|w io`jì ao j naof cm

—gdjaoao`‑ c| —gjwgjfao`‑ immigv> vjkn kaonw vc+ c| vyelkiw cyv cm+ vdi vcxa gw jof

itx|iwwacow x|igifao` av/ @|cyx eieli|w fawgc}i| j gceeco kjo`yjì vc fiwg|ali

waeakj| itxi|aiogiw/ Vdaw iojlkiw vdi gjxvy|i cm j mc|e cm ojva}i kjo`yjì c|

}i|ojgykj| wxiigd vc yofi|wvjof vdi wavyjvaco/^7/<U

Dcpi}i|+ mcgyw `|cyxw jkwc dj}i fawjf}jovjìw2 Vdi |iwij|gdi| djw kiww gcov|ck

c}i| j `|cyx vdjo j coi%co%coi aovi|}aip jof vdyw vaei gjo li kcwv co awwyiw

a||iki}jov vc vdi vcxag/ Vdi fjvj aw vcy`d vc jojkqri ligjywi vdi vjknao` aw ao

|ijgvaco vc vdi gceeiovw cm cvdi| `|cyx eieli|w/ Ec|ic}i|+ vdi oyeli| cm

eieli|w cm j mcgyw `|cyx aw ocv kj|ì iocy`d vc li j |ix|iwiovjva}i wjexki cm j

xcxykjvaco/ Vdyw+ vdi fjvj clvjaoif m|ce vdi `|cyxw aw ocv oigiwwj|akq

|ix|iwiovjva}i cm vdi pdcki xcxykjvaco+ yokani vdi fjvj cm cxaoaco xckkw/ Mcgyw

`|cyx ao wcei gjwiw pakk li fawvy|lif lq vdi c}i|aofykìogi lq wcei eieli|w/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences



Xjì { :4

7/6 Fjvj Gckkigvaco

Diogi+ vc yofi|wvjof vdi Aofajo fawjwvi| eava`jvaco immc|vw+ j `|cyx fawgywwaco pjw

gcofygvif pavd j|cyof =8 xi|wcow ao Ldyb pdagd aw wavyjvif ao vdi Nyvgd fawv|agv cm @ybj|jv/

Vdi fjvj jof vdi gceeiovw lq `|cyx eieli|w gckkigvif lq vdi mcgyw `|cyx

fawgywwaco dj}i liio itxkjaoif jw mckkcpw2%

Vdi eava`jvaco immc|vw cm vdi `c}i|oeiov li`jo cmmagajkkq 7 fjqw jmvi| vdi aogafiov/

Vdaw pjw jvv|alyvif vc vdi mjgv vdjv Ldyb pjw kcgjvif ao j }i|q |iecvi xj|v cm vdi

wvjvi/ Dcpi}i| jmvi| vdi gceeyoagjvaco `jx pjw l|afìf+ vdi ma|wv jgva}avq jkco`

pavd vdi fika}i|q cm mccf jof gkcvdao` pjw vdi |iec}jk cm fil|aw jof fijf lcfaiw/

Ao vdi eijo vaei xicxki cm Ldyb djf wdamvif vc dyì cxio `|cyofw ao wxavi cm vdi

gckf pijvdi| mc| pjov cm joq wyxxc|v/ Jkvdcy`d 78888 wdikvi|w pi|i oiifif+ vdi

}agvaew cokq `cv vdia| djofw co :9888 cm vdie+ jmvi| ec|i vdjo j ecovd/ Vdi ma|wv

gcowaòeiov cm wdikvi|w j||a}if m|ce A|jo jof A|jz/ Dcpi}i| vdi fiwaò pjw wc

gcexkagjvif vdjv vdiq aoavajkkq vccn jw kco` jw :< dcy|w vc gcowv|ygv/ Vdi wdikvi|wx|c}afif lq vdi Aofajo `c}i|oeiov faf ocv dj}i j ljwi jw ao vdi A|joajo ecfikw

pdagd eijov vdjv vdi kjof djf vc li mkjvvioif jof gkijoif mc| vdi wdikvi|/

Pdio vdi }agvaew cm vdi ij|vdzyjni pi|i aovi|}aipif+ vdia| }i|waco cm vdi wvc|q

gj||aif j kcv cm `|ai}jogiw jof gcexkjaovw/ Vdi vaei vjnio mc| dikx vc j||a}i pjw

g|avagarif lq coi jof jkk/ Jo aexc|vjov vdao` vc vjni ocvi cm di|i aw vdjv oc coi pjw

x|ixj|if mc| j wavyjvaco x|iwiovif lq j fawjwvi|/ Vdaw aw vdi |ijwco pdq vdi gc|xwiw

cm vdi }agvaew kjq yojvviofif yovak wcei aomc|eif dikx j||a}if/ Gkij|ao` vdi

gc|xwiw jof fil|aw pjw coi cm vdi ejao aview ao vdi jìofj/ Jw mc| vdi `c}i|oeiov

jaf+ vdi viexc|j|q wdikvi|w x|c}afif pi|i ejfi cm vj|xjykao jof djf vc li

gcowv|ygvif pavd ljelcc/ Vdaw pjw ocv vdi afijk ejvi|ajk vc gcowv|ygv j wdikvi| ao

vdi gckf gkaejvi cm vdi |iàco/ Jocvdi| x|clkie mjgif ao Ldyb pjw vdjv vdi

`c}i|oeiov pjw ocv jlki vc iwvaejvi vdi oyeli| cm xicxki jmmigvif |iwykvao` ao j

wdc|v wyxxkq cm vdi akk fiwaòif wdikvi|w/ Cvdi| my|vdi| |iecvi }akkjìw kani Ljooa+

|igia}if dikx jmvi| oij|kq <8 fjqw/ Vdi xicxki vdi|i pi|i j kcv ec|i |iwcy|gimyk



Xjì { :1

jof wvj|vif gcowv|ygvao` wdikvi|w m|ce vdi fil|aw/ Kjvi| vdi O@Cw vdjv j||a}if

wvj|vif v|jaoao` ec|i xicxki vc fc vdi wjei/ Vdiwi pi|i kjvi| |iaomc|gif lq vdi

ejvi|ajk x|c}afif lq vdi `c}i|oeiov pdio vdiq maojkkq |ijgdif/ My|vdi| fjvj djw

liio vjlykjvif jof itxkjaoif ao mckkcpao` vjlkiw/

Pdaki j fawjwvi| eava`jvaco x|c`|jeei aw `cao` co+ av aogkyfiw vpc ejbc| `|cyxw cm

xicxki/ Ma|wv `|cyx gcowawvw cm vdi wy|}a}c|w/ Jof+ vdi wigcof `|cyx gcowawvw cm xicxki

m|ce eava`jvaco jìogaiw+ O@Cw+ eakavj|q xi|wcooik/ Ao vdaw wgioj|ac+ vdi|i aw j oiif cm

x|ac|avarao` vdi jkkcveiov cm wdikvi|w jw xi| vdi |izya|ieiov/ Ma`/ 7/: wdcpw dcp vdaw

x|cgiww pjw fcoi ao Ldyb/

J xkjgi ligceiw fakjxafjvif jmvi| j fawjwvi| wv|aniw vdi|i/ Vdi pdcki igcwqwvie ìvw

aeljkjogif/ Av aogkyfiw }j|acyw gcofavacow |i`j|fao` v|jowxc|vjvaco+ gceeyoagjvaco+

eifagjk wi|}agiw+ ivg/ Vdi aowa`dvw cm vdi mcgyw `|cyx fawgywwaco+ |i`j|fao` vdiwi

gcofavacow j|i wdcpo ao Ma`/ 7/</

Ma`/ 7/7 itxkjaow vdi xi|mc|ejogi jof fiwaò aowa`dvw cm vdi wdikvi| fixkcqif jv Ldyb/

Vdaw aogkyfiw wcei vigdoagjk fivjakw wygd jw ejvi|ajkw ywif ao vdi wdikvi|+ wxjgi jkkcvvif

mc| j mjeakq+ ivg/



Xjì { <8

Ma`y|i 7/: % X|ac|avaiw pdaki fawv|alyvao` wdikvi|w



Xjì { <:

Ma`y|i 7/< % \iwxigva}i gcofavacow cm Ldyb jmvi| fawjwvi|



Xjì { <<

Ma`y|i 7/7 % Fiwaò aowa`dvw cm vdi wdikvi|w fixkcqif jmvi| fawjwvi| jv Ldyb



Xjì { <7

7/9 Raj|jv Ij|vdzyjni cm <884

Vc dj}i j l|cjfi| afij cm fawjwvi| eava`jvaco immc|vw+ vdi fawjwv|cyw ij|vdzyjni

cggy||if ao Raj|jv+ Xjnawvjo djw jkwc liio wvyfaif/ Vdi gjwi wvyfq djw liio fcoi

pavd vdi dikx cm kavi|jvy|i wvyfq jof vdi |iki}jov fjvj j}jakjlki cokaoi/

Vdi Raj|jv ij|vdzyjni cm Cgvcli| <884 djw liio |ixc|vif pafikq ao vdi x|aov jof

ikigv|coag eifaj pdio co <1vd Cgvcli| <884+ ao Xawdao jof Raj|jv Fawv|agv+ 48 ne

OI cm Zyivvj yoywyjk xja| cm Ep%=/6 ij|vdzyjniw cggy||if/ Vdi ma|wv v|iec| wv|ygn

jv 6281 je kcgjk vaei $<7281 @EV! jv j fixvd cm :9 nakceivi| pdaki vdi wigcof coi

bckvif vdi j|ij jv 9279xe/ Vdi jmmigvif |ià co aw vdi ecyovjaocyw j|ij jof itviofw

m|ce Raj|jv vc Xawdao/ 788 xicxki pi|i nakkif lq kjofwkafiw jof lq vdi gckkjxwao`

jfcli wv|ygvy|iw/ Ao vdi Raj|jv Fawv|agv vdi }akkjìw cm Pj|gdye+ Pje+ Njkj Gdaoj+

Njpjw+ Jdejfyo+ @c`ja+ Vjo`ja+ Wxirjofj pi|i pc|wv dav pdaki ao vdi Xawdao

Fawv|agv }akkjìw cm Ndywdjl+ Ljkcraj+ Ndjocrja+ \cfd Ejkjraj jof ao vdi Dj|oja

Fawv|agv vdi j|ij cm Rj|fjky wymmi|if/^7/7U

Vdi |iwxigva}i fjvj djw liio itxkjaoif ao Ma`/ 7/6 jof Ma`/ 7/9/



Xjì { <6

Ma`y|i 7/6 % \iwxigva}i gcofavacow cm Raj|jv jmvi| fawjwvi|



Xjì { <9

Ma`y|i 7/9 % Fiwaò aowa`dvw cm vdi wdikvi|w fixkcqif jmvi| fawjwvi| jv Raj|jv



Xjì { <=

7/= Gcexj|jva}i Wvyfq cm itawvao` viexc|j|q wdikvi|w

Ecfikw cm g|ijva}avq ywyjkkq fimaoi kaoij| wv|ygvy|iw vdjv `yafi vdi fiwaò x|cgiww/

Eivdcfw wygd jw l|jaowvc|eao` c| xj|vagaxjvc|q fiwaò+ io}awaco g|ijvaco jw j

x|cgiww c|fi|if lq vaei/ Vdi|i gjo li j oco%kaoij| }aip co vdi g|ijva}i x|cgiww+

clwi|}if vd|cy`d gjwi wvyfaiw/ Vdi|i aw vdao kaoi pdi|i wvjofw j gcogixvyjk

itxkc|jvaco cm vdi }jkyiw cm oco%kaoij| xi|wxigva}iw co vdi g|ijva}i x|cgiww vd|cy`d

j gjwi wvyfq/ Vdi x|cgiww wdcpw vdjv ecfikao` c| |ix|iwiovao` oco%kaoij| x|cgiwwiw

aw ocv v|a}ajk+ lyv niixao` ao eaof vdia| }jkyiw kijf vc aowa`dvw jof oip afijw mc|

fiwaò/

Gy||iov viexc|j|q wdikvi| x|c}awaco mc| mc|gif ea`|jovw ao wi}i|ikq fiwv|cqif

xkjgiw gjo |j|ikq jgdai}i gcemc|vjlki gcofavacow mc| avw cggyxjovw/^7/6U

X|c}awaco cm

viexc|j|q wdikvi| aw j kjwv |iwc|v pdio oc cvdi| wckyvaco gjo li mcyof/ Coi ejq jwn

dcp }jkaf j gcexj|awco livpiio viexc|j|q fammi|iov wdikvi|w aw/ Gi|vjaokq+ av aw

fammagykv vc f|jp gcexj|awcow livpiio vdie pdio vdi ywi| `|cyxw gcowafi|if dj}i

wygd }j|aif gykvy|jk ljgn`|cyofw/ Lyv+ co vdi cvdi| djof+ gcowafi|ao` fiwaò

aowa`dvw jof vdi xi|gixvacow `jaoif gjo li gcexj|if/

Diogi+ wcei gjwiw pi|i wvyfaif/ Wcei cm vdie j|i cm gcogixvyjk ki}ik pdaki mip

j|i ejww x|cfygif jof |ijfq vc fixkcq/ Fammi|iov gcogixvw eiiv fammi|iov oiifw

jof x|imi|iogiw cm vdi ywi|w jof vdi wgioj|acw/ Vdaw x|cgiww `j}i jo afij jlcyv vdi

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Ejvi|ajkw ywif mc| vdi gcogixv j|i2

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\izya|iw ejaoviojogi

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Xjì { <1

7/=/< Gjwi Vpc

\iywao` wdikkw cm x|i%mjl|agjvif wdaxxao` gcovjaoi|w ecfamaif pavd ejww%x|cfygif

dj|fpccf matvy|iw vdi wvjofj|f wariw cm wdaxxao` gcovjaoi|w jkkcp ijwi cm fika}i|q vc

fawjwvi| rcoi }aj gj|`c }idagkiw/^7/=U

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jof wvjgnif mc| ijwi cm v|jowxc|vjvaco/^7/0U

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Xjì { 7<

Gcexj|if vc v|jfavacojk viovw+ Dj}io aw ka`dvpia`dv jof cggyxaiw kiww wxjgi pavd

aex|c}if x|cvigvaco/ Vdi |iec}jlki wcmv gc}i|w co ijgd iof x|c}afi }iovakjvaco

mc| vdi ywi|w/ Av kccnw kani j wejkk wdikvi|+ lyv jgvyjkkq ywi|w pakk miik gcemc|vjlki

ao av/

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waexki waòjì wqwvie afiovamaiw vdi oyeli| cm cggyxjovw jof am vdi|i j|i aomjovw c|

aoby|if xicxki pdc oiif eifagjk jvviovaco/ Vdaw dikxw vc ejni vdi vjwn cm ejojào` jof

kccnao` jmvi| j kj|ì `|cyx cm fawxkjgif xicxki ijwai|/

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Xjì { 77

7/=/6 Gjwi Mcy|

Vdi ecfykj| wdikvi| aw jo jkvi|ojva}i vc vdi viov % vdi gceecokq ywif |imyì ao |imyìi%

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j||joìeiovw+ kani j wdikvi| mc| j mjeakq pavd wi}i|jk wixj|jvif |ccew+ j }akkjì%wdikvi|

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ecfykiw jv djof+ vdi wivyx cm j livvi| c|`joarif wdikvi| aw xcwwalki ligjywi vdi

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j|i ejfi cm mckfjlki aex|iòjvif wdiivw cm gj|flcj|f+ vc niix paof jof |jao jpjq m|ce

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wylwvjogiw kijnao` aovc vdi `|cyof pdaki xj|vw j|i figcexcwao`/ Mc| vdi gcowv|ygvaco

vdi pjkk ikieiovw gjo li mckfif ao j wxigajk ejooi|+ vy|oao` j wdiiv cm gj|flcj|f aovc j

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Xjì { 79

7/=/9 Gjwi Ma}i

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Xjì { 7=

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fika}i|q jof wvc|jì xdjwiw j|i eygd ijwai|/ Cogi |ijgdif jv vdi fiwvaojvaco+ t%lct aw

aowvjkkif co vdi xkjgi+ pdio av aw yokcgnif> av itviofw jyvcejvagjkkq vc jlc}i jof vc coi

wafi/ Gcowizyiovkq iocy`d wxjgi aw ìoi|jvif mc| j mjeakq/ Vdi kcgnw j|i kcgjvif co vdi

gc|oi|w cm vdi lct/ Vdi yokcgnao` ec}ieiov aw jw vdi wjei jw cxioao` vdi v|yon cm j

gj|/ Vdi ejvi|ajk cm oip pjkkw aw vitvaki $viov!+ wc vdiq gjo li mckfif jof yomckfif ijwakq

pavdcyv vjnao` yx eygd wxjgi/


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Xjì { 70

7/=/= Gjwi Wat

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Xjì { 74

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iowy|iw vdi xcwavaco cm vdi wdikvi| jv coi xcaov/ Av wivw vdi kaeavw ao zyiwvaco cm vaei+

pdagd j}cafw vdi gdjogi cm ligceao` j xi|ejoiov dcywao` wckyvaco/

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joq gcyov|q ao vdi pc|kf/


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Xjì { 71

7/=/0 Gjwi Wi}io

\ynjo aw iwwiovajkkq jo aomkjvjlki ljgnxjgn wdikvi| fiwaòif mc| vdi fawjwvi| jmmigvif

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Xjì { 68

Vdi gcogixv diogi fiwaòif+ aw ijwq vc gj||q jof vjniw kiww vaei mc| fixkcqeiov/

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gj||qao` av mc| j kco` fawvjogi/ Vdaw gjo jkwc li ywif jw j xi|wcojk jggiwwc|q lq vdi

xicxki pdc m|izyiovkq v|j}ik jof vdi iovdywajwvw kani ecyovjaoii|w+ ivg/


Gcexjgv

Ka`dvpia`dv

Ywi cm mkyc|iwgiov gckc|w pakk dikx

ao |igcòarao` m|ce fawvjogi

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Oiifw mkjv wy|mjgi

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Xjì { 6:

Gdjxvi| 6

6/: Wgcxi cm vdi x|cbigv

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ao}ck}ieiov+ waòamagjov |iwcy|giw jof j pafi |joì cm wnakkw/ Ejoq cm vdiwi wnakkw

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wavyjvaco aw yoazyi jof fyi vc vdi wgjki cm fi}jwvjvaco+ vdi x|cgiww cm |idjlakavjvaco

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Niq gcowafi|jvacow ao vdaw wigvaco aogkyfi2



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Yofi|wvjofao` vdi gcovitv jof aexjgv cm vdi fawjwvi|

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Xjì { 67

6/7 Xkjooao`

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kcgjk gcovitv ao vi|ew cm ìc`|jxdq+ wcgaivq+ igcoceagw+ xckavagw+ gkaejvi jof

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6/7/< JwwiwweiovJwwiwweiov cm fjejì jof kcww aw iwwiovajk vc yofi|wvjofao` vdi itviov jof

fawv|alyvaco cm aexjgv ao vi|ew cm kcww cm kami+ x|cxi|vq+ aom|jwv|ygvy|i+ ka}ikadccfw

jof aexjgv co vdi igcoceq/ Av wdcykf ao}ck}i jw ejoq wvjnidckfi|w jof fjvj

wcy|giw jw xcwwalki/ Av wdcykf li jo avi|jva}i x|cgiww pdi|i zyjkavjva}i jof

zyjovavjva}i aomc|ejvaco jv |iàcojk c| fawv|agv ki}ik aw x|c`|iwwa}ikq |imaoif vc

iwvjlkawd jggy|jvi aomc|ejvaco jg|cww j l|cjf wiv cm xj|jeivi|w jv j kcgjk ki}ik/

Xj|vagaxjvc|q jwwiwweiovw iojlki vdi oiifw jof jwxa|jvacow cm vdcwi jmmigvif vc li

j|vagykjvif jof j|i iwwiovajk ao iowy|ao` vdjv vdi dyejoavj|ajo |iwxcowi aw mkitalki

jof jxx|cx|ajvi/

Vdi vqxi cm v|jowavacojk wivvkieiov c| |igcowv|ygvaco vdjv aw xcwwalki+ jof vdi

vaeiwgjkiw ao pdagd av gjo li |ijkarif+ pakk fixiof dij}akq co vdi j}jakjlakavq cm

ejvi|ajkw jof wnakkw/ Vdi kjvvi| aogkyfiw vdi gjxjgavq cm vdi xylkag pc|nw

fixj|veiov+ lyakv io}a|coeiov x|cmiwwacojkw+ kcgjk O@Cw jof gcov|jgvc|w jw pikk

jw vdi jmmigvif gceeyoavaiw/ Av aw vdi|imc|i iwwiovajk vc gj||q cyv j wv|jviàg

jwwiwweiov cm vdi gcowv|ygvaco gjxjgavq+ jof vdi xcviovajk cm kcgjk ej|nivw vc

x|c}afi oigiwwj|q ejvi|ajkw jv vdi cyvwiv/

6/7/7 @c}i|ojogi

Jo immigva}i aowvavyvacojk jof xckagq m|jeipc|n aw j niq vc fika}i|ao` v|jowavacojk

wivvkieiov jof |igcowv|ygvaco x|c`|jeeiw jof x|cbigvw/ Giov|jk vc vdaw aw vdi

fi}ikcxeiov cm j wv|jviàg xkjo mc| vdi wdikvi| wigvc| pdagd wivw cyv vdi clbigva}iw

cm jwwawvjogi+ vdi |iwxigva}i |iwxcowalakavaiw cm `c}i|oeiov jof vdi dyejoavj|ajo



Xjì { 66

jof fi}ikcxeiov jìogaiw jof |iki}jov kjpw jof wvjofj|fw/ Vdi wv|jviàg xkjo aw

vdi |iwxcowalakavq cm `c}i|oeiov jof vdi ejofjvif gcc|faojvc|/

Wymmagaiov |iwcy|giw eywv li fifagjvif vc gcov|alyvao` vc vdi fi}ikcxeiov cm vdi

wv|jviàg xkjo jof vdaw wdcykf mc|e vdi ljwaw cm aofa}afyjk jìogaiw‑ x|c`|jeeiw

jof x|cbigvw vc iowy|i vdia| |iwxcowi aw jxx|cx|ajvi+ gcc|faojvif jof eiivw vdi

oiifw cm vdi iova|i jmmigvif xcxykjvaco/

6/7/6 Myofao`

Aexkieiovao` jìogaiw j|i jggcyovjlki vc lioimagaj|aiw+ fcoc|w jof `c}i|oeiov/ J

niq gdjkkioì aw wjvawmqao` vdi |izya|ieiovw cm jkk xj|vaiw jw vc dcp myofw j|i

wxiov/ Waòamagjov myofao` gcowv|jaovw aogkyfi vdi vcvjk jecyov cm ecoiq j}jakjlki+

vdi vaeiwgjkiw c}i| pdagd av gjo li wxiov+ jof cvdi| fcoc| |izya|ieiovw/ Vqxagjkkq+

myofw |jawif vd|cy`d iei|ìogq jxxijkw eywv li wxiov pavdao vdi ma|wv oaoi vc

vpik}i ecovdw jmvi| j fawjwvi|/ Vdaw ìoi|jkkq x|igkyfiw |igcowv|ygvaco jof xkjgiw

`|ijvi| iexdjwaw co iei|ìogq jof v|jowavacojk wivvkieiov cxvacow/

6/7/9 Lioimagaj|q wikigvaco

Jwwawvjogi wdcykf li x|c}afif izyavjlkq+ jof vdi oiifw cm vdi ecwv }ykoi|jlki

eywv li eiv/ Av aw vdi|imc|i g|avagjk vc j`|ii j gkij| xckagq co ikaàlakavq jof|iwxcowiw jg|cww jkk jìogaiw/ Vdi wikigvaco cm aofa}afyjk lioimagaj|aiw wdcykf

ao}ck}i vdi pdcki gceeyoavq ao j v|jowxj|iov x|cgiww+ jof lioimagaj|q kawvw wdcykf

li gcc|faojvif jof jxx|c}if lq `c}i|oeiov vc j}caf fyxkagjvaco/ Vdaw gjo li j

vaei%gcowyeao` jof |iwcy|gi%aoviowa}i x|cgiww ao}ck}ao` }akkjì kijfi|w jof kcgjk

`c}i|oeiov/ Vdi figawaco vc pc|n ao wi}i|jk fawv|agvw c| wyl%fawv|agvw ejq jkwc

aexjgv co eclakarjvaco gcwvw jof x|c`|jeei/

6/7/= Eivdcfw cm jwwawvjogi

Vdi|i j|i ejoq fammi|iov pjqw ao pdagd wdikvi| jwwawvjogi gjo li x|c}afif vc

wyxxc|v |igcowv|ygvaco/ Wikigvaco cm jo jxx|cx|ajvi eivdcf cm jwwawvjogi fixiofw

lcvd co vdi oiifw cm vdi jmmigvif gceeyoavaiw jof co vdi vqxi cm jwwawvjogi j

xj|vagykj| jìogq aw liwv xkjgif vc x|c}afi/ Vdi kjvvi| aw ljwif co vdi jìogq‑w

gjxjgavq+ aowvavyvacojk nocpkifì jof j}jakjlki |iwcy|giw jof aogkyfiw dcp

|igcowv|ygvaco ejq c}i|kjx pavd cvdi| wigvc|jk gjxjgavaiw pavdao vdi c|`joarjvaco

$i/`/ ka}ikadccfw+ ivg!/ Fammi|iov eivdcfw cm jwwawvjogi wdcykf li gcelaoif vc



Xjì { 69

g|ijvi wxigamag x|c`|jeeiw vjakc|if vc vdi oiifw cm vdi jmmigvif gceeyoavaiw jof

aofa}afyjk dcywidckfw/ Vdiwi ejq li yoa%wigvc|jk c| eykva%wigvc|jk lyv wdcykf

|imkigv vdi wv|io`vdw cm vdi jìogq pdakwv |igcòarao` vdi oiif vc |ig|yav jffavacojk

vigdoagjk itxi|vawi c| xj|voi| pavd cvdi|w vc makk wnakkw `jxw/

6/7/0 Xj|voi|wdaxw

Av aw da`dkq yokanikq vdjv j wao`ki jìogq pakk li jlki vc fika}i| jkk jwxigvw cm j

v|jowavacojk wivvkieiov c| |igcowv|ygvaco x|c`|jeeiw co vdia| cpo/ Jwxigvw pdagd

mjkk cyvwafi vdia| |ieav c| gc|i wv|io`vdw pakk |izya|i xj|voi|wdaxw pavd `c}i|oeiov+

cvdi| jìogaiw c| kcgjk c|`joarjvacow/ Av aw iwwiovajk vdjv vdi |iwxcowalakavq cm ijgd

xj|voi| ao gcov|alyvao` vc vdi gceeco `cjk cm |igcowv|ygvaco aw gkij|kq fimaoif jof

gceeyoagjvif/ J wdj|if yofi|wvjofao` cm vaeiwgjkiw jof |awn jkkcpw itxigvjvacow

vc li ejojìf/ Vdaw jxxkaiw izyjkkq vc vdi gceeyoavaiw |igia}ao` jwwawvjogi pdc

j|i niq xj|voi|w ao vdi x|cgiww/

6/7/4 Ojvy|jk djrj|fw

Xcwv%fawjwvi| |igcowv|ygvaco x|c}afiw jo cxxc|vyoavq vc |ifygi }ykoi|jlakavq vc

myvy|i i}iovw/ Vdaw |izya|iw jo yofi|wvjofao` cm pdjv ojvy|jk djrj|fw j|i kanikq vc

cggy|+ vdia| xcviovajk aexjgv jof jxx|cx|ajvioiww cm }j|acyw |awn |ifygvaco

wv|jviàiw/ Fawjwvi|w kani vwyojea j|i itv|iei+ aom|izyiov i}iovw pdagd j|i ecwv

immigva}ikq eava`jvif vd|cy`d ij|kq pj|oao` wqwview jof i}jgyjvaco xkjow/ Ao

gcov|jwv vdi ec|i aeeifajvi |awn xcwif lq mkccfao`+ wvc|ew jof ij|vdzyjniw gjo li

wylwvjovajkkq eava`jvif vd|cy`d aex|c}if kjof%ywi xkjooao`+ fiwaò x|jgvagiw+

lyakfao` eivdcfw jof lyakfao` |i`ykjvacow/

Myvy|i fawjwvi| |awn |ifygvaco wdcykf li aovi`|jk vc vdi |igcowv|ygvaco x|cgiww/ Vdaw

|izya|iw j wv|jvi`q pdagd gjxavjkariw co vdi j}jakjlakavq cm myofw jof xckavagjk pakk+

jof aogkyfiw wcgajk jof maojogajk eijwy|iw |ikjvao` vc jpj|ioiww |jawao` jof

x|ixj|ifoiww/ Vdi cxxc|vyoavq vc |jvacojkari y|ljo xkjow vc aogkyfi i}jgyjvaco

|cyviw jof wv|jviàgjkkq jff|iww wi|}agiw x|c}awaco jof vdi kcgjvaco cm g|avagjk

aom|jwv|ygvy|i wdcykf li gcowafi|if |jvdi| vdjo |ilyakfao` y|ljo gceeyoavaiw lq

|ixijvao` vdi xjvvi|o cm c|`joag `|cpvd jof wavao` xylkag lyakfao`w c| wxjgiw jw

limc|i/



Xjì { 6=

6/7/1 X|c`|jeei xkjo

J x|c`|jeei xkjo aw |izya|if pdagd gkij|kq fiwg|aliw vdi |jvacojki mc| x|c}afao`

wdikvi| jwwawvjogi2 pdc aw vc li jwwawvif+ vdi fiwa|if cyvgceiw+ dcp vdiq j|i vc li

jgdai}if vd|cy`d }j|acyw aovi|%kaonif x|cbigvw+ jof c}i| pdjv vaeiwgjki/ Vdi aoavajk

xkjo pakk li aomc|eif lq vdi awwyiw fawgywwif ao vdi x|i}acyw gdjxvi|w lyv wdcykf

li gcowafi|if jw j ka}i fcgyeiov+ yxfjvif |i`ykj|kq jw oip aomc|ejvaco ligceiw

j}jakjlki/ Av wdcykf |imkigv vdi c}i|jkk wv|jviàg xkjo mc| vdi wdikvi| wigvc| jof jw mj|

jw xcwwalki wdcykf li wv|ygvy|if gcowawviovkq ao c|fi| vc cxvaeari lcvd gcc|faojvaco

jof aomc|ejvaco ejojìeiov/ Vdi x|c`|jeei xkjo aw jo aexc|vjov fcgyeiov

pdagd wdcykf x|c}afi wymmagaiov aomc|ejvaco vc iojlki wioac| ejojì|w vc à}i

jxx|c}jk vc x|cgiif gcòarjov cm vdi gcovitv+ vdi gjxjlakavaiw cm vdia| c|`joarjvaco

jof j}jakjlakavq cm |iwcy|giw/ Vdi x|c`|jeei xkjo gjo jkwc li ywif jw vdi ljwaw mc|

gcc|faojvaco pavdao vdi dyejoavj|ajo wigvc| jof pavd `c}i|oeiov/ Av iojlkiw j

wdj|if yofi|wvjofao` cm vdi x|cxcwif wdikvi| x|c`|jeei jv jkk ki}ikw pavdao jo

jìogq jof jg|cww wigvc|w/ Vdaw aw xj|vagykj|kq aexc|vjov jw wdikvi| x|c`|jeeiw

gjvjkqri |igc}i|q ecwv immigva}ikq pdio aovi`|jvif pavd ka}ikadccfw x|c`|jeeiw/

6/6 Fiwaò

6/6/: Wavi wikigvaco jof wy|}iqw

Mjeakaiw ìoi|jkkq x|imi| vc |ilyakf co vdia| cpo kjof+ jw vdaw iojlkiw vdie vc ec|i

ijwakq |iwyei vdia| ka}iw jof ka}ikadccfw/ Dcpi}i|+ am vdaw aw ocv xcwwalki+ kjof

eywv vdio li afiovamaif mc| |iwivvkieiov waviw/ Pdivdi| |ilyakfao` dcywiw pdi|i

vdiq pi|i x|i}acywkq kcgjvif c| |ikcgjvao` gceeyoavaiw vc |iwivvkieiov waviw+ vdi

wyavjlakavq cm vdi wavi mc| |igcowv|ygvaco wdcykf li }i|amaif/ Jfizyjvi wavi wikigvaco

x|cgify|iw eywv li xyv ao xkjgi vc iowy|i jggiww vc wi|}agiw jof ka}ikadccfw jof vc

afiovamq }ykoi|jlakavq vc ojvy|jk djrj|fw/ Ec|i fivjakif wy|}iqw ejq jkwc li

|izya|if ao c|fi| vc afiovamq wxigamag |izya|ieiovw mc| io}a|coeiovjk x|cvigvaco+

iojlkao` pc|nw jof aom|jwv|ygvy|i limc|i vdi gcowv|ygvaco cm viexc|j|q wivvkieiov

gjo cggy|/

Fivjakif xdqwagjk xkjooao` |ikaiw yxco jggy|jvi aoavajk xdqwagjk wy|}iqw/ Ao

xj|vagykj| vcxc`|jxdagjk+ ìcvigdoagjk jof dqf|ckcàgjk xdqwagjk wy|}iqw j|i

aexc|vjov pdio kcgjvao` wivvkieiov jof cvdi| aom|jwv|ygvy|i vc iowy|i vdjv kjof aw



Xjì { 60

wyavjlki mc| |igcowv|ygvaco+ jw vdiq gjo da`dka`dv j|ijw wylbigv vc djrj|fw wygd jw

kjofwkafiw+ j|ijw pavd wcak c| ìckcàgjk aowvjlakavq c| j|ijw pavd da`d pjvi| vjlkiw/

Yofi|wvjofao` vdi vcxc`|jxdq aw jkwc aexc|vjov jw av fivi|eaoiw f|jaojì xjvvi|ow+

jof jo jxx|igajvaco cm `|cyof gcofavacow aw oiifif vc figafi co vdi vqxi cm ljwi cm

vdi wv|ygvy|i jof kaeavjvacow co itgj}jvaco mc| vcakiv xavw/

6/6/< Kjof vioy|i

Ki`jk gi|vamagjvaco cm kjof aw j x|i%|izyawavi vc |igcowv|ygvaco+ qiv vdi wqwvie mc|

gi|vamagjvaco ejq ocv dj}i liio gcex|idiowa}i jof niq fcgyeiovw co kjof vavkiw c|

kcgjk nocpkifì ejq dj}i liio kcwv jw j |iwykv cm vdi fawjwvi|/ Kjof vioy|i

j||joìeiovw }j|q m|ce xkjgi vc xkjgi A vdi gcyov|q jof kjof ejq dj}i liio

cpoif aofa}afyjkkq+ gceeyojkkq c| lq vdi `c}i|oeiov/ Iwvjlkawdao` kjof vavkiw

ljwif co lcvd itawvao` |igc|fw jof gceeyoavq%f|a}io x|cgiwwiw aw j vaei

gcowyeao` x|cgiww lyv g|avagjk vc kcoì|%vi|e wywvjaojlki fi}ikcxeiov/ Aodi|avjogi

|a`dvw oiif vc li gcowafi|if jw fciw gi|vamagjvaco mc| jfbjgiov gceeyoavaiw wc jw

ocv vc itjgi|ljvi fammi|iogiw ao kjof }jkyiw/ Wxigamag gcowafi|jvaco eywv jkwc li

à}io vc vdi |a`dvw cm viojovw c| aomc|ejk fpikki|w vdjv pi|i ocv x|i}acywkq kjof

cpoi|w/

6/6/7 Xdqwagjk xkjooao`

Wivvkieiov wdcykf li wiio ao vdi gcovitv cm |igcowv|ygvao` jof |ilyakfao`

gceeyoavaiw/ Jfizyjvi vaei eywv li jkkcpif mc| xj|vagaxjvc|q xkjooao` x|cgiwwiw

vc iowy|i vdjv vdi |ilyakfao` x|cgiww aw gceeyoavq%f|a}io/ Jo aovi`|jvif jxx|cjgd

vc xkjooao` wdcykf li jfcxvif pdagd jff|iww lcvd wdc|v vi|e jof kco` vi|e oiifw

pdi|ilq wdikvi|w j|i gcc|faojvif wxjvajkkq jof x|c`|jeejvagjkkq pavd jggiww vc

wi|}agiw+ xylkag lyakfao`w jof ka}ikadccf mjgakavaiw/

Vdaw pakk x|i}iov dcywiw liao` kimv yocggyxaif jmvi| gcexkivaco jof g|ijvi

wywvjaojlki gceeyoavaiw ao vdi kcoì| vi|e/

6/6/6 Zyjkavq

Zyjkavq+ gcwv jof vaeiwgjkiw j|i vdi vd|ii niq ikieiovw cm j |ilyakfao` x|c`|jeei

vdjv oiif vc li gj|imykkq ejojìf/ Vqxagjkkq x|iwwy|i vc gceeiogi |ilyakfao` jof

kaeavif |iwcy|giw eijow vdjv lyfìvw jof vaeiwgjkiw x|i}jak jof aowymmagaiov

gcowafi|jvaco aw à}io vc iwvjlkawdao` j gkij| fimaoavaco cm zyjkavq/ Av aw aexc|vjov



Xjì { 64

vdjv zyjkavq aw yofi|wvccf m|ce vdi cggyxjov‑w xi|wxigva}i/ Vdia| x|aej|q gcogi|o

pakk li mjgvc|w vdjv gcov|alyvi vc vdi djlavjlakavq c| myogvacojkavq $x|cvigvaco m|ce

vdi pijvdi|+ aovi|ojk gcemc|v+ wjmivq jof wigy|avq+ wymmagaiov wxjgi+ jggiww vc

wi|}agiw!+ vdcy`d kcoì| vi|e vdi|i ejq li jffavacojk gcowafi|jvacow wygd jw

fy|jlakavq jof jfjxvjlakavq/

Cogi vdi cggyxjov‑w |izya|ieiovw j|i gjxvy|if ao j fiwaò l|aim c| xi|mc|ejogi

wxigamagjvaco vdiq gjo li ywif jw vdi ljwaw co pdagd j }j|aivq cm fiwaòw gjo li

fi}ikcxif/ Vdaw aw x|imi|jlki vc j x|iwg|axva}i wxigamagjvaco pdagd ejniw }j|acyw

xj|jeivi|w ejofjvc|q $wari+ oyeli| cm |ccew+ gcowv|ygvaco vqxi!/ \imi|iogi

wdcykf jkwc li ejfi vc aovi|ojvacojk wvjofj|fw jof x|i%fawjwvi| dcywao` x|c}afiw j

ywimyk liogdej|n mc| pdjv ea`dv li gcowafi|if jggixvjlki zyjkavq/ Gcc|faojvaco aw

iwwiovajk vc iowy|i vdjv jkk wvjnidckfi|w dj}i j wdj|if yofi|wvjofao` cm zyjkavq wc

jw vc j}caf aoizyavjlki jof aojfizyjvi |iwxcowiw/

6/6/9 Vqxiw cm fixkcqeiov

Vdi gdcagi cm fixkcqao` wqwvie eywv |imkigv vdi gjxjlakavaiw cm vdi gceeyoavq jof

gjxjgavq cm vdi kcgjk ej|niv/ Kcgjk lyakfao` x|jgvagiw ejq li fammagykv vc wgjki%yx

fyi vc wdc|vmjkkw ao wnakkif kjlc| jof ejvi|ajkw+ c| ejq |izya|i ecfamagjvacow vc

jgdai}i jo jggixvjlki ki}ik cm zyjkavq jof wjmivq/ Xcwv%fawjwvi| |ilyakfao` x|iwiovw

jo cxxc|vyoavq vc ao}iwv ao vdi aov|cfygvaco cm aex|c}if oip ejvi|ajkw jof

vigdockcàiw/ Dcpi}i|+ vdaw eywv li ljkjogif j`jaowv gykvy|jk jggixvjlakavq+

|izya|ieiovw mc| wnakkif kjlc|+ myvy|i jfjxvjlakavq jof vdi vaeiwgjki cm vdi

|iwxcowi/ Vigdoagjk itxi|vawi wdcykf li wcy`dv pdio fivi|eaoao` pdjv vqxi cm

lyakfao` wqwvie vc jfcxv wc vdjv vdi |ikjva}i jf}jovjìw jof fawjf}jovjìw gjo li

jwwiwwif+ }ar/2 pdagd ejvi|ajk pakk wyav vdi Dcv jof F|q gkaejvi cm vdi xkjgi/

6/6/= Io}a|coeiov

Ao jffavaco vc kcww cm kami+ ka}ikadccfw jof fjejì vc x|cxi|vq fawjwvi|w ejq jkwc

gjywi waòamagjov io}a|coeiovjk fjejì/ Kcww cm igcwqwview jof mi|vaki wcak+

gcovjeaojvaco cm pjvi| wcy|giw jof fjejì vc gcjwvjk ejo`|c}iw gjo jkk kij}i vdi

xcxykjvaco }ykoi|jlki ao vdi kcoì|%vi|e/ Av aw iwwiovajk vdjv my|vdi| io}a|coeiovjk

fi`|jfjvaco aw j}cafif ao vdi |ilyakfao` xdjwi/ Eava`jvao` vdi io}a|coeiovjk

aexjgv cm |igcowv|ygvaco eywv li gcowafi|if jw jo aovi`|jk xj|v cm vdi fiwaò

x|cgiww> ejvi|ajk wcy|gao` kijfao` vc c}i| itxkcavjvaco cm ojvy|jk |iwcy|giw+ vdi ywi



Xjì { 61

jof fawxcwjk cm vctag wylwvjogiw+ aojfizyjvi gcowafi|jvaco cm pjvi| jof wjoavjvaco

jof pdckiwjki |iec}jk cm v|iiw jof }iìvjvaco j|i itjexkiw cm oi`jva}i aexjgvw/

6/6/0 Fawjwvi| |awn |ifygvaco

]ykoi|jlakavq vc ojvy|jk djrj|fw gjo li }i|q waòamagjovkq eava`jvif+ jof i}io

x|i}iovif+ vd|cy`d jxx|cx|ajvi wavi kcgjvaco+ fiwaò jof gcowv|ygvaco/

Gcowizyiovkq j wvix gdjoì ao fawjwvi| |awn |ifygvaco gjo li jgdai}if+ cmvio

pavdcyv waòamagjov gcwv aexkagjvacow+ am fawjwvi| |awn |ifygvaco wv|jviàiw j|i

gcowafi|if jo aovi`|jk xj|v cm vdi |ilyakfao` x|cgiww/ Jxx|cx|ajvi wxigajkawv

vigdoagjk itxi|vawi wdcykf li wcy`dv jof |iki}jov ojvacojk jof aovi|ojvacojk

wvjofj|fw jof liwv x|jgvagi `yafikaoiw jfdi|if vc/ Jw pikk jw —lyakfao` ljgn livvi|‑

vdi|i aw jo cxxc|vyoavq vc aomkyiogi kcgjk lyakfao` x|jgvagiw jof xkjooao` x|cgiwwiw

wc vdjv vdiq wyxxc|v wjmi| gcowv|ygvaco ao vdi kco` vi|e/

J}jakjlakavq cm myofw jof xckavagjk pakk+ xcwv%fawjwvi| ejq jkwc x|c}afi wgcxi mc|

aov|cfygao` wcgajk c| maojogajk eigdjoawew |ikjvif vc jpj|ioiww |jawao`+ fawjwvi|

x|ixj|ifoiww+ c| |awn v|jowmi|/

6/6/4 Fiwaò cm wdikvi|w

Wdikvi| fiwaòw eywv eiiv |iki}jov wvjofj|fw+ li gykvy|jkkq jof gkaejvagjkkqjxx|cx|ajvi+ fy|jlki jof ijwq vc ejaovjao+ jkkcp mc| myvy|i jfjxvjvaco jof li

fi}ikcxif ao xj|voi|wdax pavd vdi aoviofif cggyxjovw/ Pdaki fiwaòi|w ejq li liwv

xkjgif vc jf}awi co vdi mc|e+ ioàoii|ao` itxi|vawi aw |izya|if vc gj||q cyv wy|}iqw

jof vc iowy|i wv|ygvy|jk aovi`|avq+ xj|vagykj|kq ao j|ijw cm da`d wiaweag jgva}avq/

Wi|}agiw wygd jw pjvi|+ wjoavjvaco jof ikigv|agavq eywv li aogkyfif ao ejwvi| xkjo

fiwaò vc iowy|i wdikvi|w j|i ocv kimv yocggyxaif jmvi| gcexkivaco/ Wvjofj|farjvaco

jof cxvaearjvaco cm fiwaòw gjo aex|c}i xi|mc|ejogi+ eaoaeari gcwvw jof

mjgakavjvi wxiif cm fika}i|q jof wgjkao`%yx/ Dcpi}i|+ vdaw eywv li ljkjogif j`jaowv

vdi |izya|ieiovw cm wxigamag dcywidckfw/

6/6/1 Fiwaò cm wgdcckw jof dijkvd giovi|w

Wgdcckw jof dijkvd giovi|w j|i kj|ì| jof ec|i gcexkagjvif wv|ygvy|iw+ pavd da`di|

cggyxjogq+ jof xkjq j g|avagjk |cki ao vdi gceeyoavq/ Av aw vdi|imc|i iwwiovajk vdjv

vdiq j|i mav mc| xy|xcwi jof fixkcqif wcyofkq/ Vdaw |izya|iw gcowykvjvaco pavd vdi

|iki}jov `c}i|oeiov fixj|veiovw jof wvjmm jof j da`di| ki}ik cm vigdoagjk fiwaò



Xjì { 98

itxi|vawi jof wavi wyxi|}awaco/ Vdia| cxi|jvaco aw fixiofiov co x|c}awaco cm

wxigajkawv wi|}agiw+ izyaxeiov jof v|jaoif xi|wcooik pdagd oiif vc li aovi`|jvif

aovc vdi fiwaò jof aogkyfif ao jo cxi|jvaco jof ejaoviojogi xkjo/ Waogi vdiwi

wdikvi| vqxiw j|i }aipif vc li g|avagjk aom|jwv|ygvy|i+ vdiq oiif vc li fiwaòif jof

fixkcqif vc da`di| wxigamagjvacow vdjo viexc|j|q dcywao` wdikvi|w jof vc aogkyfi

lyakv%ao wv|io`vd vc iowy|i gcovaoyavq cm cxi|jvaco mckkcpao` j myvy|i fawjwvi|/

6/6/:8 X|cbigv xkjo

Ao c|fi| vc xkjo vdi aexkieiovjvaco xdjwi jof eclakari oigiwwj|q |iwcy|giw+ vdi|i

oiifw vc li j X|cbigv Xkjo pdagd gkij|kq fimaoiw vdi |ilyakfao` x|cbigv jof vdi

eijow vc fika}i| av/ Vdi X|cbigv Xkjo wdcykf li jo itviowaco vc vdi X|c`|jeei

xkjo/ Av wdcykf gcex|awi j gcwv xkjo+ |iwcy|gi xkjo jof x|c`|jeei mc| x|cgy|ieiov

jof fixkcqeiov ljwif co j fivjakif wgcxi cm pc|nw c| jgva}avq wgdifyki mc| ijgd

wavi c| gceeyoavq/ Ao jffavaco+ av wdcykf jkwc da`dka`dv niq |awnw vdjv ea`dv

oi`jva}ikq aexjgv co vdi fika}i|q x|cgiww+ wc vdjv vdiq gjo li x|cjgva}ikq

ejojìf/ Vdi X|cbigv Xkjo wdcykf mc|e vdi ljwaw co pdagd j figawaco vc x|cgiif

pavd gcowv|ygvaco aw ejfi/ Av gjo jkwc li ywif jw vdi ljwikaoi mc| ecoavc|ao`

lyfìv jof x|c`|jeei fy|ao` x|cfygvaco jof fixkcqeiov+ jof ejojào`

itxigvjvacow |i`j|fao` zyjkavq jof wgdifykif fika}i|q/



Xjì { 9:

6/9 X|cfygvaco jof Fixkcqeiov

6/9/: Eivdcfw cm Aexkieiovjvaco

Vdi ecwv jxx|cx|ajvi eivdcf cm aexkieiovjvaco $wikm c| gceeyoavq%lyakf+ c|

fa|igv aexkieiovjvaco! aw fixiofiov co vdi wnakkw jof gjxjgavq cm vdi jmmigvif

xcxykjvaco+ kcgjk ejvi|ajk j}jakjlakavq+ vdi gcexkitavq cm vdi dcywao` fiwaò jof

vqxi cm gcowv|ygvaco+ vdi vaeiwgjki mc| |ilyakfao` jof vdi j}jakjlakavq cm myofao`/ J

wao`ki x|c`|jeei ejq aogkyfi fammi|iov eivdcfw cm aexkieiovjvaco+ mc| itjexki

gceeyoavaiw ejq wikm%fixkcq vdia| cpo wdikvi|w pdaki jìogaiw ejq li ec|i

jxx|cx|ajvi mc| wivvkieiov pafi aom|jwv|ygvy|i/ Vdi eivdcf cm aexkieiovjvaco aw

g|avagjk ao fivi|eaoao` vdi wcgajk jof igcoceag aexjgv cm vdi |ilyakfao`

x|c`|jeei/ Ijgd cxvaco djw lioimavw ao vi|ew cm wnakkw v|jowmi|+ igcoceag jof

ka}ikadccf |igc}i|q jof vdiwi ejq li itxi|aiogif jv j kcgjk+ |iàcojk c| ojvacojk

ki}ik fixiofao` co pdi|i myofw+ wnakkw v|jaoao` c| ejvi|ajkw j|i x|c}afif/

Cpoi|wdax cm vdi gcexkivif x|c`|jeei aw jkwc j niq awwyi jof eigdjoawew eywv

li xyv ao xkjgi vc iowy|i vdjv gceeyoavaiw j|i jfizyjvikq io`jìf ao vdi figawaco%

ejnao` x|cgiww/ Vdaw dikxw vc iowy|i lioimagaj|q wjvawmjgvaco jof cggyxjogq cm vdi

gcexkivif wivvkieiov/

6/9/< X|cbigv ejojìeiov

Immigva}i x|cbigv ejojìeiov aw g|avagjk vc vdi vaeikq fika}i|q cm `ccf zyjkavq

wdikvi|w pdaki iowy|ao` j}jakjlki myofw j|i wxiov immagaiovkq jof immigva}ikq/ Vdi

gdjkkioì aw vc ejaovjao x|c`|iww+ ejojì itxigvjvacow pavd |iwxigv vc lcvd

x|c`|jeei jof zyjkavq jof |iejao pavdao lyfìv ao jo io}a|coeiov pdi|i

aoi}avjlkq vdi|i j|i oyei|cyw gjywiw mc| fikjq jof |iwcy|giw j|i kaeavif/ X|cbigv

ejojìeiov vdi|imc|i |izya|iw gjxjlakavaiw ao maojogajk x|c`|jeei+ xi|wcooik jof

wyxxkq%gdjao ejojìeiov jof j wcyof yofi|wvjofao` cm zyjkavq jof |awn/ Vdiwi

eywv li aomc|eif lq x|i}acyw itxi|aiogiw cm fika}i|ao` fixkcqeiov x|c`|jeeiw

cm j waeakj| wgjki/ Pdaki wcei cm vdiwi gjxjlakavaiw ejq jk|ijfq itawv pavdao jo

jìogq+ av aw kanikq vdjv gcowykvjovw pakk dj}i vc li jxxcaovif c| xj|voi|wdaxw

mc|eif pavd vdi x|a}jvi wigvc| c| wxigajkawv O@Cw/ ]j|acyw vcckw jof x|jgvagiw gjo

li ywif vc ejojì fixkcqeiov/ Vdi ecwv aexc|vjov cm vdiwi aw vdi fixkcqeiov

x|c`|jeei+ pdagd wdcykf afiovamq niq eakiwvcoiw+ vdi aovi|%|ikjvacowdaxw livpiio

jgva}avaiw jof g|avagjk xjvd aview/ Av gjo li ywif vc ecoavc| x|c`|iww jof jwwiww vdi



Xjì { 9<

aexkagjvacow cm fikjqw/ Cvdi| gceeco vcckw aogkyfi vdi gcwv xkjo+ |awn |iàwvi|+

zyjkavq jwwy|jogi jof dijkvd jof wjmivq x|cgify|iw/ Gcowv|ygvaco aw j gckkigva}i

immc|v jof vdi |iwxcowalakavaiw+ kaoiw cm gceeyoagjvaco jof jyvdc|avq mc| figawaco

ejnao` oiif vc li gkij| jof x|jgvagjlki pavd ykvaejvi |iwxcowalakavq/

6/9/7 Ejvi|ajkw jof kcàwvagw

Vdi j}jakjlakavq cm `ccf zyjkavq gcowv|ygvaco ejvi|ajkw ao wymmagaiov zyjovavaiw aw

g|avagjk vc vdi vaeikq fika}i|q cm da`d zyjkavq |ilyakfao` x|c`|jeeiw/ Ao xcwv

fawjwvi| wavyjvacow+ kcgjkkq j}jakjlki ejvi|ajkw j|i vqxagjkkq wylbigv vc da`d aomkjvaco

jof vdi zyjkavq fivi|ac|jviw jw x|cfygvaco x|cgiwwiw ligceiw c}i|wv|ivgdif ao

c|fi| vc eiiv vdi kj|ì wgjki fiejof/ Aexkieiovao` jìogaiw ejq jkwc mjgi

x|iwwy|i vc xy|gdjwi wyl%wvjofj|f ejvi|ajkw m|ce kcgjk wyxxkai|w/ Gj|i aw oiifif vc

iowy|i vdjv ejvi|ajkw ywif ao x|cfygvaco j|i gcowawviov pavd vdi fiwaò

wxigamagjvacow/ Vdaw |izya|iw }i|amagjvaco co fika}i|q+ jxx|cx|ajvi wvc|jì jof

viwvao`/

J wv|jviàg jwwiwweiov cm kcgjk |iwcy|giw wdcykf li yofi|vjnio pdio xkjooao` j

|ilyakfao` x|c`|jeei vc jwwiww kaeavjvacow ao wyxxkq+ afiovamq jkvi|ojva}i wcy|giw

jof x|i}iov fikjqw fy|ao` aexkieiovjvaco/ Pc|nao` pavd kcgjk wyxxkai|w jof

ejoymjgvy|i|w x|c}afiw cxxc|vyoavaiw mc| iodjogao` wejkk wgjki x|cfygv

ejoymjgvy|ao` jw j ka}ikadccfw jxx|cjgd vc |ilyakfao`/ Jkvi|ojva}ikq ejvi|ajkw ejq

oiif vc li v|jowxc|vif gcowafi|jlki fawvjogiw |izya|ao` pj|idcywiw vc wvc|i

ejvi|ajkw c| vc jwwielki vdi fiwaòif gcexcoiovw/

6/9/6 Pc|nejowdax

@ccf zyjkavq pc|nejowdax xkjqw j niq |cki ao iowy|ao` vdi wv|ygvy|jk aovi`|avq cm

wdikvi|w jof x|c}afao` vdi jlakavq vc pavdwvjof itv|iei i}iovw aogkyfao`

ij|vdzyjniw+ mkccfw jof gqgkcoiw/ Av jkwc fa|igvkq jmmigvw vdi }awyjk jxxij|jogi cm

vdi wdikvi|w jof vdi|imc|i xi|gixvaco cm zyjkavq jof fy|jlakavq/ Pc|nejowdax

fixiofw co vdi j}jakjlakavq cm wyavjlkq wnakkif kjlc|+ pdagd ejq li kaeavif fyi vc j

gcelaojvaco cm wejkk kcgjk gjxjgavaiw jof da`d fiejof/ Av aw vdi|imc|i iwwiovajk vc

jwwiww vdi gcowv|ygvaco wnakkw cm vdi kcgjk xcxykjvaco jof gjxjgavq cm vdi

fixkcqeiov jìogaiw jv vdi cyvwiv wc vdjv wymmagaiov |iwcy|giw gjo li fifagjvif vc

|ig|yaveiov jof v|jaoao`/



Xjì { 97

Zyjkavq jwwy|jogi x|cgify|iw eywv li aexkieiovif+ vc afiovamq wyl%wvjofj|f

pc|nejowdax jv niq wvjìw fy|ao` vdi fixkcqeiov x|cgiww wc vdjv aeeifajvi

gc||igva}i jgvaco gjo li vjnio/ Vdaw j}cafw dj}ao` vc |iec}i wyl wvjofj|f wdikvi|w

c| gj||q cyv itviowa}i |ieifajk pc|nw lyv |izya|iw waòamagjov oyeli|w cm maikf

wvjmm vc gj||q cyv co%wavi wyxi|}awaco jof ecoavc|ao`/

6/9/9 Djofc}i|

Vdi iof cm j |ilyakfao` x|c`|jeei aw ej|nif lq djofc}i| cm vdi wdikvi|w jof

mjgakavaiw vc vdia| iof%ywi|w/ Jv vdaw xcaov ao vaei vdiq vjni cpoi|wdax jof jggixv

|iwxcowalakavq mc| vdi wdikvi|/ Av aw aexc|vjov vc mjgakavjvi vdaw v|jowavaco lq j`|iiao`

j maoavi xi|acf fy|ao` pdagd vdi jìogq pakk |iejao |iwxcowalki mc| jff|iwwao`

fimigvw jof co vdi cvdi| djof+ ywi|w pakk jkwc li jowpi|jlki vc — mc| dcp kco` j|i

vdiq `cao` vc ywi vdi fixkcqif wdikvi|‑+ wy|ikq mckkcpao` vdi yomc|iwiio xcwv

fawjwvi| xdioceioj/ Vdi|i oiifw vc li j wdj|if yofi|wvjofao` livpiio vdi jìogq

jof gceeyoavq jw vc vdi xcaov jv pdagd djofc}i| pakk cggy|/

Vdaw ejq li limc|i vdi wdikvi| aw mykkq fixkcqif+ mc| aowvjogi am vdi x|ac|avq aw vc

x|c}afi j wjmi —gc|i‑ wxjgi c| pdi|i mjeakaiw j|i jlki vc gj||q cyv maoawdao` pc|nw

lq vdiewik}iw/

Mc| wgdcckw jof dcwxavjkw+ j kcoì| djofc}i| xi|acf ejq li oiifif vc jkkcp mc|

izyaxeiov vc li aowvjkkif jof vdi mjgakavq vc ligcei myogvacojk/ Cggyxjogq

x|c}afiw j `ccf aoavajk aofagjvaco cm jggixvjogi jof wjvawmjgvaco lyv jo i}jkyjvaco

wdcykf jkwc li gj||aif cyv vc iowy|i vdjv vdi x|c`|jeei |ijkarif avw clbigva}iw jof

vc afiovamq joq wdc|vgceao`w/ Vdi i}jkyjvaco wdcykf aofagjvi pdivdi| vdi

|ilyakfao` djw wyggiifif ao jgvao` jw j gjvjkqwv mc| |igc}i|q c| pdi|i vdi|i j|i

my|vdi| |izya|ieiovw mc| jwwawvjogi/



Xjì { 96

Gdjxvi| 9

Fiwaò X|cgiww

9/: Jmmaoavq Faj`|je

Vdaw aw j vcck mc| jwwaeakjvao` jof yofi|wvjofao` kj|ì jecyovw cm aomc|ejvaco/ Vdi

jmmaoavq faj`|je aw j ejojìeiov jof xkjooao` vcck/ Ywi cm vdaw vcck aw ljwif co

vdi yofi|wvjofao` vdjv vaei ao}iwvif ao xkjooao` pakk x|cfygi |iej|njlki

fa}afiofw jw vdi ìoi|jvif afijw jof xkjow j|i jgvif yxco jof aexkieiovif/ Yokani

vdi ljwag vcckw mc| aex|c}ieiov vdjv fijk x|aej|akq pavd gckkigvao` jof jojkqrao`

dj|f fjvj+ vdaw vcck mcgywiw co awwyiw jof afijw+ wcmv fjvj/ Jo jmmaoavq faj`|je aw

vdi |iwykv cm j g|ijva}i x|cgiww mcgywif co maofao` vdi ejbc| vdieiw jmmigvao` j

x|clkie lq ìoi|jvao` j oyeli| cm afijw+ awwyiw c| cxaoacow/ Vdi x|cgiww

afiovamaiw vdiwi afijw+ `|cyxw ojvy|jkkq |ikjvif aview jof afiovamaiw vdi coi gcogixv

vdjv vaiw ijgd `|cyxao` vcìvdi|/ Pdaki pc|nao` co j x|clkie+ coi gjo |ijgd

\jofce Afijw Jmmaoavq Faj`|je

Vdiei < Vdiei 7

Ma`y|i 9/: % X|cfygao` gceeco vdieiw m|ce j kj|ì jecyov cm aomc|ejvaco

Vdiei :



Xjì { 99

gcowiowyw lq vdi gyeykjva}i immigv cm aofa}afyjk wc|vao` figawacow |jvdi| vdjo

vd|cy`d fawgywwaco/ ^9/<U

9/< L|jaowvc|eao`Vdi Jmmaoavq g|ijvaco aw mckkcpif lq l|jaowvc|eao` wiwwaco/ L|jaowvc|eao` aw jo

aofa}afyjk#`|cyx g|ijva}avq vigdoazyi fiwaòif vc ìoi|jvi j kj|ì oyeli| cm afijw

mc| vdi wckyvaco cm vdi x|clkie/ Ao vdaw x|cgiww+ `|cyxw gjo fcylki vdia| g|ijva}i

cyvxyv/ ^9/:U

L|jaowvc|eao` aw j xcxykj| eivdcf cm `|cyx aovi|jgvaco ao lcvd ifygjvacojk jof

lywaoiww wivvao`/ Vdi wjei pjw aexkieiovif mc| vdaw x|cbigv pc|n/

Vdi ljwag |ykiw cm gcofygvao` l|jaowvc|eao` j|i % Mcgyw co Zyjovavq+ Oc g|avagawe+

jof jggixvjogi cm yoywyjk afijw+ Gcelaojvaco jof xi|eyvjvaco+ jof wylwizyiov

|imaoieiov/

Coi cm vdi eivdcfw cm l|jaowvc|eao`+ mckkcpif mc| vdi x|cbigv aw2%

Wiv vdi x|clkie

Ljgn`|cyof Wvyfq

G|ijvi kawv cm kijf zyiwvacow

@ioi|jvaco cm Afijw jof ocvao` vdie fcpo

I}jkyjvaco

Jmmaoavq Faj`|je

@yafikaoiw m|ce ijgd `|cyx cm pc|fw

Gcogkywaco

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Xjnawvjo+ j x|ifimaoif clbigva}i pjw g|ijvif/ Vdi clbigva}i cm vdi wiwwaco pjw vc

gcei yx pavd }j|aif afijw fimaoao` immagaiogq cm j viexc|j|q wivvkieiov+ pdagd aw j

xj|v cm xcwv%fawjwvi| ejojìeiov pdi|iao xi|mc|ejogi cm j wdikvi| kani

ka`dvpia`dv+ ijwakq v|jowxc|vjlki - fixkcqjlki ao vdi eaoaeye vaei+ fy|jlki - jv vdi

wjei vaei jmmc|fjlki pi|i fimaoif/ Vdaw mc|eif vdi ljwaw cm fawgywwaco/



Xjì { 9=

9/7 X|cgiww Mkcp

Mc| vdi jmmaoavaiw vdi iova|i fjvj gckkigvaco pjw fcoi+ jlcyv 698 Xcwv%avwVE

pi|i p|avvio

fcpo vc x|cfygi j kj|ì xcck cm afijw jof cxaoacow/ Vdaw aogkyfif x|clkiew jof wcei

cm vdi wckyvacow clwi|}if ao gjwi wvyfaiw/

Vdi mkcp cm vdaw gckkjlc|jva}i x|cgiww pjw fa}afif aovc ma}i wvjìw jw ijgd wvjì djw vc

li fcoi ao vdi à}io vaei immagaiovkq/ Vdi wvjìw diogi mckkcpif j|i2%

:/ Fawgywwaco co vdi ljwag afij jlcyv vdi x|cbigv

</ Gckkigvaco cm afijw % Jmmaoavaiw

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6/

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waeakj| gjvi`c|q pi|i nixv vcìvdi|/ Jv vdaw wvjì+ vdi `|cyxw pi|i ocv jkkcvvif j

matif ojei jw av gcykf |iwv|agv vdi x|cgiww cm gkyllao` afijw/ Pavd vdi mkcp cm

x|cgiww }j|aif aejìw pi|i jffif vc vdi `|cyxw vc ejni vdi fawgywwaco gcog|ivi/

Vdi aejìw pi|i |ikjvif vc }j|acyw jwxigvw cm fawjwvi| eava`jvaco x|c`|jeeiw

gj||aif cyv jkk c}i| vdi pc|kf/ Vdiwi aejìw pi|i jkwc dikxmyk vc maof cyv vdi itjgv

wgioj|ac jof vdi wgjki cm fawjwvi| jof vdia| aexjgv co vdi igcwqwvie/ Pdio vdi

`|cyxao` x|cgiww pjw fcoi jof clwi|}if cogi j`jao+ av wiieif vdjv mip pc|fw

pi|i |ikjvao` vc ec|i vdjo coi `|cyx/ Vdio+ vdcwi pc|fw pi|i jffif vc vdi

|iwxigva}i `|cyxw jw pikk/

Ocp+ vdi `|cyxw pi|i ojeif jw xi| vdi |iki}jov wvc|q xcxxao` cyv cm `|cyxw+ vdi

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ijgd `|cyx+ aowa`dvw pi|i itv|jgvif jw vdi cyvgcei cm vdi x|cgiww/

Vdi `jvdi|if fjvj+ aogkyfao` afijw m|ce l|jaowvc|eao` wiwwaco jof vdi `yafikaoiw

m|ce jmmaoavq x|cgiww+ pjw nixv vcìvdi| co ma`y|iw : jof < jw mckkcpif/



Xjì { 90

Ma`y|i 9/< % Jmmaoavq Lcj|f :



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Ma`y|i 9/7 % Jmmaoavq Lcj|f <



Xjì { 91

Vdi `|cyxw j|i jw mckkcpw2%

:/ Wxjgi Cxvaearjvaco

Fimaoao` ljwag oigiwwavaiw pdaki kccnao` cyv mc| gcemc|v

Eaoaearao` wxjgi jkkcgjvaco

Gckkjlc|jvao` vdi mjgakavaiw

Pc|n mkcp cm vdi ywi| ao vdi wdikvi|

</ Mccf

\iàwvi|ao` iovdywajwvw

Fcgyeiovao` aomkcp jof cyvmkcp

\awi c| f|cx ao |izya|ieiovw

7/ Zyagn Kcgjkarif Ejoymjgvy|ao`

Ywi cm kcgjkkq j}jakjlki ejvi|ajkw

Wxiif cm ejoymjgvy|ao`

Fixkcqeiov vaei mc| ijgd yoav

\ifygao` ijwi cm v|jowxc|vjvaco

6/ Pjvi| $D<C!

Xj|jfct ‗ Pjvi| Kc`ào` }#w \jao pjvi| dj|}iwvao`

9/ Wxigamagjvacow

Wjmivq jof dijkvd jwxigvw cm vdi ejvi|ajkw

Jkk pijvdi| |iwawvjov ejvi|ajkw

Eaoaearao` pia`dv xi| yoav

=/ Wavi Ejv|at

X|c}afao` |cjfw pavdao vdi viexc|j|q wivvkieiov wavi

Pafvdw cm gcooigvao` |cjfw jof xjvdpjqw

Fjvj gckkigvaco vc fivi|eaoi |jvac livpiio jmmigvif xcxykjvaco jof

ao}iovc|q j}jakjlki ao jof j|cyof vdi jmmigvif j|ij



Xjì { =8

0/ Xdqwackcàgjk Dikx

Fammi|iov j|ijw jkkcvvif vc vdi |iwxigva}i wxjgiw % Ma|wv Jaf+ Wjmi F|aonao`

Pjvi|+ Dcwxavjkw+ ivg/

Ecwzyavc oivw jof wv|ivgdi| jw xj|v cm vdi wdikvi|

4/ Gcwv wv|ygvy|i cm coi yoav

Itxiowiw xi| ywi|

Xcwwalakavaiw cm eykvaxki ywi

1/ Myofw jof Fcojvacow

Gckkigvaco jof fawv|alyvaco wxjgiw cm fcojvif ejvi|ajkw

Wigy|if wxjgiw mc| wjminiixao` cm myofw jof fcojvacow

:8/ Xi|wcojk wvc|jì jof wigy|avq

Xi|wcojkarif wxjgiw

X|cvigvaco pavdcyv djexi|ao` x|a}jgq

Awckjvao` ìofi|w pdaki niixao` }ykoi|jlki `|cyxw wjmi

::/ Gceeyoavq Lcofao`

Fivi|eaoao` vdi wari cm }ykoi|jlki `|cyx co wavi

Wxigajk jvviovaco vcpj|fw v|jyejvarif xicxki

Xjoag#\yec| Gcov|ck

:</ Ka`dv Wyxxkq

Dy||agjoi kjexw+ Ljvvi|aiw+ Wckj| xcpi| cxi|jvif izyaxeiovw

Wjmivq ‗ X|cfygvaco ‗ Fawv|alyvaco cm ikigv|agavq

:7/ Fawxi|wif Ywi|w

Wdikvi|w fiwaòif mc| : vc 4 xi|wcow

Mjeakq wdikvi|w mc| 6 vc = eieli|w



Xjì { =:

:6/ Aofajo Gcovitv

Gdcpn jw j giov|jk wxjgi+ jo cxio wxjgi mc| gceeyoavq aovi|jgvaco

Afiovamqao` ivdoag `|cyxw jof cvdi|w

:9/ Xcwv Ij|vdzyjni Wgioj|ac

Wjmivq rcoiw vc li figkj|if

Xckagi xcwvw jof m|izyiov xjv|ckkao`

Oipw x|c}awaco # gceeyoagjvaco ao vdi wivvkieiov

Xjwv itxi|aiogiw jof x|igjyvacoj|q eijwy|iw

\i`ykjvif fawv|alyvaco

Gceeyoagjvaco pavd vdi cyvwafi pc|kf % Oipw Gdjooikw+ Oipwxjxi|w

Ywi cm |igc}i|if ejvi|ajkw % L|agnw+ eivjk jo`kiw+ gc||y`jvif wdiivw+ ivg/

:=/ Co Wavi Ejojìeiov

Kjp jof c|fi| % Wigy|avq Jìogaiw

Wjmivq cm xicxki+ wdikvi|w jof wvc|if ejvi|ajkw

Wqwviejvag jof fawgaxkaoif fawv|alyvaco gdjao

Wvc|jì wxjgi % Xi|wcojk ywi jof co Wavi

:0/ Gceeyoagjvaco X|clkiew

Ywi cm ocovigdoagjk gceeyoagjvaco % V|ygn F|a}i|w+ Wyxxkai|w+ ivg/

@yafikaoiw x|aovif co vdi wdikvi| avwikm

Pc|f cm Ecyvd gceeyoagjvaco % Cxio wxjgi jw vdi xkjgi mc| wx|ijfao`

aomc|ejvaco lq ywao` —ldcxy‑ jof#c| —oj`j|j‑

:4/ ]ckyovii|ao` jafw

Iecvacojk aeljkjogi+ v|jyejvarif wvjvyw

\iàwvi|ao` jof pc|nao` pavd iovdywajwvw‑ `|cyxw

Wivvkao` gcyowikc|w jof aowv|ygvc|w co wavi



Xjì { =<

:1/ Dyejo Mjgvc|w

<8/ Wxjgi Gcowi|}jvaco

Vqxi cm wv|ygvy|i+ xjvvi|ow cm jwwielkq jof vdi ecfi cm v|jowxc|vjvaco

% wdcykf pc|n vcìvdi|

Wjmi Xjgnjào` % Xdqwagjk aexjgv cm v|jowxc|vjvaco co wdikvi| navw

Aovi`|jvao` v|jowxc|vjvaco cm wdikvi|w pavd ljwaw wyxxkaiw cm oigiwwj|q vdao`w

kani mccf+ gkcvdiw+ eifagaoiw+ ivg/

<:/ Ywi|w‑ Itxigvjvacow

Ijwi cm aowvjkkjvaco jof v|jowxc|vjvaco co wavi

Afiovamqao` fammi|iov yoavw lq gckc| % Eifagjk Giovi|w+ Vcakivw+ Wigy|avq

xcwvw+ wdikvi|w+ Ioi|`q wyxxkq yoavw+ ivg/

]awalakavq Ejvvi|w*

<</ \ijwwy|jogi jof \ilyakfao`

Iovi|vjaoeiov gjo li mc| myof|jawao`

Av wdcykf li fa}afif wvjì pawi

@c}aofj Ec}aiw # X|jqi|w # Ldjbjow

<7/ Viexc|jk Myogvacojkavq cm Wdikvi|w

<6/ Aovi|jgvaco livpiio Eag|c Wxjgiw

<9/ ]ykoi|jlki @|cyxw

Vc li xkjgif wjmi jof wixj|jvif

Oij|iwv jxx|cjgd vc ljwag jeioavaiw

Yofi| gkcwi wy|}iakkjogi cm Wigy|avq xcwvw

<=/ Xylkag Dijkvd jof Wjoavjvaco

<0/ Wywvjaojlakavq $Xcwwalakavaiw co Wavi!

<4/ Wnikivco cm Wdikvi|



Xjì { =7

9/6 Afijvaco

Afijvaco aw vdi ma|wv wvjì cm }awyjkarjvaco ao j fiwaò x|clkie pdi|i vdi oiif

wvjvieiov aw kccnif yxco m|ce fammi|iov jwxigvw cm fiwaò fi}ikcxeiov+ ywjì jof

ej|niv x|cecvaco vc dj}i j la|f‑w iqi }aip cm vdi iova|i igcwqwvie ao pdagd jx|cfygv pakk pc|n/ Vdi ma|wv itxkc|jvaco aw jo jffava}i x|cgiww pdi|i i}i|q afij

a||iwxigva}i cm avw zyjkavq aw nixv mc| my|vdi| |imi|iogi/ Vdi afijw vc li ìoi|jvif

eywv li ywi| giovi|if jof vdi ywi| oiifw wdcykf li à}io niq gcowafi|jvaco/ Vdi

afijw eywv li ocvif fcpo jof fivjakw oiif ocv li pc|nif co jv vdaw wvjì/ Vdaw

ywi| giovi|if fiwaò xdakcwcxdq ejniw jo jvviexv vc cxvaeari vdi gcowyei|‑w

ywjlakavq lq yofi|wvjofao` vdi oiifw j|cyof+ |i`j|fao` dcp xicxki gjo+ pjov c|

oiif vc pc|n+ |jvdi| vdjo mc|gao` vdi gcowyei|w vc gdjoì dcp vdiq pc|n vc

jggceecfjvi vdi oip fiwaò x|cgiww jof fiwaòi|‑w jxx|cjgd/ ^9/7U

Vdi wigcof itxkc|jvaco aw wylv|jgva}i+ pdi|i }j|acyw gcowv|jaovw j|i jxxkaif co vdi

itxkc|if wckyvacow ao c|fi| vc fivi|eaoi vdi wy|}a}jk cm vdi mavviwv ao vdi iei|ào`

igcwqwvie/ Vdi afij |jgn aw my|vdi| itxkc|if mc| j wikigva}i x|cgiww vd|cy`d pdagd

vdi maojk gcogixv aw fi|a}if vd|cy`d viwvw fcoi ao |ijk wxjgi jof vaei pavd ywi|w

jof ej|niv xcwwalakavaiw/ Lq ocvao` fcpo jkk afijw jof vdio jojkqrao` vdie

jggc|fao` vc vdia| mijwalakavq+ pdagd gjo li aexkieiovif aeeifajvikq jof afijw

pdagd oiif vc li pc|nif my|vdi| co+ vdi oitv wvjì cm fiwaò x|cgiww pjw gj||aif+

a/i/2 Gcogixvyjkarjvaco/ Av gjo li fimaoif jw vdi x|cgiww cm afiovamqao` jof

gkj|amqao` gcogixvw+ vd|cy`d pdagd coi wxigamaiw pdjv coi eijow lq ywao` gi|vjao

vi|ew/ Vdi x|clkie aw pafi cxio jv vdaw wvjì/ Itxkc|jvacow cm }j|acyw afijw pdagd

eiiv vdi oiifw j|i ocvif fcpo/ I}i|q afij aw ocvif fcpo jof wvc|if/ Vdaw wvc|jì

cm afijw aw gjkkif jw —Afij \jgn‑/ Gcogixvyjkarjvaco aw fcoi vc gcei pavd oyeli|

cm afijw wc jw vc eiiv vdi oiifw/

Vcc ejoq afijw pcykf jkwc kijf vc gcomywaco ao vdi wikigvaco x|cgify|i+ wc cogi

vdi afij |jgn djw wymmagaiov afijw $ocv kiww vdjo vd|ii!+ coi ec}iw vc vdi oitv wvix

cm fiwaò/ Vdi oitv wvix ao}ck}iw wikigvaco cm gcogixvw+ fimaoao` avw mijvy|iw jof

fivjakao` av/ ^9/6U



Xjì { =6

9/9 Gcogixv @ioi|jvaco

9/9/: Gcogixv :

Gcogixv : vj|ìvw jv g|ijvao` j wxjvajk/ Vdi gcogixv aw ejfi yx cm j ljwag yoav

pdagd aw x|cfygif lq ywao` M\X $Mali| \iaomc|gif Xkjwvag!/

Vdi afij aw vc g|ijvi vdi wdikvi| lq ywao` vqxagjk eieli|w vc j}caf kio`vdq x|cgiww

cm fixkcqeiov/ Vdi wdikvi| djw liio wc gcogixvyjkarif vdjv mcy| vqxagjk eieli|w

j|i `cao` vc li ywif vc fixkcq j wdikvi| jw wdcpo ao Xkjvi :/ My|vdi| fawgywwaco

|ikjviw vc vdi ma`y|iw x|c}afif di|i pavd vdi gcogixv/

Yoav Coi aw `cao` vc li ywif jw pjkkw/ Vdaw yoav djw j vdagnoiww cm =―+ ligjywi av aw

`cao` vc li ywif jw j kcjf lij|ao` eieli|/ J —V‑ wdjxif ikieiov djw `cv aowi|vaco

xcaovw jv vdi vcx jof jv vdi lcvvce vc li makkif pavd vdi |ccm jof vdi ljwi

|iwxigva}ikq jw wdcpo ao Xkjvi </ Vdi :‑ da`d xj|v jv vdi lcvvce aw wyxxcwif vc li

aowi|vif aovc ij|vd jof jogdc|if lq ywao` wviik |cfw/ Vdi jogdc|jì xcaovw j|i

wdcpo ao vdi iki}jvaco cm vdi wjei ikieiov/ Vdi =― vdagn dc|arcovjk xj|v aw

x|c}afif wc jw vc wvjlakari vdi pdcki ikieiov pdaki aowi|vif aovc ij|vd/ Vdi

aowi|vaco xcaov jv vdi lcvvce aw xkjgif 4― jlc}i vdi dc|arcovjk xj|v wc vdjv vdi

fawvjogi cm vdi ljwi m|ce vdi ij|vd aog|ijwiw/ Vdaw aw j wjmivq mjgvc| jw jmvi| jo

ij|vdzyjni+ vdi kjof pdagd pakk li j}jakjlki vc wivvki fcpo vdi viexc|j|q

aowvjkkjvacow gjo li |cgnq c| piv/ Vc j}caf vdaw yofykjvif kjof jof vdi piv |iàcow+

vdaw itv|ywaco pakk li j xcwava}i mjgvc|/

Vdi xj|v cm vdaw }i|vagjk eieli| pdagd aw 4‑ da`d+ pakk li jgvao` jw vdi aovi|ojk

pjkk cm vdi wdikvi|/ Vdi j}i|jì dia`dv cm jo jfykv xi|wco ao Aofaj aw =‑ jof diogi+

vdaw 4‑ da`d xj|v pakk li x|c}afao` j gcemc|vjlki j|ij mc| j xi|wco ao wvjofao`

xcwavaco/ Ma}i paofcpw j|i x|c}afif co vdiwi }i|vagjk eieli|w vc x|c}afi jo

jexki jecyov cm ja| ga|gykjvaco/ Lcvd vdi pjkkw dj}i liio x|c}afif pavd

}iovakjvc|w jv vdi lcvvce vc g|ijvi j g|cww }iovakjvif io}a|coeiov ao vdi wdikvi|/

Vdiwi }i|vagjk eieli|w j|i vc li xkjgif wygd vdjv vdi fawvjogi livpiio vdi giov|i

kaoiw cm lcvd eieli|w pakk li :7‑ pdagd à}iw jo aovi|ojk pafvd cm vdi ljwi+ :<‑ jw

wdcpo ao Xkjo ao Xkjvi </



Xjì { =9

Cogi vdi }i|vagjk eieli|w j|i matif+ oitv wvix aw vdi aowi|vaco x|cgiww cm vdi ljwi

jof vdi |ccm/ Ma|wv+ ljwi ikieiov pakk li aowi|vif aovc vdi wkcvw kimv jv lcvvce/ Vdi

}i|vagjk ikieiov cm vdaw xj|v pakk kcgn vdi xcwavaco jw av pakk ocv xjww vd|cy`dcyv vdi

wkcv/ Vdaw ejniw vdi fawvjogi livpiio mkcc| ki}ik jof `|cyof ki}ik <8― wjmi iocy`d

m|ce vdi x|clkiew fawgywwif jlc}i jw wdcpo ao Xkjvi </ Vdi aowi|vaco wkcvw kimv mc|

vdi |ccm jof vdi ljwi j|i x|c}afif =― jpjq m|ce vdi itvi|ojk xcaovw cm vdi }i|vagjk

eieli|w pdagd jkkcpw niixao` lcvd dc|arcovjk eieli|w matif jv vdia| xkjgiw/

Vdi dc|arcovjk yoav+ Yoav Vpc wdcpo ao Xkjvi 9+ pdagd aw `cao` vc li ywif jw j |ccm

djw j vdagnoiww cm 6―/ Av aw kiww vdjo }i|vagjk eieli|w jw vdaw yoav aw ocv `cao` vc li

ywif jw j kcjf lij|ao` eieli|/ Vdaw jkwc dikxw ao eaoaearao` vdi itgiwwa}i ywi cm

ejvi|ajkw/ Vdaw yoav pakk li aowi|vif aovc vdi wkcv kimv jv vdi vcx jof j`jao+ vdi

}i|vagjk ikieiov cm vdaw yoav pakk dikx vc mat vdi xcwavaco cm jkk mcy| yoavw ywif vakk

ocp/ Vc iowy|i wvjlakavq+ vdi }i|vagjk eieli|w pakk li vaif faj`cojkkq pavd ikjwvag

|cxiw jw wdcpo ao |ij| iki}jvaco ao Xkjvi </ Vdaw yoav djw j oj}i jv vdi iof pdagd

pakk li dikxmyk mc| vdi |jao pjvi| dj|}iwvao` x|cgiww pdagd g|ijviw j wckyvaco mc|

vdi wgj|gavq cm pjvi| jv wygd fakjxafjvif xkjgi/

Vdi x|cgiww cm aowi|vaco aw akkywv|jvif ao vdi iki}jvaco cm jwwielkq ao Xkjvi 9/ Vdaw

jwwielkq à}iw j gc}i| m|ce mcy| wafiw/ Vdi m|cov jof vdi |ij| wafi cm vdi wdikvi|

j|i `cao` vc li gc}i|if pavd Gjo}jw wdiivw jw wdcpo ao vdi |ij| jof m|cov iki}jvaco

ao Xkjvi </ Vdi gjo}jw wdiiv pdagd aw `cao` vc li ywif jv vdi m|cov wafi djw liio

x|c}afif pavd j fcc| jof vpc paofcpw pdagd aex|c}i vdi ja| ga|gykjvaco ao vdi

wdikvi|/

Vdaw wdikvi| x|c}afiw j gj|xiv j|ij cm $:<‑ T ::‑! pdagd x|c}afiw j wxjgi mc| = vc 4

xi|wcow vc wkiix ao/ Vdaw j|ij pakk jkwc li |iwxcowalki mc| vdi g|ijvaco cm miikao` cm

likcoào` jof pdagd gjo li gjkkif jw j xkjgi vc ka}i/ Vc yvakari vdi aooi| wy|mjgi cm

vdi pjkk+ j xkjvmc|e aw x|c}afif co ijgd pjkk/ Vdaw xkjvmc|e aw dyo` co ijgd pjkk/

Vdaw bcaoi|q jkkcpw av vc li |cvjvif pdio ocv oiifif/ Vdi xkjvmc|e aw jv j dia`dv cm

<‑ pdagd aw wymmagaiov mc| av vc li ywif jw j pc|nao` fiwn/ Vdaw xkjvmc|e pakk li

dikxmyk mc| vdcwi eieli|w cm vdi mjeakq pdc j|i wagn c| oiif j wixj|jvi wxjgi vc

wkiix/ Vdi jkvi|ojvi j||joìeiov cm vdiwi xkjvmc|ew co vdi pjkkw x|c}afiw jexkiwxjgi ao livpiio vc aovi|jgv jw pikk jw vc wkiix/ Pdaki liao` ywif jv oa`dv vc wkiix+



Xjì { ==

vdi dia`dv cm vdi ki`w pakk ocv fawvy|l vdi x|ijkkcgjvif wxjgiw pdagd j|i wyxxcwif

vc li ywif vc wkiix lq cvdi| eieli|w/

Lyv+ vdaw j|ij pakk ocv li jlki vc x|c}afi j wxjgi mc| xi|wcojk wvc|jì/ Diogi+ jo

itviowaco djw vc li fiwaòif vc mykmakk vdiwi |izya|ieiovw/ Diogi+ mckkcpao` vdi

|a`dv djof wafi itvi|ac| x|cmaki cm vdi wdikvi|+ jo itviowaco lct aw fiwaòif pdagd

x|c}afiw j gj|xiv j|ij cm $9‑<― T 0‑6―! jw wdcpo ao Xkjvi 7/ Vdaw wxjgi aw wyxxcwif

vc li x|c}afif vc vdcwi xicxki c| mjeakaiw pdc |izya|i av mc| wvc|jì/ Vdaw

—itviowaco lct‑ gjo jkwc li dikxmyk mc| vdi jfeaoawv|jvaco j|ij jof vdi mccf

x|ixj|jvaco lkcgn/ Vdaw jvvjgdeiov à}iw vdi wdikvi| jocvdi| faeiowaco vc vdi

fiwaò cm vdi pdcki wqwvie pdagd g|ijviw vdi xcwwalakavaiw cm livvi| wavi ejv|at/

X|c}afao` wdikvi|w ao j gkywvi| g|ijviw j oia`dlc|dccf wiowi jof mip gceeco

wxjgiw gjo jkwc li x|c}afif/ Vdaw jvvjgdeiov pakk g|ijvi fammi|iov gkywvi|w vc li

fixkcqif co wavi jw wdcpo ao Xkjvi 6/

Jmvi| vdi wdikvi| aw fixkcqif+ av djw wcei |iejaoao` wigvacow cm ijgd dc|arcovjk

eieli|/ Vdi xj|v cm ljwi pdagd itviofw liqcof vdi pjkk kaoi gjo li ywif vc wav jw

wdcpo ao |ij| iki}jvaco ao Xkjvi </ Jof+ vdi itviofif xj|vw cm |ccm pakk li ywif vc

vai mip |cxiw pdagd gjo li ywif jw gkcvdiwkaoiw/

Co vdi ejojìeiov m|cov+ fammi|iov jìogaiw j|i ao}ck}if ao x|cfygvaco jof

v|jowxc|vjvaco cm vdiwi yoavw/ Jw vdi yoavw j|i vqxagjk+ kij}ao` mip aowi|vaco fivjakw+

av pakk li jo ijwai| vjwn vc x|cfygi wygd yoavw jv j kj|ì| wgjki/ Cogi vdi ecykf aw

|ijfq+ x|cfygvaco pakk li immagaiov iocy`d vc dikx vdie ejni jo ao}iovc|q mc|

fawjwvi| eava`jvaco x|c`|jeei/

Co vdi cvdi| djof+ vdi yoavw pakk jkwc li dikxmyk ao jo immagaiov pjq cm wvc|jì jof

v|jowxc|vjvaco/ Jw wdcpo ao Xkjvi 6+ vdi wvjgnao` j||joìeiov cm vdiwi eieli|w

pakk li ywif vc aovi`|jvi v|jowxc|vjvaco cm cvdi| oigiwwj|q ejvi|ajkw pavd vdiwi

ikieiovw/ Vdi `jxw ao livpiio vdi ikieiovw j|i 4― vdagn pdagd à}iw j wymmagaiov

wxjgi mc| jlcyv 4 ejvv|iwwiw vc li v|jowxc|vif pdaki vdi ao}iovc|q aw liao`

v|jowxc|vif/



Xjì { =0

9/9/< Gcogixv <

Gcogixv < vj|ìvw jv g|ijvao` oigiwwj|q wxjgiw pavd vdi dikx cm vikiwgcxag

eigdjoawe cm vd|ii wigvacow/ Vdi gcogixv aw ywao` M\X $Mali| \iaomc|gif Xkjwvag!

jw j x|cfygvaco ejvi|ajk/

Vdi afij aw vc g|ijvi j ka}ao` wxjgi lq ywao` vd|ii lctiw Xj|v :+ Xj|v < jof Xj|v 7

pdagd j|i matif lq j wkafao` eigdjoawe ao ijgd cvdi| vc j}caf kio`vdq x|cgiww cm

fixkcqeiov/

\imi||ao` vc vdi xkjow cm ijgd lct wdcpo ao Xkjvi 4+ xkjo cm Xj|v Coi wdcpw vdjv

vdi aovi|ojk gj|xiv j|ij aw $=‑=― T :8‑! pdagd aw wymmagaiov mc| vpc xi|wcow vc wkiix/

Vdaw wxjgi pakk jkwc x|c}afi jo jexki j|ij mc| = vc 4 xi|wcow vc wav jof wdj|i vdia|

itxi|aiogiw/ J wxjgi cm $=‑=― T 7‑=―! ìvw kimv i}io jmvi| vpc xi|wcow j|i wkiixao`

ao vdaw xj|v/ Vdaw itv|j wxjgi gjo li ywif jw j xi|wcojk wvc|jì wxjgi pdi|i |iwgyif

j|vagkiw gjo li nixv/ Xj|v Coi aw x|c}afif pavd mcy| paofcpw co lcvd wafiw pdagd

niix vdi wxjgi }iovakjvif/

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vdi wdikvi|+ vdi wxjgi pakk li jlki vc jggceecfjvi pcejo jof j gdakf cm vdi wjei

mjeakq/ Vdaw g|ijviw j miikao` cm |iwxcowalakavq mc| vdi cvdi| eieli|w cm vdi mjeakq/

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wxjgi mc| ikfi| coiw/ Xj|v Vpc aw x|c}afif pavd mcy| paofcpw co lcvd wafiw pdagd

niix vdi wxjgi }iovakjvif/

Xj|v Coi jof Xj|v Vpc j|i x|c}afif pavd }iovakjvc|w jv vdi lcvvce co lcvd wafiw

pavd vdi dikx cm pdagd j `ccf zyjkavq cm g|cww }iovakjvaco aw jwwy|if/

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fa}afif aovc vd|ii ki}ikw lq x|c}afao` vai|w jv vpc xcaovw jkco` vdi dia`dv cm vdi

xj|v jw wdcpo ao vdi wigvaco ao Xkjvi 4/ Vdaw j||joìeiov gjo li |imi||if vc vdi

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dia`dv cm vdi xj|v/



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j}cafw fyex ja| ao vdi aovi|ojk wxjgi/

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vc wkiix mc| vpc xi|wcow/ Vdaw wigvaco gjo jkwc li ywif vc jggceecfjvi vdi aoby|if

c| akk eieli| cm vdi mjeakq/ Vdi paofcpw j|i x|c}afif wygd vdjv xi|wcow pakk li

jlki vc wkiix ao fammi|iov ejooi| pdagd dikxw ao g|ijvao` jo aovi|jgva}i

io}a|coeiov/ Vdi kcgjvaco cm paofcpw jof }iovakjvc|w gjo li wiio ao iki}jvacow T

jof Q jw wdcpo ao Xkjvi 1/

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1/ J vqxagjk gjo}jw wdiiv pakk li ojakif co vdi m|cov wafi cm Xj|v :/ Vdaw iov|jogi

djw j wjmi fawvjogi cm :9― m|ce vdi `|cyof ki}ik/

Vdaw gcogixv aw ijwq vc fixkcq jw vdi jìogaiw pakk dj}i vc x|ixj|i j kjof pavd

wvixw pdagd pakk x|c}afi j xkjvmc|e vc |iwv ijgd wigvaco/ Vdi kjof pakk li x|ixj|if

pavd wvixw mckkcpao` vdi faeiowacow cm vdi lcvvce cm ijgd wigvaco/ Cogi vdi wvixw

j|i x|ixj|if+ vdi lctiw j|i vc li itviofif m|ce vdi yoav mckkcpao` vdi wkafao`

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|ijfq mc| jggceecfjvaco/

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j wxjgi cm $:=‑=― T ::‑! pdio ao jo cxioif xcwavaco/ Vdi vcvjk dia`dv cm vdi wdikvi|

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lq |cjf aw j v|jfavacojk pjq cm fawjwvi| eava`jvaco/ Am vdiwi yoavw pi|i vc li

v|jowxc|vif lq j v|jaki|+ mckkcpao` vdi wxjgi j}jakjlki jw itxkjaoif ao Ma`y|i 9/6+ 6

yoavw pakk li v|jowxc|vif lq ijgd v|jaki|/ Vdi yoavw j|i ejfi yx cm M\X/ Diogi+ vdi

pij| jof vij| cggy||ao` pdaki v|jowxc|vjvaco pakk li wywvjaoif/



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v|jaki|+ vdiwi wdikvi|w pakk li nixv co wavi pdaki vdi wavi aw liao` x|ixj|if

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Xjì { 08

9/9/ 7 Gcogixv 7

Gcogixv 7 gcowawvw cm vpc xj|vw j ljwi jof vdi gc}i|ao` yoav/ Vdaw gcogixv mckkcpw

vdi jf}jovjìw cm C|a`jea pavd vdi dikx cm pdagd }j|acyw wdjxiw gjo li mckfif aovc

j wejkk xjgnjì/

Vdi afij aw vc x|c}afi |izya|ieiovw ao jo iogkcwif wv|ygvy|i/ Vdi j|ijw pakk ocv li

nixv jxj|v m|ce ijgd cvdi|/

Xkjvi :7 wdcpw vdi xkjo cm Yoav Coi/ Vdaw yoav djw j gj|xiv j|ij cm faeiowacow $:7‑

T :6‑:8―! pdagd x|c}afiw j wymmagaiov wxjgi mc| j mjeakq cm = vc 4 eieli|w/ Vdi

yoav djw j dia`dv cm :6― m|ce `|cyof ki}ik/ Vdi vdagnoiww cm vdi ljwi aw =―/ Vdi

gckyeo pdagd aw :=― pafi djw liio x|c}afif jv lcvd vdi wafiw vc x|c}afi wvjlakavq

vc vdi wv|ygvy|i/

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cm }i|vagjk gc}i|ao` yoav/ Vdi wkcvw x|c}afif j|i $6― T 4― T ::―! ao faeiowacow jw

wdcpo ao wigvaco cm Yoav Coi/ Vdi wkcv pakk x|c}afi j wxjgi mc| ijgd kcgnaoìkieiov jvvjgdif vc vdi gc}i|/ Vdi wkcv djw j `|cc}i jv vdi lcvvce pdagd pakk dikx

ao f|jaojì cm vdi lkcgnif |jaopjvi| jw wdcpo ao fivjak ao Xkjvi :7/

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wvc|i/ Vdaw fa}awaco g|ijviw jo ijwi cm ywi mc| vdi xi|wcow ka}ao` ao/ Vdi giov|jk jof

vdi kjwv xj|v dj}i liio yxkamvif m|ce vdi ma|wv rcoi vc g|ijvi j wiowi cm fa}awaco cm

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Vdi kaoi pdi|i giov|jk xj|v wvj|vw+ j gy|vjao pakk li x|c}afif/ Vdi kjwv xj|v pakk li

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wvc|i vdia| likcoào`w $6‑=― T 7‑4―!/ Vdi dia`dv cm ma|wv rcoi aw 4‑7― jof vdi dia`dv

cm wigcof jof vda|f rcoiw aw 0‑0― jw wdcpo ao wigvaco JJ‑ ao Xkjvi :9/

Yoav Vpc aw vdi gc}i|ao` ikieiov cm vdi wdikvi|/ Vdaw yoav djw vd|ii xj|vw> vpc

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co vdi m|cov jof |ij| wafi cm vdi wdikvi|+ pavd vdi dikx cm ojakw pavd l|cjf dijfw/

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`cv ec|i xcaovw/ Vdi jojkqwaw gdj|v aw mckkcpif lq miifljgn jof |iwxigva}i gjkgykjvacow/

http://www.dobney.com/Conjoint/Conjoint_analysis.htm

http://www.dobney.com/Conjoint/conjoint_flavours.htm

http://www.dobney.com/Research/new_product_development.htm

http://www.dobney.com/Research/new_product_development.htm

http://www.dobney.com/Conjoint/conjoint_flavours.htm

http://www.dobney.com/Conjoint/Conjoint_analysis.htm



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$p T g!

:4 7:0 740 794 908= =1== =666

:9 :40 :4< <<6 <489 <078 77=8

:8 :0: :0: :67 :0:8 :0:8 :678

:< :9< :64 :0: :4<6 :00= <89<

4 78 78 69 <68 <68 7=8

:6 :4: <<6 :4: <976 7:7= <976

:64:1 :=994 :=:48



X j ` i { 01

Jmvi| dj}ao` jkk mcy| miifljgnw jof vdi |iwxigva}i gjkgykjvacow+ vdi vcvjk xcaovw cm ijgd

gcogixv gjo li jffif vc maof cyv pdagd gcogixv djw `cv vdi da`diwv vcvjk/

Diogi+ lq jojkqrao` jkk gcogixvw co vdi ljwaw cm jvv|alyviw+ Gcogixv Coi x|c}iw vc li

ec|i mijwalki+ ywi| m|aiofkq jof j }ajlki gcogixv vc `c jdijf pavd/



X j ` i { 48

9/0 X|cvcvqxi X|ixj|jvaco

Limc|i j x|cfygv aw vc li xyv aovc ejww x|cfygvaco+ avw x|cvcvqxi aw ejfi jof aw

i}jkyjvif mc| avw xi|mc|ejogi jof vdi |awn jojkqwaw aw fcoi/ X|cvcvqxi ejnao` aw

oigiwwj|q jw ìoi|jvif 7F ecfikw+ gjf f|jpao`w jof wnivgdiw kccn }i|q fammi|iov m|cevdi jgvyjk x|cvcvqxiw/ Av aw fammagykv vc }awyjkari vdi wdjxi vd|cy`d wnivgdiw jof gcexyvi|

fawxkjqw/ Vdi xi|mc|ejogi cm joq x|cfygv gjoocv li fivi|eaoif c| x|ifagvif pavd

gi|vjaovq pavdcyv viwvao` av/ Wc+ j x|cvcvqxi aw ejfi jof avw xi|mc|ejogi aw i}jkyjvif/

J fiwaòi| ejq dj}i mip kaeavjvacow jof xi|wcojk kaniw jof fawkaniw/ Jof+ diogi di c|

wdi aw ocv jkpjqw ao j xcwavaco vc vdaon cm jkk vdi x|cfygv jvv|alyviw ao}ck}if ao vdi

fiwaò/ Wcei yonocpo xj|jeivi|w vcc ejq vy|o yx vc ejni vdi x|cfygv ocv `ccf

iocy`d mc| vdi iof ywi|w/ Vdi|imc|i+ vdi|i aw jvv|avaco fy|ao` vdi x|cvcvqxi xdjwi

pdi|iao wcei fiwaòw j|i ocv jxx|c}if jof fawgj|fif/

Mc| vdi aoavajk xdjwi cm viwvao`+ wgjkif x|cvcvqxi aw ejfi vc gdign vdi i|`coceag mjgvc|w

gcowafi|if pdaki fiwaòao`/ Pdi|ijw+ da`d mafikavq x|cvcvqxi aw wceivdao` kccnif jv ao

vdi myvy|i vc gdign vdi myogvacojkavq jof maojk ywjì jwxigvw cm vdi x|cfygv/

9/0/: Wgjkif X|cvcvqxi

Vdi ejao |ijwco vc ejni vdi x|cvcvqxi pjw vc gdign vdi }ckyei jof x|cxc|vacow cm

vdi mc|e ìoi|jvif/ Av pjw jkwc oigiwwj|q vc gdign pdivdi| vdi mc|e ìoi|jvif pjw

jlki vc li jwwcgajvif jw j wxjgi vc ka}i jof vc wdj|i oia`dlc|dccf kami lq vdi

|iwafiovw c| ocv/ Mc| vdaw xdjwi cm x|cvcvqxi ejnao`+ vdi wdikvi| ecfik pjw ejfi ao

da`d fiowavq xkqpccf wdiivw+ jggc|fao` vc vdi gjf f|jpao`w/ Pccf pjw x|imi||if

mc| ejnao` vdaw x|cvcvqxi aowvijf cm XY mcje c| vdi|ecgck jw av oiifif dj|fi| jof

dij}ai| ejvi|ajk vc viwv jof miik vdi x|cvcvqxi/ Vdi pccfio ecfik pjw djof g|jmvif

jw xi| vdi fivjakif gjf f|jpao`w pavdcyv joq vitvy|i c| jgvyjk gckc| à}io vc av/

Jw vdi jgvyjk faeiowacow cm vdi fiwaò j|i $:<‑ T :<‑ T :9‑6―!+ vdi wgjki mc|

x|cvcvqxi ejnao` pjw vjnio jw :2=> pdagd eijow j kaoi cm kio`vd =‑ wdcykf li

gcowafi|if jw :‑/

Cogi vdi x|cvcvqxi pjw |ijfq+ av pjw gcjvif pavd j kjqi| cm wy|mjgi jof xyvvq vc

à}i av j maoawdif kccn/ Vdi aejìw cm vdi x|cvcvqxi j|i jw mckkcpw2%



X j ` i { 4:

Ma`y|i 9/9 % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % M|cov Iki}jvaco

Ma`y|i 9/= % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % \a`dv Wafi Iki}jvaco



X j ` i { 4<

Ma`y|i 9/4 % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % Vcx ]aip $Cxio!

Ma`y|i 9/0 % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % Kimv Wafi Iki}jvaco



X j ` i { 47

Ma`y|i 9/:: % Xcwavaco cm xkjvmc|e co kimv pjkk

Ma`y|i 9/1 % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % Aovi|ac| ]aip $Cxio!



X j ` i { 46

Ma`y|i 9/:< % Iov|jogi aovc itviofif wvc|i |cce

Ma`y|i 9/:8 % Xkjvmc|e liao` ywif



X j ` i { 49

9/0/< Fiwaò Gceeyoagjvaco

Vdi gyiao` cm x|cfygv myogvacojkavq jof vdi wvixw ao}ck}if ao vi|ew cm avw

jxxkagjvaco jkwc oiifw vc li gco}iqif/ Mc| vdaw awwyi+ j wvix lq wvix x|cgify|i cm

vdi fixkcqeiov cm vdi wdikvi| oiifw vc li itxkjaoif vd|cy`d }awyjk xagvc`|jew c|

akkywv|jvacow/ Vdaw akkywv|jvaco pakk li x|aovif co gdj|vw mc| vdi iof ywi|+ pdagd

ea`dv li vdi jmmigvif c| j eieli| m|ce fixkcqeiov vije+ vc |ijf vdi fivjakif

x|cgiww pdagd aw vc li aexkieiovif lq vdie pdaki fixkcqeiov/

Vdaw xdjwi wvj|vif lq p|avao` vdi fivjakif wvix lq wvix x|cgiww pdagd oiifw vc li

fcoi vc i|igv j gcexkivi wdikvi|/ Vdaw aw vdio mckkcpif lq |iofi|ao` vdi

akkywv|jvacow |izya|if mc| ijgd wvix/

Vdi aowv|ygvaco ejoyjk diogi fiwaòif aw jw mckkcpw2%

Ma`y|i 9/:7 % \iwxigva}i Xcwavacow cm Paofcpw jof ]iovakjvc|w



X j ` i { 4=

Ma`y|i 9/:6 % Aowv|ygvaco Ejoyjk $Xjì :!



X j ` i { 40

Ma`y|i 9/:9 % Aowv|ygvaco Ejoyjk $Xjì <!



X j ` i { 44

Ma`y|i 9/:= % Aowv|ygvaco Ejoyjk $Xjì 7!



X j ` i { 41

Gdjxvi| =

Liqcof Wdikvi|2 Fi}ikcxao` j Wivvkieiov Wv|jvi`q

J `ccf wivvkieiovw x|c`|je aw aovi`|jvif jof eykva%wigvc|jk/ Vdi ejao mijvy|iw cm

j `ccf wivvkieiovw wv|jvi`q aogkyfi liao` wdikvi|%kif> eykva%wigvc|jk+ |imkigvao` vdi

eykva%mjgivif gdj|jgvi| cm gcovitv> cxxc|vyoawvag pavd |i`j|f vc ka}ikadccf

x|cecvaco> gcòarjov cm ìofi|+ io}a|coeiov+ kcgjk c|`joarjvacow jof wcgajk

|ikjvacow> v|jowavacojk+ lq kaonao` |ikaim jof fi}ikcxeiovjk gcogi|ow jof

jggcyovjlki vc kcgjk `c}i|oao` wv|ygvy|iw/^=/:U

=/: Wavi Xkjooao`

Fivi|eaoao` wavi ejv|at aw vc gdign pdjv xcwwalakavaiw jof x|clkiew ea`dv cggy| co

vdi wavi wikigvif mc| vdi viexc|j|q wivvkieiov/ Vdaw aogkyfiw gcowafi|jvaco cm

gcowv|jaovw ao |ikjvaco vc myofao`+ kjof j}jakjlakavq jof kcgjk gjxjgavq+ jw pikk jw

vdi cxxc|vyoavq vc lyakf ljgn livvi| jof pavd vdi jlakavq vc pavdwvjof myvy|i

fawjwvi|w/ Vdi cyvxyv cm vdaw xdjwi wdcykf li j figawaco jw vc pdivdi| jof dcp vc

xj|vagaxjvi ao |igcowv|ygvaco gcòarjov cm vdi gcovitv+ gjxjlakavaiw cm vdi

c|`joarjvaco jof j}jakjlakavq cm |iwcy|giw/

J Wavi ejv|at wdcykf dj}i j vqxagjk kjqcyv cm }j|acyw lkcgnw/ Vdaw dikxw ao }j|acyw

ejooi|w/ Mc| aowvjogi+ am vdi fixkcqeiov vijew j|i wyxxcwif vc wiv viexc|j|q waviw

jv fammi|iov xkjgiw vdio jmvi| wivvkao` coi c| vpc waviw+ vdi vijew pakk dj}i j

x|jgvagi jof i}io vdia| cpo pjq cm fixkcqeiov/ Jkwc+ vdi vqxagjk kjqcyv dikxw vdi

wyxxkqao` jìogaiw jw vdi xcaov cm wyxxkaiw pakk li jv vdi wjei xkjgi co ijgd wavi/

M|ce |iwafiovw‑ xcaov cm }aip+ vdaw naof cm kjqcyv pcykf dikx vdie ao miikao`

mjeakaj| pavd vdi wavi/ Vdiwi lkcgnw j|i iwwiovajk xj|vw cm joq vqxi cm dyejo

wivvkieiov+ pdivdi| av aw j |imyìi gjex c| j viexc|j|q wivvkieiov mc| fawjwvi|

jmmigvif xcxykjvaco/



X j ` i { 18

Vdi wxjgiw wdcykf li wc g|ijvif vdjv j xi|wco+ pdc djw mjgif j ljf itxi|aiogi ao

vdi fawjwvi| jof ea`dv dj}i kcwv daw#di| mjeakq> pakk li jlki vc gjke fcpo/ Vdi

iwwiovajk vdao`w j dyejo liao` oiifw ao j fjakq kami wdcykf li x|c}afif co wavi/

Vdaw aogkyfiw fjakq oiifw wygd jw j wdikvi|+ wxjgiw vc aovi|jgv pavd cvdi|w+ pjvi|

mjgakavaiw mc| lcvd vc f|aon jof vc pjwd/ Vdaw jkwc aogkyfiw mip xkjgiw pdagd pakk

niix dae#di| gjke jof gcoviov wygd jw j wigy|avq oivpc|n pavdao jof cyvwafi vdi

wavi jof j xkjgi pdagd x|c}afiw xijgi cm eaof/

Vdaw iti|gawi djw liio fcoi ao vpc xdjwiw+ }ar/ Xdjwi : jof Xdjwi </ Ma|wv xdjwi

kccnif yxco vdi wxjgi ejojìeiov jof kcp lyfìvj|q gcowv|jaovw/ Co vdi cvdi|

djof+ xdjwi < xaoxcaovif vdi wywvjaojlakavq awwyiw jof vdi wxjgi ejojìeiov pdagd

aw `cao` vc dikx Aexkieiovao` Jìogaiw vc x|c}afi j livvi| wckyvaco pavdao j

kaeavif vaeikaoi/

Vc wvj|v pavd+ j }i|q aexc|vjov lkcgn lyv pdagd ìvw aòc|if jv vdi vaei cm

iei|ìogq+ jo Ioi|`q wyxxkq yoav+ pjw gcowafi|if/ Vdi kawv piov co mckkcpao` vdi

vdcy`dv x|cgiww jof vdi fjvj `jvdi|if m|ce gjwi wvyfaiw/ Vdi maojk kawv aw jw

mckkcpw2%

:/ Ioi|`q wyxxkq xcaovw xi| gkywvi|/ $@ioi|jvc|+ Myik+ ivg/!

</ Vcakivw#Ljvd|ccew

7/ Pjvi| Wyxxkq $F|aon#Pjwd!

6/ Wdikvi|w

9/ @jvdi|ao`#Gceeco aovi|jgvaco wxjgi

=/ \iàwv|jvaco Giov|i A Fawv|alyvaco Giov|i A Wvc|iw

0/

Eifagjk Giov|i4/ Jfeaoawv|jvaco Lkcgn

1/ Mccf x|ixj|jvaco jof fawv|alyvaco j|ij

:8/ Xijgi Mcyofjvaco

::/ Wigy|avq Xcwvw



X j ` i { 1:

=/< Wavi Xkjooao` % Xdjwi Coi

Vdaw aw vdi ma|wv xdjwi cm wavi xkjooao`/ Vdi aogkywaco cm }i|q ljwag lkcgnw jof

wxjgiw `j}i jo afij cm ga|gykjvaco/ Mckkcpao` vdi x|i%fivi|eaoif kawv cm lkcgnw co

wavi jv vdi vaei cm iei|ìogq aw `cao` vc dikx vdi jìogaiw jof vdi |iwafiovw+ vcc/Vdaw kawv ejq ìv gdjoìf c| itxjofif fixiofao` yxco vdi ojvy|i cm wavi j}jakjlki

jof vdi vcxc`|jxdq cm jmmigvif rcoi/

Vdaw aw mckkcpif lq vdi fivi|eaojvaco cm }j|acyw ga|gykjvaco faj`|jew jof vdi

xcwavacow cm ijgd lkcgn pavd |iwxigv vc vdi oia`dlc|ao` coiw/ Vdi pafvdw cm

aovi|ojk |cjfw jof fawvjogiw livpiio vdi lkcgnw dj}i liio figafif lq mckkcpao`

vdi wvjofj|f fjvj j}jakjlki/ $Oiymi|v‑w Wvjofj|fw! Vdaw dikxif ao niixao` jkk cm vdi

lkcgnw pikk }iovakjvif/



X j ` i { 1<

Ma`y|i =/: % Ejwvi| Xkjo mc| Xdjwi Coi

=/</: Ejwvi| Xkjo mc| Xdjwi Coi



X j ` i { 17

Ma`y|i =/< % Ga|gykjvaco Faj`|je mc| |iàwvi|if ywi|w

=/</< Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je cm x|i%|iàwvi|if ywi|w

Vdaw ejwvi| xkjo wdcpw vdi xjvd j ywi| pakk dj}i vc mckkcp vc ìv fammi|iov

fjakq vjwnw fcoi co wavi/ Vdaw xkjo wdcpw ec}ieiovw cm lcvd+ mjeakaiw jof

}ykoi|jlki `|cyxw/



X j ` i { 16

=/</7 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je cm oip ywi|w

Vdaw ejwvi| xkjo wdcpw vdi xjvd+ j oip ywi| pakk dj}i vc mckkcp vc ìv |iàwv|jvaco

x|cgiww fcoi/ Pdaki av ìvw fcoi+ di#wdi pakk gcei vc nocp jlcyv vdi }j|acyw

lkcgnw fixkcqif co wavi pdagd pakk dikx ao ìvvao` mjeakaj| pavd vdi xkjgi/

Ma`y|i =/7 % Ga|gykjvaco Faj`|je mc| oip iov|jovw



X j ` i { 19

=/</6 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| wyxxkq jìogaiw

Vdaw xkjo wdcpw vdi x|imi||if |cyviw vc li mckkcpif lq vdi wyxxkq jìogaiw/ Vdi

gj|vw c| j }idagki pakk li iovi|ao` aovc vdi gkywvi| m|ce vdi iov|q x|c}afif jv vdi

ljgn pdagd dikxw j}cafao` fawvy|ljogi vc ecwv cm vdi |iwafiovajk rcoi/

Ma`y|i =/6 % Ga|gykjvaco Faj`|je mc| wyxxkq jìogaiw



X j ` i { 1=

=/</9 Xcwavacow cm wigy|avq xcwvw

Vdaw xkjo wdcpw vdi x|imi||if |cyviw vc li mckkcpif lq vdi wyxxkq jìogaiw/ Vdi

gj|vw c| j }idagki pakk li iovi|ao` aovc vdi gkywvi| m|ce vdi iov|q x|c}afif jv vdi

ljgn pdagd dikxw j}cafao` fawvy|ljogi vc ecwv cm vdi |iwafiovajk rcoi/

Ma`y|i =/9 % Xcwavacow cm wigy|avq xcwvw co wavi



X j ` i { 10

=/7 Ga|gykjvaco Kjqcyv % Xdjwi Coi

X|i|iàwvi|if ywi|w j|i vdcwi pdc dj}i liio jkkcvvif j wxjgi vc ka}i ao iei|ìogq

wivvkieiov/ Vdiq gjo li cm joq `|cyx a/i/ |iwgyif mjeakaiw+ wioac| gavario+ wixj|jvif

pceio c| gdakf|io/ Vc ìv vdia| |cyvaoi pc|nw fcoi+ vdiq j|i wyxxcwif vc `c vcfammi|iov lkcgnw x|c}afif/ Diogi+ j ljwag `|af mc|ejv pjw mckkcpif/ Vdaw aw vc

iowy|i jo immagaiov pjq cm oj}a`jvao` vd|cy`d wxjgiw x|c}afif co wavi/ Jof+ jw vdi

ga|gykjvaco faj`|je pjw vc li fiwaòif mc| jkk vdi `|cyxw eiovacoif jlc}i+ av djw

vc li waexki iocy`d vc j}caf gcomywaco jof gdjcw/

Wc+ vdi ga|gykjvaco faj`|jew+ jw wdcpo+ wvj|v m|ce vdi ejao iov|jogi pdagd djw

liio x|c}afif mc| gceeco ywi/ Vdaw vdio ìvw gcooigvif pavd vdi ejao j|vi|ajk

|cjfw pdagd j|i `cao` vcpj|fw }j|acyw lkcgnw/ Ma|wv aw vdi gceeco |iwafiovajk j|ij

pdi|i |iwgyif mjeakaiw+ pceio jof wixj|jvif gdakf|io pakk li x|c}afif pavd vdi

|iwxigva}i jecyov cm wxjgi/ Vdaw |iwafiovajk j|ij cxiow cyv vc jo jexki wxjgi

pdagd gjo li ywif lq vdiwi ywi|w mc| fammi|iov xy|xcwiw wygd jw jo aovi|jgva}i

`jvdi|ao` ao vdi i}ioao` vc wdj|i vdia| itxi|aiogiw/ Vdi kjof kimv mc| vdaw xy|xcwi

gjo jkwc li ywif mc| iei|ìogq itxjowaco fyi vc jmvi|wdcgnw c| cvdi| wygd

fawjwvi|w/

Jw j x|igjyvacoj|q eijwy|i mc| jmmigvif wioac| gavariow+ j wixj|jvi |iwafiovajk rcoi

djw liio x|c}afif/ Vdaw aw fcoi mckkcpao` vdi x|i}acyw itxi|aiogiw cm oi`kaìogi

ao wygd wgioj|acw ao Bjxjo jof Gdaoj/ J eifagjk giov|i djw liio xkjgif ao m|cov cm

vdi wjei lkcgn/ Vdaw ejniw vdi fawvjogi livpiio vdi vpc lkcgnw wdc|vi| jof co vdi

cvdi| wafi+ jfbyogvw vdi ma|wv |iwafiovajk j|ij/ Vdaw aw vc iowy|i vdjv vdi wioac|

gavariow j|i liao` v|ijvif pikk eifagjkkq jw pikk jw xwqgdckcàgjkkq/ Am j |iwafiov

m|ce ma|wv |iwafiovajk rcoi pjovw vc dikx joq wioac| gavario+ vdi x|ctaeavq cm vdi

vpc rcoiw pakk mjgakavjvi vdi aovi|jgvaco/ Vdi xkjgieiov cm vdaw lkcgn jkwc

eaoaeariw vdi fawvjogi m|ce kj}jvc|q j|ij/ Vdi wioac| gavario `|cyx pakk li

jkkcpif vc ywi vdi `jvi x|c}afif jv vdi |ij| wafi cm wavi/ Vdaw rcoi djw jkwc liio

x|c}afif pavd jo cxio wxjgi ao livpiio vpc lkcgnw/ Vdaw pakk li j zyaiv wxjgi pavd

kcp eclakavq rcoi/



X j ` i { 14

Mckkcpao` j wqwvieag |iàwv|jvaco x|cgiww+ vdi jmmigvif xicxki pakk li io|ckkif jof

jkkcpif vc ka}i ao vdi gkywvi|/ Vdi x|cgiww ao}ck}iw vpc wvixw+ |iàwv|jvaco jof

djofao` c}i| vdi fcojvif c| wyxxkaif vdao`w wygd jw lif wdiivw+ lkjonivw+ ivg/

Vdiwi ejvi|ajkw j|i wyxxcwif vc li nixv ao j wjmi xkjgi vc j}caf vdimv/ Jof diogi+

vdi |iàwv|jvaco nacwnw+ fawv|alyvaco giov|i jof j wvc|i j|i nixv jfbjgiov vc ijgd

cvdi| ao rcoi wat/

Co wavi+ vdi |iàwv|jvaco x|cgiww gjo |iwykv aovc gkc`ìf ec}ieiov c| j gdjcvag

wavyjvaco ejq cggy|/ Niixao` vdaw ao eaof+ j|ij wat djw liio wy||cyofif lq vd|ii

wigy|avq xcwvw/ Jeco`wv vdie+ coi djw liio x|c}afif jv vdi |ij| iof cm wvc|i lkcgn/

Co vdi giov|jk xj|v cm wavi+ vdi mccf x|ixj|jvaco jof fawv|alyvaco j|ij djw liio

xkjgif/ Vdi ga|gykjvaco cm xicxki pdaki dj}ao` eijkw pakk li |iwv|agvif lq j

ljelcc eiwd x|c}afif co vdi giov|i kaoi cm vdi xijgi mcyofjvaco/ Vdaw j|ij aw nixv

gkcwi| vc lcvd |iwafiovajk rcoiw wc jw vc j}caf kcoì| fawvjogiw/ Vdaw rcoi aw xkjgif

jfbjgiov vc wafipjkk cm vdi wavi/ Vdaw iowy|iw j fa|igv wyxxkq cm pjvi| pdagd pakk li

|izya|if mc| gccnao` jof pjwdao` xy|xcwiw/ Vdaw dikxw ao eaoaearao` vdi pafvdw cm

|cjfw jfbjgiov vc mccf x|ixj|jvaco j|ij jw wyxxkai|w pakk ocv dj}i vc iovi| vdaw wavi/

Liao` j ljwag |izya|ieiov+ kj}jvc|aiw j|i x|c}afif jv vdi iof cm wavi/ Vdi lkcgnw

j|i wc j||joìf vdjv wixj|jvi wxjgiw dj}i liio x|c}afif mc| eio jof pceio/ J

wxjgi aw fa}afif aovc vpc xj|vw pavd vdi dikx cm pjvi| wvc|jì yoav jv vdi giov|i/

Vdaw yoav pakk x|c}afi pjvi| mc| ljvdao` jof pjwdao` xy|xcwiw/ Pceio‑w j|ij djw

liio nixv jv vdi m|cov wc vdjv vdiq fc ocv dj}i vc `c vc vdi iof cm wavi/

J f|aonao` pjvi| wvc|jì yoav aw xkjgif oij| vdi |iwafiovajk j|ij/ Vdi yoav aw nixv

oitv vc vdi ckfjì |iwafiovajk j|ij/ Vdaw yoav pakk li x|c}afao` wjmi f|aonao` pjvi|

vc vdi |iwafiovw jof vdi jfeaoawv|jvaco wvjmm jkwc/

J wejkk xijgi mcyofjvaco gcex|awao` cm bywv j pdavi yoav nixv aowafi+ aw xkjgif

oij| vdi mccf fawv|alyvaco j|ij/ Vdi yoav pakk jgv jw j xkjgi vc pc|wdax/ Jw vdi xkjgi

pakk li makkif pavd xicxki m|ce fammi|iov |ikaàcyw ljgn`|cyofw+ vdi xijgi

mcyofjvaco pakk ocv li dj}ao` joq wvjvyi c| xdcvc/ Vdi mcyofjvaco pakk li bywv jgjke jof wccvdao` xkjgi/ Ijgd gkywvi| pakk oiif j |i`ykj| wyxxkq cm mccf+ myik+



X j ` i { 11

myofw jof fcojvif ejvi|ajkw wygd jw lkjonivw+ eifagaoiw+ ivg/ Vdaw wyxxkq gdjao lq

fammi|iov jìogaiw pakk li |iwv|agvif vc iovi| vdi wavi m|ce vdi |ij| `jvi cokq/ Vdaw

|iwv|agvaco aw vc niix ocawi jof gcoìwvaco yofi| gcov|ck/ Vdaw |cyvi pakk eaoaeari

vdi v|j}ikkao` fawvjogi cm }idagkiw jof pakk niix ecwv cm vdi j|ij cm wavi xckkyvaco

m|ii/ Vdi ioi|`q wyxxkq yoav djw liio x|c}afif jv vdi itv|iei iof cm vdi wavi/ Av

pakk li |iwxcowalki mc| vdi wyxxkq cm ikigv|agavq vc ijgd |izya|if xcaov/ Vdaw pakk

jkwc dj}i j wvc|jì wxjgi mc| myik pdagd aw j xj|v cm mccf x|ixj|jvaco ao}iovc|q/

Vdi kcgjvaco cm vdaw yoav iowy|iw wjmivq m|ce ma|i djrj|fw/

Mc| vdi liwv xi|mc|ejogi cm ijgd gkywvi|+ mcy| wigy|avq xcwvw j|i x|c}afif/ Ijgd

xcwv djw avw cpo j|ij cm |iwxcowalakavq/ Vdiwi xcwvw pakk li ecoavc|ao` j weccvd

mkcp cm jgva}avaiw co wavi jof gjo jkwc `yafi vdi oip ywi|w/

=/6 Wavi Xkjooao` % Xdjwi Vpc

Gcov|jfagvao` vdi x|i%fimaoif wckyvaco gceiw cyv pavd wcei yomc|iwiio

ga|gyewvjogiw/ Vdiwi ga|gyewvjogiw j|i eywv vc li |iwck}if limc|i vdi wckyvaco

ìvw fixkcqif mc| vdi ywi|w/ Diogi+ avi|jvao` vdi ga|gykjvaco ejx m|ce ma|wv xdjwi

ioga|gkif wcei cm vdi xcwwalakavaiw pdagd ejq djexi| vdi xi|mc|ejogi cm gkywvi|w/

Ma`y|i =/= % Avi|jvao` Ejwvi| Xkjo cm Xdjwi Coi



X j ` i { :88

Vdi x|clkiew pdagd ejq cggy| ao mckkcpao` vdi ma|wv wckyvaco jof jo immagaiov

wckyvaco mc| vdi wjei j|i fawgywwif likcp/

j! Vdi ma|wv ejwvi| xkjo djw vpc |iwafiovajk rcoiw gcex|awao` cm jkk vdi `|cyxw+

}ar/ mjeakaiw+ ikfi|kq+ wixj|jvif pceio jof gdakf|io/ Lyv+ niixao` wixj|jvif

pceio jof gdakf|io ao vdi gco`kcei|jvif rcoi ejq |iwykv aovc }ackiogi j`jaowv

vdie/ Pceio jof gdakf|io j|i jv da`d |awn cm xdqwagjk jlywi jof itxkcavjvaco+

ao xj|vagykj| wityjk }ackiogi+ ao vdi gcovitv cm vdi dyejoavj|ajo g|awaw/

C}i|g|cpfao` jof vdi kjqcyv cm wivvkieiovw aog|ijwi vdi |awn cm wityjk

}ackiogi/ Ejoq gjexw kjgn jfizyjvi dqàioi jof wjoavjvaco mjgakavaiw vc jkkcp

pceio jof à|kw x|a}jgq/ Kjgn cm ka`dvao` jkwc ejniw pceio jof à|kw

}ykoi|jlki vc jwwjykv jof }ackiogi jv oa`dv/

—J pceio‑w `|jww|ccvw c|`joarjvaco fijkao` pavd vdi eifagjk jof

xwqgdckcàgjk oiifw cm |jxi }agvaew |ixc|vif :1 gjwiw cm |jxi ao cokq coi wejkk

wigvaco cm vdi la` ejniwdamv gjex kcgjvif ao Gdjex%fi%Ej|w/ Vdi|i aw j

ìoi|jk miikao` cm aowigy|avq aowafi jof j|cyof vdi gjexw+ xj|vagykj|kq jv oa`dv/

Pceio jof à|kw ka}ao` ao ejniwdamv wdikvi|w miik }ykoi|jlki jof j|i jm|jaf cm

jvvjgnw/‑^=/<U

Wc+ vdi|i aw j oiif cm wi`|i`jvao` pceio jof gdakf|io m|ce vdi |iwafiovajk j|ij

jkkcvvif vc vdi mjeakaiw/ Diogi+ vdaw |iwykvw aovc wdamvao` j lkcgn m|ce ma|wv

|iwafiovajk j|ij vc vdi |iwafiovajk j|ij cm ckfjì xicxki/ Vdaw i}iovyjkkq

gco}i|vw vdi kjvvi| coi aovc j rcoi mc| }ykoi|jlki `|cyx/

l!

Vdi wjei aogafiogi eiovacoif jlc}i kijfw vcpj|fw vdi gdjoì ao fiwaò cm kj}jvc|aiw jof vdia| |iwxigva}i kcgjvacow/ Diogi+ ma|wv+ vdi kcgjvacow cm kj}jvc|aiw

x|c}afif mc| eio jof pceio dj}i vc li aovi|gdjoìf/ Jof+ vdi pjvi| wyxxkq

yoav pakk li fa}afif aovc djk}iw vc li nixv wixj|jvikq mc| eio jof pceio/

Niixao` pceio‑w kj}jvc|aiw co vdi gc|oi| pakk ìv vdie gkcwi| vc vdi gdign

xcwv/ Vdaw pakk iowy|i fammi|iov |cyviw vc li mckkcpif lq wixj|jvi `|cyxw/ Vdi

pceio‑w wigvaco pakk li wy||cyofif lq wao`ki l|agn pjkkw cm wi}io miiv dia`dv/

Vdaw pakk wy|ikq lkcgn vdi }awaco m|ce joq xcaov co wavi/



X j ` i { :8:

Ocp+ vdi wavi djw avw ioi|`q wyxxkq yoav jfbjgiov vc vdi oipkq wdamvif pjvi|

wyxxkq yoav x|c}afif mc| vdi eio‑w kj}jvc|aiw/ Vdaw gdjoì x|c}afif j wjmivq

wckyvaco mc| jo yowiio x|clkie/ Vdi ioi|`q wyxxkq yoav djw ìoi|jvc| jof myik

wvc|if aowafi/ Yomc|iwiio ga|gyewvjogiw+ wygd jw jmvi|wdcgnw+ gjo |iwykv aovc jo

jggafiov/ Diogi+ pjvi| wyxxkq yoav x|c}afif mc| vdi eio‑w kj}jvc|aiw pakk li

jgvao` jw j wjmivq eijwy|i co wavi/

g! Ao vdi ma|wv xdjwi+ vdi eifagjk giov|i djf mccf x|ixj|jvaco jof fawv|alyvaco

lkcgn+ jof |iwafiovajk j|ij mc| cvdi|w+ jw avw oia`dlc|ao` lkcgnw/ Vdi vpc

eiovacoif lkcgnw j|i wyxxcwif vc g|ijvi ocawi jof iwxigajkkq+ mccf j|ioj pakk

li j g|cpfif rcoi mc| jlcyv ia`dv dcy|w ao j fjq $L|ijnmjwv+ Kyogd jof

Faooi|!/ Vdaw |iaomc|giw j oiif cm wdamvao` eifagjk giov|i vc j zyaivi| wxjgi

pdi|i vdi xjvaiovw jfeavvif pakk dj}i j gjke io}a|coeiov/ Lyv+ jw vdi|i j|i

gcowv|jaovw yxco j|ij cm wavi jwwyeif+ vdi eifagjk giov|i pakk li wdamvif ao

m|cov cm vdi oipkq mc|eif }ykoi|jlki `|cyx‑w |iwafiovajk j|ij/ Vdaw xcwavaco

ei|ikq aog|ijwiw vdi fawvjogi livpiio vdi ma|wv |iwafiovajk j|ij jof vdi eifagjk

giov|i/ Vdaw aw mckkcpif lq |if|jmvao` vdi cxio wxjgi pdagd pakk jgv jw j lymmi|

rcoi mc| eifagjk giov|i/ Vdi x|cgiww à}iw j — ‑ $|cy`dkq R! wdjxif j|ij pdagd

pakk li jgvao` jw jo cxio wxjgi mc| vdi |iwafiovw co wavi jw wdcpo ao Ma`/ =/=/

Vdaw xkjgieiov cm eifagjk giov|i jof cxio wxjgi djw wdamvif vdi mccf

x|ixj|jvaco jof fawv|alyvaco j|ij jv vdi |a`dv wafi cm vdi wavi/ Lyv+ vdaw djw ocv

djexi|if vdi myogvacoao` cm vdi wxjgi ligjywi wvakk vdaw lkcgn pakk li jvvjgdif

vc vdi wafipjkk pdagd iowy|iw fa|igv pjvi| wyxxkq/ Gcowizyiovkq+ ga|gykjvaco cm

xicxki pdaki dj}ao` eijkw pakk j`jao li |iwv|agvif lq j xj|vavaco co vdi giov|i

kaoi cm vdi fawv|alyvaco gcyovi|/

Vdi xijgi mcyofjvaco pakk li wdamvif lidaof vdi eifagjk giov|i pdi|i av pakk li

dj}ao` j zyaivi| wy||cyofao`/ Vdi cxio wxjgi diogi g|ijvif pakk li j xj|v cm

|iwafiovajk j|ij fiwaòif mc| mjeakaiw/ Vdaw j|ij gjo wvakk li ywif mc| vdi

itxjowaco cm wivvkieiov/



X j ` i { :8<

Diogi+ vdi ga|gykjvaco ejxw cm xdjwi vpc mckkcpao` vdi immagaiov wckyvacow fi|a}if

m|ce vdi avi|jvaco x|cgiww j|i f|jmvif/ Ijgd ejx aw vdio j||joìf jw xi| vdi

gcogkywacow m|ce vdaw x|cgiww/

Mc| xdjwi vpc+ mip ec|i gcowafi|jvacow pi|i ejfi wygd jw fivi|eaoao` j|ijw

fixiofao` yxco vdi ocawi liao` x|cfygif+ ga|gykjvaco cm vdi ywi|w m|ce }ykoi|jlki

`|cyx jof j faj`|je aovi|x|ivao` vdi oip iov|jov‑w }awaco gcoi pdio di#wdi iovi|w

vdi wavi/

Vdi ga|gykjvaco ejxw pdagd j|i vc li mckkcpif co wavi j|i jw mckkcpw2 %

:/ Ejwvi| Xkjo % Xdjwi Vpc

</ Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| x|i%|iàwvi|if ywi|w

7/ Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| oip ywi|w

6/ Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| }ykoi|jlki `|cyxw

9/ Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| wyxxkq jìogaiw

=/ Xcwavacow cm wigy|avq gdign xcwvw

0/ Ocawq#Zyaiv J|ijw

4/ Wavi Jgcywvagw Wgioj|ac

1/ Oip iov|jov‑w }awaco

Vdiwi ejxw pakk li jgvao` jw `yafikaoiw mc| vdi jìogaiw pdagd j|i jxxcaovif jw

vdi |idjlakavjvaco vijew co vdi wavi cm iei|ìogq/ Vdi ejxw pakk dikx vdie vc xkcv

vdi ga|gykjvaco co wyavjlki waviw/ Vdi j|ij cm wavi pakk li fa|igvkq jmmigvao` vdi

oyeli| cm lkcgnw vc li fixkcqif/ Jw vdi yoavw pakk li mkitalki iocy`d vc itxjof jw

xi| |izya|ieiov+ ec|i ywi|w gjo li io|ckkif mc| vdi wjei gkywvi|/



X j ` i { :87

=/6/: Ejwvi| Xkjo mc| Xdjwi Vpc

Ma`y|i =/0 % Ejwvi| Xkjo mc| Xdjwi Vpc



X j ` i { :86

=/6/< Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| x|i%|iàwvi|if ywi|w

Ma`y|i =/4 % Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| x|i%|iàwvi|if ywi|w



X j ` i { :89

=/6/7 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| oip ywi|w

Ma`y|i =/1 % Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| oip ywi|w



X j ` i { :8=

=/6/6 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| }ykoi|jlki `|cyxw

Ma`y|i =/:8 % Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| }ykoi|jlki `|cyxw



X j ` i { :80

=/6/9 Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| wyxxkq jìogaiw

Ma`y|i =/:: % Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| wyxxkq jìogaiw



X j ` i { :84

=/6/= Xcwavacow cm wigy|avq gdign xcwvw

Ma`y|i =/:< % Xcwavacow cm wigy|avq xcwvw



X j ` i { :81

=/6/0 Ocawq # Zyaiv J|ijw

Ma`y|i =/:7 % Jkkcgjvaco cm ocawq#zyaiv j|ijw co wavi



X j ` i { ::8

=/6/4 Wavi Jgcywvagw Wgioj|ac

Vdaw akkywv|jvaco wdcpw vdi aoviowavq cm wcyof liao` x|cfygif lq }j|acyw wcy|giw

jfbcaoao` vdi wavi/ Diogi+ vc j}caf wygd x|clkie pdagd ejq fawvy|l |iwafiovw+

vdi wioac| gavariow‑ wdikvi|w jof vdi eifagjk giovi| dj}i liio xkjgif jv vdi gc|i

j|ij cm wavi/

Ma`y|i =/:6 % Wavi Jgcywvagw Wgioj|ac



X j ` i { :::

=/6/1 Oip Iov|jov‑w ]awaco

Ma`y|i =/:9 % Oip Iov|jov‑w ]awaco



X j ` i { ::<

Gdjxvi| 0

Gcogkywaco

Vdi kij|oao` x|cgiww vdjv pjw xj|v cm vdaw vdiwaw pjw ao}jkyjlki/ Djofw%co

itxi|aiogi pjw `jaoif ao aovi|x|ivao` vdi ywi| lidj}ac| jof yofi|wvjofao` vdia|

xwqgdckc`q/ Vdaw aw }i|q aexc|vjov jw j x|clkie aw djkm wck}if am av aw }aipif ao vdi |a`dv

xi|wxigva}i/ Jw j fiwaòi| av aw cm yvecwv aexc|vjogi vdjv coi miikw iexjvdivag pavd vdi

ywi|/ Vdaw kiwwco pjw kij|ov fy|ao` vdi aoavajk wvjìw cm ywi| |iwij|gd/

Jo aexc|vjov wvix ao joq fiwaò x|cgiww gceiw jmvi| gcogixvyjkarjvaco/ Wikigvao`

j wao`ki gcogixv vdjv wyavw vdi clbigva}i livvi| vdjo vdi cvdi| gcogixvw pdagd pi|i jkwc

}awyjkarif mc| vdi wjei ywjì wgioj|ac pakk `|ijvkq fivi|eaoi vdi fa|igvaco vdi x|cbigv

pakk vjni/ Coi wygd eivdcfckc`q ao}ck}ao` jvv|alyviw jof jojkqwaw ejv|at pjw kij|ov jof

mckkcpif/

Vdi v|yi }jkyi cm joq x|cfygv aw cokq jgdai}if pdio av aw ejfi/ Pc|nao` co vdaw

xdakcwcxdq+ ejoymjgvy|ao` pjw jkpjqw coi cm vdi aexc|vjov gcowv|jaovw gcowafi|if

fy|ao` vdi fiwaò x|cgiww/ Ejoymjgvy|jlakavq pjw jo aexc|vjov g|avi|aj ywif ao |imaoao`

vdi gcogixv/

Cogi j gcogixv aw maojkarif+ av aw aexi|jva}i vdjv vdi gcogixv yofi|`ciw j oyeli|

cm gdjoìw yovak vdi maojk x|cfygv aw ejfi/ Pavd i}i|q wvjì ao vdi fiwaò x|cgiww+ vdi

gcogixv aw jgvyjkkq avi|jvif jw ejoq oyeli| cm vaeiw jw xcwwalki yovak vdi maojk |imaoif

wvjì aw |ijgdif/ Vdi fiwaòi| djw vc yofi|wvjof vdjv vdaw aw j oigiwwj|q wvix jof wdcykf

ocv itxigv daw x|cfygv jw di io}awacoif lyv |jvdi| wv|a}i vc maof vdi liwv xcwwalki

wckyvaco vc vdi x|clkie afiovamaif/

Vdi waòamagjogi cm 7%F }awyjkarjvaco gjoocv li iexdjwarif iocy`d/ GJF

ecfikao` dikxif afiovamq j oyeli| cm awwyiw m|ce vdi xcaov cm ejoymjgvy|ao` vdjv

pavdcyv vdaw wvix vdi |ijkarjvaco cm vdi x|cfygv pcykf dj}i liio wkcp jof mykk cm

eawvjniw/ J kcv cm vaei pjw wj}if pdio vdi x|cfygv pjw ma|wv }awyjkarif }a|vyjkkq/



X j ` i { ::7

Myvy|i Wgcxi cm Pc|n

:! ]jkafjvao` wv|ygvy|jk |izya|ieiovw cm wdikvi| fiwaò

Vdi wv|ygvy|i |izya|iw pavdwvjofao` kcjfw jof wv|iwwiw cm }j|acyw vqxiw/ Ljwif co

viwvao` jof gjkgykjvacow+ ao vdi myvy|i+ wv|ygvy|jk wxigamagjvacow mc| vdi wv|ygvy|i

oiif vc li f|jpo yx/ Vdaw pakk |izya|i2

j/ Jojkqwaw cm wv|iwwiw co wv|ygvy|i2 Fijf pia`dv jof Ka}i kcjfw gjkgykjvacow vc

fi|a}i wv|iwwiw co vdi wv|ygvy|i/ Gcowafi|jvacow oiif vc li ejfi co ljwaw cm

liofao`+ wdij| mc|gi+ wywgixvalakavq cm }ykoi|jlki xj|vw cm wv|ygvy|i+ ivg/l/ Gcexkajogi vc li gdignif ao jggc|fjogi pavd AW Gcfi `yafikaoiw c|

`yafikaoiw m|ce cvdi| |iki}jov lyakfao` gcfiw jof xckagaiw wygd jw JWVE+

L|avawd Wvjofj|fw+ ivg/

g/ Jojkqwaw jof avi|jvacow co ljwaw cm vcki|jogi |izya|ieiovw/

f/ Viwvao` vd|cy`d waeykjvif ecfikw wygd jw Maoavi Ikieiov Jojkqwaw jof

WVJJF/

<! Fiwaò mc| ikigv|agavq jof ioi|`q aom|jwv|ygvy|i mc| |idjlakavjvaco wavi

Vdi |idjlakavjvaco x|cgiww aw j mja|kq kco` vi|e x|cgiww |izya|ao` wvix pawi

aog|ieiovjk jafw mc| kco` vi|e |idjlakavjvaco/ Ikigv|agavq jof ioi|`q j|i ljwag

|izya|ieiovw ao vdi x|cgiww mc| |idjlakavjvaco/ Vdaw fiwaò pakk li ljwif co

j/ Gcdi|iogi pavd wavi xkjooao` jof kcàwvagw

l/ Iwvjlkawdao` wyavjlki aom|jwv|ygvy|i mc| vdi wavi/ Jkvi|ojva}i wcy|giw cm ioi|`q

wygd jw paof c| wckj| ejq li |izya|if vc li fixkcqif mc| cmm `|af immagaiogq

g/ Ljgn yx wyxxc|vw wygd jw ao}i|vi|w ao g|avagjk wavi j|ijw wygd jw dijkvd gkaoagw

c| kjp |i`ykjvaco jìogaiw

7! \iwcy|gi Cxvaearjvaco vd|cy`d fi}ikcxeiov cm gcexkivi wavi |izya|ieiovw

j/ Co fi}ikcxeiov cm vdi pdcki igc wqwvie cm |izya|ieiovw jv wavi+ vdi

wgcxi mc| cxvaearjvaco cm ejvi|ajkw gjo li yofi|wvccf/



X j ` i { ::6

l/ Fivjakao` aw |izya|if ao vdi fiwaò vc |ifygi ejvi|ajk jof |iwcy|gi

|izya|ieiovw vc jw eaoaeye jw xcwwalki

g/ J wiv cm gcelaojvacow wdjkk li |iitjeaoif vc }i|amq liwv cxvaearjvaco

vigdoazyiw

6! Gjxjgavq Lyakfao` mc| fawkcgjvif xcxykjvaco

Vd|cy`d }j|acyw iti|gawiw vjnio yx ao vdaw wvyfq wygd jw wavi aovi|}aipw jof

Mcgywif @|cyx fawgywwacow+ av pjw mcyof wdikvi|w fc x|c}afi j g|avagjk xcaov cm

|ikaim vc vdi }agvaew+ lyv ocv dckawvag |ikaim/ Gcexkivi |idjlakavjvaco pcykf

|izya|i

j/ G|ijvao` iexkcqeiov cxxc|vyoavaiw mc| fawkcgjvif xcxykjvaco jof

vdi|imc|i x|c}afi j eijow cm ka}ikadccf

l/ Wyxxc|v wqwview mc| fjakq |izya|ieiovw jof iwwiovajk gceecfavaiw



X j ` i { ::9

Jxxiofat % :

Zyiwvacooja|i

Mckkcpao` zyiwvacooja|i aw j xj|v cm wvyfq cm vdi immigvw cm vdi Ldyb ij|vdzyjni jof

vdi eava`jvaco immc|vw+ pdagd cggy||if co <=vd Bjoyj|q+ <88: jv 426= JE/

@IOI\JK AOMC\EJVACO

Ojei A Jì A Xkjgi2

Fjvi jof Vaei cm

Ij|vdzyjni2

Zyjkamagjvaco c|

cggyxjvaco $am joq!2

ZYIWVACOOJA\I

J! Itxi|aiogi

:/ Jv vdi vaei cm vdi ij|vdzyjni+ pdi|i pi|i qcy3

Cyvfcc|w ^ U Aofcc|w ̂ U

Wvjvacoj|q }idagki ^ U Ec}ao` }idagki ̂ U

</ Pdjv pi|i qcy fcao`3

Wavvao`# Kqao` fcpo ^ U Wvjofao`# Ec}ao` j|cyof ^ U

Wkiixao` jof wkixv vd|cy`d av ^ U Wkiixao` jof pjw pcnio yx ^ U

7/ Pdjv liwv fiwg|aliw vdi wdjnao`3

Ocv xi|gixvalki ̂ U ]i|q pijn ^ U Eakf ^ U

Ecfi|jvi ̂ U Wv|co` ^ U ]ackiov ^ U



X j ` i { ::=

6/ Pdjv pjw qcy| |ijgvaco3

Oc |ijgvaco ^ U ]i|q kavvki |ijgvaco ^ U Itgavif lyv ocv jkj|eif ̂ U

J lav m|a`dvioif ^ U ]i|q m|a`dvioif ^ U Itv|ieikq m|a`dvioif ^ U

9/ Faf qcy v|q vc |iwgyi qcy| likcoào`w3

\ikjva}iw ^ U Oia`dlc|w ̂ U Xivw ^ U

Wcei oigiwwj|q vdao`w Qiw ^ U Oc ^ U

Am qiw+ pdjv3 %

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7/ Igcoceagjk %




6/ @ic`|jxdagjk %






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=/ Gceeyoagjvaco Mjgakavaiw %




0/ Eifagjk Jeioavaiw %




Cvdi| Gceeiovw %

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G! Eava`jvaco Immc|vw

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gcyovq jof#c| wvjvi wvjmm fy|ao` vdaw iei|ìogq/ $Aogkyfi vdi oyeli| jof vqxi cm

wvjmm fixkcqif vc vdi kcgjk Iei|ìogq Cxi|jvaco Giovi|+ vdi \iàcojk

Iei|ìogq Cxi|jvacow Giovi| jof vc vdi maikf/ Aogkyfi wygd vdao`w jw eyvyjk

jaf+ oyeli| cm xi|wcooik+ izyaxeiovw+ immagaiov ywi cm myofw jof }j|acyw cvdi|

|iwcy|giw/!



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6/ Faf qcy afiovamq gdjoìw vdjv oiif vc li ejfi vc qcy| kcgjk iei|ìogq xkjow c|

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Joq Gcexkjaovw c| Wy`ìwvacow %







Xjì { ::1

Xkjvi : % Afijvaco wnivgdiw mc| gcogixv coi

Jxxiofat % <

Xkjviw cm Gcogixvyjkarjvaco



Xjì { :<8

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Xjì { :<:

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Xjì { :<<

Xkjvi 6 % Gjf F|jpao`w 7



Xjì { :<7




Xjì { :<6

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Xjì { :<9

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Xjì { :<=

Xkjvi 4 % Gjf f|jpao`w :



Xjì { :<0

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Xjì { :<4

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Xjì { :78

Xkjvi :< % Gjf f|jpao`w :



Xjì { :7:

Xkjvi :7 % Gjf f|jpao`w <



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Xjì { :77

\imi|iogiw

:/: % dvvx2##afij/kal|j|q/f|itik/ify#lavwv|ije#:4=8#<=61#:#Dj||awFj}af)<8Jkjo

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</: % dvvx2##|ikaimpil/aov#waviw#|ikaimpil/aov#makiw#|iwcy|giw#

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</7 % \igcowv|ygvaco cm dcywao` ao @yjviejkj+ :10=

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7/: % dvvx2##ppp/`ybj|jvxkyw/gce#oipw#j|gda}iw#j|g46/dvek

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7/7 % dvvx2##ppp/ndjfaewzyivvj/gce#3x5741

7/6 % dvvx2##ppp/wdikvi|x|cbigv/c|`#fcpokcjfw#ejomaikf:/xfm

7/9 % dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#gcexivavacow#0#iov|aiw#9==#`jkki|q#7049

7/= % dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#gcexivavacow#0#iov|aiw#=6#`jkki|q#:970

7/0 % dvvx2##ppp/vy}ai/gce#wij|gd#fawjwvi|.wdikvi|

7/4 % dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#gcexivavacow#0#iov|aiw#98<#`jkki|q

7/1 % dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#gcexivavacow#0#iov|aiw#4=1#`jkki|q

7/:8 % dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#gcexivavacow#0#iov|aiw#79<#`jkki|q

7/:: % dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#gcexivavacow#0#iov|aiw#40:#`jkki|q

9/: % dvvx2##io/panaxifaj/c|`#pana#L|jawvc|eao`

9/< % dvvx2##ppp/eaofvcckw/gce#xjìw#j|vagki#oipVEGS4=/dve

9/7 % X|cfygv Fiwaò % G|ijva}avq+ Gcogixvw jof Ywi|w $Xj|v <! % X|cm/ X/ Nyej|



Xjì { :76

9/6 % X|cfygv Fiwaò % G|ijva}avq+ Gcogixvw jof Ywi|w $Xj|v <! % X|cm/ X/ Nyej|

9/9 % dvvx2##ppp/fcloiq/gce#Gcobcaov#gcobcaovSfiwaò/dve

=/: % dvvx2##ppp/ywjaf/`c}#

=/< % dvvx2##ppp/jeoiwvq/c|`#io#oipw%jof%yxfjviw#

Kawv cm Vjlkiw

Vjlki :/: % Ojvy|jk Fawjwvi|w cggy||if ao |iwxigva}i gcyov|aiw

Vjlki :/< % Cggy||iogi cm Ojvy|jk Fawjwvi|w ao <886 jof <889 pc|kfpafi

Vjlki :/7 % X|cxcwif Eivdcfckc`q mc| vdi x|cbigv

Vjlki 7/: % Lioimavw jof fawjf}jovjìw cm Gjwi :

Vjlki 7/< % Lioimavw jof fawjf}jovjìw cm Gjwi <




Vjlki 7/= % Lioimavw jof fawjf}jovjìw cm Gjwi =


Vjlki 9/: % Jvv|alyviw jojkqwaw $Xj|v :!

Vjlki 9/< % Jvv|alyviw jojkqwaw $Xj|v <!



Xjì { :79

Kawv cm Xkjviw

Xkjvi : % Afijvaco wnivgdiw mc| gcogixv coi

Xkjvi < % Gjf F|jpao`w :




Xkjvi = % Gjf F|jpao`w 9

Xkjvi 0 % Afijvaco wnivgdiw mc| gcogixv vpc

Xkjvi 4 % Gjf F|jpao`w :


Xkjvi :8 % Gjf F|jpao`w 7

Xkjvi :: % Afijvaco wnivgdiw mc| gcogixv vd|ii

Xkjvi :< % Gjf F|jpao`w :

Xkjvi :7 % Gjf F|jpao`w <

Xkjvi :6 % Gjf F|jpao`w 7



Xjì { :7=

Kawv cm Ma`y|iw

Ma`y|i </: % Wvjìw cm j Wdikvi| Yx`|jfjvaco

Ma`y|i 7/: % X|ac|avaiw pdaki fawv|alyvao` wdikvi|w

Ma`y|i 7/< % \iwxigva}i gcofavacow cm Ldyb jmvi| fawjwvi|

Ma`y|i 7/7 % Fiwaò aowa`dvw cm vdi wdikvi|w fixkcqif jmvi| fawjwvi| jv Ldyb

Ma`y|i 7/6 % \iwxigva}i gcofavacow cm Raj|jv jmvi| fawjwvi|

Ma`y|i 7/9 % Fiwaò aowa`dvw cm vdi wdikvi|w fixkcqif jmvi| fawjwvi| jv Raj|jv

Ma`y|i 7/= % —Gj|v jof Lif‑ $dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#!

Ma`y|i 7/0 % —Kaej‑ $dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#!

Ma`y|i 7/4 % —Dj}io‑ $dvvx2##ppp/vy}ai/gce#!

Ma`y|i 7/1 % —Ecfykj| Wdikvi|‑ $dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#!

Ma`y|i 7/:8 % —T Lct‑ $dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#!

Ma`y|i 7/:: % —Viexc|j|q Wdikvi|‑ $dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#!

Ma`y|i 7/:< % —\ynjo‑ $dvvx2##ppp/fiwaò<:wfo/gce#!

Ma`y|i 9/: % X|cfygao` gceeco vdieiw m|ce j kj|ì jecyov cm aomc|ejvaco

Ma`y|i 9/< % Jmmaoavq Lcj|f :

Ma`y|i 9/7 % Jmmaoavq Lcj|f <

Ma`y|i 9/6 % Wxjgi |izya|if mc| v|jowxc|vjvaco

Ma`y|i 9/9 % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % M|cov Iki}jvaco

Ma`y|i 9/= % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % \a`dv Wafi Iki}jvaco

Ma`y|i 9/0 % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % Kimv Wafi Iki}jvaco

Ma`y|i 9/4 % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % Vcx ]aip $Cxio!

Ma`y|i 9/1 % X|cvcvqxi jwwielkif co j fyeeq wavi % Aovi|ac| ]aip $Cxio!



Xjì { :70

Ma`y|i 9/:8 % Xcwavaco cm xkjvmc|e co kimv pjkk

Ma`y|i 9/:: % Xkjvmc|e liao` ywif

Ma`y|i 9/:< % Iov|jogi aovc itviofif wvc|i |cce

Ma`y|i 9/:7 % \iwxigva}i xcwavacow cm Paofcpw jof ]iovakjvc|w

Ma`y|i 9/:6 % Aowv|ygvaco Ejoyjk $Xjì :!

Ma`y|i 9/:9 % Aowv|ygvaco Ejoyjk $Xjì <!

Ma`y|i 9/:= % Aowv|ygvaco Ejoyjk $Xjì 7!

Ma`y|i =/: % Ejwvi| Xkjo mc| Xdjwi Coi

Ma`y|i =/< % Ga|gykjvaco Faj`|je mc| |iàwvi|if ywi|w

Ma`y|i =/7 % Ga|gykjvaco Faj`|je mc| oip iov|jovw

Ma`y|i =/6 % Ga|gykjvaco Faj`|je mc| wyxxkq jìogaiw

Ma`y|i =/9 % Xcwavacow cm wigy|avq xcwvw co wavi

Ma`y|i =/= % Avi|jvao` Ejwvi| Xkjo cm Xdjwi Coi

Ma`y|i =/0 % Ejwvi| Xkjo mc| Xdjwi Vpc

Ma`y|i =/4 % Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| x|i%|iàwvi|if ywi|w

Ma`y|i =/1 % Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| oip ywi|w

Ma`y|i =/:8 % Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| }ykoi|jlki `|cyxw

Ma`y|i =/:: % Ga|gykjvaco faj`|je mc| wyxxkq jìogaiw

Ma`y|i =/:< % Xcwavacow cm wigy|avq gdign xcwvw

Ma`y|i =/:7 % Jkkcgjvaco cm Ocawq#Zyaiv j|ijw

Ma`y|i =/:6 % Wavi Jgcywvagw Wgioj|ac

Ma`y|i =/:9 % Oip Iov|jov‑w ]awaco



Xjì { :74

@kcwwj|q

Vdcy`d wcei cm vdi vi|ew+ pdagd dj}i j wxigamag eijoao` ao vdi Aofajo gjwi+ dj}i

liio itxkjaoif di|i/ J fivjakif `kcwwj|q aw pc|vdpdaki/ Vdi xy|xcwi cm x|iwiovao` vdaw

`kcwwj|q aw vc à}i vdi |ijfi|w wcei afij jlcyv pdjv vdcwi vi|ew eijo+ ao vdi Aofajo

gcovitv+ vdjv dj}i liio ywif m|izyiovkq ao vdaw |ixc|v/

:/ Fawjwvi| Joq cggy||iogi cm jo itv|jc|faoj|q i}iov cm kaeavif fy|jvaco

vdjv gjywiw fjejì+ igcoceag fiwv|ygvaco+ kcww cm dyejo

kami jof fivi|ac|jvaco ao dijkvd jof dijkvd wi|}agiw co j wgjki

wymmagaiov vc pj||jov jo itv|jc|faoj|q |iwxcowi m|ce cyvwafi

vdi jmmigvif gceeyoavq c| j|ij/

</ Djrj|f Av ywyjkkq |imi|w vc vdi fjoì| c| |awn jwwcgajvif pavd vdi

cggy||iogi cm jo itv|jc|faoj|q i}iov cm kaeavif fy|jvaco/ Av

gjo li yofi|wvccf jw joq |j|i ojvy|jk c| ejo%ejfi

xdioceioco pdagd gjo aomkagv fjejì vc kami jof x|cxi|vq

lq gjywao` j fawjwvi|/ Djrj|f aw j vd|ijv pdaki fawjwvi| aw jo

i}iov/

7/ ]ykoi|jlakavq Av |imi|w vc vdi itviov vc pdagd jo aofa}afyjk+ c| j `|cyx cm

xicxki c| wcei wv|ygvy|iw ao j xj|vagykj| j|ij j|i kanikq vc li

jf}i|wikq jmmigvif lq j xj|vagykj| ojvy|jk c| ejo%ejfi

fawjwvi|/

6/ Ojvy|jk Fawjwvi|w Ojvy|jk fawjwvi|w#gjkjeavaiw gjo li gcov|jwvif pavd ejo%

ejfi fawjwvi|w/ Ejo%ejfi fawjwvi|w j|i wygd fawjwvi|w

pdcwi fa|igv jof x|aogaxjk gjywiw j|i afiovamajlki dyejo

jgvacow+ fikali|jvi c| cvdi|pawi/ Co vdi cvdi| djof+ vdi

fa|igv jof x|aogaxjk gjywiw mc| ojvy|jk fawjwvi|w j|i vdi

mc|giw cm ojvy|i/



Xjì { :71

9/ Fawjwvi| Eava`jvaco Av aogkyfiw xckagaiw jof jgvacow yofi|vjnio jv j vaei fawvjov

m|ce $a/i/+ eygd limc|i vdi cggy||iogi cm! jo jgvyjk fawjwvi|

wavyjvaco+ ao c|fi| vc x|i}iov c| |ifygi vdi aexjgv cm vdifawjwvi|/

=/ Fawjwvi|

X|ixj|ifoiww

Av aogkyfiw vdi wvixw jof eijwy|iw vdjv wdcykf li

yofi|vjnio ao vdi aeeifajvi vaei xi|acf limc|i vdi

cggy||iogi cm j fawjwvi| ao j xj|vagykj| kcgjkavq+ a/i/+ pdio vdi

x|cljlakavq cm j fawjwvi| ao vdi kcgjkavq ao vdi aeeifajvi

myvy|i aw }i|q da`d/ Itjexkiw cm fawjwvi| x|ixj|ifoiww

eijwy|iw pcykf li vdi awwyjogi cm pj|oao`w+ i}jgyjvaco cm

xicxki vc wjmi| j|ijw+ ivg/

0/ Fawjwvi| \iwxcowi Av gjo l|cjfkq |imi| vc vdi |iwgyi jof |ikaim eijwy|iw

yofi|vjnio ao vdi jmmigvif j|ij jmvi| j fawjwvi| djw wv|ygn/

Wygd eijwy|iw j|i aoviofif vc gcxi pavd vdi gcowizyiogiw

cm j fawjwvi| lq c|`joarao` vaeikq jof immigva}i |iwgyi

cxi|jvacow+ x|c}awaco cm |ikaim jof jxx|cx|ajvi xcwv%fawjwvi|

jwwawvjogi vc vdi jmmigvif xicxki/

4/ Fawjwvi|

Ejojìeiov

Av gcex|awiw jkk jwxigvw cm x|i%fawjwvi| jof xcwv%fawjwvi|

jgva}avaiw/ Vdyw+ av gc}i|w vdi xckagq%ejnao`#xkjooao` x|cgiww

|ikjvao` vc fawjwvi|w+ jgvacow pdagd j|i |izya|if vc li vjnio

ao vdi aeeifajvi vaei xi|acf limc|i j fawjwvi| wv|aniw+ jw

jkwc vdi |iwxcowi cm vdi wvjvi jof vdi jmmigvif gceeyoavq vc

vdi cggy||iogi jof gcowizyiogiw cm j fawjwvi|/

1/ F|cy`dv F|cy`dv+ ao Aofaj+ aw ìoi|jkkq gcowafi|if vc li cggy||ao`

pdio vdi x|aogaxjk ecowcco+ a/i/ Wcyvd%Piwv Ecowcco mc|

vdcwi xj|vw pdagd j|i fixiofiov co Wcyvd%Piwv Ecowcco



Xjì { :68

jof Oc|vd%Ijwv Ecowcco mc| j|ijw fixiofiov co Oc|vd%Ijwv

Ecowcco+ mjak c| j|i fimagaiov c| wgjovq/ Ecowcco mjaky|i

|iwykvw ao g|cx mjaky|i+ wdc|vjì cm f|aonao` pjvi| jw pikk jw

yofyi dj|fwdax vc vdi |y|jk jof y|ljo gceeyoavq/ Vdi|i awoc x|c}awaco mc| figkj|jvaco cm f|cy`dv lq @c}i|oeiov cm

Aofaj/ F|cy`dv aw figkj|if mc| ijgd Wvjvi c| xj|v cm vdi Wvjvi

lq vdi Wvjvi @c}i|oeiovw yofi| vdi \ikaim Ejoyjkw c|

waeakj| fcgyeiovw cm vdi Wvjvi @c}i|oeiovw/

:8/ Mkccf Mkccf aw vdi viexc|j|q c}i|mkcp cm pjvi| m|ce j pjvi| lcfq

vc vdi mkccfxkjao ocv oc|ejkkq gc}i|if lq pjvi|/ Jggc|fao`

vc pjvi| lcfaiw+ vdi mkccfw j|i gkjwwamaif jw |a}i| mkccfw+ kjni

mkccfw+ |iwi|}ca| mkccfw+ co wijgcjwv mkccfw+ mkccfw ao eaoiw+

ivg/ Mkccfw gjywi kj|ì%wgjki kcww cm x|cxi|vq+ ka}iw+ g|cxw+

jof faw|yxv kjof%vc%kjof gceeyoagjvaco/

::/ Ij|vdzyjni Wdjnao` jof }al|jvaco jv vdi wy|mjgi cm vdi ij|vd |iwykvao`

m|ce yofi|`|cyof ec}ieiov jkco` j mjykv xkjoi c| m|ce

}ckgjoag jgva}avq/ Ij|vdzyjniw j|i gcowafi|if vc li coi cm

vdi pc|wv ojvy|jk djrj|fw pdagd cmvio vy|o aovc fawjwvi|

gjywao` pafiwx|ijf fiwv|ygvaco jof kcww vc dyejo ka}iw/

:</ Gqgkcoi J gqgkcoi aw jo j|ij cm kcp x|iwwy|i j|cyof pdagd vdi paofw

mkcp gcyovi|gkcgnpawi ao vdi Oc|vdi|o Dieawxdi|i jof

gkcgnpawi ao vdi Wcyvdi|o Dieawxdi|i/ Vdi gqgkcoi aw

jggcexjoaif lq xcpi|myk vdyofi|wvc|ew/ Ecwv fjejì

m|ce gqgkcoiw aw gjywif lq vdi wv|co` paofw+ vc||iovajk |jao

jof da`d wvc|e vafiw/ Mkccfw ìoi|jvif lq gqgkcoag |jaomjkk

j|i ec|i fiwv|ygva}i vdjo vdi paofw/



Xjì { :6:

:=/ Kjofwkafi J kjofwkafi aw vdi |jxaf wkafao` cm kj|ì ejwwiw cm lif|cgnw/

Pdioi}i| ecyovjao wkcxiw j|i wviix vdi|i aw j xcwwalakavq cm

kj|ì fawjwv|cyw kjofwkafi/ Ij|vdzyjniw c| wyffio |cgn

mjaky|iw v|a`ì| kjofwkafiw/

:0/ Vwyojea Coi c| j wi|aiw cm dyì wij pj}iw x|cfygif lq j wyl%ej|aoi

ij|vdzyjni+ kjofwkafi+ c| }ckgjoag i|yxvaco/ Vdiwi pj}iw

ejq |ijgd ioc|ecyw faeiowacow jof dj}i wymmagaiov ioi|`q

vc v|j}ik jg|cww iova|i cgijow/ Vwyojeaw wdcykf ocv li

gcomywif pavd vafjk pj}iw+ jw vdiq dj}i ocvdao` vc fc pavd

vafiw/ Vdi pc|f vwyojea aw cm Bjxjoiwi c|aào+ eijoao`

—dj|lc| pj}i‑/

Documents

Master Of Design - Thesis at Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India